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Journal articles on the topic 'Aboriginal Australian 21st century'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Bahfen, Nasya. "1950s vibe, 21st century audience: Australia’s dearth of on-screen diversity." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1and2.479.

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The difference between how multicultural Australia is ‘in real life’ and ‘in broadcasting’ can be seen through data from the Census, and from Screen Australia’s most recent research into on screen diversity. In 2016, these sources of data coincided with the Census, which takes place every five years. Conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, this presents a ‘snapshot’ of Australian life. From the newest Census figures in 2016, it appears that nearly half of the population in Australia (49 percent) had either been born overseas (identifying as first generation Australian) or had one or both parents born overseas (identifying as second generation Australian). Nearly a third, or 32 percent, of Australians identified as having come from non-Anglo Celtic backgrounds, and 2.8 percent of Australians identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander). Nearly a fifth, or 18 percent, of Australians identify as having a disability. Screen Australia is the government agency that oversees film and TV funding and research. Conducted in 2016, Screen Australia’s study looked at 199 television dramas (fiction, excluding animation) that aired between 2011 and 2015. The comparison between these two sources of data reveals that with one exception, there is a marked disparity between diversity as depicted in the lived experiences of Australians and recorded by the Census, and diversity as depicted on screen and recorded by the Screen Australia survey.

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2

Thorner, Sabra G. "The photograph as archive: Crafting contemporary Koorie culture." Journal of Material Culture 24, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183518782716.

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In 2008, an Aboriginal Australian artist based in Melbourne, Australia, created a kangaroo-teeth necklace, revivifying an art/cultural practice for the first time in over a century. She was inspired to do so after viewing an 1880 photograph of an ancestor wearing such adornment. In this article, I bring the necklace and the photograph into the same analytical frame, arguing for the photograph as an archive itself. I consider the trajectories through which the 19th-century image has been replicated and circulated in various productions of knowledge about Aboriginal people, and how a 21st-century artist is mobilizing it not just as a repository of visual information, but also as an impetus to creative production. She produces objects of value and is making culture anew, in a context in which Aboriginality has long/often been presumed absent, extinct or elsewhere.

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3

Ginsburg, Faye. "INDIGENOUS MEDIA FROM U-MATIC TO YOUTUBE: MEDIA SOVEREIGNTY IN THE DIGITAL AGE." Sociologia & Antropologia 6, no. 3 (December 2016): 581–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2238-38752016v632.

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Abstract This article covers a wide range of projects from the earliest epistemological challenges posed by video experiments in remote Central Australia in the 1980s to the emergence of indigenous filmmaking as an intervention into both the Australian national imaginary and the idea of world cinema. It also addresses the political activism that led to the creation of four national indigenous television stations in the early 21st century: Aboriginal People's Television Network in Canada; National Indigenous Television in Australia; Maori TV in New Zealand; and Taiwan Indigenous Television in Taiwan); and considers what the digital age might mean for indigenous people worldwide employing great technological as well as political creativity.

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4

Shopen, Tim, Nicholas Reid, Glenda Shopen, and David Wilkins. "Ensuring the survival of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages into the 21st century." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.10.1.08sho.

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Abstract There were over 200 distinct languages in Australia at the time of European settlement. Today less than 40 of these are still being passed on to new generations, and all of these are under threat of extinction. Aboriginal people are struggling to adapt themselves to the massive European presence without losing their identity. The greatest threat to Aboriginal languages is the physical, economic and social situation in which their speakers find themselves. Language maintenance will not be possible without social maintenance and this in turn is a political issue. The most important factor will be the success of Aboriginal people in gaining control and self-reliance in their communities. The government can help by assisting in a program of self-determination where Aboriginal people participate at least equally with others in decisions concerning priorities and funding, and in addition by educating non-Aboriginal people to the value of the Aboriginal part of our cultural heritage. Aboriginal teacher education is of primary importance with the goal of schools with Aboriginal control where Aboriginal teachers develop the curriculum and the pedagogy. It is in this context that bilingual education can be put to best use. Bilingual education is of great importance but it must be used not just to assimilate Aboriginal children more easily into English and Western schooling but to have Aboriginal languages and English used together in a coherent educational program where the children become strong in two languages and in the academic and cultural skills they need for contemporary life. Like education, media has the potential for strengthening Aboriginal languages and oultures as well as for destroying them. The outcome will depend on the extent to which Aboriginal people themselves can control what is broadcast and printed.

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5

Russell, Di. "Aboriginal Students Perceptions of the ‘World of Work’ and Implications for the Teaching of Work/Career Education." Aboriginal Child at School 20, no. 4 (September 1992): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200005368.

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As part of my work this year I was required to undertake an evaluation project. I decided to combine some of my concerns about the appropriateness for Aboriginal students of some of the ways in which state education curriculum priorities are implemented with one of my focus curriculum areas, namely Work Education.In South Australia the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Policy ( AEP ) is seen as the overarching Aboriginal Education Policy. However, most Aboriginal students in South Australia and all state schools are required to address mandatory curriculum are as set out in the “Educating for the 21st Century” (1990), the curriculum policy document.

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6

Ames, David. "Australia (Melbourne)." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 9 (September 1992): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.9.552.

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Australia is a unique, geologically ancient island continent. Its flora and fauna are unlike those found anywhere else and the same may be said of its people, politics and health services. The population of 17.3 millions represents a multicultural mix, with an anglo-celtic core conflated by sustained post-war immigration from southern Europe, Turkey, southeast Asia and south America. One in five current Australians was born elsewhere, one in ten comes from a non-English speaking background, and a quarter of those born here have a parent who was born overseas. Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders form 1.4% of the total population. They have third world mortality figures but die of first world diseases, their life expectancy being 20 years less than that of other Australians. Two hundred and four years after what they see as the British invasion, their standard of living lags far behind all other socio-cultural groups in the country. Most members of the Aboriginal community do not live long enough to develop Alzheimer's disease, but it and other age-related diseases are emerging as the major determinants of health costs as Australia moves towards the 21st century.

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7

Chrzanowska, Joanna. "Spór o historię kontynentu i pochód do pojednania – Aborygeni w wielokulturowej Australii." Intercultural Relations 3, no. 1(5) (June 3, 2019): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/rm.01.2019.05.06.

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THE DISPUTE OVER THE HISTORY OF THE CONTINENT AND THE WAY TO RECONCILIATION – ABORIGINES IN MULTICULTURAL AUSTRALIAThe article is dedicated to difficult relations between Australian Aborigines and the Australian mainstream society. Over the centuries these relations were marked with white group’s domination and humiliation of the autochthons. The first decades of the 21st century, however, brought significant changes, but still not sufficient enough, in treatment of Australia’s first inhabitants. The text reflects on the most important solutions elaborated by both sides: the state and the Aborigines, aiming to improve the situation of disadvantaged minority.

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8

Wardell-Johnson, Grant, Angela Wardell-Johnson, Beth Schultz, Joe Dortch, Todd Robinson, Len Collard, and Michael Calver. "The contest for the tall forests of south-western Australia and the discourses of advocates." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 1 (2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18058.

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After over 50000 years of interaction between Aboriginal people and changing climates, south-western Australia’s tall forests were first logged less than 200 years ago, initiating persistent conflict. Recent conservation advocacy has resulted in the protection of 49% of these tall forests in statutory reserves, providing an opportunity to implement and benefit from a growing moral consensus on the valuing of these globally significant, tall forest ecosystems. We analysed a cross-section of literature (63 papers, 118 statements) published on these forests over 187 years to identify values framing advocacy. We differentiated four resource-oriented discourses and three discourses giving primacy to social and environmental values over seven eras. Invasion sparked initial uncontrolled exploitation, with the Forests Act 1918 managing competing agricultural and timber advocacy. Following the Colonial and Country Life eras, industrial-scale exploitation of the karri forest region resulted in reaction by increasingly broad sectors of society. Warming and drying in the 21st Century emphasises the importance of intact tall forest and the Indigenous Renaissance discourse. Vesting for a more comprehensive set of values would acknowledge a new moral consensus.

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9

Antor, Heinz. "Insularity, Identity, and Alterity in Patrick White’s A Fringe of Leaves." Pólemos 14, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2020-2017.

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AbstractIn his novel A Fringe of Leaves (1976), Australian Nobel laureate Patrick White takes up the famous case of the 1836 shipwreck and subsequent survival on an island of Eliza Fraser, a Scottish woman who managed to return to white colonial society after having spent several weeks among a tribe of Aborigines in Queensland. White uses this story for an investigation of human processes of categorization as tools of the construction of notions of identity and alterity in contexts in which social, racial, and gendered otherness collide in the separateness of various insular spaces. In shaping the character of Ellen Roxburgh as Fraser’s fictional equivalent, he chooses a hybrid figure the liminality and the border-crossings of which lend themselves both to an investigation and a critical questioning of strategies of self-constitution dependent on imaginings of negative others. On a more concrete historical level, White thus questions the ideas of race, class, and gender early Australian colonial society was founded on and raises issues that are still of consequence even in the 21st century.

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10

Munroe, Elizabeth Ann, Lisa Lunney Borden, Anne Murray Orr, Denise Toney, and Jane Meader. "Decolonizing Aboriginal Education in the 21st Century." Articles 48, no. 2 (December 11, 2013): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1020974ar.

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Concerned by the need to decolonize education for Aboriginal students, the authors explore philosophies of Indigenous ways of knowing and those of the 21st century learning movement. In their efforts to propose a way forward with Aboriginal education, the authors inquire into harmonies between Aboriginal knowledges and tenets of 21st century education. Three stories from the authors’ research serve as examples of decolonizing approaches that value the congruence between 21st century education and Indigenous knowledges. These stories highlight the need for two-eyed seeing, co-constructing curriculum for language and culture revitalization, and drawing from community contexts to create curriculum.

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11

Absolon, Kathy, and Cam Willett. "Aboriginal Research: Berry Picking and Hunting in the 21st Century." First Peoples Child & Family Review 1, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069581ar.

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In this article issues around research methodology specific to Aboriginal people will be discussed. A brief historical analysis lays a foundation for the need for unique research methodologies as it pertains to Aboriginal people both as researched and researcher. Contemporary critiques by Aboriginal writers and communities will be presented in relation to the limitations and effects of Euro-western research methods. Finally, the authors will discuss issues, possibilities and responsibilities around conducting research as Aboriginal researchers.

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12

Birden, Hudson, and Sue Page. "21st century medical education." Australian Health Review 31, no. 3 (2007): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070341.

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Australian universities provide good examples of how to meet the growing challenges to the training of doctors that have resulted from information overload in traditional curricula, new models of care, including multidisciplinary team dynamics, and the rigours of evidence-based practice.

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13

Hogue, Michelle M. "Aboriginal Ways of Knowing and Learning, 21st Century Learners, and STEM Success." in education 22, no. 1 (June 13, 2016): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37119/ojs2016.v22i1.263.

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Aboriginal people are alarmingly under-represented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-related careers. This under-representation is a direct result of the lack of academic success in science and mathematics, an issue that begins early in elementary and middle school and often escalates in secondary school with the majority consequently doing poorly, not completing these courses and often dropping out. This makes them ineligible to pursue STEM-related paths at the post-secondary level. The greatest challenges to success in these courses are the lack of relevancy for Aboriginal learners and, as importantly, how they are taught; impediments that are also paramount to the increasing lack of success for many non-Aboriginal students in STEM-related courses. This paper explores how Aboriginal ways of knowing and learning and those of the 21st century learners of today very closely parallel each other and illustrates how the creative multidisciplinary approach of a liberal education might be the way to enable early academic engagement, success and retention of Aboriginal learners in the sciences and mathematics.

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14

Whyte, Ann. "Positioning Australian Universities for the 21st Century." Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning 16, no. 1 (February 2001): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680510124902.

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15

Vanclay, J. K. "Educating Australian foresters for the 21st century." International Forestry Review 9, no. 4 (December 2007): 884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.9.4.884.

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16

Bishop, Paul, and Brad Pillans. "Introduction: Australian geomorphology into the 21st century." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 346, no. 1 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp346.1.

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17

Tennant, Marc, and John K. McGeachie. "Australian dental schools: Moving towards the 21st century." Australian Dental Journal 44, no. 4 (December 1999): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1999.tb00226.x.

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18

Ellyard, P. "Rangelands in a Planetist Future." Rangeland Journal 20, no. 1 (1998): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9980041.

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On the threshold of the new millennium the world is being changed by the combined forces of globalisation, tribalisation and technological change. A new interdependent planetary society is emerging. This paper describes the nature of this emerging planetary society, the forces which are creating it, and a new paradigm called Planetism which will accompany its birth. The values of Planetism, the values of the 'Spaceship Culture', will dominate by about the year 2020, and will shape the global market place of the early 21st century. The development of Planetism is slowly replacing the Modernist culture which has dominated most of the 20th century. While the urban areas have mostly moved on to Planetism, the cosmonaut culture, most of our rangelands are still dominated by Modernism, the Cowboy Culture. However, every year there are more cosmonauts and fewer cowboys. If we are to improve effective communication between the city and the bush over the management of rangelands, it is important to understand the mindsets of both the city and the bush. While there are cowboys in the city there is a much higher proportion of them in the bush. Much of the conflict over the rangelands is due to the fact that the city looks at the rangelands from a cosmonaut perspective, while the bush looks at the same rangelands from a largely cowboy perspective. Many people in the rangelands see themselves as making a stand against rampant cosmonautisation. Many of the cowboys of the rangelands are still locked into the old modernist mindset, based on the superiority of western values, culture, science and technology and an endlessly expanding frontier. The city has moved on into Post Modernism and is busy synthesising values from a wide range of cultures other than the western dominant culture. The outcome of this synthesis will be Planetist. The people of the cities have become interested in the culture of the Australian Aborigine, whereas those in the bush, while mindful of this culture tend to still look at it with a paternalist and Modernist mindset. The global adoption of the Spaceship Culture and of its paradigm, Planetism, is both inevitable and desirable. We need to adopt processes to reconcile the city and the bush by easing the bush into the world of the cosmonaut, while reassuring the bush that these changes are necessary and are not necessarily threatening. Those in the bush who are taking Custer's Last Stand against perceived threats such as Wik need to be reassured that the future is not so bleak. The dominant mindsets of the bush leadership is engendering a bleak cowboy 'battlers' outlook. While these mindsets persist, reconciliation of city and bush will be difficult. Key words: Modernism, Planetism, cosmonaut, cowboy, indigenous

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19

Gibson, Padraic John. "Imperialism, ANZAC nationalism and the Aboriginal experience of warfare." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 6, no. 3 (February 25, 2015): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v6i3.4190.

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Aboriginal protest played a key role in undermining the celebratory settler-nationalism of the bicentennial in 1988. In the lead up to another major nationalist mobilisation, the centenary of the Gallipoli invasion on ANZAC Day 2015, extensive official efforts are being made to incorporate Aboriginal experiences into the day, through celebration of the role of Aboriginal people who served in Australia’s armed forces. This article provides a critical analysis of the 2014 NAIDOC theme as a way of exploring some of the tensions in this process. The NAIDOC theme, ‘Serving Country: Centenary and Beyond’, presented a continuity between Aboriginal soldiers in WW1 and Aboriginal warriors who fought in defence of their land during the 19th Century Frontier Wars. In contrast, this article argues that the real historical continuity is between the massacres on the frontier, which often involved Aboriginal troopers fighting for the colonial powers, and the invasions undertaken by Australian soldiers in WW1. New research documenting the horrific scale on which Aboriginal people were killed by Native Police in Queensland in the second half of the 19th Century is integrated with studies of the political economy of Australian settler-capitalism in this period. This analysis is used to demonstrate how capitalist class interests drove both the Frontier Wars and the development of an Australian regional empire, which was consolidated by the mobilisation of Australian troops in WW1.

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20

Vazey, M. A. "Some Aspects of the Position of Aboriginal Women in Australian Society." Aboriginal Child at School 13, no. 2 (May 1985): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200013730.

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This paper includes a short history of Aboriginal women in Australia from about the turn of the century. This has been made possible by the writings of such women. Most non-Aboriginal women have been and are ignorant of this history. They need to understand this past in order to come to terms with it. Aboriginal women are also not aware of how misinformed non-Aboriginal women are of the role of Aboriginal women in their own society. An extensive dialogue is needed to develop the mutual understanding necessary for the construction of a peaceful and just post-colonial Australia.

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21

Duckett, Stephen J. "Health workforce design for the 21st century." Australian Health Review 29, no. 2 (2005): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050201.

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The Australian health workforce has changed dramatically over the last 4 years, growing in size and changing composition. However, more changes will be needed in the future to respond to the epidemiological and demographic transition of the Australian population. A critical issue will be whether the supply of health professionals will keep pace with demand. There are current recorded shortages of most health professionals, but this paper argues that future workforce planning should not be based on providing more of the same. Rather, the roles of health professionals will need to change and workforce planning needs to place a stronger emphasis on issues of workforce substitution, that is, a different mix of responsibilities. This will also require changes in educational preparation, in particular an increased emphasis on interprofessional work and common foundation learning.

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22

Casey, Maryrose. "Aboriginal performance as war by other means in the nineteenth century." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v8i2.123.

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Commercial performances for entertainment are usually assumed to be lightweight, cultural activities that serve little or no serious purpose. Perhaps because of this typical perspective, prior to the mid-twentieth century, Indigenous Australian performances drawing on their cultural practices for entertainment are often styled as either the result of oppressive exploitation by colonisers or cultural tourism. However, an examination of Indigenous Australian initiated and controlled performances, for entertainment in the nineteenth century, reveals a more complicated picture. In Australia, across the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, Aboriginal people and the colonisers actively fought for physical, psychological and emotional sovereignty of the land through thousands of performances for entertainment purposes. This might be expected given that Australian Aboriginal cultures are probably the most performance-based in the world—in the sense that explicit, choreographed performances were used for a vast range of social and cultural purposes from education, through to spiritual practices, arranging marriage alliances, to judicial and diplomatic functions. What might be less expected, considering the dominant power position, are the multiple ways in which the white audiences attempted to intrude, interrupt and inhabit these performances. The Aboriginal performers displayed their strength, vitality, high status and continued survival literally in the face of the colonisers and charged them a fee to observe. In response, white audiences both desired these performances and acted in ways to prevent them, often taking over the performance space and bringing events to a quick finish, while complaining that the show did not go on. The battle continued in white performances of Aboriginal practices and the ways in which Aboriginal performance was documented. In the twenty-first century, Aboriginal sportsmen who display their pride in their Aboriginality and opposition to racism continue to negotiate the same fight for space.

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23

Nettelbeck, Amanda. "Creating the Aboriginal Vagrant." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 1 (2018): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.1.79.

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This article considers how shifting programs of Aboriginal protection in nineteenth-century Australia responded to Indigenous mobility as a problem of colonial governance and how they contributed over time to creating an emergent discourse of the Aboriginal “vagrant.” There has been surprisingly little attention to how the legal charge of vagrancy became applied to Indigenous people in colonial Australia before the twentieth century, perhaps because the very notion of the Aboriginal vagrant was subject to ambivalence throughout much of the nineteenth century. When vagrancy laws were first introduced into Australia’s colonies, Aboriginal people were exempt from them as a group not yet subject to the ordinary regulatory codes of colonial society. Bringing them within the protective fold of colonial social order was one of the principal tasks of the office of ‘protection’ that was introduced into three Australian jurisdictions during the late 1830s. As the nineteenth century progressed and Aboriginal people became more susceptible to social order policing, a concept of Indigenous vagrancy hardened into place, and programs of protection became central to its management.

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24

Hamnett, Stephen, and Paul J. Maginn. "Australian Cities in the 21st Century: Suburbs and Beyond." Built Environment 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.42.1.5.

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25

Bartholomew, Iain. "The australian minerals industry-resources for the 21st century." RESOURCES PROCESSING 42, no. 1 (1995): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4144/rpsj1986.42.44.

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26

WALL, T. F., A. L. SALUSINSZY, D. B. EBELING, G. R. DREWE, K. M. SULLIVAN, P. BEERAN, and G. B. SMITH. "Energy Options for the 21st Century—An Australian Perspective." Energy Sources 14, no. 3 (July 1992): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908319208908724.

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27

Harvey, Nick, and Beverley Clarke. "21st Century reform in Australian coastal policy and legislation." Marine Policy 103 (May 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.016.

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28

Gläser, Rosemarie. "Philip A. Clarke: Aboriginal Plant Collectors. Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century." Zeitschrift für Australienstudien / Australian Studies Journal 23 (2009): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35515/zfa/asj.23/2009.14.

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29

Coté, Joost. "Being White in Tropical Asia: Racial Discourses in the Dutch and Australian Colonies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." Itinerario 25, no. 3-4 (November 2001): 112–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300015011.

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In the recent debates gripping the Australian national psyche regarding the ‘Stolen Children’ (the often forcible removal of Aboriginal children of mixed European descent from their Aboriginal mothers practiced for most of the twentieth century under Australian Federal law) little credence is given to now outdated notion of ‘half-caste’ which inspired the original legislation. Today, self-identification, regardless of colour and heritage, determines Aboriginal ethnicity. But ‘half-caste-ness’ constituted a powerful concept in the process of nation formation in colonial Australia and in other colonial contexts.

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30

Munro, Jennifer, and Ilana Mushin. "Rethinking Australian Aboriginal English-based speech varieties." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 82–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.1.04mun.

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The colonial history of Australia necessitated contact between nineteenth and twentieth century dialects of English and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island languages. This has resulted in the emergence of contact languages, some of which have been identified as creoles (e.g. Sandefur 1979, Shnukal 1983) while others have been hidden under the label of ‘Aboriginal English’, exacerbated by what Young (1997) described as a gap in our knowledge of historical analyses of individual speech varieties. In this paper we provide detailed sociohistorical data on the emergence of a contact language in Woorabinda, an ex-Government Reserve in Queensland. We propose that the data shows that the label ‘Aboriginal English’ previously applied (Alexander 1968) does not accurately identify the language. Here we compare the sociohistorical data for Woorabinda to similar data for both Kriol, a creole spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia and to Bajan, an ‘intermediate creole’ of Barbados, to argue that the language spoken in Woorabinda is most likely also an intermediate creole.

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31

Grabosky, P. N. "Crime Control in the 21st Century." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 34, no. 3 (December 2001): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486580103400302.

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This article speculates on what society's response to crime will look like in the year 2020. Following a brief discussion of the anticipated criminal environment, and trends which will influence the delivery of public services, the article will suggest some of the forms which future institutions of crime control are likely to take. In addition to the transformation of Australian police services, the paper will discuss private and non-profit institutions of crime control, and how these will interact with public institutions. The paper will conclude with a discussion of trade-offs between personal safety and individual freedom, and how these will shift over time. It predicts greater societal investment in personal safety at the expense of individual freedom.

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MacVane Phipps, Fiona. "Global health for the 21st century and beyond." International Journal of Health Governance 21, no. 4 (December 5, 2016): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-10-2016-0046.

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Purpose In considering the present and future state of the world’s health, it is worth revisiting the Alma-Ata declaration of 1978 (International Conference on Primary health Care, 1978). This international declaration, signed almost 40 years ago confirmed the World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of health from the 1946 WHO Constitution as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2015). The declaration clearly stated that health is a universal human right and that the gross inequalities in health apparent at the time of the conference, between and within countries, were unacceptable. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This provides a review of the key articles in the current issue of IJHG with added evidence and commentary. Findings A global approach to health which acknowledges climate change, respects Aboriginal populations’ self-determination and which rejects the commodification of health in the way forward for twenty-first century health care. Originality/value IJHG is the only Emerald journal providing a review section in each issue.

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33

McDonald, DJ. "Temperate rice technology for the 21st century: an Australian example." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940877.

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Performance of the New South Wales rice industry is examined in the context of global rice production and demand into the 21st century. The need to double global production of rice by 2030 without major expansion of area will ensure strong export demand from temperate rice growing areas including southern New South Wales. Factors leading to the very high yields now achieved are discussed and the potential for further increasing average yields that are already the highest in the world is explored in terms of maintaining gains already made, raising the yield ceiling closer to the environmental limit, and reducing the gap between potential yield and those achieved by producers. Details are provided of the release and utilisation of varieties from the breeding program, and significant barriers to further yield increase are identified. The importance of 'Ricecheck' (a simple decision support system for farmers) is discussed. Problems of tailoring crop and land use practices to obtain environmental stability while at the same time substantially increasing productivity are highlighted.

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Na, Angelika F., Sharman PT Tanny, and John M. Hutson. "Circumcision: Is it worth it for 21st-century Australian boys?" Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 51, no. 6 (February 12, 2015): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12825.

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Turnbull, Paul. "The ‘Aboriginal’ Australian Brain in the Scientific Imagination, c. 1820–1880." Somatechnics 2, no. 2 (September 2012): 171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2012.0056.

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Over the past two decades, historians of colonial Australia have greatly enriched our understanding of how Aboriginality was racially constructed in nineteenth and early twentieth settler discourses. However, there is arguably much that is yet to be understood about how racialist perceptions of Aboriginal people owed their cultural suasiveness to medico-scientific investigation of the Aboriginal body. This essay attempts to go some way towards answering this question by exploring in contextualised detail how anatomists and anthropologists, in the century or so after 1820, construed the morphology of the ‘Aboriginal brain’ and its significance in the evolutionary history of humankind. The essay particularly focuses on explicating the goals of these investigators of the ‘Aboriginal’ brain as they themselves saw them evolving through their uses of evidence and modes of reasoning and argument. Fine grained exploration of how the scientific facticity of the ‘Aboriginal’ brain was constructed is arguably essential if we are to understand how in obvious, but also in many subtle ways, the outcomes of this research figured in the construal of the biological and psychic dimensions of Aboriginality within settler culture, and on the development of policies for governing Aboriginal people. Moreover, it also offers us a useful source of vicarious knowledge for assessing contemporary scientific interest in the ‘Aboriginal’ brain.

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Saee, John. "INTERNATIONALISATION STRATEGY FOR EDUCATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY." Journal of Business Economics and Management 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2004.9636071.

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There has been a sea change in the world economy with perceived far‐reaching consequences on all aspects of human civilization. This dramatic transformation is largely precipitated by the phenomenon of globalization. Baylis and Smith (1997) put forward the notion that globalization has accelerated the process of increasing interconnectedness between societies so much that events in one part of the world have more and more effect on peoples and societies far away. A globalized world, they argue, is one in which political, economic, cultural, and social events become more and more interconnected, and also one in which they have a wider impact. It is a truism to state that globalization means different things to different people. For some, the term is entirely benign; it portrays a process that accelerates economic prosperity for the nations engaged in globalization. However, for others globalization is a plot by multinational companies, which want to exploit third‐world countries’ resources in terms of cheap labor and raw materials. At the same time, these multinational companies undermine national sovereignty of the third‐world countries due to their enormous economic and political powers (Saee, 2004). In this research paper, an attempt is made to critically explore the drivers and the rationale behind the globalization that has also led educational institutions in most countries around the world to develop internationalization strategies for launching their degree offerings internationally. However, the focus of this research paper is on internationalization strategies by the Australian educational institutions that have important lessons for educational institutions of other countries interested in gaining an insight into internationalization strategies of Australian educational institutions.

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Bisley, Nick, Robyn Eckersley, Shahar Hameiri, Jessica Kirk, George Lawson, and Benjamin Zala. "For a progressive realism: Australian foreign policy in the 21st century." Australian Journal of International Affairs 76, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 138–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2022.2051428.

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Kelley, D. I., and S. P. Harrison. "Enhanced Australian carbon sink despite increased wildfire during the 21st century." Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 104015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104015.

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Baur, Louise A. "Child and adolescent obesity in the 21st century: an Australian perspective." Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 11 (December 2002): S524—S528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.supp3.9.x.

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40

Wang, Bin, De L. Liu, Garry J. O'Leary, Senthold Asseng, Ian Macadam, Rebecca Lines-Kelly, Xihua Yang, et al. "Australian wheat production expected to decrease by the late 21st century." Global Change Biology 24, no. 6 (January 15, 2018): 2403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14034.

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Pepler, Acacia S., Alejandro Di Luca, Fei Ji, Lisa V. Alexander, Jason P. Evans, and Steven C. Sherwood. "Projected changes in east Australian midlatitude cyclones during the 21st century." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 1 (January 6, 2016): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067267.

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Zhang, Xuebin, John A. Church, Didier Monselesan, and Kathleen L. McInnes. "Sea level projections for the Australian region in the 21st century." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 16 (August 16, 2017): 8481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074176.

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43

Collins‐Gearing, Brooke. "Imagining Indigenality in Romance and Fantasy Fiction for Children." Papers: Explorations into Children's Literature 13, no. 3 (December 1, 2003): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/pecl2003vol13no3art1284.

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Romance and fantasy fiction by non-Indigenous authors from the nineteenth through to the twentieth century positions non-Indigenous readers as the natural, normal inhabitants of the Australian nation through strategies of appropriation and indigenisation. At the same time, these narratives exclude Indigenous children from the category 'Australian children' and construct narrators as experts on Aboriginal culture and traditions.

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Perga, T. "Australian Policy Regarding the Indigenous Population (End of the XIXth Century – the First Third of the XXth Century)." Problems of World History, no. 11 (March 26, 2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-11-3.

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An analysis of Australia’s governmental policy towards indigenous peoples has been done. The negative consequences of the colonization of the Australian continent have been revealed, in particular, a significant reduction in the number of aborigines due to the spread of alcohol and epidemics, the seizure of their territories. It is concluded that the colonization of Australia was based on the idea of the hierarchy of human society, the superiority and inferiority of different races and groups of people, and accordingly - the supremacy of European culture and civilization. It is demonstrated in the creation of reservations for aborigines and the adoption of legislation aimed at segregating the country's white and colored populations and assimilating certain indigenous peoples into European society, primarily children from mixed marriages. It has been proven that, considering the aborigines an endangered people and seeking to protect them from themselves, Europeans saw the way to their salvation in miscegenation - interracial marriages and the isolation of aboriginal children from their parents. This policy has been pursued since the end of the XIX century by the 1970s and had disrupted cultural and family ties and destroyed aboriginal communities, although government circles positioned it as a policy of caring for indigenous Australians. As a result, the generation of aborigines taken from their parents and raised in boarding schools or families of white Europeans has been dubbed the “lost generation”. The activity of A.O. Neville who for more than two decades held the position of chief defender of the aborigines in Western Australia and in fact became the ideologist of the aborigines’ assimilation policy has been analyzed. He substantiated the idea of the biological absorption of the indigenous Australian race as a key condition for its preservation and extremely harshly implemented the policy of separating Aboriginal children from their parents. It is concluded that the policy towards the indigenous population of Australia in the late XIX – first third of the XX century was based on the principle of discrimination on racial grounds.

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Frederiksen, Jorgen S., and Stacey L. Osbrough. "Tipping Points and Changes in Australian Climate and Extremes." Climate 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10050073.

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Systematic changes, since the beginning of the 20th century, in average and extreme Australian rainfall and temperatures indicate that Southern Australian climate has undergone regime transitions into a drier and warmer state. South-west Western Australia (SWWA) experienced the most dramatic drying trend with average streamflow into Perth dams, in the last decade, just 20% of that before the 1960s and extreme, decile 10, rainfall reduced to near zero. In south-eastern Australia (SEA) systematic decreases in average and extreme cool season rainfall became evident in the late 1990s with a halving of the area experiencing average decile 10 rainfall in the early 21st century compared with that for the 20th century. The shift in annual surface temperatures over SWWA and SEA, and indeed for Australia as a whole, has occurred primarily over the last 20 years with the percentage area experiencing extreme maximum temperatures in decile 10 increasing to an average of more than 45% since the start of the 21st century compared with less than 3% for the 20th century mean. Average maximum temperatures have also increased by circa 1 °C for SWWA and SEA over the last 20 years. The climate changes in rainfall an d temperatures are associated with atmospheric circulation shifts.

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West, J. G. "Floristics and biodiversity research in Australia: the 21st century." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 2 (1998): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97044.

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Australian botany has reached the point where the vascular flora of this country is relatively well documented; we have sound basic information on what species are present, and where they occur (geographically and ecologically). The real challenge facing plant systematists now is to grasp the inspiring opportunities that exist in the areas of floristics and biodiversity research. The time has come to capitalise on the enormous existing knowledge base. This includes ‘mobilising’ the data we have and promoting potential usage by making clients aware of the quality and nature of the information. Australia has the international-level expertise and the institutional mechanisms to make this happen. We need to build political goodwill within State and Commonwealth agencies to develop strong national linkages. This would enhance the accessibility and applicability of existing baseline datasets, e.g. specimen and taxon databases should be transparently interchangeable and readily available to all potential clients. Although our basic floristic knowledge is good, our understanding of phylogenetic, evolutionary and biogeographic patterns of major Australian plant groups is lacking. Such analyses will ensure accurate predictions and advice on conservation and exploitation of elements of the flora. Future research should concentrate on understanding the processes operating at the genetic and species level in order to answer critical questions about ecosystem functioning. Modern technology will be utilised, particularly in information systems and molecular techniques. Systematists have a clear obligation under the National Biodiversity Strategy to contribute information essential to conservation of biodiversity and to land-use decision making.

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Lavers, Katie, and Jon Burtt. "BLAKflip and Beyond: Aboriginal Performers and Contemporary Circus in Australia." New Theatre Quarterly 33, no. 4 (October 11, 2017): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x17000458.

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In this article Katie Lavers and Jon Burtt investigate BLAKflip and Beyond, a programme of workshops set up by the Australian circus company Circus Oz to mentor and support young Aboriginal performers by providing training and pathways into professional circus. Their analysis is contextualized through an examination of the thirty-year history of Circus Oz, most significantly its roots in the progressive and radical politics of the 1970s. The history of notable and successful Aboriginal performers in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Australian circus is also examined, questioning why, given the relative success of Aboriginal circus performers in the recent past, there are almost none working today. Whiteness as a pervasive characteristic of contemporary Australian performance is offered as a possible cause of this absence, while hopes for the future of Aboriginal circus are discussed with Davey Thompson, the new Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Programme Manager at Circus Oz. Katie Lavers is an adjunct faculty member at Edith Cowan University, author of numerous journal articles, and co-editor (with Peta Tait) of The Routledge Circus Studies Reader (2016). Jon Burtt is a lecturer in Dance and Performance Studies at Macquarie University. He is the author of numerous articles on circus pedagogy, and is an advanced-level circus trainer. Lavers and Burtt are currently co-authoring (with Louis Patrick Leroux) a book on contemporary circus (forthcoming 2019).

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Raeburn, Toby, Kayla Sale, Paul Saunders, and Aunty Kerrie Doyle. "Aboriginal Australian mental health during the first 100 years of colonization, 1788–1888: a historical review of nineteenth-century documents." History of Psychiatry 33, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x211053208.

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Past histories charting interactions between British healthcare and Aboriginal Australians have tended to be dominated by broad histological themes such as invasion and colonization. While such descriptions have been vital to modernization and truth telling in Australian historical discourse, this paper investigates the nineteenth century through the modern cultural lens of mental health. We reviewed primary documents, including colonial diaries, church sermons, newspaper articles, medical and burial records, letters, government documents, conference speeches and anthropological journals. Findings revealed six overlapping fields which applied British ideas about mental health to Aboriginal Australians during the nineteenth century. They included military invasion, religion, law, psychological systems, lunatic asylums, and anthropology.

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van Damme, Wilfried. "Not What You Expect: The Nineteenth-Century European Reception of Australian Aboriginal Art." Konsthistorisk Tidskrift/Journal of Art History 81, no. 3 (September 2012): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00233609.2012.702682.

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50

Alexander, Elinor, and Alan Sansome. "Shaping the Cooper Basin's 21st century renaissance." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11104.

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The Department of Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy (DMITRE) SA has been successfully using competitive acreage releases to manage highly prospective Cooper Basin acreage since 1998. The expiry of long-term exploration licenses enabled the most significant structured release of onshore Australian acreage in the industry’s history—it has generated: 32 petroleum exploration licences (PELs) from ~70,000 km2 acreage; $432 million in guaranteed work program bids; 70 new field discoveries; $107.6 million royalties and $1.4 billion sales;and, increased gas supply-side competition. Cooper acreage turnover has also changed the makeup of Australia’s onshore exploration industry from numerous company-making discoveries. Since 1998, 10 acreage releases have been staged, enabled by the Petroleum Act 2000 (now the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000), conjunctive agreements with Native Title claimants, access to multiple-use Innamincka and Strzelecki Regional Reserves, and transparent application and bid assessment processes. Despite delays, most recently due to flooding, all but three of the original PELs are in their second term and relinquished acreage has been incorporated into subsequent releases. All work-program variations have been kept above the second bid score (except one, where the second ranked bidder was consulted and approved the change) preserving bidding system integrity. DMITRE is planning new Cooper Basin acreage releases while contemplating acreage management options for emerging unconventional plays. Industry input to map the best possible future for the SA Cooper Basin continues to be welcomed.

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