Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Abomasum'

O deslocamento de abomaso (DA) é uma doença multifatorial relacionada com o manejo alimentar que afeta vacas leiteiras de alta produção principalmente durante o início da lactação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar indicadores bioquímicos de diagnóstico e tratamento no deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda (DAE) em vacas leiteiras na Região do Planalto do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras foram coletadas de um total de quarenta animais, sendo vinte vacas com DAE e vinte vacas clinicamente sadias utilizadas como grupo controle. Foram coletadas amostras de líquido ruminal, sangue e urina para avaliação do perfil bioquímico, hematológico e ruminal. Os animais com DAE apresentaram menor produção de leite diária (6,72 kg ± 3,85 e 26,86 kg ± 8,36), peso corporal (566,5 kg ± 51,12 e 602,9 kg ± 45,68) e escore condição corporal (2,32 ± 0,4 e 602,9 ± 45,68), quando comparados ao grupo controle.A utilização de fitas reagentes para medição do pH ruminal demonstrou-se eficaz a campo quando comparada com potenciômetro digital. A dinâmica ruminal apresenta-se prejudicada nos animais com DAE como foi evidenciado pelos valores aumentados do tempo de redução de azul de metileno (4,70 min. ± 1,89 e 1,66 min. ± 1,14). Além de apresentarem indicadores de desidratação, os valores de pH da urina, e os valores séricos de lactato, aspartato transaminase e colesterol apresentaram-se como ferramentas auxiliares no prognóstico e tratamento. O tratamento deve consistir em além da correção da afecção, restabelecer a condição hídrica do animal, assim como também, repor a flora ruminal.
The displacement of abomasum (DA) is a multifactorial disorder related to feed management affecting high yielding dairy cows mainly during early lactation. This work had the objective to evaluate biochemical profile for diagnose and treatment of left displaced abomasum (LDA) in dairy cows in the Planalto Region of Rio Grande do Sul. The samples were collected from ruminal fluid, blood and urine for the evaluation of biochemical, hematological and ruminal profile. The cows with LDA presented lower values of daily milk production (6,72 kg ± 3,85 and 26,86 kg ± 8,36), body weight (566,5 kg ± 51,12 and 602,9 kg ± 45,68) and corporal condition score (2,32 ± 0,4 and 602,9 ± 45,68). The utilization of reagent strips showed to be functional in the field when compared to a digital phmeter. The ruminal dynamics is much damaged in the cows affected by the LDA, as evidenced by the high values for the blue metilen reduction time (4,70 min. ± 1,89 and 1,66 min. ± 1,14). Besides the presentation of dehydration indicators, the urine pH, and serum lactate, aspartate transaminase and cholesterol presented to be auxiliary tools in the LDA prognoses and treatment. The treatment should consider fluid therapy and reestablish the ruminal dynamics of the cow.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of whey powder associated with powdered milk as a substitute for whole milk without breastfeeding until 60 days of age on the development of pre-stomachs, growth and proliferation rate Cellular of the ruminal papillae, as well as an influence of the diets on as chymosin and pepsinogen producing cells of the calf abomasum through the immunohistochemical technique. To that end, 24 crossbred calves with one week of life were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates: LI: whole milk (Control); LP: milk powder; LPS1: 80% milk powder + 20% whey powder; LPS2: 60% milk powder + 40% whey powder cheese. For the methods of dry matter (DM) consumption, measurements of hay consumption and concentrate are made by the supply / surplus method. The animals were slaughtered at 60 days of age. The cavity organs were weighed with contents, and soon thereafter emptied and newer, registering, full and empty weights, respectively. The weight of the stomach and its compartments were determined with absolute values (kg) and relative (%) as a function of the empty body weight (%PCVZ) and as a function of the weight of the whole stomach (%PE). Fragments of approximately one square centimeter (1cm2) of tissues were collected from 4 regions of the world: rumen atrium, dorsal sac, caudate-dorsal blind sac and ventral sac from where they are measured as heights of ruminal papillae. Proliferative activity was evaluated in tissue samples collected by counting Argirophilic Nucléole Organisms (AgNOR). Tissue samples of 1 cm2 of the abomasum were collected for immunohistochemistry. There was no difference for dry matter intake (P> 0.05). As averages obtained for absolute and relative weights as a function of the empty body weight of the digital compartments did not present significant residues (P> 0.05) between the treatments. Regarding the development of non-rumen papillae There were significant (P <0.05) for a height variable in the ventral sac, where animals receiving whole milk had higher averages. There were no significant differences (P> 0.05) for the rate of cell proliferation in ruminal papillae. The percentage of acini with immunoreactive cells to the chymosin and pepsinogen antibodies presented a statistical difference (P <0.05), where the calves that received a 100% whole milk diet presented a mean percentage of marking for upper chymosin (95.11%), Animals that consumed 60% milk powder + 40% whey powder (89.59%)
Objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento dos pré-estômagos, o crescimento e a taxa de proliferação celular das papilas ruminais, em bezerros aleitados com sucedâneos (leite em pó e soro de queijo em pó) durante os 60 primeiros dias de vida. Verificar se a dieta pode influenciar as células produtoras de quimosina e pepsinogênio. Para isso, 24 bezerros mestiços com uma semana de vida foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 (quatro) tratamentos e 6 (seis) repetições: LI: leite integral (Controle); LP: leite em pó; LPS1: 80% leite em pó + 20% de soro de queijo em pó; LPS2: 60% leite em pó + 40% de soro de queijo em pó. Para os cálculos de consumo de matéria seca (MS) foram feitas medições diárias de consumo de feno e concentrado pelo método de oferta/sobra. Os animais foram abatidos aos 60 dias de vida. Os órgãos cavitários foram pesados com conteúdo, e logo em seguida, esvaziados e novamente pesados, registrando-se, os pesos cheios e vazios, respectivamente. Foi determinado o peso dos estômagos e de seus compartimentos com valores absolutos (kg) e relativos (%) em função do peso de corpo vazio (% PCVZ) e em função do peso do estômago completo (% PE). Foram retirados fragmentos de aproximadamente um centímetro quadrado (1cm2) de tecidos de 4 regiões do rúmen: átrio ruminal, saco dorsal, saco cego caudo-dorsal e saco ventral de onde foram medidas as alturas das papilas ruminais. A atividade proliferativa foi avaliada em amostras de tecidos retiradas do rúmen por meio da contagem de Regiões Organizadoras de Nucléolos Argirofílicos (AgNOR). Foram coletadas amostras teciduais de 1cm2 do abomaso para a realização da imunohistoquímica. Não houve diferença significativa para o consumo de matéria seca (P>0,05). As médias obtidas para pesos absolutos e relativos em função do peso do corpo vazio dos compartimentos gástricos não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Quanto ao desenvolvimento de papilas no rúmen houve diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para a variável altura no saco ventral, onde os animais que receberam leite integral possuíram maiores médias. Não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) para a taxa de proliferação celular nas papilas ruminais. Os percentuais de ácinos contendo células imunorreativas aos anticorpos quimosina e pepsinogênio apresentaram diferença estatística (P<0,05), onde os bezerros que receberam a dieta 100% leite integral, apresentaram média percentual de marcação para quimosina superior (95,11%), aqueles animais que consumiram a dieta 60% leite em pó + 40% de soro de queijo em pó (89,59%)
2017-11-27

Orientador: Juliana Regina Peiró
Banca:Lina Maria Wehrle Gomide
Banca: José Paes de Oliveira Filho
Resumo: As úlceras abomasais atingem bovinos de todas as idades e raças em todos os sistemas de produção, gerando perdas econômicas. A úlcera resulta da isquemia, atraindo leucócitos e macrófagos, estimulando fibroblastos, células endoteliais e epiteliais. A proteína do grupo de alta mobilidade 1 (HMGB1) liga-se a diferentes receptores de superfície celular, incluindo Toll-like-2 (TLR-2) e -4 (TLR-4), produzindo citocinas. A presença da HMGB1 causa aumento dos níveis do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), um regulador fundamental da angiogênese. Assim, investigou-se a participação da HMGB1, TLR-2, TLR-4 e VEGF em úlceras abomasais em bovinos de corte. Um total de 150 abomasos de bovinos de corte foi examinado em um abatedouro; 17 amostras da região cárdica foram colhidas. Os tecidos extraídos foram classificados em grupo normal (sem ulceração de mucosa); ulceração de grau 1 (erosões não perfuradas com lesões mínimas da mucosa) e ulceração de grau 2 (erosões não perfuradas combinadas com sangramento moderado da mucosa) e confirmado pela histopatologia. A expressão dos genes nas amostras normais ou ulceradas no abomaso foi avaliada pela RT qPCR. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA seguido por teste de Bonferroni ao nível de p<0,05. Não houve diferença de expressão de HMGB1, de TLR-4 e de VEGF entre os dois tipos de úlceras em relação aos abomasos normais. Úlceras de grau 2 tiveram expressão de TLR-2 superior a úlceras de grau 1. O aumento da expressão de TLR-2 pode estar ass... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Abomasal ulcers affect cattle of all ages and breeds in all production systems, leading to economic losses. The ulcer resulting from tissue ischemia, attracting leukocytes and macrophages, stimulates fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells. The protein of high mobility group 1 (HMGB1) binds to different cell surface receptors, including Toll - like - 2 (TLR - 2) and 4 (TLR - 4) resulting in cytokine production. The presence of HMGB1 causes increased levels of vascula r endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key regulator of angiogenesis. Thus, it was investigated whether HMGB1, TLR - 2, TLR - 4 and VEGF play a role in abomasal ulcers in beef cattle. A total of 150 abomasums from beef cattle were examined in a slaughterhouse; 17 samples were collected from the cardiac region. The extracted tissues were divided into normal group (without ulceration of the mucosa); type 1 ulcers (unperforated erosions with minimal mucosal injury) and type 2 ulcers (unperforated erosions combined with moderate bleeding of the mucosa) and confirmed by histopathology. Gene expression was evaluated by RT qPCR in samples of normal or ulcerated abomasums. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test at p <0.05. No difference in expression of HMGB1, TLR - 4 and VEGF was detected between the two types of ulcers when compared to normal abomasums. TLR - 2 expression was higher in type 2 ulcers than in type 1 ulcers. Increased TLR - 2 expression might be associated with the maintenance of abomasal healin g, promoting the inflammatory response, as evidenced by the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and neutrophils
Mestre

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As úlceras abomasais atingem bovinos de todas as idades e raças em todos os sistemas de produção, gerando perdas econômicas. A úlcera resulta da isquemia, atraindo leucócitos e macrófagos, estimulando fibroblastos, células endoteliais e epiteliais. A proteína do grupo de alta mobilidade 1 (HMGB1) liga-se a diferentes receptores de superfície celular, incluindo Toll-like-2 (TLR-2) e -4 (TLR-4), produzindo citocinas. A presença da HMGB1 causa aumento dos níveis do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), um regulador fundamental da angiogênese. Assim, investigou-se a participação da HMGB1, TLR-2, TLR-4 e VEGF em úlceras abomasais em bovinos de corte. Um total de 150 abomasos de bovinos de corte foi examinado em um abatedouro; 17 amostras da região cárdica foram colhidas. Os tecidos extraídos foram classificados em grupo normal (sem ulceração de mucosa); ulceração de grau 1 (erosões não perfuradas com lesões mínimas da mucosa) e ulceração de grau 2 (erosões não perfuradas combinadas com sangramento moderado da mucosa) e confirmado pela histopatologia. A expressão dos genes nas amostras normais ou ulceradas no abomaso foi avaliada pela RT qPCR. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA seguido por teste de Bonferroni ao nível de p<0,05. Não houve diferença de expressão de HMGB1, de TLR-4 e de VEGF entre os dois tipos de úlceras em relação aos abomasos normais. Úlceras de grau 2 tiveram expressão de TLR-2 superior a úlceras de grau 1. O aumento da expressão de TLR-2 pode estar associado à manutenção da cicatrização, promovendo a resposta inflamatória, evidenciado pela presença de infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear e neutrófilos.
Abomasal ulcers affect cattle of all ages and breeds in all production systems, leading to economic losses. The ulcer resulting from tissue ischemia, attracting leukocytes and macrophages, stimulates fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells. The protein of high mobility group 1 (HMGB1) binds to different cell surface receptors, including Toll-like-2 (TLR-2) and 4 (TLR-4) resulting in cytokine production. The presence of HMGB1 causes increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key regulator of angiogenesis. Thus, it was investigated whether HMGB1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and VEGF play a role in abomasal ulcers in beef cattle. A total of 150 abomasums from beef cattle were examined in a slaughterhouse; 17 samples were collected from the cardiac region. The extracted tissues were divided into normal group (without ulceration of the mucosa); type 1 ulcers (unperforated erosions with minimal mucosal injury) and type 2 ulcers (unperforated erosions combined with moderate bleeding of the mucosa) and confirmed by histopathology. Gene expression was evaluated by RT qPCR in samples of normal or ulcerated abomasums. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test at p <0.05. No difference in expression of HMGB1, TLR-4 and VEGF was detected between the two types of ulcers when compared to normal abomasums. TLR-2 expression was higher in type 2 ulcers than in type 1 ulcers. Increased TLR-2 expression might be associated with the maintenance of abomasal healing, promoting the inflammatory response, as evidenced by the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and neutrophils.

Nesta dissertação descreve-se um trabalho experimental, realizado numa exploração agro-pecuária intensiva de bovinos de raça Holstein Frísia, cujo objectivo geral foi avaliar os factores de risco da existência de doenças no pós-parto, nomeadamente, a influência dos níveis de cálcio no surgimento de outras afecções e o efeito da administração profiláctica de cálcio, por via intravenosa, na ocorrência de hipocalcémia e de outras afecções como a cetose e o deslocamento de abomaso. Como conclusão pode indicar-se que, nos animais estudados, existe uma prevalência elevada de hipocalcémia subclínica, cetose clínica e deslocamento de abomaso. A administração profiláctica de cálcio não foi eficaz na redução da prevalência de nenhuma destas afecções. Todos os animais apresentam uma elevada condição corporal ao parto e um baixo grau de enchimento de rúmen, indicativo de anorexia marcada, o que poderá ser a causa primária da existência de doença neste período devendo ser preconizadas novas medidas profilácticas; ### Abstract: This dissertation describes an experimental study conducted in dairy Holstein Friesian cows, and aimed to evaluate the risk factors for the existence of postpartum diseases, specially the influence of calcium levels in other diseases development and the effect of prophylactic administration of calcium intravenously in the occurrence of the hypocalcemia and other diseases (ketosis and abomasum displacement). As a conclusion, it can be stated that there is a high prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia, clinical ketosis and abomasum displacement in the studied animals. Prophylactic administration of calcium was not effective in reducing the prevalence of any of these conditions. All animals had a high body condition score at calving, and a low degree of rumen fill, indicative of marked anorexia, which may be the primary cause of the existence of disease in this period. It is recommended new prophylactic measures to avoid economic losses in this intensive dairy herd.

Teladorsagia circumcincta is a major financial burden on the UK sheep farming industry. Disease control is becoming increasingly difficult due to the rapid emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This has prompted the search for alternative, sustainable control measures, including vaccination. Vaccine design would be aided by a thorough knowledge of the mechanisms involved in immunity to T.circumcincta. Most research has focussed on humoral and cellular responses to infection with this nematode. This thesis focuses on the impact of infection with regards to the proteins found locally within the abomasum. Using a well established infection model, proteomic analysis of lymph draining the abomasum was carried out by means of 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The identity of many of the proteins in gastric lymph was revealed by means of MALDI-TOF analysis. The relative quantities of the lymph proteins were monitored over time using gel analysis software in both primary infection and immune challenged infection models. This study revealed a number of proteins of interest, including the acute phase proteins serum amyloid A, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin, as well as the actin depolymerising protein, gelsolin. The effect of infection and immunity to T.circumcincta on these proteins was investigated further by means of biochemical assays, western blotting and real-time PCR. The impact of infection on the permeability of the abomasal mucosa will affect the resultant gastric lymph proteome. This “leak lesion” phenomenon is well documented in T.circumcincta infection but the underlying cause is unknown. Tight junction proteins in the abomasum were studied, using immunofluorescence techniques, in an attempt to define the role of these proteins in this important immunological/pathological event. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of innate immune responses and local pathology occurring within the abomasum during T.circumcincta infection.

O rebanho ovino brasileiro tem se intensificado, o que predispõe à maior incidência de transtornos digestivos, como a úlcera de abomaso. A ranitidina é utilizada na prevenção e tratamento desta afecção, no entanto há pouca informação sobre a indicação parenteral deste fármaco para a espécie ovina. São escassas as informações a respeito das alterações metabólicas concomitantes, assim como do comportamento do sistema digestório. Nesse estudo foram utilizados cinco ovinos, machos, hígidos, providos de cânula ruminal e abomasal em delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino 5 x 5, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 2 x 2 + 1. Foram testadas as doses de 1mg/kg e 2mg/kg, administradas por via intravenosa, (IV) a cada 12 (BID) e a cada 8 horas (TID) em relação ao grupo controle, tratado com 1 mL de solução fisiológica por 25 kg, IV, BID. Maiores concentrações de proteína total, cálcio, sódio e hemoglobina, maiores atividades de AST e aumento do pH abomasal por 150 minutos foram observados em todos os animais que receberam o fármaco, independentemente de dose e frequência. No grupo tratado BID houve diminuição do número de leucócitos. Na frequência TID houve aumento das concentrações de creatinina e diminuição do cortisol plasmático. Os tratamentos 1 mg/kg TID e 2 mg/kg BID aumentaram o número de hemácias, diminuíram o intervalo entre as contrações reticulares e as concentrações séricas de pepsinogênio. Não foram observadas alterações na dinâmica dos fluidos, no pH ruminal, nas funções vitais e na amplitude das contrações reticulares. A radiografia contrastada foi útil para a avaliação da motilidade abomasal e intestinal. A ultrassonografia em modo-M revelou-se de grande valia na avaliação da amplitude e duração da curva de contração reticular e do intervalo entre as contrações.
The brazilian sheep production intensified, predisposing to increased incidence of digestive disorders such as abomasal ulcers. Ranitidine is used to prevent and treat this disease, however there is little information about the use of parenteral form of the drug in sheep. Data about the concomitant metabolic changes, as well as the behavior of the digestive system is scant. In this study, we used five healthy male sheep with ruminal and abomasal cannula. A Latin Square experiment 5 x 5 with 2 x 2 + 1factorial arrangement of treatments was run. Four levels of 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg administered intravenously (IV) every 12 (BID) and every 8 hours (TID) was compared to the control group, treated with 1 mL of saline per 25 kg, IV, BID. Higher concentrations of total protein, calcium, sodium and hemoglobin, increased AST activity and increased pH abomasum for 150 min were observed in all animals receiving the drug, regardless of dose and frequency. The BID treatment groups showed decrease the number of leukocytes. Increase of creatinine concentrations and decrease of plasma cortisol were observed in the TID group. Treatments 1 mg/kg TID and 2 mg/kg BID increased the number of red blood cells, decreased the interval between reticular contractions and serum pepsinogen. No changes were observed in fluid dynamics, the ruminal pH, vital functions and amplitude of reticular contractions. Contrast administered through abomasal cannula allowed the evaluation of abomasal and intestinal motility by radiography. The M-mode ultrasonography proved valuable in characterizing reticular contraction by the interval of contractions and a contraction curve correlating amplitude and time and.

This study was designed to provide information on some of the factors affecting voluntary consumption and digestibility of forages by sheep. A wet sieving procedure was used to determine particle size distribution in the reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum of sheep fed 100 % prebloom alfalfa or 100 % second-cut Altai wild ryegrass hays or mixtures of these with tall wheatgrass or Altai wild ryegrass straws. The study also compared second-cut Altai wild ryegrass and prebloom alfalfa as components in an all forage diet for sheep. Each diet was fed ad libitum to eight Romanov x Western whiteface wether lambs weighing 22 to 25 kg during the intake and digestibility trials. For the determination of particle size distribution, the animals were slaughtered at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after feed removal and the contents of the reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum sampled. Five different methods of describing digesta particle size distribution were compared as to their ability to predict voluntary intake and digestibility of the forages by sheep. The best method for expressing particle size distribution in the reticulo-rumen in terms of ability to predict dry matter digestibility (DMD) was the proportion of soluble dry matter in total dry matter (PSDM). A significant (P< 0.05) correlation (r = 0.84) between PSDM and dry matter digestibility, 12 hours after feed removal was obtained. PSDM in omasal digesta 24 hours after feed removal was also highly correlated with DMD and energy digestibility (r = 0.97, 0.91, respectively). Very high correlations were obtained between PSDM in abomasal digesta 24 hours after feed removal and digestibility of cellulose, NDF and ADF (r = 0.99, 0.97 and 0.97 respectively). The proportion of particles less than 1mm to the total particles (PIP) in the reticulo-rumen gave the most consistent correlations with intake of dry matter and energy. Voluntary intake of dry matter by the animals on the alfalfa-based diets were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those on the second-cut Altai wild ryegrass-based diets. However, the apparent digestibility coefficients of the proximate fractions in the Altai wild ryegrass diets were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those of diets containing alfalfa. Daily intake of digestible energy by animals on 100 % alfalfa was not significantly different from that of animals on 100 % second-cut Altai wild ryegrass. The difference between their respective combinations with tall wheatgrass and Altai wild ryegrass straws were also not significant. It was concluded that PIP and PSDM are indeces based on biologically significant fractions and may therefore have greater relevance than purely mathematical or statistical descriptions of particle size distribution in digesta. In this regard, the relationship between PSDM and digestibility and, PIP and intake are consistent with published theory and can be used in mathematical models to examine control processes in feed intake, rate of passage and digestion. The study also indicated that second-cut Altai wild ryegrass harvested at the prebloom stage can be used as a substitute for alfalfa in an all-forage diet for winter feeding of sheep.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A identificação da dor animal é um aspecto com cada vez maior importância na produção animal, assim como o é minimizar os processos dolorosos ao longo de todos os procedimentos de produção. Quando não for possível eliminar esses estímulos dolorosos, deve ser dada prioridade à devida analgesia. Um desses procedimentos dolorosos é a cirurgia, neste caso, a cirurgia correctiva de deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda. Como não é possível eliminar os estímulos dolorosos resultantes da cirurgia, o que nos resta é proceder à devida analgesia pós-cirúrgica. O objectivo deste trabalho foi perceber se a administração de carprofeno possui maior duração de analgesia do que a flunixina meglumina no maneio de dor pós-cirúrgico na correcção de Deslocamento de Abomaso à Esquerda (DAE). O carprofeno, tal como a flunixina meglumina, é um anti-inflamatório não esteróide, mas é menos utilizado na analgesia pós-cirúrgica devido ao seu custo, apesar de possuir um tempo de semi-vida superior ao da flunixina meglumina. O estudo foi realizado em 26 vacas de raça Holstein Frísia submetidas a correcção cirúrgica de DAE, que foram divididas em dois grupos: Grupo F (14 animais submetidos à administração de flunixina meglumina) e o Grupo C (12 animais submetidos à administração de carprofeno). A analgesia pós-cirúrgica foi avaliada utilizando parâmetros produtivos (produção leiteira nos 8 dias após a cirurgia) e utilizando parâmetros fisiológicos (corpos cetónicos por mensuração de β-hidroxibutiratos sanguíneos no dia 1, 2 e 4). Concluiu-se que não existem diferenças os entre fármacos na analgesia pós-cirúrgica na correcção de DAE, e que para obter resultados mais fidedignos mais estudo serão necessários no futuro.
ABSTRACT - Post-surgical analgesia adjustments left-side displacement of the abomasum - The identification of animal pain is an aspect with growing importance in animal production, as well as minimize the painful processes across all production procedures. When it´s not possible the elimination of the painful stimuli, the analgesia must be prioritized. One of this painful procedures is surgery, in this case, the corrective surgery of the left displaced abomasums (LDA). It is appropriate to perform postoperative analgesia since the elimination of painful stimuli resulting from surgery cannot be done. The objective of this work was to understand if the administration of carprofen has a longer duration of analgesia than the administration of flunixin meglumine in the management of postoperative pain in surgical correction of LDA. Carprofen, as flunixin meglumine, is an anti-inflammatory non esteriod, but it’s less is used, for postoperative analgesia, because of its cost, despite having a half-life greater than flunixin meglumine. The study was conducted on 26 Holstein Friesian cows undergoing surgical correction of LDA, which were divided into two groups: Group F (submitted to the administration of flunixin meglumine) and Group C (submitted to the administration of carprofen). The postoperative analgesia was assessed using production parameters (milk production in the 8 days after surgery) and using physiological parameters (ketone bodies, β-hydroxybutyrate blood on day 1, 2 and 4). It was concluded that there are not any differences between drugs in postoperative analgesia after the correction of the LDA, and that to obtain more reliable results more studies would be needed in the future.

Im Zusammenhang mit der Labmagenverlagerung zählen mangelnde Motilität und Entleerungsstörungen zu den häufigsten Problemen im postoperativen Zeitraum. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte geprüft werden, ob eine präoperative Erythromycingabe die Entleerung des Labmagens in den ersten 24 Stunden nach Reposition beeinflusst und so die klinische Rekonvaleszenz beschleunigt wird. Untersucht wurden 60 Milchkühe mit linksseitiger bzw.rechtsseitiger Labmagenverlagerung. Die abomasale Entleerungsrate der mit Erythromycin behandelten Tiere war signifikant höher als die der unbehandelten Tiere, sowohl in der Gruppe der linksseitig verlagerten als auch der rechtsseitig verlagerten Kühe.

Ziele dieser Arbeit zum Tränkemanagement bei neonataler Kälberdiarrhoe waren, die Auswirkungen von oralen Rehydratationslösungen (ORL) auf die abomasale Milchgerinnung und den Labmagendurchmesser zu prüfen sowie die Wirksamkeit von unterschiedlich zubereiteten ORL bei bestehender Dehydratation zu vergleichen. Dazu wurden die folgenden zwei Untersuchungen durchgeführt: Die erste Untersuchung an gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern sollte mittels Ultraschall zeigen, ob die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in die Tränke deren abomasales Gerinnungsverhalten beeinträchtigt. Zeitgleich wurde der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser erfasst, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf die abomasale Entleerung ziehen zu können. Diese Arbeit untersuchte erstmals die Milchgerinnung im Labmagen von spontan an Durchfall erkrankten Kälbern. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten die Effekte der Fütterung von Milchaustauscher (MAT) sowie von in Wasser und in MAT zubereiteter ORL auf den Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushalt experimentell dehydrierter Kälber ermittelt werden. Material und Methoden: Bei gesunden (n = 28) sowie durchfallkranken Kälbern (n = 15) wurde das abomasale Gerinnungsverhalten sowie der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser (= Labmagenhöhe) vor und nach Fütterung von Milch bzw. MAT sowie nach Zusatz eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers zur jeweiligen Tränke ultrasonografisch dargestellt. Im zweiten Untersuchungsteil wurden sechs Kälber nach einem modifizierten Protokoll von WALKER et al. (1998a) experimentell dehydriert. Im Anschluss wurden diese Tiere entweder mit MAT oder mit einer ORL, welche in Wasser (Wasser-ORL) oder MAT (MAT-ORL) zubereitet wurde, gefüttert. In einem weiteren Versuchsdurchlauf verblieben die mittel- bis hochgradig dehydrierten Probanden nüchtern. Nach einem definierten Schema wurden während der Versuchsphase venöse Blutproben vor und nach Induktion einer Dehydratation sowie vor und nach Fütterung entnommen. Es wurden Parameter des Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushaltes zu den verschiedenen Untersuchungszeitpunkten bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Nach Gabe von Milch konnte mittels Ultraschall immer eine vollständige Zweiphasentrennung in Koagulum und Molke detektiert werden, wohingegen diese nach Fütterung des MAT nur unvollständig voneinander separiert waren. Die kombinierte Fütterung von Milch oder MAT und einer ORL, welche 62 bzw. 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthielt, führte zu keinen Unterschieden auf den ultrasonografischen Bildern des Labmageninhaltes im Vergleich zu denen der jeweiligen nativen Tränke. Des Weiteren war die abomasale Milchgerinnung nicht aufgrund eines Durchfallgeschehens gestört. Die unvollständige Gerinnung des MAT resultierte nicht in dessen schnellerer abomasaler Passage, sondern anhand des statistisch signifikant größeren Labmagendurchmessers ab vier Stunden nach MAT-Fütterung scheint es, dass die Entleerung des MAT aus dem Labmagen im Vergleich zu Milch leicht verzögert war. Innerhalb der beiden Versuchstiergruppen konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede in Bezug auf den abomasalen Durchmesser zwischen den Tränken mit und ohne ORL-Zusatz festgestellt werden. Die statistisch signifikanten Differenzen des Labmagendurchmessers zwischen den gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern nach Fütterung der identischen Tränken weisen darauf hin, dass die Entleerung des Labmagens bei an Diarrhoe erkrankten Kälbern verzögert stattfindet. Bei den experimentell dehydrierten Probanden erhöhte sich das Plasmavolumen statistisch signifikant nach Aufnahme einer Tränkemahlzeit, wohingegen dieses ohne Behandlung konstant blieb. Die Rate der Plasmavolumenexpansion war nach Fütterung von MAT im Vergleich zu Wasser-ORL oder MAT-ORL vermindert. Die Zunahme des Plasmavolumens war bei den dehydrierten Kälbern nach Aufnahme von Wasser-ORL stärker ausgeprägt als nach Fütterung von MAT-ORL. Außerdem war nach Gabe der hypertonen MAT ORL die Plasmaosmolalität statistisch signifikant erhöht. Der Säuren-Basen-Status der Tiere verbesserte sich infolge der Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Dieser Effekt war allerdings weniger offensichtlich, da das Versuchsprotokoll eine hochgradige Dehydratation aber nur eine gering- bis maximal mittelgradige metabolische Azidose induzieren konnte. Schlussfolgerungen: Die unvollständige Gerinnung eines MAT im Labmagen scheint zu keiner schnelleren Entleerung zu führen. Die abomasale Milchgerinnung ist nicht beeinträchtigt, wenn die Milchfütterung mit einer 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthaltenden ORL kombiniert wird. Darüber hinaus resultiert aus einer Durchfallerkrankung keine Störung der Milchgerinnung im Labmagen. Die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in Milch oder MAT hat keine schnellere abomasale Passage der Ingesta zur Folge. Im Gegensatz zu gesunden Kälbern findet die Entleerung des Labmagens bei durchfallkranken Tieren verzögert statt. Es sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, welche die Ursachen für die verlangsamte abomasale Passage bei an Durchfall leidenden Kälbern bestimmen. Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die gemeinsame Verabreichung von Milch bzw. MAT mit einem bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulver weder die Milchgerinnung noch die abomasale Entleerung der Tränke bei durchfallkranken Kälbern beeinflusst. Folglich ist die Einmischung einer ORL in eine caseinhaltige Tränke möglich. Jedoch zeigen die Ergebnisse der zweiten Untersuchung, dass die Fütterung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL weniger effektiv bei der Erhöhung des Plasmavolumens dehydrierter Kälber ist als das in Wasser zubereitete Äquivalent (Wasser-ORL). Genau genommen erhöht die Verabreichung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL die Plasmaosmolalität bei dehydrierten Tieren, was möglicherweise bei durchfallkranken Kälbern zu einer akuten Kochsalzvergiftung führen könnte. In einer Folgeuntersuchung zu dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Gabe von hypertoner Milch-ORL in Kombination mit freiem Zugang zu Wasser eine effektive Behandlungsmaßnahme durchfallkranker Kälber darstellt, da die hohen Elektrolytgaben die Wasseraufnahme der Kälber stimulieren und keine Gefahr einer Hypernatriämie besteht (WENGE et al. 2014). Anhand der beiden Arbeiten kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass durchfallkranke Kälber, denen kein freier Zugang zu Wasser gewährt wird, wasserbasierte, isotone ORL erhalten sollten
Aims of the present studies on oral rehydration management of calf diarrhoea were to reveal the effects of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) on abomasal milk clotting and abomasal diameter, as well as to compare the effectiveness of differently prepared ORS in calves with experimentally induced dehydration. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted: The first investigation in healthy and diarrhoeic calves should demonstrate via ultrasound whether the incorporation of bicarbonate-containing electrolyte powder into ‘milk meals’ impairs the abomasal coagulation of milk protein. At the same time, the ventrodorsal diameter of the abomasum was measured to outline abomasal emptying. This study is the first in which milk clotting in the abomasum of spontaneously diarrhoeic calves was investigated. The second investigation examined the effects of feeding milk replacer (MR), as well as ORS prepared in water or in MR on the fluid and acid-base balance of experimentally dehydrated calves. Materials and methods: Abomasal curd formation, as well as ventrodorsal diameter (= abomasal height), were ultrasonographically imaged in healthy (n = 28) and diarrhoeic calves (n = 15) before and after feeding milk, MR and ORS containing bicarbonate prepared in milk or MR, respectively. In the second investigation six calves were experimentally dehydrated according to a modified protocol of WALKER et al. (1998a). Subsequently, these calves were fed with either milk replacer (MR) or an ORS prepared in either water (water-ORS) or MR (MR-ORS). In one experiment, the dehydrated calves remained fasting. During the experimental period, venous blood samples were taken according to a defined schedule before and after induction of dehydration, as well as before and after feeding. Parameters of fluid and acid-base balance were determined at various timepoints. Results: After milk-feeding, a complete separation of curd and whey was always detected via ultrasound; whereas after MR-feeding, separation was incomplete. Feeding mixtures of milk or MR with ORS containing 62 - 93 mmol/L bicarbonate did not cause any differences in the ultrasonographic images of abomasal content compared to those of milk or MR. Moreover, abomasal milk clotting was not disturbed due to diarrhoea. Inadequate milk clotting of MR did not result in its faster abomasal passage but according to the significantly larger abomasal diameter starting from 4 h after MR-feeding gastric emptying of MR was slightly decreased when compared to milk. Within the two groups of experimental animals no statistically significant differences could be determined with respect to the abomasal diameter between the diets with and without addition of ORS. Statistically significant differences of abomasal diameter between healthy and diarrhoeic calves after feeding the same diet indicate that abomasal emptying is delayed in calves suffering from diarrhoea. Plasma volume increased significantly following the intake of a ‘fluid meal’ in experimentally dehydrated calves, whereas it remained constant in the absence of treatment. The rate of plasma volume expansion was reduced by feeding MR relative to water-ORS or MR-ORS. In dehydrated calves, the expansion of plasma volume was more pronounced following the intake of water-ORS compared to the feeding MR-ORS. Moreover, plasma osmolality increased significantly following the ingestion of hypertonic MR-ORS. The acid-base status of animals was corrected as a result of fluid absorption, but this effect was less obvious as the experimental protocol resulted in severe dehydration and only mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. Conclusions: Inadequate curd formation of an MR in the abomasum does not result in faster abomasal passage. Milk clotting in the abomasum is not affected when combining milk feeding with ORS containing 93 mmol/L of bicarbonate. Furthermore, abomasal curd formation is not disturbed due to diarrhoea. The addition of an bicarbonate-containing ORS in milk or MR does not result in faster abomasal passage of ingesta. In contrast to healthy calves, abomasal emptying is prolonged in diarrhoeic calves. Hence, further studies are needed to determine reasons for decelerated abomasal passage in calves suffering from diarrhoea. According to the results of the present study it can be concluded that combined feeding of milk/MR with an bicarbonate-containing ORS does not affect either milk clotting or abomasal emptying of the diet in diarrhoeic calves. Consequently, the addition of ORS to milk meal is possible. However, the results of the second investigation indicate that the feeding of hypertonic MR-ORS is less effective in increasing plasma volume of dehydrated calves than the water-based equivalent (water-ORS). In fact, administration of hypertonic MR-ORS increases plasma osmolality in dehydrated calves, potentially causing acute hypernatraemia in diarrhoeic calves. In a follow-up study to the present investigation, it could be demonstrated that feeding hypertonic milk-ORS combined with ad libitum access to water is an effective method of treating diarrhoeic calves because the high electrolyte content stimulates water intake of calves and there is no risk of hypernatraemia (WENGE et al. 2014). Based on these two studies, it can be concluded that diarrhoeic calves without free access to water should receive isotonic water-based ORS

The studies submitted herein have contributed to our understanding of ruminant immunology, host-parasite interactions during ruminant infection with nematode parasites, and potential vaccine strategies to combat parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE). PGE of sheep and cattle, caused by T. circumcincta and O. ostertagia respectively, is a major problem for the global farming industry both in terms of productivity and animal welfare. To date control of these parasites has relied on the use of anthelmintic drugs however the emergence of widespread anthelmintic resistance is driving the search for alternative methods of control. As ruminants do acquire immunity in the field, vaccination is one such alternative under investigation. The first three papers contributing to this thesis used modern immunological tools alongside a locally developed surgical technique to revisit a model of nematode infection in sheep, investigating the composition and kinetics of the ovine local immune response to infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta via cannulation of the efferent gastric lymph duct. A protective local secondary immune response was observed in sheep which had previously experienced infection with T. circumcincta, but was absent from naive sheep. This immune response consisted initially of a rise in TE and BE cell activity peaking at 3 and 5 days post challenge respectively, followed by a secondary parasiteEspecific IgA response from 5 days post challenge which correlated with stunting of parasite growth. Significant parasite loss occurred by 2 days post challenge, prior to detection of the secondary immune response, suggesting critical early events in the host-parasite interaction and the potential importance of larval antigens in these interactions. No difference was observed in either the manifestations of immunity, or the magnitude and quality of the immune response, between adult sheep and lambs. The fourth and fifth papers describe vaccine trials carried out in bovine and ovine hosts using detergent soluble proteins derived from 4th larval stage Ostertagia ostertagi and Teladorsagia circumcincta respectively as antigens. Substantial reduction in total faecal egg output of up to 85% was observed in the calf trials, but not in the sheep trials which attained a maximum reduction of 29% in total faecal egg output. The sixth paper is a transcriptomic study carried out using the Roche 454 sequencing platform to investigate the immediate responses of Teladorsagia circumcincta upon encountering ovine host tissue of either immune or naive status. Following larval exsheathing and 4 hours of exposure to either immune or naive abomasal environments the transcript level of several genes was observed to differ. Genes which were most upregulated in response to encountering the immune environment included a peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating mono-oxygenase homologue and a small heat shock protein. The studies described herein represent a body of work carried out using up-to-date tools and technologies. The first three papers confirmed the existence of critical early events in the host-parasite interaction, pointing to the potential use of larval antigens as vaccine candidates described in the trials in papers 4 and 5, and leading to the in-depth transcriptomic analysis described in paper 6. Papers 4 and 5 demonstrated that while Teladorsagia circumcincta and Ostertagia ostertagi have similar life cycles and host-site predilection, and both the ovine and bovine host can develop immunity to incoming parasitic larvae in the field, important differences may exist in either the proteome of the fourth stage larvae and/or the nature of the host response. Paper 6 revealed that changes in T. circumcincta transcript levels in response to ovine-host immune status can be detected early in the host-parasite interaction.

The parasitic nematodes Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta and Haemmonchus contortus are two of the most important pathogens of sheep and goats worldwide. The purpose of the work described in this thesis was to identify the mechanism of resistance to these parasites in young lambs. Lambs infected with T. circumcincta are incapable of controlling their worm burdens. However, it appears that some are capable of controlling the growth and therefore the fecundity of adult female worms. Work described in chapter three shows that the most important mechanism controlling the growth and fecundity of this parasite is the local IgA response. 933 lambs were studied over 5 years. Faecal egg counts were performed on these lambs and 485 of these lambs were slaughtered and the average female worm lengths determined. Analysis showed a highly significant effect of parasite specific IgA on worm length. Those lambs with higher IgA response to fourth-stage larvae had on average shorter worms. This response was heritable. Thus genetic resistance to T. circumcincta acts by reducing worm fecundity and works through a parasite-specific IgA response. In addition, this response is sex related with male lambs having the poorest response and females the best. Not only is the quantity of IgA important in determining host resistance, but also the specificity. Chapter four details work done in investigating the antigen specificity of the IgA response to T. circumcincta.

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Erosões e úlceras são achados comuns no abomaso e causam preocupação econômica nos mais variados sistemas de produção de gado. Muitos fatores podem predispor ao aparecimento de úlceras e acúmulo de gases no abomaso, incluindo alimentos grosseiros, estresse ambiental, deficiências de vitaminas e minerais e infecções bacterianas. Essas úlceras podem ser subclínicas, sendo descobertas nas necropsias ou após o abate do animal, ou levarem à redução da motilidade do órgão, prejudicando o fluxo do seu conteúdo e causando transtornos digestivos graves e até ao aparecimento de síndromes semelhantes à indigestão vagal. Existem informações a respeito da resposta do sistema imune na maior parte das mucosas do trato gastrintestinal de não-ruminantes e ruminantes, porém são raras a respeito do abomaso. Os objetivos desse estudo foram detectar os níveis de citocinas (IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2) no conteúdo abomasal em bovinos de corte, determinar o perfil Th1 ou Th2 dessas citocinas em animais com úlceras de grau 1 e 2 na região cárdica abomasal e comparar esses valores com os níveis de citocinas de animais sem úlceras (controle), em amostras colhidas em abatedouro, para auxiliar na compreensão da fisiopatologia do processo inflamatório local. A avaliação macroscópica e a classificação das úlceras foi realizada por meio de exames visual e histológico em amostras de tecidos da parede da região cárdica abomasal ulcerada. Os níveis de citocinas produzidas do líquido abomasal dos animais com ou sem úlceras foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo (método Cytometric Bead Array). As citocinas citadas foram detectadas no líquido do abomaso dos bovinos. Não houve diferença na liberação das citocinas entre os grupos com úlceras e o grupo sem úlcera, indicando um equilíbrio entre perfis Th1 e Th2 da resposta inflamatória.
Erosions and ulcers are common findings in the abomasum and cause economic concern in several livestock production systems. Many factors may predispose to ulcers and bloat in the abomasum, including roughage, environmental stress, deficiencies of vitamins and minerals and bacterial infections. These ulcers may be subclinical and are found during necropsy or after slaughter, or lead to reduction of abomasal motility, hindering the flow of your content and causing serious digestive disorders and even the appearance of syndromes similar to vagal indigestion. There are some studies evaluating the immune system response in most of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract of non-ruminants and ruminants, but rarely related to the abomasum. The aims of this study were to investigate the levels of cytokines (IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2) in the abomasal fluid of beef cattle, to determine the Th1 or Th2 profile of these cytokines in animals with types 1 or 2 ulcers located in the abomasal cardic region and to compare these levels with those of animals without ulcers (controls), in samples collected in an abbatoir, to help to the understand the pathophysiology of the local inflammatory process. Ulcers from the abomasal cardic region were macroscopicaly evaluated, then classified by histology. Cytokine levels in the abomasal fluid from animals with or without ulcers were evaluated by flow cytometry (Cytometric Bead Array). Cytokines were detected in the abomasum fluid of cattle. There was no difference in the release of cytokines between groups, indicating a balance between Th1 and Th2 profiles of the inflammatory response.

Orientador: Juliana Regina Peiró
Banca: Lina Maria Wehrle Gomide
Banca:Fernanda Bovino
Banca: José Paes de Oliveira Filho
Banca:Glenda Nicioli da Silva
Resumo: Erosões e úlceras são achados comuns no abomaso e causam preocupação econômica nos mais variados sistemas de produção de gado. Muitos fatores podem predispor ao aparecimento de úlceras e acúmulo de gases no abomaso, incluindo alimentos grosseiros, estresse ambiental, deficiências de vitaminas e minerais e infecções bacterianas. Essas úlceras podem ser subclínicas, sendo descobertas nas necropsias ou após o abate do animal, ou levarem à redução da motilidade do órgão, prejudicando o fluxo do seu conteúdo e causando transtornos digestivos graves e até ao aparecimento de síndromes semelhantes à indigestão vagal. Existem informações a respeito da resposta do sistema imune na maior parte das mucosas do trato gastrintestinal de não-ruminantes e ruminantes, porém são raras a respeito do abomaso. Os objetivos desse estudo foram detectar os níveis de citocinas (IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2) no conteúdo abomasal em bovinos de corte, determinar o perfil Th1 ou Th2 dessas citocinas em animais com úlceras de grau 1 e 2 na região cárdica abomasal e comparar esses valores com os níveis de citocinas de animais sem úlceras (controle), em amostras colhidas em abatedouro, para auxiliar na compreensão da fisiopatologia do processo inflamatório local. A avaliação macroscópica e a classificação das úlceras foi realizada por meio de exames visual e histológico em amostras de tecidos da parede da região cárdica abomasal ulcerada. Os níveis de citocinas produzidas do líquido abomasal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Erosions and ulcers are common findings in the abomasum and cause economic concern in several livestock production systems. Many factors may predispose to ulcers and bloat in the abomasum, including roughage, environmental stress, deficiencies of vitamins and minerals and bacterial infections. These ulcers may be subclinical and are found during necropsy or after slaughter, or lead to reduction of abomasal motility, hindering the flow of your content and causing serious digestive disorders and even the appearance of syndromes similar to vagal indigestion. There are some studies evaluating the immune system response in most of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract of non-ruminants and ruminants, but rarely related to the abomasum. The aims of this study were to investigate the levels of cytokines (IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2) in the abomasal fluid of beef cattle, to determine the Th1 or Th2 profile of these cytokines in animals with types 1 or 2 ulcers located in the abomasal cardic region and to compare these levels with those of animals without ulcers (controls), in samples collected in an abbatoir, to help to the understand the pathophysiology of the local inflammatory process. Ulcers from the abomasal cardic region were macroscopicaly evaluated, then classified by histology. Cytokine levels in the abomasal fluid from animals with or without ulcers were evaluated by flow cytometry (Cytometric Bead Array). Cytokines were detected in the abomasu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
O deslocamento do abomaso é a patologia que mais frequentemente requer cirurgia abdominal em vacas leiteiras podendo, no entanto, afectar bovinos de qualquer idade e sexo. O deslocamento pode dar-se à esquerda (DAE) ou à direita (DAD), sendo este último por vezes complicado por torção ou vólvulo abomasal (VA). Entre estes, o mais frequente é o deslocamento à esquerda. Apesar de se tratar de uma doença descoberta no século XX, o facto de ter uma etiologia multifactorial faz com que seja uma afecção difícil de controlar. É uma patologia do periparto e, por isso, surge directamente associada ao maneio nutricional, principalmente àquele praticado no período de transição. Os contributos considerados essenciais para o DA são a atonia e a acumulação de gás abomasal, que consequentemente levam à distensão do órgão. São vários os factores de risco que favorecem a ocorrência do DA, entre eles destacam-se: o maneio alimentar, com especial atenção para a relação concentrado/forragem, níveis de NDF, fibra bruta e tamanho das partículas; idade, sexo, genética (raça, profundidade corporal), condições climatéricas, doenças concomitantes (cetose, hipocalcémia, retenção placentária, metrite, fígado gordo, mastite, patologia podal). Os sinais clínicos são comuns a diversas afecções, sendo importante a acentuada diminuição na produção de leite. O diagnóstico é baseado na auscultação associada a percussão, sendo audível uma ressonância metálica, e ainda na auscultação associada à sucussão, o que permite ouvir fluidos e sons de “chapinhar”. A correcção do deslocamento mais segura e que mais recidivas evita é a cirúrgica, para a qual estão descritas diversas técnicas. As perdas produtivas enunciadas e os encargos associados ao acompanhamento médico-veterinário fazem com que esta patologia tenha elevada importância económica. A prevenção desta doença está dependente do controlo dos vários factores de risco enunciados, procurando proporcionar uma boa adaptação do sistema digestivo, e evitar o desequilíbrio de nutrientes (principalmente energético, proteico e de cálcio), a imunossupressão durante o periparto e a diminuição da ingestão de matéria seca.
ABSTRACT - Contribution for the study of abomasal displacement in a Montemor-o-Velho dairy farm - Abomasal displacement is the pathology that most frequently requires abdominal surgery in dairy cattle, although it may affect cattle of all ages and sexes. The displacement can occur both to the left and the right, being this last at times complicated by torsion or abomasal volvulus. Between the two of them, it is the displacement to the left that occurs more often. Despite having been discovered in the 20th century, its multifactorial etiology makes it difficult to control. It’s a peripartum pathology and is thus directly associated with nutritional management programs, in particular those of the transitional period. Contributes that are considered essential for the abomasal displacement are atony and gas accumulation in the abomasum, which consequently lead to organ distension. Many risk factors favour the occurrence of abomasal displacement, namely: feeding management, with particular focus on the forage-concentrate ratio, NDF levels, crude fiber and particles sizes; age, sex and genetics (breed and corporal depth), weather conditions and concomitant diseases (ketosis, hypocalcaemia, retained placenta, metritis, fatty liver, mastitis, claw problems) Its clinical signs are common to many diseases, being very important the marked drop in milk production. The diagnosis is based on auscultation associated to percussion, resulting in an audible metallic resonance. It can also be made by auscultation associated to ballottment, which allows the listening of fluid-splashing sounds. The safest displacement correction and the one which avoids the most relapses is the surgical one, for which many techniques have been described. Productive losses and the expenses related to veterinary monitoring make this a particularly important pathology, economics-wise. Its prevention depends on the control of the many risk-factors mentioned above, in an attempt to provide a good adaptation of the digestive system, avoiding unbalanced nutrition (mainly energetic, protein-wise and calcium-wise), immunosuppression during the peripartum period and the reduction in dry matter ingestion.

Úlceras abomasais acarretam diminuição do bem-estar e da produção de leite e carne, porém informações quanto a sua etiopatogenia, diagnóstico, prevenção e tratamento ainda são insuficientes, em especial quando acometem ruminantes adultos. Os protocolos utilizados para prevenção e tratamento desta enfermidade são extrapolados dos determinados para a lesão estomacal em monogástricos, havendo ainda incertezas sobre o efeito dos princípios ativos, doses e vias de administração mais adequados para ruminantes. Com o intuito de testar a capacidade da ranitidina e do omeprazol prevenirem o aparecimento de úlcera abomasal realizou-se administração dos antiácidos concomitantemente ao uso de fenilbutazona por sete dias (4,4 mg/kg, duas vezes ao dia, pela via intravenosa). Oito ovinos hígidos e canulados em abomaso foram distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4x4 e tratados com 2 mg de ranitidina/kg de peso vivo, pela via intravenosa, a cada doze horas; 0,4 mg/kg de omeprazol, pela via intravenosa, uma vez ao dia; 4 mg/kg de omeprazol em pasta, via oral, uma vez ao dia; ou nenhum medicamento antiácido (controle). Omeprazol administrado pela via intravenosa desencadeou flebite e maior número de animais apresentou lesões na mucosa abomasal. Omeprazol em pasta não foi eficaz na prevenção de úlcera do tipo 1a. Embora sem diferença entre os grupos, a ranitidina revelou o menor número de animais com lesões confirmadas pelo exame histológico; no entanto, este antagonista H2 ocasionou aumento da frequência cardíaca. O pH e a acidez do conteúdo abomasal, as concentrações séricas do pepsinogênio e da lisozima, bem como a pesquisa de sangue oculto fecal não se mostraram válidos para o diagnóstico da úlcera de abomaso do tipo 1a em ovinos adultos.
Abomasal ulcers reduce welfare and production of milk and meat, but information about their etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment is still insufficient, especially for adult ruminants. Protocols used for prevention and treatment of this disease are extrapolated from those determined for gastric lesions in monogastric animals. However, there are still uncertainties about the preventive effect of these drugs, the used doses and best route of administration to ruminants. The preventive action of ranitidine and omeprazole on the development of abomasal ulcers was tested. The antacid drugs were administered concomitantly to phenylbutazone over seven days (4.4 mg/kg twice a day, intravenously). Eight healthy sheep, cannulated in abomasum, were distributed in two 4x4 Latin squares and treated with 2 mg/kg of ranitidine every 12 hours; 0.4 mg/kg of omeprazole, administered intravenously once a day; 4 mg/kg of omeprazole paste, administered orally once a day; or no antacid drug (control). Intravenously administered omeprazole caused phlebitis and a higher number of animals had lesions in the abomasal mucosa. Omeprazole paste was not effective in the prevention of type 1a ulcer. Although there was no difference between groups, ranitidine showed the lowest number of animals with lesions diagnosed by histological examination; however, this H2 antagonist caused an increase in heart rate. Measurements of pH and acidity of abomasal contents, serum pepsinogen and lysozyme concentrations, as well as fecal occult blood screening were concluded not to be valid biomarkers for type 1a abomasal ulcers in adult sheep.

The series of experiments described in this thesis were designed to investigate the role of suckling or late weaning in the response of young lambs to nematode infection. All experiments were conducted outdoors with grazing animals and no supplementation but for suckled groups of lambs whose counterparts were weaned to ryegrass – white clover swards. The parasite of interest was mainly Teladorsagia circumcincta solely but with mixed infection of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in one instance. In Chapter 3 (first experiment), the hypothesis that milk per se may have a direct effect on nematode development, rather than an indirect effect through enhancement of host immunity by superior nutrient supply was tested. Sixty, twinborn lambs were used, allocated to one of eight groups formed by either dosing lambs from 42 days of age or not with the equivalent of 1000 or 250 L₃ T. circumcincta larvae d⁻¹ until five days before necropsy, while a twin was either weaned at 39 days of age, suckled as single or twin until necropsy on day 84. The possibility that weaning one of a twin set onto pasture in close proximity to the ewe would cause abnormal ewe and lamb behaviour was tested by replicating the work in twins maintained as twins but in which one twin received equivalent of 250 and the other 1000 L₃ T. circumcincta larvae d⁻¹. This showed no abnormal ewe nursing or lamb suckling behaviour as a result of weaning a twin in a set. Relatively low faecal egg counts (FEC) and a two to three fold lower worm burdens suggest suckling could reduce larval establishment. Inability to detect peripheral titres of immunoglobulins supports this conclusion. An intra worm-population regulation of T. circumcincta, indicated by a pattern of greater egg-laying by a numerically smaller but physiologically better developed nematode population in suckled lambs measured in eggs 'in utero' and worm length made interpretation of FEC difficult. Suckling significantly improved weight gain and carcass weights, but early weaning did not reduce resilience to infection. In Chapter 4 (second experiment), 40 pairs of twin lambs, average age of 39 days, were either infected with the equivalent of 1000 L₃ T. circumcincta larvae d⁻¹ or not, while one twin was weaned and the other allowed to continue suckling. Necropsy was carried out on groups of five and six lambs from each of the uninfected and infected treatments, respectively, at mean age of 84, 112, and on six lambs from each group at 140 days of age. This serial slaughter allowed further confirmation of the hypothesis in Chapter 3 but also investigated the long-term effect of suckling on resistance or resilience of lambs at the trial when immune responses were anticipated to be developing. An in vitro direct larval challenge (IVDC) study, to monitor larval establishment, was carried out on tissue explants from necropsied lambs. Suckled lambs consistently showed lower FEC (P < 0.05) and worm burdens (P < 0.05) at every phase of the trial. Within the infected groups, % in vitro larval rejection suggested earlier immune responses in the weaned lambs by day 84, which was not consistent with lower worm burdens in suckled lambs but appeared similar in the subsequent necropsies. Lambs continued to show better growth due to suckling while weaning did not reduce the resilience of lambs confirming observations in Chapter 3. The immunoglobulin profile suggested the commencement of immune responses in lambs from the period after the 84th day necropsy, with significantly greater (P < 0.01) IgA titre in the infected groups, and the suckled lambs towards the end of the trial on day 140. A vaccinating effect of early exposure to parasites was coincidentally revealed as a result of unintentional pasture larval contamination, seen in suckled non-infected lambs shedding fewer eggs and harbouring fewer worms during the later necropsies compared with their weaned non-infected counterparts. In Chapter 5 (third trial), 93 pairs of twin lambs, 47 pairs of which received a vaccinating mixed infection of T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis larvae (60 L₃ / kg W / d) at ratio 40:60, respectively during the period 36 – 103 days of age, were either weaned early on day 51 or later on day 108. All lambs were drenched on day 108 and groups received challenge infections from day 116, at same rate with the vaccinating infection, or not, which ceased five days before respective necropsies. Necropsies were carried out on selected lambs on days 108, 184 and 218. The direct effect of milk on larval establishment appeared to feature only in the T. circumcincta populations on slaughter day 108. The long-term benefit of late weaning for development of resistance was conditional on lambs receiving the vaccinating infection, and appeared to be more pronounced in the small intestine, reflected by a greater reduction of T. colubriformis populations in that organ than of T. circumcincta populations in the abomasum. A negative consequence of enhanced immune response was the suggestion of an increased metabolic cost in reduced performance of lambs. In conclusion, the work provides support to the hypotheses that: (a.) suckling may reduce the establishment of nematode larvae through the direct effect of milk, (b.) may enhance rapid development of host immunity to infection, and (c.) it further suggests that lack of larval experience during suckling may have long term negative implications for host resistance. Finally, it suggests that milk may play little role in the enhancement of host resilience to infection and, on the contrary, that additional metabolic cost may be associated with a more rapid development of immunity resulting from larval challenge while suckling.

Es gibt Fälle von Exitus letalis nach erfolgreich reponierter Dislocatio abomasi. Deren Ursache sowie prognostische Indikatoren zu ermitteln, war das Ziel vorliegender Arbeit. Zunächst wurden alle Rinder mit Exitus letalis zwischen 1990 und 2000 analysiert, die meisten litten an rechtsseitiger oder linksseitiger Disloactio abomasi. Bei diesen Tieren wurden die Befunde der Aufnahmeuntersuchung und der letzten Untersuchung vor dem Exitus letalis erfaßt, analysiert und mit den Befunden von nach linksseitiger oder rechtsseitiger Dislocatio abomasi geheilt entlassenen Tieren verglichen. Die Heilungsaussichten sinken bei rechtsseitiger und linksseitiger Dislocatio abomasi durch geringeren zeitlichen Abstand zur Kalbung, schlechteren Kreislaufzustand, geringere Pansenbewegungen, Hyperbilirubinämie und das Auftreten von Begleiterkrankungen. Bei rechtsseitiger Dislocatio abomasi waren weiterhin Hyponaträmie und Hypokalämie, bei linksseitiger Dislocatio abomasi erhöhte BHB-Konzentrationen, Hypocholsterolämie und Azidosen mit einer schlechten Prognose verbunden.

The main aims of this study were to identify and characterise proteins from T. circumcincta that may induce a protective immune response in the host and to learn more about the biology of the worm. In order to identify possible protective antigens, a complementary DNA (cDNA) library prepared from adult worms was screened with serum from an animal that was protected against a single challenge infection after vaccination with a T. circumcincta protein fraction (S3 TSBP). Forty five immunopositive cDNA clones were identified, of which sixteen had homology to galectin. Of the remaining clones, the majority shared homology with two metabolic enzymes, methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, that have not been characterised in nematodes. A single clone with homology to the antioxidant enzyme, catalase, was also identified. These three enzymes were selected for further investigation on the basis of their roles in nematode metabolism and therefore, their potential as vaccine candidates. Characterisation of T. circumcincta excretory/secretory material (ES) was also performed. L4 and adult worms were cultured in vitro and the proteins released were separated by 1D electrophoresis and analysed by Tandem Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. This identified proteins showing similarity to, amongst others, metabolic enzymes, structural components, antioxidants, globin-like proteins and cysteine proteases, present in online databases but not previously characterised in T. circumcincta. This study has identified several novel T. circumcincta proteins that may have potential as future vaccine or drug targets. It has also provided further information regarding the biology of the worm.

Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, klinische Befunde und Laborparameter von Kühen mit Labmagenverlagerung (LMV) zu vergleichen. Dabei wurden besonders Begleit-krankheiten berücksichtigt. Trotz standardisierter Methoden, gibt es nach der Lab-magenreposition immer wieder Fälle, in denen keine oder eine verzögerte Genesung eintritt. Inflammatorische, intraabdominale Prozesse wurden vermutet, konnten aber nur schwer diagnostiziert werden. Deshalb galt der Untersuchung des Bauchpunkta-tes und der Peritonitisdiagnostik besonderes Interesse. In die Untersuchung gingen 100 Kühe mit LMV ein. Zum Zeitpunkt der OP und bei der Nachuntersuchung nach 7-12 Tagen wurden Blut und Bauchpunktatproben ent-nommen. Die Blutproben dienten der hämatologischen Untersuchung und der Analy-se des Energiestoffwechsels (FFS, BHB, Bilirubin, Cholesterol), des Proteinstoff-wechsels (Gesamtprotein, Albumin, Haptoglobin, Harnstoff, Creatinin), der Leber-funktion (GLDH, GGT, AST, LDH) und des Mineralstoffwechsels (Ca, K, Mg, Cl, Na, P, Fe). Das Bauchpunktat wurde zytologisch, bakteriologisch (Gram-Färbung) sowie klinisch-chemisch (Protein, Albumin, Harnstoff, Glucose, Cholesterol, Haptoglobin, AP, AST, CK, LDH) analysiert. Statistisch wurden die Gruppen LMV-links (n=80), LMV-rechts (n=20) und LMV-gesamt Gruppe (n=100) sowie die Gruppen ohne Begleitkrankheiten (n=31), Metritis (n=38), Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparates (n=31), Mastitis (n=19), Enteritis (n=11), Pneumonie (n=6), Peritonitis (n=4) und Kühe mit Geburtsverletzung (n=3) zum Zeitpunkt der OP und zum Zeitpunkt der Nachuntersuchung verglichen. Die Laborparameter im Bauchpunktat zeigten zum Zeitpunkt der OP keine auffälligen Abweichungen. Stärkere Veränderungen konnten bis zur Nachuntersuchung 7-12 Tage p. OP festgestellt werden. Die zur Peritonitisdiagnostik relevanten Parameter Gesamtleukozyten, neutrophile Granulozyten, eosinophile Granulozyten und Ge-samtprotein stiegen an (p<0,0001). Die Befunde der verschiedenen Begleitkrankhei-ten unterschieden sich nur unwesentlich (p>0,05). Der Nachweis von Bakterien im Bauchpunktat korrelierte nicht mit der Begleitkrankheit Peritonitis. Der bei der hämatologischen Blutanalyse bestehende hohe Anteil an Kernlinksver-schiebungen zum Zeitpunkt der OP hing mit den diagnostizierten Begleitkrankheiten zusammen. Der Anteil stabkerniger Granulozyten lag bei allen Begleitkrankheiten Gruppen über dem Referenzwert, der der Metritis Gruppe mit 0,53 G/l signifikant (p<0,05) höher als bei der Gruppe ohne Begleitkrankheit (0,18 G/l). Der Energiestoffwechsel der Kühe mit LMV war stark belastet. Die FFS- und BHB-Konzentrationen waren zurzeit der OP über den Referenzwert erhöht, fielen aber bis zur Nachuntersuchung bis in den Normbereich (p<0,0001). Der Vergleich der Be-gleitkrankheiten brachte keine signifikanten Differenzen. Zurzeit der OP wurden für beide LMV-Gruppen über den Referenzwert erhöhte Hap-toglobinkonzentrationen sowie Creatinkinase-, AST- und LDH- Aktivitäten bestimmt. Kalium und Magnesium zeigten bei Kühen mit LMV zum Zeitpunkt der OP erniedrigte Konzentrationen. Die Kaliumkonzentrationen beider LMV-Gruppen normalisierten sich bis zur Nachuntersuchung (p<0,0001). Der Vergleich der Stoffwechselparameter bei den unterschiedlichen Begleitkrankhei-ten zurzeit der OP ergab nur für die Metritis-Gruppe gegenüber der Gruppe ohne Be-gleitkrankheit signifikante Differenzen: niedrigere Harnstoff- (p<0,05), Cholesterol-, Albumin- und Magnesiumkonzentrationen (p<0,0001) sowie höhere Bilirubin- und Haptoglobinkonzentrationen (p<0,05). Schlussfolgernd ist festzustellen: 1. Kühe mit LMV leiden häufig an weiteren Erkrankungen, in erster Linie an Metritis und an Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparates. 2. Häufig konnte eine Entgleisung des Energiestoffwechsels mit erhöhten FFS- und BHB-Konzentrationen festgestellt werden, die sich nach Reposition des verlagerten Organs unter Therapie wieder normalisierte. 3. Die Anzahl der Begleitkrankheiten hatten keine statistisch nachweisbaren Auswirkungen auf den Behandlungserfolg der operierten LMV-Kühe, wobei für die Rekonvaleszenz der Kühe eine, den jeweiligen Begleitkrankheiten angepasste Behandlung von Bedeutung ist. Die Begleitkrankheit Metritis zeigte die deutlichsten Abweichungen bei der Untersuchung der Stoffwechselparameter. Es konnte kein statistischer Zusammenhang zwischen der Begleitkrankheit Peritonitis und der verstorbenen Patientengruppe nachgewiesen werden. 4. Die zur Peritonitisdiagnostik gewonnene Bauchhöhlenflüssigkeit war post OP starken Veränderungen unterworfen. Diese Veränderungen zeigten sich vor allem in stark gestiegenen Leukozytenzahlen und erhöhten Proteinkonzentrationen.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2017.
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As úlceras de abomaso têm apresentado ocorrência crescente em bovinos de produção intensiva. No tratamento, utilizam-se medicamentos que aumentam o pH intraluminal do abomaso. Um desses fármacos é o omeprazol. Em bezerros, ainda pré-ruminantes, o efeito benéfico desse medicamento já foi bem evidenciado. Objetivou-se mensurar o pH intraluminal do abomaso em bovinos hígidos com 12 meses de idade recebendo omeprazol administrado via oral em duas apresentações, pasta e granulado. Foram utilizados 5 bovinos hígidos, com aproximadamente 12 meses de idade. O experimento consistiu em três grupos: grupo controle (GC), grupo pasta (GP) animais que receberam omeprazol na dose de (4 mg/kg) pela via oral em excipiente pasta cada 24 horas, e grupo granulado (GG) animais que receberam omeprazol na dose de (4 mg/kg) pela via oral em excipiente granulado cada 24 horas. Os tratamentos perduraram por 15 dias em cada grupo, com intervalos de 14 dias entre eles. As analises entre os três grupos, revelam que administração do omeprazol nos grupos GP e GG, proporcionou aumento dos valores de pH intraluminal do abomaso com diferença estatística no tocante ao GC, contudo esse acréscimo não foi observado no primeiro dia nos dois grupos tratamentos: GP (p = 0.100) e GG (p = 0.790), e também não foi notado no 14º dia do GP (p = 0.060). O presente estudo demonstrou que ocorreu um aumento significativo no pH intraluminal do abomaso dos animais que receberam o omeprazol, porém há a necessidade de realização de mais estudos terapêuticos com animais acometidos de abomasite e ulcera de abomaso.
Abomasal ulcers have been shown to be an increasing occurrence in cattle of intensive production. In the treatment, drugs are used that increase the intraluminal pH of the abomasum. One such drug is omeprazole. In calves, still pre-ruminants, the beneficial effect of this medicine has already been well evidenced. The objective of this study was to measure the intraluminal pH of the abomasum in healthy cattle at 12 months of age receiving omeprazole administered orally in two presentations, paste and granulate. Five healthy cattle, approximately 12 months old, were used. The experiment consisted of three groups: control group (CG), paste group (PG) animals that received omeprazole at the dose of (4 mg / kg) by oral route in pasta excipient every 24 hours, and granular group (GG) animals that received Omeprazole at the dose of (4 mg / kg) orally in granular excipient every 24 hours. The treatments lasted for 15 days in each group, with intervals of 14 days between them. Analyzes between the three groups revealed that administration of omeprazole in the PG and GG groups resulted in an increase in the intraluminal pH values of the abomasum with a statistical difference regarding CG, but this increase was not observed on the first day in the two treatments: GP (P = 0.100) and GG (p = 0.790), and it was also not noticed on the 14th day of PG (p = 0.060). The present study demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the intraluminal pH of the abomasum of the animals that received omeprazole, but it is necessary to carry out further therapeutic studies with animals affected by abomasitis and abomasal ulcer.

Die Dislocatio abomasi gehört gegenwärtig zu den häufigsten nicht infektiösen Krankheiten bei Kühen mit höherer Leistung. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, Vorkommen und Ursachen der DA in den Regionen Paderboprner Land und Münsterland zu untersuchen und Blutparameter festzulegen, die für ein Screening von Stoffwechselerkrankungen mit Schwerpunkt auf DA vielversprechend sind und in wie fern das Testsystem mit den bereits evaluierten "cut off`s" sich zur Bewertung von des Stoffwechsels anbietet. Dazu wurden am 3. d p.p. im Zeitraum März bis November 2003 von insgesamt 144 Kühen der Rasse Holstein- Frisian aus 16 Betrieben entnommen und auf folgende Laborparameter untersucht: Protein (Prot), Bilirubin (Bili), Natrium (Na), Kalium (K), Chlorid (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Phosphat (Phos), Harnstoff (Hst), Cholesterol (Chol), Butterhydroxybutyrat (BHB), Aspartat- Aminotransferase (AST), Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT), Glutamatdehydrogenase (GLDH), Creatinkinase (CK), Freie Fettsäuren (FFS) und Magnesium (Mg). Die Kühe wurden in Gruppen eingeteilt basieren auf aufgetretenen Erkrankungen: Dislocatio abomasi (DA), Milchfieber (MF), Retentio secundinarum (RS), Kühe ohne klinischen und labordiagnostischen Befunden waren Kontrollgruppe (KG). Verwendet wurden Kontingenutafeln und univariate Chi- Quadrat Test, um Sensitifität, 1-Spezifität, positive und negative Likelihood ratio sowie prediktive Werte zu ermitteln. Durch die eigenen Ergebnisse kann die Annahme aufrecht erhalten werden, daßder DA eine Belastung des Energie- und Fettstoffwechsels vorangeht. Später an DA erkrankte Kühe wiesen signifikant höhere FFS- und BHB- Konzentrationen auf als gesunde (x=818 µmol/l bzw. x=1,78 mmol/l; p< 0,01 bzw. 0,001). Sensitifität und 1-Spezifität der FFS ist 100% und 58% (Grenzwert 500 µmol/l). Sensitifität undf 1-Spezifität von BHB (Grenzwert 0,6 mmol/l) ist 91% und 68%. Wechsel des "cut off" zu 0,85 mmol/l führt zu einer Halbierung der 1-Spezifität bei BHB (Sensitifität 91%, 1-Spezifität 36%). Einen Bezug zur Erkrankung wiesen FFS,CK, GLDH, AST, Prot und Hst auf(p<0,05). Ungünstige prediktive Werte führten zu ungeeigneten DA- Screeningparametern. Zu bemerken ist ein signifikanter Unterschied der CK zwischen an DA erkrankten Kühen ("cut off" 250 U/l; Sensitifität 64%, 1-Spezifität 22%; p<0,001) und der Kontrollgruppe (x=320 U/l). Der Anteil erhöht sich jedoch auf 82% bei einem Grenzwert > 185 U/l (Sensitifität 0,82, 1-Spezifität 0,29). Ein moderater Anstieg der Bilirubin-Konzentration (x=11,1 µmol/l; p=0,034) zeigte eine geringe Leberbelastung an. AST- Aktivität (x=16 U/l; p<0,01)ist signifikant erhöht bei später an DA erkrankenden Kühen gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe (86 U/l).Sensitifität und 1-Spezifität betrugen 100% und 59%. FFS, BHB und AST können als Parameter geeignet sein die Prävalenz der DA in einer Herde gut einzuschätzen, jedoch gilt eine geringe Anzahl beprobter Tiere als limitierender Faktor. Andererseits kann diese Studie als Basis für die Entwicklung von Modellen gelten, die geeignter sind als Testsystem.

Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti šliužo dislokacijos (ŠD) prognostinės diagnostikos galimybę, karvių fiziologinę būklę po šliužo repozicijos pagal būdingą ŠD sergamumo specifiką, pieno kiekio, elektrinio pieno laidumo, aktyvumo, kūno masės, melžimo trukmės nuokrypius. Uždaviniai: 1. Atlikti sergamumo ŠD tyrimą; 2. Įvertinti, kaip kinta pieno kiekis, elektrinis pieno laidumas, gyvulio aktyvumas, kūno masė, melžimo trukmė prieš susergant ŠD; 3. Įvertinti ŠD diagnostikos galimybę pagal kraujo serumo biocheminius rodiklius, pieno sudėtį, fiziologinių rodiklių nuokrypius, ŠD klinikinės diagnozės nustatymo dieną; 4. Įvertinti, kaip kinta pieno kiekis, elektrinis pieno laidumas, gyvulio aktyvumas, kūno masė, melžimo trukmė po ŠD repozicijos; 5. Įvertinti teoriškai pieno kiekio kitimo prognozę, atlikus ankstyvąją diagnostiką ir profilaktiką. Įvertinta karvių ŠD prognostinės diagnostikos galimybė, fiziologinė būklė po šliužo repozicijos pagal būdingą ŠD sergamumo specifiką, pieno kiekio, elektrinio pieno laidumo, aktyvumo, kūno masės, melžimo trukmės nuokrypius. Pagrįsta praktinė tiriamų parametrų panaudojimo galimybė.
The objective of this work: To evaluate the possibility of the prognostic diagnostics of the displaced abomasums, the physiological status of the cow after the reposition of abomasums according as the particularity of the displaced abomasums’ morbidity, deviation of milk yield, milk conductivity, walking activity, body weight and milking duration. The problems of this work: 1. To do the research about the morbidity of the displaced abomasums; 2. To estimate the dynamics of the milk yield, milk conductivity, cow’s walking activity, body weight, milking duration before the abomasums was displaced; 3. To estimate the possible diagnostics according as the biochemical results of the blood serum, milk composition, deviations of the physiological indicators at the day of clinical diagnosis of the displaced abomasums; 4. To evaluate the dynamics of the milk yield, milk conductivity, cow’s walking activity, body weight, milking duration after the abomasums was displaced; 5. To evaluate in theory the prognosis of the milk yield changes after the early diagnostics and prophylactics. The possibility of prognostic diagnostics of the displaced abomasums, physiological status of the cow after the reposition of abomasums according as the particularity of the displaced abomasums’ morbidity, deviation of milk yield, milk conductivity, walking activity, body weight and milking duration were evaluated. The possibility of practical appliance of the examined parameters was justified.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os mecanismos moleculares associados ? resist?ncia de ovinos ?s infec??es por nematoides gastrintestinais. Foi comparado o transcriptoma da mucosa do abomaso de 17 ovinos mesti?os ? Santa In?s e ? Dorper, previamente classificados como infectados (resistentes e suscept?veis) e n?o infectados, distribu?dos em dois sistemas de alimenta??o (ad libitum e alimenta??o restrita) em resposta a infec??o por Haemonchus sp., utilizando a tecnologia RNA-Seq. A prepara??o das bibliotecas, o sequenciamento do genoma e a an?lise de dados foram realizadas no Laborat?rio de Biotecnologia Animal - ESALQ, Piracicaba, Brasil. A m?dia de sequ?ncias por amostra antes e depois da filtragem foi de 12.522.573 e 9.626.457, respectivamente, e a m?dia da taxa de mapeamento das leituras filtradas contra o genoma de refer?ncia do ovino Oar_v4.0 foi de 79,66%. Foram identificados como diferencilamente expressos (DE) 421 e 1123 genes quando comparado os animais infectados e n?o infectados, dentro do grupo de alimenta??o restrita e ad libitum, respectivamente. Quando avaliados os infectados inseridos na alimenta??o ad libitum versus alimenta??o restrita, 13 genes foram DE. Quando avaliados os animais resistentes e suscept?veis com efeito fixo de alimenta??o, apenas 36 genes foram DE. E por fim, comparando-se os animais infectados versus os controles tendo a alimenta??o como efeito fixo, foram identificados 881 genes DE. A an?lise de enriquecimento funcional mostrou que alguns termos do Gene Ontology foram significativamente enriquecidos (valor p ajustado<0,05). Nossos achados sugerem que al?m dos genes que participam diretamente do sistema imunol?gico, genes que participam de outras vias biol?gicas como o metabolismo do ?cido araquid?nico, via de sinaliza??o e sistema de complemento s?o essenciais na resposta do hospedeiro a Haemonchus contortus. Al?m disso, a alimenta??o n?o apresentou um efeito significativo no perfil de express?o g?nica dos animais infectados e n?o infectados, mostrando que a diferen?a entre a express?o dos genes foi devido ? infec??o por H. contortus.
The aim of this study was to understand molecular mechanisms underlying host resistance. We compared the abomasal mucosal transcriptome of 17 crossbred ? Santa In?s and ? Dorper lambs, previously classified as infected (resistant and susceptible) and uninfected distributed in two feeding system (ad libitum and restrict feed) in response to Haemonchus sp. infection using RNA-Seq technology. The libraries preparation, genome sequencing and sequence analyses were performed at the Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology - ESALQ, Piracicaba, Brazil. The average of reads per sample before and after filtering was 12.522.573 and 9.626.457, respectively, and the average of mapping rate of filtered reads against to Ovis aries Oar_v4.0 reference genome assembly was 79.66%. 421 and 1123 differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified when compared to infected and uninfected animals, within the restricted and ad libitum feed groups, respectively. When evaluated the infected animals inserted in the ad libitum feed versus restricted feeding, 13 genes were DE. When evaluated the resistant and susceptible animals with fixed feeding effect, only 36 genes were DE. Finally, by comparing infected versus control animals with feed as a fixed effect, 881 DE genes were identified. Functional enrichment analysis showed that some Gene Ontology terms were significantly enriched (adjusted p-value <0.05). Our findings suggest that in addition to genes that participate directly in the immune system, genes that participate in other biological pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism, signaling pathway and complement system, for example, are essential in the host's response to Haemonchus contortus, generating a greater sheep resistance. In addition, feeding did not have a significant effect on the gene expression profile, showing that the difference between gene expressions was due to H. contortus infection.

Brucellosis is an economically important bacterial disease of both animals and humans. In sub-Saharan Africa, the diagnosis of the disease remains a challenge. Brucellosis is underreported in South Africa, due to inconsistency in reports of bacteriological and serological tests, which lack adequate sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of the disease. They also are ineffective in confirming brucellosis during early stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to develop a 16S-23S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for early diagnosis of brucellosis and as a rapid screening tool. To achieve this, blood, milk and tissue samples were spiked with B. abortus biovar (bv.) 1 (B01988-18 strain) to determine the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the assay. The efficiency was 105% in tissue, 99% in blood, and 93% in milk. The 95% limit of detection (LOD) of the ITS qPCR assay was highest in tissue, followed by blood, then milk; thus (1.45, 13.30 and 45.54 bacterial genome copies/PCR reaction). Furthermore, the diagnostic performance of the assay was compared to the Brucella cell surface protein real time polymerase chain reaction (BCSP31 qPCR) assay. Out of 56 aborted foetal tissue samples from bovine, ovine and caprine, 33% (19/56) were positive for Brucella spp. The sensitivity and specificity of the ITS qPCR assay were 87% and 95% respectively, compared to the 92% and 89% for the BCSP31 qPCR assay and 47% and 55% for bacterial culture, respectively. The ITS qPCR gave earlier CT’s with a difference in CT (ΔCT) between ITS and BCSP31 ranging between 7.1 and 3.24. The assay was efficient, sensitive and specific. It detected as little as 1.45 bacterial genome copies/PCR reaction in tissue, making this assay a valuable tool in early detection of the presence of the Brucella pathogen. It is sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of brucellosis.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
MSc
Unrestricted

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal, 2014.
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Na busca pela maior produtividade a seleção genética tem melhorado a produção individual, porem aumentando a susceptibilidade a doenças metabólicas e digestivas, principalmente no gado leiteiro que é mais exposto ao estresse da lactação, do manejo nutricional e do confinamento. A úlcera de abomaso é considerada uma doença importante no período puerperal e seu tratamento vem sendo discutido ao longo dos anos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia no tratamento de vacas leiteiras com presença de sangue oculto nas fezes, sugestivo de ulceração abomasal ou abomasite, administrando omeprazol por via oral, assim como analisar variações de microhematócrito e proteína plasmática total e a associação do processo com fatores de risco. Foram utilizados animais adultos, de idade e número de lactações variadas, com média de produção de 17,6 kg leite/dia diagnosticados com sangue oculto nas fezes através do teste de sangue oculto nas fezes (SOF). Os animais foram divididos em três grupos de 10 indivíduos cada, sendo o grupo tratamento composto por animais positivos para SOF que receberam omeprazol peletizado 8,5% por via oral, o grupo controle, consistia em animais também positivos e receberam placebo e o grupo negativo onde os animais não apresentavam SOF e também foi administrado placebo. Observou-se 33 animais com presença de sangue nas fezes de um total de 698 examinados. O tratamento foi instituído por dez dias, durante este período avaliações buscando presença de sangue nas fezes e variações hematológicas foram realizadas em dias alternados. Foi observada melhora satisfatória nos animais com SOF tratados quando comparados aos que não receberam a droga, indicando desta forma ação do fármaco sobre o controle da doença (p=0,0055). Não houve diferença nos valores de hematócrito e proteínas totais entre os grupos. Em 90% dos animais positivos para SOF ocorreram doenças concomitantes, como metrite, cetose, mastite e claudicação, e/ou uso de antibióticos e antiiflamatórios não esteroidais, estes foram considerados fatores de risco (p<0,0001), predispondo ao desenvolvimento de ulceração abomasal. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Aiming major productivity the genetic selection comes improving the animals, however increasing the susceptibility to metabolic and digestive diseases, mainly dairy cattle that is the most exposed to development due lactational stress, nutritional management and feedlot. The abomasal ulcer is considered one among diseases of puerperal period and its treatment is discussed along time. The main goal of this work was evaluating the effectiveness on treatment of dairy cattle with presence of occult blood on feces, suggesting abomasal ulceration or abomasitis, giving omeprazole via oral, thus as analyze variations of microhematocrit and total plasmatic protein and association of process with others risk factors that the animals are submitted in this period. Using adult animals, of age and varying number of lactations, with production averaged of 17,6kg milk/day diagnosed with occult blood on feces through occult blood assay on feces. The animals were divided in three groups of 10 individuals each, the group 1, compound by positive animals for SOF which receive pelleted omeprazole 8,5% via oral, the group 2, consists also on positive animals e received placebo, and the group 3 which the animals did not presented SOF and also was given placebo. There was 33 animals with blood in stool from a total of 698 examined. The treatment was instituted by ten days, during this period evaluations aiming presence of blood on feces and hematologic variations were performed on alternate days. Was identified improving satisfactory on treated animals when compared to not treated, showing of this way the pharmaco action on the control of disease (p=0,0055). There was no difference in hematocrit and total protein between groups. In 90% of positive animals for SOF occurred concomitant diseases, as metritis, ketosis, mastitis, claudication, and/or application of antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, these were considered risk factors (p<0,0001), predisposing the development of abomasal ulceration.

Problemstellung: Unter den nichtinfektiösen Krankheiten stehen bei Milchkühen Störungen des Energie- und Fettstoffwechsels an erster Stelle. Sie manifestieren sich vor allem in einem übermäßigen Fettansatz während des Trockenstehens, Störungen des Kalbeablaufs mit übersteigerter Lipolyse, anschließenden Puerperalstörungen sowie stärkerer ketotischer Stoffwechsellage im ersten Laktationsdrittel. Zu den damit verbundenen typischen Erkrankungen gehören Dislocatio abomasi (DA), Mastitiden, Retentio secundinarum (Ret. sec.), Endometritiden, Klauenerkrankungen und Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen. Zielstellung: Es wurde geprüft, ob postpartalen Krankheiten, insbesondere der DA, bereits während der Trockenstehperiode (TSP) klinische und Stoffwechselstörungen vorausgehen. Versuchsanordnung: Bei 246 Milchkühen wurden periodisch während der TSP und am dritten Tag (d) post partum (p.p.) klinische Kontrollen durchgeführt, die Rückenfettdicke(RFD) gemessen und Blut aus der V. jugularis externa entnommen. Im Blutserum wurden analysiert: Cholesterol, Triglyzeride (TG), Bilirubin, Glucose, ß-Hydroxy-Butyrat (BHB), freie Fettsäuren (FFS), Aspartat-Aminotransferase (ASAT), Creatinkinase (CK), Albumin, Natrium (Na), Chlorid (Cl), Kalium (K) und Calcium (Ca) (Hitachi 704, Boehringer Mannheim). Außerdem wurden Daten der Kalbung ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Postpartal erkrankten 4,9% an DA (n=12), 10,6% an Ret. sec., 10,2% an Gebärparese, 15,8% an Mastitiden sowie 3,3% an Lahmheit. In der TSP stiegen die Körperinnentemperatur, die Puls- und Atemfrequenzen bei allen Kühen bis zur Kalbung an (p>0,05). Kühe mit DA hatten mehr Bullenkälber geboren, die um 1,2 kg schwerer waren als die der p.p. gesunden Kühe. 41,7% aller Kühe mit DA waren zwillingsträchtige Kühe. Kühe mit Zwillingsgeburten hatten zu 86,6 % postpartale Gesundheitsstörungen. Die gesamte Untersuchungsgruppe hatte hingegen nur 6,1 % zwillingsträchtige Kühe, die zu 58% postpartale Gesundheitsstörungen hatten. Kühe mit Mastitis phlegmonosa, Ret. sec. und DA hatten p.p. die stärksten RFD-Abnahmen. Bei Kühen mit DA nahm die RFD bis zwei Wochen p.p. um 8 mm ab, was ca. 40 kg Körperfettabbau entspricht. Zwillingsträchtige Kühe mit späterer DA hatten während der gesamten TSP eine um 5–8 mm niedrige RFD und bauten p.p. signifikant weniger Rückenfett ab als Kühe mit DA und einem Kalb. Kühe mit späterer DA hatten nicht signifikant höhere FFS-Konzentrationen als die gesunden Kühe (p>0,05). Die TG-Konzentrationen waren bei den gesunden wie auch bei Kühen mit späterer DA p.p. signifikant niedriger als zu Beginn der TSP. Die Cholesterolkonzentrationen waren bei allen Kühen zu Beginn der TSP signifikant höher als an deren Ende bzw. 2-3 d p.p.. Umgekehrt verhielten sich die Bilirubinkonzentrationen. Sie waren p.p. signifikant höher als beim Trockenstellen. Bei Kühen mit DA sank 2-3 d p.p. die Glucosekonzentration nicht signifikant auf = 2,3 mmol/l ab. Die gesunden Kühe hatten zum selben Zeitpunkt eine Glucosekonzentration von = 2,8 mmol/l. Alle Kühe mit späterer DA hatten zu Beginn der TSP und 2-3 d p.p. signifikant höhere BHB-Konzentrationen als die gesunden Kühe. Zwillingsträchtige Kühe mit späterer DA hatten schon in der Mitte der TSP höhere BHB-Konzentrationen. Die CK-Aktivitäten waren bei Kühen mit späterer DA eine Woche a.p. signifikant niedriger, die ASAT wies keine signifikanten Unterschiede gegenüber gesunden Kühen auf. Die Na-Konzentrationen bei Kühen mit einem Kalb und späterer DA sind über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum signifikant höher als die der gesunden Kühe. Unmittelbar vor der Kalbung hatten Kühe mit späterer DA signifikant höhere Ca-Konzentrationen als die gesunden Kühe. Cl und K zeigten keine signifikanten Abweichungen. Im Vergleich zu den weiterhin erfassten Krankheiten hatten die Kühe mit DA gegenüber gesunden die häufigsten Stoffwechselabweichungen in der TSP. Kühe mit späteren Mastitiden hatten a.p. signifikante TG-, Bilirubin- sowie CK-Abweichungen, Kühe mit späterer Ret. sec. lediglich bei Bilirubin bzw. Kühe mit späterer Laminitis bei ASAT. Schlussfolgerungen: Kühen mit DA p.p. haben bereits in der TSP Energiestoffwechselstörungen, die besonders deutlich bei zwillingstragenden Kühen ausgeprägt sind. Stärker prägen sich die Störungen bis zum dritten d p.p. aus. Nach vorliegenden Ergebnissen kann die DA dem Fettmobilisationssyndrom zugeordnet werden. Prophylaxemaßnahmen gegen DA müssen demzufolge bereits während der TSP beginnen.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biohidrogenação ruminal e o fluxo intestinal de ácidos graxos em vacas leiteiras suplementadas com diferentes fontes lipídicas. Foram utilizadas 8 vacas da raça Holandesa no terço médio de lactação (180 ± 20 dias em lactação; média ± DP) canuladas no rúmen e abomaso (580 ± 20 kg de peso corporal; media ± DP), agrupadas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4 balanceados, que foram alimentadas com as seguintes dietas: 1) Controle (C), dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja; 2) Óleo de soja (OS); 3) Grão de soja in natura (GS); e 4) sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos insaturados (SC). Houve efeito das fontes lipídicas (P<0,05) sobre o consumo de matéria seca, proteína bruta, FDN e CNF, onde os animais submetidos às dietas com estas fontes apresentaram menor consumo. Os valores de ph ruminal foram maiores (P<0,05) para os animais suplementados com as fontes lipídicas. A relação C2/C3, foi menor (P<0,05) nos animais que receberam as dietas com lipídios. A produção de leite, síntese de proteína microbiana e os balanços de energia e nitrogênio não foram influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. Os animais que receberam as dietas contendo fontes lipídicas apresentaram maiores concentrações séricas de colesterol total (P<0,05). A utilização de grão de soja cru integral influenciou positivamente o teor de gordura no leite, e levou a menores concentrações de CLAs no perfil de AG do leite. A digestibilidade da FDN e a taxa de passagem da MS foram menores nos animais submetidos às dietas com fontes lipídicas (P<0,05). O consumo e fluxo abomasal de AG foram maiores (P<0,05) nos animais suplementados com fontes lipídicas. As fontes protegidas (SC e GS), promoveram maior fluxo abomasal de C18:2 e menores taxas de bio-hidrogenação quando comparados com a dieta OS. A utilização de grão de soja cru e integral aumentou o fluxo abomasal de C18:2 com menores alterações nos processos digestórios e no metabolismo animal.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ruminal biohydrogenation and intestinal flow of fatty acids in dairy cows supplemented with different lipid sources. Eight Holstein cows in mid lactation (180 ± 20 days in milk; mean ± SD) cannulated in the rumen and abomasum (580 ± 20 kg body weight; mean ± SD) were assigned randomly into in two 4 x 4 balanced latin squares, fed with the following diets: 1) control (C) diet based on corn and soybean meal; 2) soybean oil (SO); 3) whole raw soybean (WS); and 4) calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CS). There was effect of lipid sources (P <0.05) on intake of dry matter, crude protein, NDF and NFC, where the animals fed with these sources had lower values. The ruminal pH values were higher (P <0.05) for animals supplemented with lipid sources. The C2 / C3 ratio was lower (P <0.05) in animals fed diets with lipids. Milk production, microbial protein synthesis and energy and nitrogen balances were not influenced by experimental diets. Animals fed diets containing lipid sources had higher serum concentrations of total cholesterol (P <0.05). The use of whole raw soybean influenced positively the fat content in milk, and led to lower concentrations of CLAs in the milk FA profile. NDF digestibility and DM passage rate were lower in animals fed diets with fat sources (P <0.05). Intake and abomasal flow of FA was higher (P <0.05) for animals supplemented with fat sources. Protected sources (CS and WS) promoted greater abomasal flow of C18: 2 and smaller biohydrogenation rate compared to the SO diet. The use of whole raw soybean increased abomasal flow of C18: 2, with less changes in digestive processes and animal metabolism.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Foram utilizados, quatro novilhos, Holandês-Zebu, castrados, fistulados no rúmen e abomaso, com peso vivo médio inicial de 279,0 kg distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Determinaram-se os consumos e as digestibilidades aparentes totais e parciais de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Foram avaliados três tratamentos constituídos pelos volumosos: capim-elefante picado (CE), feno de capim-tifton 85 (FT) e silagem pré-secada de capim-tifton 85. Foram usados três períodos experimentais com duração de 17 dias cada, sendo sete dias para adaptação dos animais, dez dias para coletas. Os fluxos de digesta abomasal e a excreção fecal foram estimados com óxido crômico. O capim elefante proporcionou menores consumos de MS, PB, FDN e NDT. As digestibilidades aparentes totais da MS e MO não foram influenciadas pelos diferentes volumosos. Contudo, registrou-se menor digestibilidade aparente total para o pré-secado. O valor da FDN encontrado foi maior para o feno e o pré-secado, que não diferiram entre si. Quanto a digestibilidade aparente ruminal dos nutrientes apenas a da MO foi influenciada pelos volumosos. As digestibilidades aparentes intestinal da MS, CHO e FDN não foram afetadas pelos volumosos. Contudo, detectou-se efeito de volumoso para a digestibilidade intestinal dos demais nutrientes. Foram utilizados, na presente pesquisa, quatro novilhos, Holandês-Zebu, castrados, fistulados no rúmen e abomaso, com peso vivo médio inicial de 279,0 kg distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em três tratamentos: o capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) picado (CE), feno de capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) no (FT) e silagem pré-secada de capim tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) (PS). Os objetivos foram avaliar a produção de proteína microbiana, utilizando-se as bases purinas no abomaso e a excreção urinária de derivados de purinas em amostras spot; a excreção de uréia, a concentração plasmática de N-uréia, o pH e as concentrações de amônia ruminais. Cada alimento (tratamento) foi fornecido em um período experimental aos quatro animais. Cada período experimental teve duração de 17 dias, sendo sete de adaptação e 10 para coletas. Houve interação entre tratamento e tempo de coletas tanto para a N-NH 3 (P<0,05) quanto para o pH (P<0,01) ruminal. Estimaram-se concentrações máximas de N-NH 3 de 26,11, 13,36 e 9,69 mg/dl nos tempos de 3,07, 2,78 e 2,23 h após a alimentação, respectivamente, para a silagem pré- secada de capim tifton-85, o capim-elefante e feno de capim-tifton 85. Foram estimados valores mínimos de pH de 6,55 às 6,89h após a alimentação para o capim-elefante e de 6,61 às 1,44h após a alimentação, para o feno de capim- tifton 85. Já para a silagem, o pH diminuiu linearmente com o tempo após a alimentação. Não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para excreção de uréia na urina, sendo os menores (P<0,05) consumos de N, fluxo de N abomasal e valores de MODR e CHODR obtidos para o capim-elefante. Não houve diferenças (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos para a eficiência microbiana. A produção microbiana estimada pelos derivados de purina na urina não diferiu (P<0,05) da obtidas pelas bases purinas no abomaso.
Four castrated Zebu-Holstein, which were fistulated in the rumen and abomasum, from which the average initial alive weight was 279.0 kg were used. The animals were distributed into an entirely randomized experimental design with 3 stages. The evaluations were performed for the intakes and the total and partial apparent digestibilities of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC).The animals’ diet was exclusively composed by feedstuff and mineral mixture ad libitum. The following feedstuff were used: chopped elephant-grass, hay of tifton-85 grass and pre- dried silage of tifton-85 grass. The experiment consisted of three periods that lasted 17 days each one, from which seven days were addressed to the animals’ adaptation and the other ten days for data collection. The abomasum digesta flows and the fecal excretion were estimated with chromic oxide. The elephant-grass provided lower intakes of DM, CB, NFC and TDN. The total apparent digestibilities of DM and OM were not affected by the different feedstuffs. However, a lower total apparent digestibility of CP was found for the haylage. Concerning to NDF a higher value was observed for the hay and ixhaylage, what did not differ from each others. In relation to the rumen apparent digestibility of the nutrients, only the OM’s was affected by the feedstuffs. The intestinal apparent digestibility of DM, CHO and NDF were not affected by the feedstuffs. However, the feedstuffs affected the intestinal digestibility of the other nutrients. The pH and the rumen ammonia concentration were affected by the foods, collection times and the interaction among these factors. The highest values of the ammonia concentrations were 26.11, 11.36 and 9.69 mg/dl at the times 3.07, 2.78, and 2.23h after feeding for the pre-dried silage of the tifton-85 grass, elephant-grass and the hay of tifton-85 grass, respectively. Concerning to the rumen pH, some lowest values of 6.55 and 6.61 were estimated at 6.89h and 1.44h after feeding for the elephant-grass and hay, respectively. However, the pH was linearly decreased with the collection time, for the haylage. In relation to the plasmatic urea concentration, no effects of the feedstuff were observed, since an average value of 14.6 mg/dl was found. Concerning to the bacteria isolated from the rumen, a lower value of TN was observed for the elephant-grass. However, no effects of the feedstuffs upon N-RNA and NRNA:NT relationship, neither on the urea excretion through urine were observed. The elephant-grass provided lower contents of RDOM and RDCHO. No influence of the feedstuffs upon the microbial efficiency independently of the expression was found. Similar values were found in estimating the microbial production obtained by the derivatives from purine in the urine, as well as by the purine bases in the abomasum.

Para avaliar o efeito do uso oral de omeprazol em ruminantes adultos saudáveis, foram utilizados cinco ovinos machos, com dois anos de idade, hígidos e providos de cânula abomasal, que ou não receberam nada (grupo controle) ou receberam omeprazol oral em pasta, na dose de 4 mg/kg de peso vivo a cada 24 horas, durante 7 dias, em delineamento experimental de cross-over, com período de 'wash-out' de 7 dias. Diariamente os animais foram avaliados clinicamente e foram realizados o hemograma, a hemogasometria venosa; a mensuração dos eletrólitos, o perfil bioquímico, a concentração de pepsinogênio e o pH abomasal, urinário e fecal. Foi realizada, no último dia do período experimental a curva de 24 horas, com intervalo de duas horas, para o pH abomasal e o pepsinogênio sérico. Não houve efeito de tratamento para as variáveis analisadas, que permaneceram dentro do intervalo fisiológico para a espécie ovina. O uso do omeprazol na dose de 4 mg/kg de peso corporal durante sete dias, apesar de não aumentar o pH abomasal, diminuiu as concentrações de cálcio iônico e de cloro séricas
To evaluate the effect of oral omeprazole in healthy adult ruminants, five male sheep, two years old, healthy and provided with abomasal cannula, were used. Either received nothing (control group) or received oral omeprazole paste in dose of 4 mg /kg body weight every 24 hours for 7 days in experimental design of cross-over, with period of 'wash-out' of 7 days. Every day the animals were evaluated clinically and were performed the blood test, venous blood gas analysis; the measurement of electrolytes, biochemical profile, the concentration of pepsinogen and abomasal pH, urinary and fecal. It was held in last day trial period to 24 hours curve with an interval of two hours for the abomasal pH and serum pepsinogen. There was no treatment effect for the variables that remained within the physiological range for the sheep. The use of omeprazole at 4 mg / kg body weight for seven days, while not increasing the pH abomasal decreased the calcium ion concentration and serum chlorine

Responses to daily abomasal infusions of 400 g sodium caseinate, 400 g hydrolyzed casein or 11.3 g L-methionine-30.1 g L-lysine and rumen degradability of dietary protein were studied in eight Holstein cows during mid-lactation. Basal diets contained com silage, com and either soybean meal or 60:40 soybean meal:corn gluten meal, and had estimated rumen degradabilities of 70 and 60.5%. Duodenal cannulas were installed in four of the cows to allow measurement of digesta composition and flow. Methionine-lysine infusion increased milk protein percentage on both diets and milk fat percentage and yield on the soybean meal diet. Sodium caseinate increased milk and milk protein production, body weight gain, and decreased milk fat percentage, but not yield. Hydrolyzed casein did not produce the same responses, suggesting differences in amino acid absorption and utilization between the sources. Basal diet affected the responses to abomasal infusions demonstrating that amino acid nutrition of the cow was affected by dietary protein degradability. Concentration of total essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, and urea cycle amino acids were increased by the infusion of the caseins. There were differences between the caseins in their effects on individual plasma free amino acids. Methionine-lysine infusion increased plasma lysine and taurine, a metabolite of methionine, suggesting that infused methionine was extensively metabolized. Total duodenal nitrogen flow and non-microbial nitrogen flow tended to be increased by inclusion of corn gluten meal in the diet. Rumen degradation of crude protein was greater for the soybean meal diet. Both diets had lower rumen degradability than predicted from previous experiments.
Ph. D.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
O objectivo deste trabalho é descrever as principais aplicações da laparoscopia em ruminantes e o uso desta técnica na correcção do deslocamento abomasal, de forma regular, na clínica de animais de pecuária. A área da endoscopia tem tido uma evolução notável nas últimas décadas, para a qual têm também contribuído os avanços verificados a nível tecnológico. Em laparoscopia de ruminantes são geralmente usados laparoscópios rígidos e as principais vantagens desta cirurgia incluem o facto de ser mini-invasiva, a redução da duração do procedimento, poucas complicações e tempo de recuperação pós-cirúrgico mais curto. As principais desvantagens incluem o preço do equipamento, a curva de aprendizagem e a perda de sensação táctil em comparação com a cirurgia aberta. São indicados neste trabalho os tipos de equipamento comummente usados e sugestões de cuidados pré e pós cirúrgicos. A anatomia abdominal observada através do laparoscópio e possíveis abordagens cirúrgicas são também referidas. No que diz respeito ao deslocamento abomasal, para além de várias técnicas disponíveis para a sua correcção, é descrita a patogenia da doença, os factores de risco, a influência de doenças concomitantes e é apresentado um conjunto de casos observados na Clínica para Ruminantes (medicina interna e cirurgia) em Gießen submetidos a cirurgia laparoscópica segundo o método de Janowitz. A abomasopéxia por meio de colocação de toggle abomasal, seja pelo método de Janowitz, Christiansen ou Newman, Anderson e Silveira, são técnicas que podem ser praticadas com facilidade na clínica de campo.
ABSTRACT - Laparoscopy in ruminants: using a mini-invasive procedure for correction of the leftsided displaced abomasum. - The aim of this dissertation is to describe the main applications of laparoscopy in ruminants and the use of this method for the correction of the displaced abomasum, in a regular basis, in farm animals’ practice. The evolution on the endoscopy field during the past decades was remarkable, for what is also important the great advances verified in technology area. Rigid laparoscopes are commonly used in ruminants’ laparoscopy. Some advantages that are related with this kind of surgery are the mini-invasiveness, the reduction of the surgical time, the few complications and a recovery period faster than with conventional surgery. The main drawbacks are the price of the equipment, the learning curve and the lost of the tactile sensation comparing with open surgery. In this paper, there is a review of the equipment commonly used and some suggestions for pre and post-surgical care. The laparoscopic abdominal anatomy and some possible approaches are also referred. About the abomasum displacement, a description of various techniques used on its correction is

The abomasal helminth Teladorsagia circumcincta is one of the most economically important parasites to affect the farming of sheep and goats. T.circumcincta infection is particularly detrimental to lambs, in which it can cause pronounced morbidity and severe production losses. Due to the spreading resistance of this parasite to all currently available classes of anthelmintic drugs, it is having an increasingly severe impact on the sheep industry with significant implications for sheep welfare. Infection of sheep with T.circumcincta triggers local changes in the abomasum characteristic of a T helper type-2 (Th2) driven immune response, including local eosinophilia, mastocytosis and increased mucus production, which leads to expulsion of the parasite. However, this protective immunity develops slowly during repeated exposure, wanes rapidly, and does not appear to be evident in young lambs. Vaccination to provoke early onset of protective immunity has therefore been suggested as an alternative means of control in the face of spreading anthelmintic resistance. Greater understanding of the development of immunity to T.circumcincta, and why this is delayed in lambs, would be useful in vaccine development. This thesis focuses on cytokine transcription profiling of the ovine abomasal mucosa and local lymphatic tissues. Changes in cytokine transcription over the course of a challenge infection with T.circumcincta were defined in helminth naïve sheep, and in previously infected sheep which have developed a degree of immunity during an eight week trickle infection, to clarify the mechanisms by which this immunity is orchestrated. This work demonstrated a clear Th2 cytokine response in the abomasal mucosa over the course of infection, which developed earlier and was more pronounced in the previously infected sheep; possibly owing to a population of polarised Th2-type cells built up during the previous infection. Suppression of Th1 cytokine transcription was also a prominent finding in the draining lymph node, which likewise occurred earlier in the previously infected sheep. Repetition of this experiment using younger lambs provided a possible explanation for the reduced resistance to T.circumcincta in this age group. While Th2 and proinflammatory cytokine responses in the abomasal mucosa demonstrated similar trends to those found in the older sheep, little suppression of Th1 cytokine transcription was observed in the draining lymph node. It is therefore suggested that the increased susceptibility of young lambs to T.circumcincta is not due to an inability to generate adequate Th2 responses, but an inability to suppress transcription of antagonistic Th1 cytokines.

The potential for enhancing oleic acid (cis-18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) content and lowering medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) content of bovine milk was investigated by abomasal infusion or dietary supplementation of oils. In experiment 1, olive oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, or fish oil was abomasally infused (155 to 219 g/d) into Jersey cows during the last 6 d of each of four 14-d periods. In experiment 2, canola oil, olive oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, or distilled water (control) was abomasally infused (342 to 371 g/d) into three Holsteins and three Jerseys during the last 5 d of each of four 10-d periods. The intestinal digestibility and concentration of cis-18:1 and 18:2 in milk were proportional to flow of these fatty acids to the duodenum. Also, greater concentration of cis-18:1 in milk was associated with lowered yield of MCFA. During olive oil or sesame oil infusion in experiment 1, for each 100 g of cis-18:1 infused into the abomasum, milk cis-18:1 yield was increased by an average of 47 g, and MCFA yield was reduced by 42 g. The yield of 18:2 in milk was increased by approximately 46 g for each 100 g of infused 18:2 during olive oil or sesame oil infusion. Milk produced during sesame oil infusion, however, had an off-flavor when evaluated by a taste panel. In experiment 2, each 100 g of cis-18:1 infused daily increased milk cis-18:1 yield in Holsteins and Jerseys by 41 and 39 g/d, respectively, whereas recovery of infused 18:2 was 34 g/d for Jerseys and 42 g/d for Holsteins. In experiment 3, 22 Jersey cows were fed a basal diet, or the basal diet supplemented with 3.5% high-oleic canola oil, 3.5% soybean oil, or 1.75% high-oleic canola oil plus 1.75% soybean oil for 5 wk. Dietary canola oil supplementation increased conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) percentage in milk to a moderate level without raising trans-18:1 percentage, whereas feeding either supplement containing soybean oil raised both CLA and trans-18:1 percentages. Concentrations of trans-18:1 and CLA in milk apparently reflected the extent of unsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation in the rumen. Dietary supplementation with canola oil increased yield of cis-18:1 in milk by 21 g for each 100 g of supplemental cis-18:1 intake. Yield of 18:2 in milk was raised by 3 g for each 100 g of supplemental 18:2 intake by cows fed soybean oil. Using abomasal infusion as an indicator of the maximum potential for apparent recovery of cis-18:1 in milk (39 to 49%), cis-18:1 recovery in response to supplemental cis-18:1 in the diet was approximately half of the potential response due to partial biohydrogenation in the rumen. The apparent recovery of dietary 18:2 in milk was reduced to only one-tenth of the potential yield (31 to 47%) indicated by abomasal infusion of seed oils. Results indicated that the fatty acid profile of bovine milk was altered in a manner that would be beneficial to human health when cows were fed supplemental oleic acid, but further research should focus on safe and economical methods to protect dietary unsaturated fatty acids from biohydrogenation.
Ph. D.

Mit vorliegender Arbeit wurde geprüft, ob an Dislocatio abomasi (DA) erkrankte Rinder vor dem Auftreten klinischer Symptome Veränderungen im Fettstoffwechsel aufweisen und ob Beziehungen zum Endotoxin-Metabolismus bestehen. Dazu wurde ein breites Untersuchungsspektrum zum Fett- und Leberstoffwechsel [b-Hydroxy-Butyrat (BHB), Freie Fettsäuren (FFS), Cholesterol, Tria-cylglycerol (TG), Phospholipide (PL), a-, b-, prä-b-Lipoproteine (LP), Bilirubin, Aspartat-Amino-Transferase (ASAT), Gamma-Glutamyl-Transferase (GGT), Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GLDH), Lactat-Dehy-drogenase (LDH), Glucose], freies Endotoxin, Endotoxineffektoren [Anti-Lipid A-Antikörper (IgG), C-reaktives Protein (CRP), Leukozytenzahl, Gesamteiweiß, Albumin, Eisen (Fe)] sowie Nat-rium (Na), Kalium (K), Calcium (Ca), Chlorid (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), anorganisches Phosphat, Harnstoff, Creatinin und die Creatinkinase im Blut untersucht
The displacement of abomasum (DA) frequently occurs in high yielding dairy cows. There is a lack of knowledge of its etiology. This paper examines whether dairy cows with DA show changes in the fat metabolism already in the initial stage, i.e. before clinical symptoms occur. The paper also analyses whether a relationship exists between endotoxin and the fat metabolism. Therefore a large variety of parameters were examined in blood: parameters of the fat and liver metabolism (betahy-droxybutyrat, free fatty acids, cholesterol, TG, phospholipids, alpha-, beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins, bilirubin, ASAT, GGT, GLDH, LDH, glucose), free endotoxin, anti-lipid-A-antibodies (IgG), C-reactive protein, number of leukocytes, total protein, albumin, Fe as well as Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg, anorganic phosphate, urine, creatinin and creatinkinase

Zusammenfassung Katja Schwartau Peripartale hämatologische und klinisch-chemische Blutuntersuchungen zur Frühdiagnostik der Dislocatio abomasi, Gebärparese, Retentio secundinarum und Mastitis bei Milchkühen Medizinische Tierklinik der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Eingereicht im Mai 2011 Bibliographische Angaben 94 Seiten, 22 Abbildungen, 19 Tabellen, 210 Literaturangaben, Schlüsselwörter: Labmagenverlagerung, Gebärparese, Retentio secundinarum, Mastitis, Kuh Produktionskrankheiten haben in den letzten Jahren immer mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Diese leistungsassoziierten Bestandserkrankungen tragen wesentlich zur kurzen Nutzungsdauer von ca. 2,5 Jahren der Milchkühe bei. Es ist deshalb besonders wichtig, ihre Prophylaxe einschließlich der Früherkennung in den Vordergrund zu stellen. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden deshalb frühdiagnostische Möglichkeiten der LMV (Labmagenverlagerung), GP (Gebärparese), Retentio sec. (Retentio secundinarum) und Mastitis geprüft. Des Weiteren wurden die Kühe in einer Gruppe „krank“ und einer Gruppe „gesund“ gegenübergestellt, um durch Stoffwechselabweichungen generell subklinische Veränderungen zu erkennen, die Hinweise auf bevorstehende Erkrankungen geben. Besondere Beachtung fand für die Bewertung des Erkrankungsrisikos die odds ratio. In die Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 398 Schwarzbunte Kühe einbezogen. 49 Tiere waren an einer LMV, 121 Tiere an einer GP, 131 an einer Retentio sec. und 119 Tiere an einer Mastitis erkrankt. Im Gruppenvergleich gesund/krank wurden 347 erkrankte Kühe mit 51 klinisch gesunden Tieren verglichen. Es wurden bei allen Kühen 14-7 d a.p. (Tage ante partum) und 3 d p.p. (Tage post partum) Blutproben entnommen. Es wurden Parameter des Energie-, Fett- und Leberstoffwechsels (FFS [Freie Fettsäuren], BHB [ß-0H-Butyrat], Cholesterol, Glucose, Insulin, AST [Aspartat-Amino-Transferase], Bilirubin), des Eiweißstoffwechsels (Albumin, Haptoglobin, TP [Gesamt-Eiweiß], Harnstoff, Kreatinin) und der Leukozyten sowie des Mineralstoffwechsels (Na [Natrium], K [Kalium], Cl [Chlorid], Ca [Calcium], Pi [anorganisches Phosphat], AP [Alkalische Phosphatase]) und der CK [Creatinkinase] bestimmt und mit gesunden Kühen verglichen. 92 Auf das Risiko einer LMV weisen a.p. besonders Konzentrationssteigerungen des Haptoglobins hin. Aber auch die Mediane der Glucose und der AP liegen außerhalb des Referenzbereichs bei Tieren, die später an einer LMV erkranken. Drei d p.p. kommen signifikante Konzentrationsanstiege der FFS, des BHB und des Bilirubin sowie signifikante Konzentrationsabnahmen des Insulin (odds ratio 8,43) bis unter den Normbereich hinzu. Die Aktivitäten der AP und auch die Konzentrationen von Cholesterol und Ca bleiben ebenfalls unter dem Normbereich. Die Mediane der AST-Aktivität und der Haptoglobinkonzentration liegen oberhalb des Referenzbereichs. Auf das Risiko einer GP weisen a.p. und p.p die verminderte AP-Aktivität sowie Konzentrationsanstiege der FFS (odds ratio 1,78) hin. Drei d p.p ergänzen die Konzentrationen des BHB, des Bilirubins und des Haptoglobins (odds ratio 4,59) oberhalb der Referenzbereiche die Veränderungen. Der Median der Insulinkonzentration liegt 3 d p.p. unter dem Referenzbereich. Einer Retentio sec. gehen erhöhte Glucosekonzentrationen a.p. voraus. Der Median der AP-Aktivitäten liegt schon a.p. unter dem Normbereich. Drei d p.p. unterscheidet er sich signifikant von Kühen ohne Retentio sec. Hinweise auf Mastitiden liefern p.p. die Konzentrationen des BHB (odds ratio 1,78). Die Mediane der Glucosekonzentrationen liegen a.p. oberhalb und die der AP-Aktivitäten unterhalb der Referenzbereiche. Drei d p.p. kommen Steigerungen der Haptoglobin-, Glucose- und Bilirubinkonzentrationen sowie Aktivitätssteigerungen der AST bis über den Normbereich hinzu. Als Besonderheit liegen die Ca- und Pi-Konzentrationen aufgrund des geringeren Abflusses bei einer verminderten Milchleistung signifikant über denen der gesunden Kühe. Für die Entstehung postpartaler Erkrankungen generell verdienen die signifikanten Konzentrationssteigerungen der Glucose sowie die Abnahme der AP-Aktivität besondere Beachtung. Das BHB (odds ratio 1,92 a.p.) und die CK (odds ratio 2,17 a.p.) weisen auf ein erhöhtes Krankheitsrisiko hin. Drei d p.p. kommen zu den Veränderungen dieser Parameter noch signifikante Konzentrations- bzw. Aktivitätssteigerungen der FFS, des BHB, der CK, des Bilirubins, der AST und des Haptoglobins (odds ratio 4,61) sowie erniedrigte Ca-Konzentrationen hinzu. Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass a.p. generell Abweichungen des Energiestoffwechsels und im Besonderen gesteigerte Glucosekonzentrationen sowie erniedrigte AP-Aktivitäten ein erhöhtes Risiko für postpartale Erkrankungen anzeigen. Höhere Aussagekraft besitzen Kontrollen am 3. d p.p. mit den Parametern Insulin (odds ratio 8,4), FFS, BHB und Haptoglobin (odds ratio 4,61), deren Konzentrationen gegenüber gesunden Kühen signifikant abweichen. Ähnlich gute Eignung zeigen, Bilirubin, AST und Ca.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2009.
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A contínua seleção genética para maior produção de leite em conjunto com o aumento da capacidade digestiva e profundidade corporal aumentou a susceptibilidade à ocorrência de abomasopatias, incluindo o deslocamento do abomaso. Este trabalho objetivou realizar um estudo retrospectivo sobre o deslocamento de abomaso em 36 bovinos atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, durante o período de janeiro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2009. Foram diagnosticados 27 casos de deslocamento do abomaso à direita, seis casos de deslocamento do abomaso à esquerda e três casos de vólvulo abomasal. Onze casos considerados moderados, sem grave distensão abdominal, apetite presente para a forragem e delimitação de som metálico até o 8 espaço intercostal, foram tratados clinicamente; enquanto 20 casos com distensão abdominal moderada a severa, associada a distúrbios sistêmicos, foram considerados graves e tratados cirurgicamente, entretanto duas vacas foram eutanasiadas devido peritonite difusa ou alterações graves na serosa do abomaso, totalizando 18 animais submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico. Dois animais foram encaminhados para abate e três vacas chegaram prostadas e morreram sem receber nenhum tratamento. A análise dos fatores de risco identificou a estação chuvosa como estatisticamente significativa. O maior número de deslocamento do abomaso ocorreu em vacas mestiças com 24 casos (66,6%), seguida por bovinos da raça Holandesa com 11 (30,5%) e Gir com um (2,9%) caso. A composição da alimentação oferecida variou bastante e caracterizou-se por conter excesso de carboidratos e, na maioria dos casos, fibra de baixa qualidade. Os sinais clínicos mais frequentes foram comportamento apático, desidratação, timpanismo ruminal leve a severo com motilidade ausente ou diminuída, som de líquido ao balotamento do flanco direito, som de chapinhar metálico e/ou observação de uma estrutura similar a uma víscera distendida no gradil costal do lado correspondente ao deslocamento; fezes liquefeitas, enegrecidas e de odor fétido. Os achados hematológicos revelaram, na maioria dos casos, leucocitose neutrofílica e hiperfibrinogenemia. Na análise do fluido ruminal havia comprometimento da dinâmica da flora e fauna microbiana, e elevação no teor de cloreto em 93,9% dos casos, com o índice médio alcançando 47,66 mEq/L. O índice de recuperação clínica e cirúrgica alcançou 100% e 72,2%, respectivamente. As condutas descritas são opções viáveis para o tratamento dos deslocamentos leves e severos, no entanto a prevenção permanece a melhor alternativa a ser adotada. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The continuous genetic selection for high milk production in association with greater digestive capacity and corporal depth increases the susceptibility for abomasopathies including abomasal displacement. The present work aimed to accomplish a retrospective study on abomasal displacement in 36 cattle attended at Bovine Clinic, Garanhuns Campus, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco through January 2000 to February 2009. Twenty seven cases of right abomasal displacement, six cases of left abomasal displacement and three of abomasal volvulus were diagnosed. Eleven moderate cases, without severe abdominal distention, appetite for roughage and metallic sound (ping) reaching at the most the 8th intercostal space, were treated conservatively, and 20 severe cases with moderate to severe abdominal distention associated to systemic disturbances were treated surgically. However two cows were euthanized due to diffuse peritonitis or severe alterations in the abomasal serosa totalizing 18 animals submitted to the surgical treatment. Two animals were slaughtered and three cows arrived prostrated and died without receiving any treatment. Risk factor analysis identified rainy season as statistically significant. The greater number of abomasal displacement was in crossbred cows with 24 cases (66.6%), followed by Holstein and Gir cattle with 11 (30.5%) and one (2.9%) cases, respectively. Food composition varied greatly and characterized by excess of carbohydrates and in most cases low quality fibers. Most frequent clinical signs were apathy, dehydration, light to severe ruminal bloat with reduced or absent motility, splashing sound during right flank ballottement, ping and a distended viscera-like structure in the side of the displacement; liquid, blackish and fetid feces. Hematology reveals leukocytosis with neutrophilia and hyperfibrinogenemia in most cases. Ruminal fluid analysis showed compromised flora and fauna dynamics and increased chloride ion concentration achieving the media index of 47.66 mEq/L. Clinical and surgical recovery rate achieved 100% and 72.2%, respectively. Those methods described are viable options for the treatment of light and severe displacements, but the prevention remains the best choice.

Neste relatório são descritas e caracterizadas as atividades desenvolvidas durante o estágio em clínica e cirurgia de bovinos de produção de leite e também contempla uma revisão bibliográfica sobre alterações metabólicas em vacas de leite com deslocamento do abomaso (DA). Recolheram-se dados relativos à condição corporal (CC), temperatura retal (TR), número de lactações, dias pós-parto (DPP), prévia ocorrência de parto distócico, retenção das membranas fetais (RMF) e presença de metrite de 25 vacas assistidas com deslocamento do abomaso à esquerda (DAE), selecionadas aleatoriamente. Nesses animais recolheram-se amostras de sangue para quantificação de proteínas totais (PT), β-hidroxibutirato (BHB), glucose, cálcio total, sódio, cloro e potássio. Correlacionaram-se algumas destas variáveis para testar hipóteses descritas na bibliografia. Verificou-se correlação significativa entre DPP e concentração de cloro e entre concentração de sódio e cloro. Verificou-se que a maioria dos animais desenvolveu DAE na primeira lactação e também no primeiro mês pós-parto (PP); ### Abstract Clinical and surgery of dairy cattle This report describes and characterizes the activities developed during the internship in clinical and surgery of dairy cattle and it also includes a literature review on metabolic disorders in dairy cows with displaced abomasum (DA). Data were collected on body condition score (BCS), rectal temperature (RT), number of lactations, days postpartum (DPP), prior occurrence of dystocia, retention of fetal membranes (RFM) and the presence of metritis in 25 cows assisted with left displaced abomasum (LDA), randomly selected. In these animals blood samples were collected for quantification of total protein (TP), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, total calcium, sodium, chlorine and potassium. Some of these variables were correlated to test hypotheses described in the literature. There was found a significant correlation between DPP and chlorine concentration and between concentration of sodium and chlorine. It was found that most cows developed LDA in the first lactation and also in the first month postpartum (PP).

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Ivan Roque de Barros Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias. Defesa: Curitiba, 31/03/2016
Inclui referências : f. 25-28;41-45;47-53
Área de concentração : Ciências veterinárias
Resumo: O deslocamento de abomaso (DA) é uma doença metabólica que acomete, em sua maioria, vacas leiteiras de alta aptidão leiteira. O início da lactação é o momento em que ocorre uma inversão de metabolismo anabólico para catabólico, sendo os primeiros 30 dias os mais críticos para o aparecimento de diversas doenças, entre elas deslocamento de abomaso, hipocalcemia, cetose, endometrite, entre outras. Primeiramente, apresenta-se um capítulo de revisão sobre os principais fatores envolvidos no desenvolvimento de DA e possíveis técnicas cirúrgicas para tratamento. Posteriormente, relata-se um levantamento epidemiológico da incidência de DA no município de Palmeira, na região dos Campos Gerais no Estado do Paraná. Foram levantados dados de 135 casos de DA ocorridos naturalmente em 39 rebanhos leiteiros da região, num total de 6.454 animais e destes, 2.987 em lactação. O período de coleta se deu de julho de 2012 a junho de 2015, sendo a incidência de 2,09% do número total de animais. O DA foi classificado com deslocamento de abomaso a esquerda (DAE) e deslocamento de abomaso a direita (DAD), tendo o primeiro ocorrido em 127 (94,07%) casos e o segundo em 8 (5,93%). Sendo a região estudada uma importante bacia leiteira do Estado do Paraná, o aparecimento de doenças metabólicas, dentre elas o DA, deve demandar cuidados especiais para amenizar os custos e prejuízos causados por esses eventos. Palavras-chave: doença metabólica, atividade leiteira, vacas, produção
Abstract: Displacement of abomasum (DA) is a metabolic disease that mostly affects dairy cows with high dairy capabilities. The beginning of lactation is the time when an inversion from an anabolic metabolism into a catabolic metabolism occurs, and the first 30 days are the most critical for the outbreak of various diseases, among which displacement of abomasum, hypocalcemia, ketosis, endometritis, among others. First, a review chapter is presented on the main factors involved in the development of DA and potential surgical techniques for the treatment. Next, an epidemiological survey on the incidence of DA in the municipality of Palmeira, in the region of the General Fields in the State of Paraná is reported. Data from 135 cases of DA have been collected which naturally occurred among 39 dairy herds in the region, totalizing 6,454 animals where 2,987 thereof are lactating dairy cows. The collection period was from July 2012 to June 2015, and there was an incidence of 2.09% on the total number of animals. The DA was classified as left displacement of abomasum (LDA) and right displacement of abomasum (RDA), where the first one occurred in 127 (94.07%) cases and the latter in 8 (5.93%). Since the study area is a major dairy production basin in the State of Paraná, the outbreak of metabolic diseases, among them the DA, should require special attention to mitigate costs and losses caused by such events. Keywords: metabolic disease, dairy activity, cows, production

Die Dislocatio abomasi ist bei Hochleistungsmilchrindern eine häufig auftretende Erkrankung, die erhebliche wirtschaftliche Verluste verursacht. Die Störung der abomasalen Motilität und Entleerung wird in der Literatur als grundsätzliche Voraussetzung für die Entstehung dieser Erkrankung beschrieben. Eine wenig aufwändige und klinisch einsetzbare Methode zur Messung von Motorik und Entleerung des Labmagens ist aufgrund der verdauungsphysiologischen Besonderheiten des Rindes und seines rechtlichen Status als lebensmittellieferndes Tier nur sehr schwierig zu finden. Es wurde die Frage bearbeitet, ob der Xyloseresorptionstest beim Rind eine geeignete Methode zur Untersuchung der Labmagenentleerung darstellt. Der Test wurde an 24 klinisch gesunden Kühen (Gruppe I-III) und 7 Kühen mit einer Dislocatio abomasi sinistra (Gruppe IV) der Rasse Holstein Friesian, mit unterschiedlichem Anteil an Schwarzbuntem Milchrind durchgeführt. Bei den gesunden Kühen erfolgte eine Gruppeneinteilung entsprechend des Laktationsstadiums: Gruppe I bestand aus 8 Kühen, die innerhalb der letzten 6 Tage vor Versuchsdurchführung ein lebendes Kalb geboren hatten, Gruppe II setzte sich aus 8 tragenden Kühen im mittleren Laktationsstadium (155±65 Tage), mit mittlerer bis hoher Tagesmilchleistung (38,0±10,2 l/d) zusammen, Gruppe III zählte 8 nicht tragende Kühe mit unterschiedlichen Tagesmilchleistungen (20,5±11,4 l Milch), deren Abkalbung mindestens 9 Monate (305±77 Tage) zurück lag. Die abomasale Applikation von Xylose mittels Abomasozentese unter Ultraschallkontrolle ließ sich schnell und ohne großen Aufwand durchführen. Die Dosis von 0,5 g Xylose/kg Körpergewicht ist für den Test beim adulten Rind geeignet. Aus den Serumxylosekonzentrationen wurde eine Resorptionskurve ermittelt und verschiedene Kurvenparameter [Zeit bis zum Erreichen der maximalen Serumxylosekonzentration (Tmax), maximale Serumxylosekonzentration (Cmax), Serumhalbwertszeit (t1/2) sowie Fläche unter der Konzentrations-Zeit-Kurve (AUC)] berechnet. Tmax wird als entscheidender Parameter zur Beurteilung der abomasalen Entleerung betrachtet. Weiterhin wurden Proben von Milch und Harn auf ihre Xylosekonzentration untersucht. Die maximale Serumxylosekonzentration wurde bei Kühen unmittelbar post partum (Gruppe I) im Mittel nach 107,1±28 min, bei Kühen im mittleren Laktationsstadium (Gruppe II) nach 90,0±22,7 min und bei nicht tragenden Kühen im letzten Laktationsdrittel (Gruppe III) nach 102,9±14,9 min gemessen. Es existieren zwischen den Gruppen keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Störungen der Motilität des Labmagens, die als Ursache einer Labmagenverlagerung angesehen werden, nicht in Beziehung zum Laktationsstadium stehen. Bei gesunden Kühen unmittelbar post partum (<6 Tage p.p.) konnte keine im Xyloseresorptionstest feststellbare veränderte Labmagenentleerung und –motilität nachgewiesen werden. Vielmehr scheinen Stoffwechselstörungen und Organkrankheiten, die häufig im unmittelbar postpartalen Zeitraum auftreten, im Zusammenspiel für Störungen der Labmagenmotilität und -entleerung verantwortlich zu sein. Die Altersabhängigkeit der Xyloseresorption konnte bestätigt werden. Bei den adulten, gesunden Kühen (Gruppe I-III) der vorliegenden Untersuchung stellte sich das Xylosemaximum im Serum wesentlich früher ein als bei maximal 6 Wochen alten Kälbern. Im Vergleich mit anderen Tierarten konnte festgestellt werden, dass laut Literatur Menschen und Hunde ähn-lich hohe Serumxylosekonzentrationen erreichen, während Rinder, Schafe und Pferde niedrigere Serummaxima aufweisen. Bei allen Kühen folgte die Entleerung von D-Xylose aus dem Labmagen einem exponentiellen Muster. Es wurde eine abomasale Entleerungshalbwertszeit von D-Xylose von im Mittel 26,9±8,5 min ermittelt. Im Harn konnten im Vergleich zum Serum hohe Xylosekonzentrationen gemessen werden (3,3±2,1 mmol/l). In der Milch dagegen ließ sich Xylose in niedrigen Konzentrationen nachweisen (1,1±0,2 mmol/l). Bei Einsatz des Xyloseresorptionstestes an Kühen, die an einer Dislocatio abomasi sinistra (Gruppe IV) litten, konnte ein statistisch gesicherter Unterschied bei Tmax festgestellt werden. Im Vergleich zu gesunden Tieren wurde eine später eintretende maximale Serumxylosekonzentration (190,0±106,3 min) ermittelt. Dies weist auf eine verzögerte Magenentleerung hin. Im Weiteren erzielten Kühe, die an einer Dislocatio abomasi sinistra litten (Gruppe IV), weder höhere Maximalkonzentrationen im Serum (1,08±0,57 mmol/l), noch eine größere Fläche unter der Kurve (360,9±244,4 mmol*min/l) als die gesunden Kühe der Gruppe I bis III. Bei diesen Kühen wurden daher keine Hinweise auf eine effektivere Xyloseresorption gefunden. Kühe, bei denen ein nach links verlagerter Labmagen chirurgisch reponiert wurde, erreichten laut Literatur postoperativ wesentlich später die maximale Serumxylosekonzentration, als Kühe die zum Zeitpunkt des Versuchs an einer bestehenden Dislocatio abomasi sinistra litten (Gruppe IV).