Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ablation mécanique'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 17 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Ablation mécanique.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Duvernoy, Marie-Cécilia. "Mécanique de croissance d'une micro-colonie bactérienne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY074/document.
In this work, we propose a framework to understand the morphogenesis of two-dimensional microcolonies. In particular, we have explored how growth and adhesion of individual cells compete during microcolony extension. We have shown (i) that isolated cells display an asymmetry in their adhesion, which is higher at the old pole, (ii) that bacterial elongation can result in pushing forces inside the colony. Since the combination of these two effects is expected to produce mechanical stress at the scale of the microcolony, we have developed a method to measure the resulting adhesion forces using deformable substrates. We have demonstrated that focal adhesions are dynamically established and ruptured, with a bias towards the old poles. We have also probed the role of adhesion in the shape of the colony. We have shown that polar adhesion drives the transition from a linear to a two-dimensional growth after the first division. At larger colony sizes, the level of adhesion continues to correlate with the global shape of the colony. Finally, adhesion is involved in the transition from a two-dimensional to a three-dimensional colony. Taken together, our results suggest that the expression of adhesins and their location at the surface of the cells could be levers by which bacteria actively modulate the shape of the group in which they reside
Journaux-Duclos, Justine. "Ciblage thérapeutique de l'adénocarcinome pancréatique par hyperthermie magnétique ou ablation magnéto-mécanique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30360.
Due to their physico-chemical properties, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) offer many advantages. They are biocompatible and functionalizable and therefore have already been used as a contrast agent for MRI diagnosis. They can respond to the application of magnetic fields: release thermal energy in response to the application of a high frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF), or generate mechanical forces when they are exposed to low frequency rotating magnetic fields (RMF). Clinical trials using magnetic hyperthermia mediated by SPION and AMF fields have been carried out on glioblastoma and prostate cancer in association with radiotherapy. Nevertheless, the benefit on life expectancy was negligible and adverse effects were noted on adjacent healthy tissues. But our team has previously shown that it is possible to specifically induce tumor cells and microenvironment cells death through the use of low concentrations of targeted magnetic nanoparticle that specifically accumulate in the lysosomes of the targeted cells. Then AMF fields specifically induce the death of target cells by targeted intra-lysosomal magnetic hyperthermia MILH. The mechanisms leading to the death of these cells have been characterized and show that it is initiated in the lysosomes by the generation of ROS according to the Fenton reaction which requires Fe ions and can be catalyzed by an acid pH and an increase of temperature (optimal at 40°C). However, the origin of the Fe ions involved in the Fenton reaction has not been elucidated. Another strategy was also established in the team; it is based on the application of RMF fields which will generate mechanical forces from the SPIONs and induce cell death by targeted intra-lysosomal mechanical ablation. We have chosen as a model, the pancreatic adenocarcinoma particularly resistant to conventional therapies and characterized by the presence of a large and dense microenvironment. In this microenvironment, CAFs (Cancer Associated Fibroblasts) play a key role, in particular through the secretion of extracellular matrix and soluble molecules, limiting the penetration and effectiveness of treatments and contributing to the acquisition of resistance. Cancer cells as well as CAF can overexpress the cholecystokinin receptor type 2 (RCCK2). This membrane receptor has the property of internalizing after binding of its specific agonist: the gastrin. The team has developed functionalized nanoparticles with high heating power vectorized with gastrin peptides (NF@Gastrin). These nanoparticles specifically recognize human pancreatic MiaPaca2 cells and CAFs expressing the CCK2 receptor and accumulate in their lysosomes. The application of AMF (275 kHz, 30 mT) or RMF (1 Hz, 40 mT) fields specifically induces the death of these cells by MILH or targeted intra-lysosomal mechanical ablation. First, we compared the effects of MILH induced by NF@Gastrin to those induced by the same nanoparticles covered with a hermetic silica shell (NF@SiO2@Gastrin), preventing the release of iron under the application of AMF field, in the presence or absence of Ferristatin-II, an inhibitor of iron uptake by the cell. This study demonstrate that the iron involved in the Fenton reaction at the origin of ROS production by MILH came from the endogenous pool of the cell and not from the release of iron by the iron oxide nanoparticles submitted to AMF. Then, we demonstrate that MILH and mechanical ablation increase the expression of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) on the surface of MiaPaca2 cells and CAFs having specifically internalized NF@Gastrin and stimulate their phagocytosis by macrophages. These two approaches, magnetic hyperthermia and mechanical ablation, could therefore be two new strategies to restore anti-tumor immunity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Finally, these two strategies can also modify the pro-tumoral phenotype of CAFs, by inhibiting their migration, decreasing their collagen secretion
Armbruster, Vincent. "Micro-usinage par ablation laser : application à la réalisation d'un dispositif opto-mécanique de couplage fibre-guide autoaligné." Besançon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BESA2068.
Avrit, Antoine. "Étude du comportement d’ablation d’une structure solide par un jet liquide chaud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0281.
Safety studies for fast neutron reactors with sodium led to the development of mitigation systems for severe accidents. During a hypothetical severe accident, at least part of the reactor's core melts, leading to the formation of corium. The corium has to be relocated to prevent any criticality problems. Therefore, transfer tubes were integrated to the design of the core to relocate the corium from the core to a core-catcher. A jet of corium exits the transfer tubes and spreads on the core-catcher, allowing a better cooling of the corium. However, thermal ablation of the core-catcher will occur as the temperature of the corium is very high (~ 2000 - 3000 K). Thus, the core-catcher has to be dimensioned to prevent any breach due to the ablation. Experiments were performed during a previous thesis to improve understanding of the phenomenon of ablation by a free-surface jet, with a bench called HAnSoLO (Hot AblatioN of a SOlid by a Liquid - Observations). New results were obtained in the present work to address additional phenomenologies. For instance, the ablation of a solid by an immersed jet was studied. This is another situation that could occur in the real case. The effect of the roughness of the impacted solid was also addressed, and it was shown that taking roughness into account is important to design the core-catcher. All these results were used to validate a CFD code. In particular, the ablation result obtained through the numerical simulations were very similar to the experimental results for the immersed jet case. The simulations and experiments will be completed in the future to numerically treat the ablation of a metallic solid by a corium jet under reactor conditions
Cabrit, Olivier. "Modélisation des flux pariétaux sur les tuyères des moteurs à propergol solide." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20239.
The nozzles of solid rocket motors must resist to severe wall fluxes. Carbon/carbon composite materials are then chosen to insure the structure integrity. In spite of their excellent thermo-mechanical properties, these materials are exposed to the ablation phenomenon: chemical oxidation of the solid material by the combustion products. On the one hand, this feature protects the nozzle structure since this process considerably reduces the wall heat flux. On the other hand, the ablation process must be perfectly controlled because of the geometrical changes induced by the surface recession. The assessment of mass/momentum/heat fluxes at the wall is thus a crucial part for the nozzle design. Numerical simulations are nowadays commonly used to define new nozzles. However, considering the power of the available computers, the use of wall models is a necessary step to simulate full scale devices. With this framework, one presents a set of direct numerical simulations whose analysis allows to derive new wall functions integrating several complex physical aspects that modify the "classical" behavior of the turbulent boundary layer: multicomponent reacting compressible flow, with non-unity Prandtl number, radiative transfer, streamwise pressure gradient, and wall ablation. These new models are now ready to be tested on realistic configurations
Clair, Guillaume. "Etudes théorique et expérimentale de plasmas produits par laser en vue de leur application a l'analyse chimique des matériaux en environnement complexe." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22019/document.
This work provides an original study about laser-matter interaction in the nanosecond regime, based on a coupling between the experiments and the modelling. The experimental study provides a description of the dynamics of the laser produced plasmas. The modelling, based on a 1D numerical scheme, is aimed to describe the heating of the target by the laser pulse, the process of matter ablation and the formation of a plasma in this ablated material due to the interaction with the laser. The comparisons between both experimental and numerical results give the order of accuracy of the results obtained by modelling. These comparisons are limited to the first hundred nanoseconds of plasma expansion. We show that the plasma shielding, the plasma expansion and the propagation of the shockwave are well modelled. Furthermore, the values of both ablation and plasma formation threshold are accurately computed. However, many differences are observed in the results concerning the laser-target interaction process. Finally, the degree of accuracy of the model is sufficiently high to study precisely the background gas effet on both plasma dynamics and properties
Li, Hui. "Rôle d'une ablation laser in situ sur les propriétés mécaniques d'un revêtement élaboré par projection thermique." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2011.
The PROTAL® process combines a nanosecond pulsed laser treatment with thermal spraying. However, the physico-chemical effects induced by the laser irradiation have not been well clarified. This study aims at investigating the mechanisms of laser induced surface modifications and its influence on the deposit adhesion. The surface morphological modifications induced by laser were estimated by varying the laser energy density and the number of laser shots. It was shown that the laser induced modifications related to the thermalisation phenomena. It is thus noted that the laser-matter interaction depends strongly on the surface conditions and the properties of treated materials. For all materials studied in this work, the formation of craters caused by a preferential ablation appears. This phenomenon becomes more intensive by increasing the energy density or the number of shots. For titanium alloy substrates, another notable aspect was the surface smoothing effect, which is probably linked to the formation of a thin layer on the outmost surface. The laser irradiation effects on the splat flattening and on the splash phenomenon were also studied. The laser treatment which permits to generate favourable surface conditions for splat formation was highlighted. It was also shown that the splashing of the particles related to the evaporation of various surface absorbates/condensates of surface. Both the particle's energy and the substrate nature also play a role during the splat flattening process. The significant effect of this laser treatment on deposit adhesion seems related to the improvement of physical bonding because it was verified that laser treatment permits to remove various contaminants as well as oxide layers and therefore improve the deposit adhesion. However, for titanium alloy substrate, the superficial film induced by the laser seems to limit metallurgical bonding at the interface, while for aluminium alloy substrate, craters with the form of deep cavities tends to deteriorate the interfacial adhesion. Therefore, it was proposed that the choice of laser parameters is, on the one hand to clean the surface contaminants efficiently and on the other hand to avoid further damage to the substrate
Clair, Guillaume. "Etudes théorique et expérimentale des plasmas produits par laser en vue de leur application à l'analyse chimique des matériaux en environnement complexe." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00925927.
Zahradník, Martin. "Dynamic control of magnetization for spintronic applications studied by magneto-optical methods." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS155/document.
Two important mechanisms in preparation of ultrathin films of magnetic oxides were systematically investigated in this work. First, influence of epitaxial strain on resulting magneto-optical properties of La₂/₃Sr₁/₃MnO₃ (LSMO) ultrathin films was studied. The investigated films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on four different substrates, providing a broad range of induced epitaxial strains. Magnetic properties were found to deteriorate with increasing value of the epitaxial strain, as expected due to the unit cell distortion increasingly deviating from the bulk and effect of the magnetically inert layer. A combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry and magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy was used to determine spectra of the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of permittivity tensor. The off-diagonal elements confirmed presence of two previously reported electronic transitions in spectra of all films. Moreover, they revealed another electronic transition around 4.3 eV only in spectra of films grown under compressive strain. We proposed classification of this transition as crystal field paramagnetic Mn t2g → eg transition, which was further supported by ab initio calculations. A key role of strain in controlling electronic structure of ultrathin perovskite films was demonstrated. Dynamic application of strain via use of piezoelectric underlayer remained inconclusive, requiring further improvement of the strain transfer from the piezoelectric layer into the LSMO. Second, influence of substrate miscut on magnetization dynamics in SrRuO₃ (SRO) was studied. As expected we found that high miscut angle leads to suppression of multi-variant growth. By means of magnetic force microscopy we showed that presence of multiple SRO variants leads to higher density of defects acting as pinning or nucleation sites for the magnetic domains, which consequently results in deterioration of magnetic properties. We demonstrated that use of vicinal substrate with high miscut angle is important for fabrication of high quality SRO ultrathin films with low density of crystallographic defects and excellent magnetic properties
Urien, Louise. "L' ablation des neurones GINIP+ révèle un rôle critique des mécanorécepteurs à bas seuil de type C dans la modulation des douleurs chimiques et mécaniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4030/document.
Primary sensory neurons are heterogeneous by myriad of molecular criteria. However, the functional significance of this remarkable heterogeneity is just emerging. Here we used our recently generated ginip mouse model to selectively ablate the cutaneous free nerve endings MRGPRD+ neurons and the C-Low threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs). Ablation of GINIP-expressing neurons led to a significant decrease of formalin-evoked first pain and a complete absence of the second phase pain response, without affecting thermal or mechanical sensitivity. Knowing that MRGPRD+ neurons are dispensable for formalin-evoked pain and that these neurons play a critical role in acute and injury-induced mechanical pain, our data demonstrate that formalin-induced pain hypersensitivity is primarily transduced via C-LTMRs, and suggest that C-LTMRs and MRGPRD+ neurons play antagonistic roles in transduction of acute and injury-induced mechanical pain. Therefore, our results suggest that C-LTMRs act as strong modulators of chemical and mechanical pain signals
Arnal, Bastien. "Elastographie pour le suivi des thérapies par ultrasons focalisés et nouveau concept de cavité à retournement temporel pour l'histotripsie." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00786523.
Nahaboo, Wallis. "Élongation du fuseau mitotique dans l'Embryon de C. elegans : caractérisation d'une Nouvelle Force de propulsion." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN003.
In mitosis, different mechanical forces are involved in chromosome segregation. In C. elegans one-cell embryos, preliminary data suggest that an unknown mechanism, coming from inside the mitotic spindle, could influence chromosome separation. In those cells, it has been showed that kinetochore microtubule activity is absent. Thanks to external pulling forces, centrosome separation drives chromosome segregation. By using microsurgery inside the one-cell C. elegans embryos, we have shown that destroying one or two centrosomes did not prevent chromosome separation, revealing the existence of an outward pushing force (Nahaboo et al., 2015). By combining gene inactivation and centrosome destruction, we showed that the kinesin-5 and the crosslinker SPD-1 act as a brake on this pushing force, whereas they enhance chromosome segregation in other species. Moreover, we identified a novel role for the two microtubule-growth and nucleation agents, RanGTP and CLASP, in the establishment of the centrosome-independent force during anaphase. Their involvement raises the interesting possibility that microtubule polymerization of midzone microtubules is required to sustain chromosome segregation during mitosis. Then, we aim to reversibility affect microtubule dynamics in the central spindle. Because of the lack of adequate tools, we have collaborated with biochemists from Dr. D. Trauner lab, in Munich, Germany, who are specialized in photoactivable drugs. They have synthetized a photoswitable drug, Photostatin (PST), which can depolymerize microtubules in few seconds in an on/off manner (Borowiak et al., 2015). Under blue light (390 - 430 nm), PST is activated leading to microtubule depolymerization, whereas under green light (500 - 530 nm), PST is activated which does not affect microtubule dynamics. I measured that microtubule growing is absent in presence of activated PST in Hela cells. I also showed that cell cycle can be stopped thank to activated PST in multiple cell C. elegans embryos. We have shown that PST can control microtubule dynamics thanks to visible light in vitro, in cellulo and in vivo, as an on/off switch, in a non-invasive, local and reversible manner
Sikora, Aurélien. "Incorporation de bore dans des films minces de "Diamond-Like Carbon" : élaboration par ablation laser pulsée et caractérisation." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00751337.
Benchikh, Épouse Sbaï Nadia. "Couches minces nanostructurées de carbone amorphe dopées ou alliées : Elaboration par ablation laser femtoseconde et Caractérisations." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142211.
L'ablation laser en régime femtoseconde est la technique utilisée pour la synthèse des couches minces de DLC dopées ou alliées. Ce sujet met également en évidence l'apport de cette technique sur les propriétés morpho-structurales et physiques des DLC dopés ou alliés.
Vesperini, Doriane. "Biomechanical study of cells in microfluidic flow : application to sorting and platelet production." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2437/document.
When they mature in the bone marrow, the precursors of platelets, called megakaryocytes, grow and extend protrusions able to join blood circulation. There these protrusions elongate and break into platelets. Microfluidic techniques for in vitro platelet production represent a promising alternative to donation. In order to enhance platelet production and match the needs of clinical applications such as transfusion, we need to better understand the fragmentation of megakaryocytes into platelets. Our contribution will be described in this manuscript in two main axes. First, in order to know if mechanical properties of megakaryocytes can indicate their maturity stage, we develop a cell sorting method based on deformability. The method is first validated with microcapsules. Their mechanical properties are determined by inverse analysis from their shape under flow in straight microchannels. Then the device is downscaled. The characterization of cell mechanical properties are performed using inverse analysis and tipless atomic force microscopy. Second, we study megakaryocyte elongation and rupture in a microfluidic device. We quantify the spatial and temporal variations of the elongation rate and develop a laser ablation protocol to trigger and study the rupture of elongating cells
Audigier, Chloé. "Modélisation de l’ablation radiofréquence pour la planification de la résection de tumeurs abdominales." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4071/document.
The outcome of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of abdominal tumors is challenged by the presence of blood vessels and time-varying thermal conductivity, which make patient-specific planning extremely difficult. By providing predictive tools, biophysical models may help clinicians to plan and guide the procedure for an effective treatment. We introduce a detailed computational model of the biophysical mechanisms involved in RFA of hepatic tumors such as heat diffusion and cellular necrosis. It simulates the extent of ablated tissue based on medical images, from which patient-specific models of the liver, visible vessels and tumors are segmented. In this thesis, a new approach for solving these partial differential equations based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method is introduced. The model is first evaluated against clinical data of patients who underwent RFA of liver tumors. Then, a comprehensive pre-clinical experiment that combines multi-modal, pre- and post-operative anatomical and functional images, as well as the interventional monitoring of the temperature and delivered power is presented. This enables an end-to-end validation framework that considers the most comprehensive data set for model validation. Then, we automatically estimate patient-specific parameters to better predict the ablated tissue. This personalization strategy has been validated on 7 ablations from 3 clinical cases. From the pre-clinical study, we can go further in the personalization by comparing the simulated temperature and delivered power with the actual measurements during the procedure. These contributions have led to promising results, and open new perspectives in RFA guidance and planning
Jégou, Carole. "Intégration d'un film mince de Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ dans une structure capacitive pour applications RF." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112322/document.
Ferroelectric materials are raising a lot of interest due to their physical properties such as piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity or high dielectric constant. Thus, they are generally integrated in micro- and nano-systems as thin films in a capacitive configuration. Especially, the lead zirconate titanate oxide (PZT) is an attractive material for capacitive RF applications due to its high dielectric constant. The growth of the PZT thin film has to be controlled on metallic electrodes for its integration on coplanar transmission lines. Moreover, electrical properties such as leakage current and ferroelectric behavior of PZT have to be monitored upon application of a dc voltage bias for RF device operation. In this context, PZT thin films were grown by the pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) on a La₀.₆₇Sr₀.₃₃MnO₃ (LSMO) / Pt (111) electrode on a monocrystalline sapphire substrate. The LSMO buffer layer is mandatory to avoid the formation of the paraelectric pyrochlore phase. The control of the crystalline orientation of the LSMO layer allows for the control of the PZT layer texture. Leakage currents through the Pt/PZT/LSMO/Pt stack were then studied in the 220-330K temperature range to determine the conduction mechanisms. A transition is evidenced between a bulk-controlled mechanism near room temperature and an interface-controlled mechanism at low temperature. A hopping mechanism is identified above 280K in line with the presence of extended defects and the columnar structure of the PZT layer. Several strategies were tested to control leakage currents. The first one consists in inserting an insulating oxide layer at the top Pt/PZT interface. In this way, charge injection was modified and leakage currents were reduced. The second strategy consists in changing the PZT layer bulk structure by elaborating a layered or columnar dielectric/PZT composite. Thus, an insulating oxide layer was inserted in the middle of the PZT layer and permitted to reduce leakage currents. Moreover, the control of the PZT nucleation allowed for the elaboration of a columnar PZT/pyrochlore composite. The leakage currents in this composite can be tuned through the pyrochlore pillars density among the ferroelectric matrix. Then, PZT and the heterostructures for leakage current control were integrated in a capacitive RF structure with gold coplanar transmission lines. RF performances in terms of isolation and insertion loss of these materials were studied and gave good results. In particular the heterostructures developed to control the leakage currents are promising for their integration in capacitive RF devices. Besides, I tried to extract the permittivity of PZT at high frequency with the PZT layer in a capacitive configuration. This study highlighted the essential modifications of the capacitive structure that have to be made in order to be able to exploit PZT properties at high frequency