Journal articles on the topic 'Abkhaz influences'
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1
Spanke, Till. "Implications of Triadic Competition between Georgia and Russia for Abkhazia’s State Building Development." Caucasus Survey 11, no. 2-3 (September 15, 2023): 268–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10014.
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Abstract The de facto state literature rarely distinguishes between institutional developments that have been actively promoted by external actors and changes that are due to the competitive setting these unrecognized entities find themselves in and which encourages institutional or policy mimicry. This article addresses this shortcoming by developing a diffusion model to account for the indirect diffusion influences of triadic competition. The model is then applied to Abkhazia’s state building pursuit since 1991, covering sectors as diverse as healthcare, education, and energy. These examples illustrate different responses from the Abkhaz authorities vis-à-vis the parent state, ranging from direct counteraction and patron involvement to compromise. The article identifies the varied implications of diffusion such as institution sharing, developments in public service provision, and accelerated state building responses. It finds that due to parent state pressure and limited availability of alternative support sources, competition serves as a legitimation device for Russian involvement in Abkhazia.
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Bram, Chen, and Meir Hatina. "From Sufism to Universal Vision: Murat Yagan and the Teaching of Kebzeh." Journal of Sufi Studies 3, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105956-12341262.
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This article examines aspects of cultural exchange between the Middle East and the West in which Sufism, Christianity, the traditions of the Circassians and New Age concepts played a central role. It focuses on the teaching of Murat Yagan, of Abkhaz-Circassian origin who grew up in Turkey and immigrated to Canada in the 1960s, where he developed his philosophy, Ahmsta Kebzeh (“the knowledge of the art of living”). The Kebzeh way of life emphasizes modesty, mutual responsibility and compassion. Yagan linked these values to the ancient ethos of the Caucasus Mountains which he sought to revive as the basis of a universal vision. The nature of Kebzeh was influenced by the cosmopolitan environment in which Yagan was educated in Turkey; by his enrollment with Sufi circles in North America; and by the multicultural Canadian atmosphere. These diverse influences enabled him to devise an ecumenical model of dialogue between cultures. The article provides a first-time survey and analysis of Kebzeh ideological and communal features. It sheds new light on the role of ethnicity and cultural heritage in immigrant societies in the context of the evolution of spirituality in Canada, a relatively unexplored milieu in comparison to the United States and Europe.
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Пилипчук, Ярослав Владимирович. "Georgian Statehood in the Early Middle Ages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 62, no. 01 (February 8, 2021): 78–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/62/78-107.
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This paper is devoted to history of Eastern ad Soutthern-Western Georgia in the Early Middle Ages. Kartvelian statehood was quickly restored after a short reign of Persian marzpans. In the era of Arab dominance, Kartli was under the strongest pressure from the Arabs. On the territory of Kartli, the Tbilisi Emirate was formed, which was an important center of Muslim statehood in Georgia in the 9th -12th centuries. The rest of Kartli became an object of rivalry between the Abkhazian kingdom, Tao-Klarjeti and Kakheti. The decisive role in the history of Georgia was played by the Tao-Klarjeti Kurapalate from the Bagrationi dynasty for a long time in the 9th-10th centuries. The apogee of their power, they reached during the Kurropalat David III the Great. With his assistance, the Bagrationi dynasty ascended the Abkhaz throne. Among the East Georgian rulers the leading role was played by the Kakheti kingdom. It became the main rival of the Abkhazian kingdom under Tsar Kvirik III of the Arevmaneli dynasty. Under him, Kakheti subdued Eretia. Under the Kyurikean dynasty, Kakheti continued to oppose the Abkhazian Bagrationi. David IV was able to subjugate Kakheti оnly in 1104. Regarding Eretia, this kingdom was inhabited by the Dagestan-speaking population, which felt Georgian and Armenian influences.
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Хагба, А. А. "Symphonic Heritage of Abkhazia: History of Formation and Prospects for Preservation." Nasledie Vekov, no. 2(34) (June 30, 2023): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36343/sb.2023.34.2.001.
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В исследовании анализируются этапы эволюции симфонического творчества и исполнительства в Абхазии и определяется современное состояние национального симфонического наследия. Автор опирается на научные работы абхазских ученых, неопубликованные рукописи партитур произведений композиторов, живших и творивших в Абхазии, интервью с музыкантами – участниками событий. Анализируются дореволюционный, довоенный, послевоенный и постсоветский периоды истории музыкальной культуры, становление и распад Государственного симфонического оркестра, процесс формирования композиторской школы и актуальные проблемы, связанные с сохранением наследия композиторов, чье творчество было связано с Абхазией. Определено, что абхазское симфоническое наследие на данном историческом этапе находится в сложном нестабильном состоянии, поэтому сохранить его и передать следующим поколениям можно обеспечив собирание и публикацию музыкальных произведений, их качественное исполнение и фиксацию на цифровых носителях. The study aims to analyze the formation and development of symphonic art and related heritage in Abkhazia, and to determine the current state of the national symphonic heritage. In the study, the author relies on the works of Abkhaz researchers, interview materials and handwritten texts of musical scores. Methods widely used in historical and cultural research were employed: diachronic, comparative typological and systemic. To collect new data, the author resorted to interviews with participants in the described events. When comprehending the logic of the development of the Abkhaz symphonic art, musicological, historical and sociocultural perspectives were involved. The author considers the period of the emergence of the professional musical art of Abkhazia and analyzes the contribution of Konstantin Kovács and Odysseas Dimitriadi to the formation of professional musical education and a symphony orchestra. The author examines the formation of the national composer school and briefly characterizes the contribution of national composers to the formation of the Abkhazian symphonic heritage. He analyzes factors that influenced the collapse of the State Symphony Orchestra, the circumstances of the reorganization of this group and the formation of the State Chamber Orchestra of the Republic of Abkhazia on its basis, its main creative achievements over the past two decades. The author focuses on the threat of loss of a number of original Abkhaz symphonic works and analyzes a number of projects aimed at minimizing this threat. The conclusion is made about the genre and style diversity of the Abkhazian symphonic heritage, which is an integral part of the musical culture of Abkhazia. During a short historical period, the composers of Abkhazia mastered the genres of symphony and suite (about 26 works), symphonic poem and overture (about 12 works), ballet and opera music. The author emphasizes that composers achieved this largely due to the presence of a professional symphony orchestra in the republic. At this historical stage, the symphonic heritage is in a vulnerable state due to a number of tragic circumstances, a significant part of which occurred during the years of the Patriotic War of the people of Abkhazia (1992–1993). In this regard, the author calls for the adoption of significant measures to preserve the national symphonic heritage, its popularization and transmission to the next generations.
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Jürgenson, Aivar. "Gruusia-Abhaasia sõja (1992–1993) retseptsioon eesti meedias sõja ajal ja järel." Mäetagused 84 (December 2022): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2022.84.jyrgenson.
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In the minds of Estonians Abkhazia is associated mainly with Estonians living there. When the Georgian-Abkhazian war broke out in August 1992, the Estonian state evacuated about 170 Estonians and their families from Abkhazia in the autumn of the same year. The reception of the war itself in the Estonian media was low and related to the situation of Estonians there, but the motives and direct causes of the war and the development of war events were also examined. One Baltic News Service journalist observed the evacuation of Estonians and wrote about the events of the war on the spot, but most of the authors operated in Estonia and used various sources. In today’s context, it may seem surprising to what extent materials from Russian information channels were used, but at that time it was understandable: Russia covered events in its border countries more actively than Western agencies. Materials translated directly from Russian newspapers were also published in the Estonian press. The choice of sources also influenced the framing in which the events of that time were mediated. The coverage of the war in the Estonian media has undergone significant developments over the decades. The articles published during the war presented the events in a neutral way, rather sympathizing with the Abkhazians than the aggressor. While in the first half of the war the fighters of the Confederation of Mountain People of the Caucasus were presented as allies of the Abkhazians, the articles published at the end of the war sometimes included Russians, although the contribution of the Russians was not explained. However, even at the end of the war, the coverage remained largely neutral, conveying the views of both Georgians and Abkhazians. From the middle of 1994, the reception of the war began to change, which was related to Georgia’s international self-assertion. Reports from international organizations increasingly highlighted the issue of Georgian war refugees and Georgia’s claim to territorial integrity. This was also reflected in the Estonian media, where Abkhazians were increasingly called separatists without the right to independence. However, until the end of the 1990s, some articles were published that also provided Abkhaz views on events. Estonia had taken a clear direction towards integration with the West, but there was no clear understanding of Georgia’s orientation, which also influenced the attitudes of Estonian media towards Georgia-Abkhazia relations. Georgia’s leader, Eduard Shevardnadze, maneuvered between the West and Russia, pushing Abkhazia into an economic blockade and concluding agreements with Russia, while seeking integration with NATO and the European Union. The situation changed dramatically after the Rose Revolution in Georgia, when Mikhail Saakashvili, who had come to power, began to move unequivocally on the path of Western integration. At the same time, Georgia’s relations with Russia deteriorated. Georgia, a small brave country in conflict with Russia, suddenly became Estonians’ ally and friend. The common enemy unites, and when Saakashvili’s rhetoric gained a firm foothold in Georgia’s territorial integrity, Abkhazia was clearly positioned in the Estonian mainstream media as a separatist Russian puppet. Retrospectively, the reception of the Georgian-Abkhazian war changed – the pluralistic approach of the 1990s was replaced by the Georgian version. In this connection, the portrayal of the role of the Russians in the war also changed: peace mediators in the early 1990s or postcolonial implementers of the divide et impera principle now became allies of the Abkhaz. After the Law of Occupied Territories was adopted in Georgia on 23 October 2008, the concept “occupied Georgian territory” as an epithet of Abkhazia appeared in the Estonian media. As Russia continues to be in the position of a negative external “stranger” for the Estonian media, Russia’s relations with Georgia continue to influence our media attitudes towards Abkhazia and interpretations of the Georgian-Abkhazian war.
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Кравченко, Галина, Galina Kravchenko, Елена Труфанова, Elena Trufanova, Инал Дзари-Ипа, Inal Zari-Ipa, Эраст Эшба, and Erast Ashba. "PROBLEMS OF ACCOUNTING FOR SEISMIC EFFECTS IN THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS." Construction and Architecture 6, no. 4 (January 24, 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5c35ecb7ce7068.46579286.
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The actual problem for the Republic of Abkhazia — the account of seismic influences at calculation of bearing designs of buildings is investigated. The object of research is the building of the sea station in Sukhum. The spatial plate-rod model of the building frame is made by the finite element method in the software complex “LIRA — SAPR”. Based on the results of dynamic calculation the selected method for determining the seismic influences on the building frame.
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Gergia, L. G. "Some features of morphology of the invasive species Conyza canadensis in the Republic of Abkhazia." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 22, no. 2 (December 4, 2023): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2023097.
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The spread of invasive plant species, such as Conyza сanadensis - one of the main environmental threats, as these species become massive weeds of agricultural lands and settlements. The aim of the work was to study the biological characteristics of C. сanadensis in the conditions of the coastal lowland zone of the Republic of Abkhazia. The morphological parameters of the invasive species and their variability were studied. Anthropogenic load influences the morphological parameters of plants - in the western regions of Abkhazia, which are more disturbed by humans, the parameters of plants are lower than in the less disturbed eastern ones. The maximum values of most features were noted in the Gal region, where the ecotopes are undisturbed and close to optimal. All signs have a normal degree of variation (7.0-30.9 %). Further monitoring of the species is required.
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Cheterian, Vicken. "Karabakh conflict after Kosovo: no way out?" Nationalities Papers 40, no. 5 (September 2012): 703–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.705269.
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A series of events in 2008 influenced the Karabakh conflict resolution efforts: the Kosovo declaration of independence, the August war, and Russian recognition of independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Two new diplomatic initiatives to resolve the Karabakh conflict were launched immediately after the August war, one by Russia and the second by Turkey. This article discusses why the two initiatives failed, and the structural problems of Karabakh conflict resolution efforts.
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Ambrosio, Thomas, and William A. Lange. "The architecture of annexation? Russia's bilateral agreements with South Ossetia and Abkhazia." Nationalities Papers 44, no. 5 (September 2016): 673–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1203300.
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Following the August War of 2008, Russia recognized South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states. Both territories remain dependent upon Moscow for their security and economic survival, and they remain dominated militarily, economically, and even politically by their northern patron. These relationships are structured, in part, by a series of bilateral agreements signed since September 2008, which have created a comprehensive legal architecture which, in turn, deeply affects the state- and nation-building processes in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. This article examines 78 agreements signed between Russia and these territories between 2008 and 2015 in order to better understand these processes and how they interact with and are influenced by their respective relationships with the Russian Federation. It groups these agreements into three categories: the 2008 “friendship” agreements which created the initial baseline for the bilateral relationship; the numerous, more narrowly defined documents which fleshed-out this relationship; and the “alliance” and “integration” agreements signed with Abkhazia and South Ossetia, respectively, through which Moscow sought to take its relations with these territories to a qualitatively new level. Of particular focus is the degree to which these territories exhibited signs of independent agency and formal autonomy, as well as the differences between them.
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Albogachiyeva, Makka S. G. "THE ABAZIN LANGUAGE: HISTORY AND PRESENT TIME." Ural Historical Journal 71, no. 2 (2021): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-2(71)-90-98.
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The article analyzes the prerequisites and the main causes and factors that influenced the current state of the Abazin language. Various processes related to the preservation of the national language are ongoing in Abaza society. Russia’s modern abazins live compactly in the Abazinsky district of Karachay-Cherkessia, they are one of the five title nations of the republic. However, their significant part left homeland in the middle of the 19th century and emigrated to the Ottoman Empire. As a result of this relocation, the abazins found themselves scattered around various parts of the world. The absence of their own writing and life in a foreign cultural environment led to a significant loss of the communicative properties of the Abazin language. Many factors influenced the functional change of the language — political, socio-economic, cultural, etc. At the turn of the 20th–21st centuries, realizing that the native language is on the verge of extinction, the abazins started vigorous activity to preserve the language, uniting the efforts of not only those living in the Russian Federation, but also fellow tribesmen from other countries of the world. This was facilitated by the holding of the World Abkhaz-Abazi Congress and the creation of other public organizations aimed at preserving national culture and language. These processes are gaining strength thanks to information technologies that allow not only broadcasting, but also seeing the interlocutor and communicating with him. Native speakers can teach the Abazin language to anyone, regardless of where they live. Thus, modern abazins use all available resources to preserve their original culture.
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Kubitska, D. "The conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia: lessons we didn’t learn." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 71 (August 25, 2022): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.71.61.
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The article examines the violation of the principles of international law, in particular the principles of territorial integrity and inviolability of state borders, on the example of the conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of practical aspects of these principles. The study established the legal significance of the international legal conflict between Russia and Georgia, as well as its impact on the formation of territorial disputes within the Eurasian continent.
It is emphasized that the conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia cannot be called «humanitarian intervention to help the ethnic population.» The paper confirms that the very fact of the introduction of regular troops into Georgia could already be regarded as an act of aggression. In addition, Russia’s refusal to withdraw peacekeepers from Georgian territory due to violations and thus the impossibility of fulfilling the terms of bilateral agreements can also be interpreted as the occupation of Georgian territory.
Based on the analysis of regulations in the form of resolutions and bilateral agreements, it was possible to trace the origins and legal basis of this conflict. In fact, the Sochi and Moscow agreements concluded in 1992 and 1994, respectively, legitimized the presence of Russian peacekeeping troops in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The article also focuses on the use of weapons by Georgia and provides an analysis in the context of Article 51 of the UN Charter. Based on this, the latter should be interpreted as a means of self-defense, which is one of the two legitimate applications of the concept of jus ad bellum in the XXI century.
The actions, more fair, inaction, of the international community in the process of resolving the conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which as a result influenced the formation of territorial strife and colonialist aspirations on the part of the Russian Federation, are substantiated. It has been suggested that the reluctance of world leaders and international organizations to take decisive action to resolve the Russian-Georgian war has become a catalyst for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2014 and in 2022 as well.
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Belous, Oksana, Georgiy Pantiya, Yelena Mikhailova, Natalia Karpun, and Liosik Ayba. "Influence of plant immunity inducers on the quality of apple fruit in Abkhazia." BIO Web of Conferences 21 (2020): 00026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202100026.
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The quality of fruit depends largely on the growing area of the crop, the intensity of disease development, damage by pests, as well as on the treatment of plants with compounds of various chemical natures. When introducing the immunity inducers Albit® (poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid), Immunocytophyte® (arachidonic acid ethyl ether) and Ecogel® (chitosan lactate) into apple tree protection systems, an urgent task is to study their influence on the quality of fruits. Research was conducted on apple trees (cultivars Idared and Golden Rangers) in the conditions of the Republic of Abkhazia (Gulripsh district). When treated with immunity inducers, the genotypic features of the cultivars were clearly revealed. For the susceptible Idared cultivar, it is more significant to use Ecogel®, which causes the active synthesis of soluble solids, pectin, soluble sugars, ascorbic acid, and as a result, an increase in the sugar-acid index. At the same time, a relatively resistant cultivar Golden Rangers has a similar effect when treated with Immunocytophyte®. Treatment with Albit® has the same effect on the synthesis of soluble organic acids in the fruits of the studied apple cultivars, reducing their amount. The results obtained indicate the need for a cultivar-specific approach in the application and selection of plant immunity inducers.
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Ganohariti, Ramesh. "Dual Citizenship in De Facto States: Comparative Case Study of Abkhazia and Transnistria." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.80.
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AbstractThe contested nature of de facto states and their acceptance of dual citizenship results in the overlap of multiple citizenship regimes, leading to individuals living in de facto states possessing multiple citizenship statuses. Using the Most Similar Systems Design, this article explores the factors that influence the (divergent) citizenship regimes of Abkhazia and Transnistria; the former allows dual citizenship only with Russia, while the latter places no restrictions. The primary reason for the adoption of dual citizenship is for pragmatic reasons, as the secondary citizenship can compensate for the lack of benefits (such as international travel, diplomatic protection) afforded by the de facto state’s citizenship. This said, having an ethnicized national identity, in contrast to a civic (state-centered) national identity, can produce (dual) citizenship laws that give preferential treatment to the titular group and its diaspora. Additionally, the influence exerted by the patron state (Russia) and the severity of the conflict with the parent state (Georgia/Moldova) influences dual citizenship in becoming conditional and thus more exclusive.
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Smolnik, Franziska, Andrea Weiss, and Yana Zabanova. "Political space and borderland practices in Abkhazia and Adjara: exploring the role of Ottoman legacies and contemporary Turkish influences." Eurasian Geography and Economics 58, no. 5 (September 3, 2017): 557–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2017.1418671.
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Karpun, N. N., G. G. Pantiya, and E. V. Mikhailova. "INFLUENCE OF PLANT IMMUNITY INDUCERS ON APPLE CULTIVARS GOLDEN RANGERS AND IDARED YIELD IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 63, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-63-200-211.
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Pantiya, Georgiy, and Yelena Mikhailova. "Influence of plant immunity inducers on the degree of apple scab development when applied in plant protection systems in the zone of humid subtropics of Abkhazia." BIO Web of Conferences 21 (2020): 00027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202100027.
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One of the ways to reduce pesticide load and prevent emergence of pathogen resistance can be the use of plant immunity inducers in plant protection systems. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate an efficiency of natural plant immunity inducers Albit® (poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid), Immunocytophite® (arachidonic acid ethyl ether) and Ecogel® (chitosan lactate) in apple scab protection systems in Abkhazia. The maximum resistance of apple trees to this phytopathogen was recorded in the experimental variants with Albit® and Ecogel® application in half dosages of fungicides and in the variant of production processing (biological efficiency reached 79.4 %). Plant immunity inducers used on apple trees showed cultivar-specificity. For the four-year research period, the greatest efficiency of immunity inducers was achieved on the susceptible cultivar Idared in the second year of the experiment, while on the relatively scab-resistant cultivar Golden Rangers – it was achieved only in the third year. The greatest stability in the efficiency for a four-year period was observed for the tank mix Albit with half dosages of fungicides. Immunocytophyte® was characterized by lower inducing activity, which is associated with its activation of the jasmonate pathway for the formation of non-specific induced immunity.
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Kirichenko, Dmitriy. "Modified Skulls of the Early Bronze — the Middle Bronze Ages Periods from the Territory of the Caucasus and Near East." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 2 (April 25, 2023): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp232193206.
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The author focuses on generalization of finds of artificially deformed skulls from the area of South Caucasus and Near East as well as on characterization of types of head shaping spread among the population of the studied region and Eurasia. The finds of modified skulls of the Early — Middle Bronze Ages are not so numerous. Among archaeological sites, the following ones were identified as having the traces of head shaped skulls: Uzun Rama, Kudurlu (Azerbaijan); Yupsy cave, Abkhazia (Georgia); Velikent, Manas-Dagestan (Russian Federation); Karatash, Resuloglu, Hayaz Höyük (Turkey); Vounous (Cyprus); Shahri Sohta (Iran). On the territory of South Caucasus fronto-occipital type of artificial deformation combined with a mild low variant of circular head shaping type prevailed. The skulls from Uzun Rama, Velikent, Karatash (some exemplars), Resuloglu, Hayaz Höyük and Vounous show some similarity by the types of artificial modification. Probably, in case of Uzun Rama and Velikent we are dealing with the influence of traditions from the Near East, while in case of Yupsy cave, Manas, Kudurlu — the source of innovation was influenced by steppe tribes of the Catacomb culture. Population of Karatash, Resuloglu and Hayaz Höyük inherited the tradition of changing head form from Chalcolithic times. The same can be observed for Cyprus, where artificially deformed skulls existed in the Neolithic period. In case of Shahri Sohta it is difficult in present days to define how this custom and its followers transitioned in the South-East Iran during the Early Bronze.
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BİDZİNASHVİLİ, Davit. "GÜRCİSTAN EKONOMİSİNİN TEMEL ZORLUKLARI VE GÜRCİSTAN-AB İLİŞKİLERİNİN GENİŞLEMESİ ÜZERİNE BEKLENTİLER." Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, no. 60 (December 18, 2023): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1399289.
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The association agreement between the EU and Georgia (the country) was signed as early as 2014 and this agreement fully entered into force in July 2016. The agreement represents the foundation for political association and economic integration. Just now, Georgia made one more step towards Europe. On November 8, 2023, the European Commission gave the recommendation on granting Georgia the status of candidate. Besides the fact that it is an important event of political significance, the economic benefits also should be mentioned. Many economists in Georgia mention this in their assessments though there are the opposite views. Some of the Georgian economists consider this opinion as excessive. The European Union, based on common values, supports the peace and stability for Georgia, as well as the necessity of the programs for the political and economic reforms needed for social and economic development of the country. Granting the status of the candidate is a guarantee for the well-being of the country. It will have positive influences on investments, exports, and broader marketing between the European countries and Georgia. This is the aim for Georgia to which the country has been aspiring for several years. Besides the above-mentioned, we see that the EU firmly supports Georgia, in its territorial integrity. The EU is involved in the solution of the territorial problems existing with the self-announced regions of Abkhazia and so-called South Ossetia. Georgia has prolonged territorial conflicts with the mentioned regions. Beginning in the year 2008, the monitoring process is working on the territory near the administrative borders. The 1st of October 2023, was the date of the 15th anniversary of the European mission working in the region.
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Bugay, Nikolay F. "Ethnic minorities in the southern territories of the country: problems of the formation of Laz in the conditions of the Soviet period (1918–1950s)." Historical and social-educational ideas 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2021-13-1-17-35.
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The proposed article, based on new archival documents identified in the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with the involvement of researchers in the history of ethnic minorities on the territory of the USSR, Russia, reveals the role and place of the Laz ethnic minority in the south within Abkhazia and Georgia. Laz, as an ethnic minority, have undergone all those difficulties of transformation, including negative ones. Destructive measures were taken against them by the Government of the USSR – forced resettlement, deportation. Mohamed Vanlishi, Laz by nationality, being a member of the government of the Adjarian ASSR, minister, writer, sent a letter to L. Be-ria, the content of which touched Beria's feelings. The Lazes were returned from the special resettlement to their own homes. This side of the life of the ethnic minority of Georgia – Laz was reflected in the documents of "Stalin's special folder" The publication mentions many of the current representatives of the Laz in different periods of the his-tory of Georgia and Abkhazia and ethnic minorities living on their territory. The life of the Laz was also influenced by the policy carried out in Georgia to implement the "crys-tallization of society", pursuing the formation of statehood with one ethnic community, one culture. Introduction. The development of the problem itself in the scientific works of the author and other researchers is briefly stated. This is also a kind of reaction to complaints from the Laz themselves that the history of the ethnic minority is not being paid enough attention to. Little is known in the historiography of the Laz and their leaders, who led various kinds of movements for freedom and justice, the solution of social problems in society, the involvement of the Laz in party and state building. The content of punitive measures taken against Laz is partially revealed, the reasons and possibilities to overcome the built system in relations between the state and society, ethnic minorities are shown. Methods. The content of the article is based on different research methods. First of all, the method of historicism, a sequential presentation of the series of events that charac-terize the content of historical events, their relationship with accompanying events. It is also important to use the prosopographic method of presenting material about the main political figure of the Laz, representatives of the highest authorities. By using the narrative method, the ethnic community of the Laz is more widely represented and its participation in solving many issues in national state policy, the interaction of the ethnic community itself in the system of interethnic ties. The use of the information method is of particular value for building up an event series. This method is also quite applicable to the analysis of national processes taking place in the region where the Laz live. In the presentation of the article, the method of comparative historical analysis was also ap-plied. Results. This article was based primarily on archival documents about the holes, identi-fied in the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This allowed a broader charac-terization of the Laz as an ethnic minority. Along with the well-known materials, show the settlement of Laz in the territory of the regions of residence. The documents of the archive make it possible to reveal the role and place of the Section for the Study of the National Question created in the structure of the Communist Academy. The forms and methods of work in the Communist Academy in the study of the history of the national question and ethnic minorities have been clarified.
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Mukhanov, V. M. "Transcaucasia: Towards a New Explosion?" Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 9, no. 5 (July 24, 2018): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2016-9-5-59-76.
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The article attempts to analyze the current situation in Transcaucasia and identify the main actors, factors of influence and forces that shape the processes of domestic development in a number of republics of the region. The author comes to the conclusion that the region is in a state of “cooldown”, after 25 years of almost continual instability which, in turn, was a source of numerous internal conflicts. However, broad analysis of internal situation in the states of Transcaucasia with the inclusion of foreign influences shows a more complex landscape. Major players, such as the US and Russia, avoid increasing their presence in the region, which opens a wideWINDOW of opportunities for regional powers, such as Turkey and Iran. Against the background of decreasing interest in Transcaucasia by the world leaders, the region is returning to its historical status as a periphery. This process is characterized by a reduction in the influence of foreign actors and a rise in the role of the factors that cause general instability. These include, first and foremost, unresolved conflicts, unstable political, social and economic situation at home and specific political behaviors displayed by local elites. The April war of 2016 in Nagorno-Karabakh indicates a violation of the status quo and may lead to a high probability of new clashes in the conflict zone. The war highlighted a complex set of problems faced by Armenia and Azerbaijan in recent years. In both countries, against a backdrop of degrading economies, there is a growing split between the government and the society, as well as tensions within the elites. Similar processes are on the rise in Georgia. The situation in Abkhazia and South Ossetia is somewhat different, as the two countries could be classified as periphery to a periphery, and thus are developing in isolation from the common Caucasian agenda. Nevertheless, these countries also show a complex set of internal contradictions which tend to break out from time to time. This is symptomatic of a serious challenge facing the region. The countries that emerged on the other side of the Caucasus Mountains since 1991 are still searching for optimal models of national development.
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Jürgenson, Aivar. "Kodumaalt lahkumise põhjuste kajastumisest Abhaasia eestlaste rändenarratiivis: kurja mõisniku kuju." Mäetagused 88 (April 2024): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2024.88.jyrgenson.
Full textAbstract:
When adapting to a new host country, one of the most important issues is social belonging – the question on what basis people feel a sense of belonging. This is a question of group identity. Group identity is based on the group’s shared history and especially on myths of common and special origins. In the narratives of the Estonians of Abkhazia, the main reason for emigration is the difficult economic conditions in the old homeland. These stories are recorded in the written memories and village chronicles of the inhabitants of the Estonian settlements in the Caucasus, which date back to the 19th and 20th centuries, but they can be heard orally even today, because the stories have been heard from parents and grandparents. Both in earlier writings and in today’s oral presentations, the conditions in the old homeland of Estonia are depicted as poor, sometimes quite unbearable. An important figure in these stories is an evil and arrogant German landlord who oppressed the ancestors of the settlers. The first chapter of the article shows the historical background of the confrontation between the Estonian peasants and the German landlords in Estonia and how it was at least partially realized as an emigration movement under the influence of the peasant laws of the 19th century. The topic of the evil landlord was taken by the Estonian settlers to the settlements in Caucasus – these were stories told from personal experiences with the landlords. The formation and transmission of stories from generation to generation as founding narratives was facilitated by the opposition between Estonians and Germans in the Estonian national discourse. The second chapter focuses on the texts that reflect landlord-peasant conflicts in Estonia at the time of emigration – the texts of the leading figures of the national awakening movement in the school- and history books. These texts also influenced the developing identity of the Estonian colonists. The article then discusses the stories about the evil landlord told in various Estonian settlements on the Black Sea coast and finally the meaning of these stories in the formation of social belonging.
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ZARGARYAN, VAHE. "COMMON PROBLEMS, INDIVIDUAL SOLUTIONS AROUND THE DYNAMICS OF CONFLICTS IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH, ABKHAZIA, SOUTH OSSETIA AND TRANSNISTRIA." Scientific Artsakh, 2024, 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52063/25792652-2024.1.20-84.
Full textAbstract:
There are about 25 de facto states in the world, five of them in the postSoviet space. The emergence of de facto regimes is directly related to the impasse and conflict-causing reality when the de jure state, which is directly related to the state, is no longer able to exercise its (self-) authority over the population and territory of the de facto state. The purpose of this article is to analyse and compare the ethno-political conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria. The focus is on the similarities and differences in the causes, processes and consequences of the conflicts, which provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the conflicts and reveals the existence of possible commonalities in the context of ethno-political disputes. In order to achieve this goal, the task was to examine the role and significance of historical background, political developments, ethnic composition and international influences in the regions. The methodological approach of the article is based on a comparative analysis of the mentioned ethno-political conflicts. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are employed. Primary sources are used, including official documents, political statements and articles, mainly from the German news media. Ethno-political conflicts have always been found to have complex and contradictory dynamics, which in turn provide fertile ground for the interests of major regional actors. The conclusion is that cross-cutting research on ethno-political conflicts provides an opportunity to develop a clear understanding of the causes and consequences of conflict in order to identify possible patterns and commonalities in conflict resolution in comparable situations.
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Pantiya, G. G., Y. V. Mikhailova, and N. N. Karpun. "Influence of plant immunity inducers included in the apple scab protection system on vegetative growth of apple in the Republic of Abkhazia." Subtropical and ornamental horticulture, November 26, 2021, 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31360/2225-3068-2021-78-150-156.
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