Academic literature on the topic 'Abidjan convention'

The Ivorian state has been involved in the construction of public schools given their importance for development. Since the 1980s, there has been a reduction in funding linked to the economic crisis and structural adjustment programmes. Thus, by a convention the State will concede the public service of education to the private sector. The results of this research on the conditions of access to private schools in the Abidjan district were analysed through a cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical aims. This has led to disparities in costs between municipalities. 40,000 FCFA for minima and 1, 922,000 FCFA for maxima, a multiplication order of 48. In secondary school, the minimum is 43,000 FCFA and the maximum is 2, 706,000 FCFA, a multiplication order of 63. In higher education there are less disparities. In total, there are many differences in the costs of schooling from one school to another. While the public-private partnership has encouraged more children to attend school, it has also created a challenge to access because of the expensive costs of attending school.

Many persons use to eat ready-to-eat meat products sold mostly on the street. The aim of our study was to investigate the microbial contaminants profile of meat products sold on the streets of 5 communes in Abidjan. To reach our goal, a survey was conducted to investigate on the type of customer, meat, the selling points, and the probable causes of food poisoning. Forty samples of each of the three kind of ready-to-eat meat (beef, pork and chicken) were collected in five communes of Abidjan. The microbial quality of the collected meat was determined with conventional methods and confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results of the survey showed a health risk potentially related to the method of cooking and the type of meat. Out of the 600 samples analyzed, 443 strains were isolated. Among the microorganisms, there are Cocci’s (61.61%) mainly Staphylococcus strains, Bacilli (37.28%) and yeast (1.11%). Staphylococcal strains and Enterobacteriaceae are the most predominant and chicken meat is the most contaminated meat product. Also, some strains (Alloiococcus otitis and Ochrobactrum intermedium) were rarely isolated. The meat products contamination constitutes a health risk which could cause significant income loss for both merchant and consumer.

Abstract Malaria patients in Ivory Coast pursue a wide variety of treatment routes, depending upon how they understand the aetiology of their illness, their association of illness with supernatural causes, their ability to afford standard consultation fees, their access to conventional health care facilities, and their confidence in traditional African therapies. This research took place in the context of the government’s policy of providing free management of ‘simple malaria’ for all. Working with four conventional doctors and four traditional African medical practitioners, treatment choices of 161 malaria patients were analysed at Kennedy-Clouétcha, a busy urban health care centre in Abidjan. Almost half (77) of the patients in the study cited mosquito bites, general poor health, and stagnant water sources as the causes of their malaria. A greater number of patients (84) indicated fatigue, sun exposure, mysticism, and diet as the cause. The scope of therapies sought by these patients covered conventional biomedical treatment, traditional African medicine, and prayer. When patients were not cured through methods of their first resort, they pursued second options for care. Despite the availability of free care in centrally located public health systems, the therapeutic trajectory of many patients diverted away from conventional treatment. The data suggests that a patient’s orientation away from the conventional biomedical model may be best explained by confusions surrounding the diagnostic label ‘simple malaria’.

Globally, conventional understandings of work no longer have much purchase for the efforts of most people to sustain minimally viable existences. This article critically expands on Bourdieu’s theory of practice by looking at the making of livelihoods of urban youth in as diverse places as Abidjan, Athens, Berlin and Jakarta, affected by transformations of work coined with the term ‘precarity’. This article discusses instability as one aspect of the set of experiences of ‘precarity’. Instability challenges how individuation and sociation work upon each other; what Bourdieu has described with the concept of habitus. Drawing on empirical material from the four cities, we explore practices of accruing value in a context of instability and conceptualize them as ‘detaching’ and ‘gathering’. We suggest that a rethinking of practices in relation to dispositions and habitus may enable us to better grasp the improvisations and more fluid forms of social life that characterize the contemporary urban life of many, and can help to address social inequalities today in a refined way.

Aquatic pollution in Côte d'Ivoire is severe in several places. The Ivorian government therefore requested and later obtained technical assistance from the Danish government for the training of personnel and the equipment of an environmental central laboratory and of a pollution combating unit. The structure CIAPOL (Centre Ivorian Anti-Pollution) in charge of setting up the two components of the project, was created by the government of Côte d'Ivoire in May 1991. A coastal and a continental monitoring network have been implemented. Nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons and microbiological methods have been adapted for the survey programs of water, sediment and biota. Results presented in this paper show spatiotemporal variations of the ammonia concentrations in the lagoon waters. Very high concentrations in the Bietry bay of hydrocarbons in sediment and zinc in oysters trace petroleum refinery pollution. The extremely high microbiological contamination of the lagoon water around Abidjan should preclude its use for any purpose. The staff of the centre has been trained in the use of the oil spill recovery equipment. Alert procedures and communications have been introduced. Today the CIAPOL is involved in national conventions and international projects. It is designated to become the Reference Laboratory in the region and will be in charge of training and intercalibration sessions within these projects.

Introduction: Campylobacter jejuni is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis worldwide of the last century. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotics profiles and the virulence gene in C. jejuni strains isolated from chicken in Côte d’Ivoire. Methodology: A total of 336 chicken ceaca samples recovered from market of two municipality of Abidjan were examined by conventional microbiological methods and molecular test using PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates were determined by disk diffusion method. The presence of virulence genes was examined using simple PCR method. Results: Among of 336 samples, 168 (50%) were positives for C. jejuni. Among the C. jejuni isolates, 159 strains (94.64%) were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. The highest percentage of antimicrobial resistance was found for Nalidixic acid (85.33%), Tétracyclin (71.76%) and Ciprofloxacin (55.65%). Moreover, MDR including 3, 4, 5 and 6 antibiotics families was detected in 16.66% of isolates. On the other hand, detection of virulence putative gene shows presence of cadF in 100% of tested strains. In addition, cdtA, cdtB and cdtC genes were detected in 100%; 89.51% and 90.32% respectively of C. jejuniisolates. Conclusion: Because of the key role of broiler chicken in human campylobacteriosis infection, it will important in first time to monitoring using of antibiotics in chicken farms and in second time to verify presence of campylobactériosis in country.

Conservation agriculture (CA) is becoming increasingly attractive to farmers due to advantages such as lower production costs and less destruction of soil structures compared to the conventional tillage. The cultivars introduced for the conventional systems may not be suitable under CA environments, and newly adapted cultivars need to be developed. Accordingly, four separate field experiments were conducted over two cropping seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020) to study the agronomic performance of seven barley genotypes under three tillage systems: conventional tillage (full tillage with residue removed), reduced tillage (chisel plowing with residue retained) and CA system (no tillage with residue retained on soil surface). The genotypes were grown under rainfed conditions in two different agro-ecological regions (Kamyaran and Hosseinabad locations) in the west of Iran. Significant genotypic differences were observed for grain yield and yield components except 1000-kernel weight. The results of this study showed that rainfed barley genotypes under a CA system produced yields equal to, or better (0.7%) than, the conventional tillage; while reduced tillage system decreased their performance by 4.9%. Regarding genotype × tillage interaction, the barley genotypes Catalhuyuk 2001 and Bulbule positively interacted with conventional tillage and showed higher performance than other genotypes, whereas genotypes Çumra 2001, Ansar and Abidar expressed highest performance under CA system. Consequently, genotypes Bulbule, Catalhuyuk 2001 and Gumharriyet 50 outperformed the domestic performance and the amount of grain yield and showed the highest adaptation to the tested environments. The results of the present study could be useful to improve the efficiency of a CA system in rainfed cultivation of barley and open new windows for the cereal production in arid and semi-arid regions with food security concerns.

I welcome you to the Volume 2 Issue 4 of Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF). In this Issue 4, all the presentations are international research with emphasis on Islamic financing, entrepreneurship, corporate governance, accounting for small, medium and large enterprises and Islamic banking In the first paper captioned “Innovation Co-operation Impact on Operations of Small, Medium and Large (SML) Firms: A Malaysia Perspective”, Dr Mohammed Ndaliman Abubakar (Deputy Director Collaborations & Linkages, The Federal Polytechnic Bida, Nigeria), examine how innovation co-operation influences the activities of small, medium and large (SML) firms to become innovative and perform effectively. Using a dataset of a survey study based on Malaysian Innovation Survey (NIS) and European community innovation survey (CIS) reports, a total of 1178 firms cutting across small, medium and large (SML) companies for manufacturing and service firms were examined using an open innovation paradigm in practice to understand the extent of co-operation and collaboration in performing innovation activities. The study data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logic regression model estimation for ease of comprehension. The findings showed that almost all the companies survey were involved in performing one innovation or the other. Furthermore, it reveals that different partnership was sought for co-operation and collaboration in performing their innovations. In the second paper entitled “Corporate Governance Disclosure: The Evidence from Nigeria”, Abubakar M. Dembo (University of Bedfordshire, UK) study centres on the investigation of the level of compliance with the Nigerian Corporate Governance Code's recommendations by the six selected oil companies from 2004 to 2012. Two stages of compliance level with the Corporate Governance Disclosure Index (CGDI) were developed from 43 specific corporate governance issues based on the Nigerian Code's provisions and analysed. Firstly, the study demonstrates the degree of compliance with the CGDI for the selected companies over the survey period (2004-2012). This allows the testing of the continuous progress of the level of conformity with the Nigerian Code's provisions. Second, it measures the level of compliance with the CGDI that existed over the 2004-2009 and 2010-2012 periods respectively. The motive is to find out whether the level of compliance with corporate governance has increased over the two periods since the creation of the Nigerian Code in late 2003. The findings indicate a remarkable improvement in compliance with the Nigerian Code over the periods by the selected companies. In the third paper titled “Sub-Sahara Africa’s (SSA) infrastructure funding gap: Potentials from Sukuk financing”, Dr. Abdulazeez Adewuyi Abdurraheem (Universiti Utara Malaysia) and Prof. Dr. Asmadi Mohamed Naim (Universiti Utara Malaysia), evaluates the depth of utilisation of Islamic capital market using Sukuk instruments as another source of funding to fill the observed funding gap for infrastructure development. The study finds the use of Sukuk as a long-term financing instrument, though still at its infancy stage in the region. The paper, therefore, suggests that the SSA countries can undertake rapid and massive infrastructure developments in the area through the use of Sukuk instruments, thereby eliminating increasing sovereign debt over-hang from the conventional debt market. Their study recommends that policymakers in the region put in place required laws and regulations that will provide enabling environments for effective utilisation of Sukuk instruments for infrastructural development. Similarly, they canvass strong political will on the part of the region’s political leaders as an essential ally in nurturing strong institutions, which they argue can engender policy continuity to ensure effective and efficient management of infrastructure projects funded by Sukuk instruments. In the fourth paper entitled “Effectuation Approach in Accessing Entrepreneurial Education Significance on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention”, Ayotunde Adetola Adelaja (Universiti Utara Malaysia), Modile Adekunle Umar (Universiti Malaysia Perlis), Mike Terkuma Soomiyol (Universiti Utara Malaysia), Iliyasu Shiyanbade Najeemdeen (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), and Bello Taofik Abidemi (Universiti Utara Malaysia) assess the practical significance of entrepreneurial education in enhancing students’ entrepreneurial intention. They also examine the students’ perceived importance of access to finance as a determining factor to entrepreneurship, and the moderating effect of financial access on the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention. An online survey via google form was sent out to UUM students who have at one time has entrepreneurial education exposure. The study respondents include international and local levels of both postgraduate and undergraduate students. 250 students completed the online survey within one month. The data collected were analysed using IBM SPSS version 23 with pre-installed process macro developed by Hayes (2013). The findings reveal that both entrepreneurial education and access to finance contributes significantly to their entrepreneurial intention. However, the students perceive access to finance as a causal factor to entrepreneurial intention rather than an effectuation factor. Hence, the education offered can be argued to have more of managerial implications rather than entrepreneurial consequences. In the fifth paper titled “Task performance and Skills in IR 4.0: The moderating effect of Attitude”, Dr. Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola (Universiti Utara Malaysia), Prof. Dr. Ayoib Che Ahmad (Universiti Utara Malaysia), Dr. Rachael Oluyemisi Arowolo (Chrisland University, Nigeria), and Dr. Mazrah Malek (Universiti Utara Malaysia) examine the moderating impact of attitude (ATT) on skills (SK) and task performance fraud risk assessment (TPFRA) of professional accountants conceptually. This study possesses the capacity to impact the ethical, legal, regulatory, and institutional framework. Furthermore, the study possesses the abilities to persuade the efficient and effective policy formulations and enhance capacity building of the workforce in the public sector. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, this may perhaps be the first conceptual study on the accountant's attitude as an indispensable capability requirement for skills and task performance fraud risk assessment in the specific working environment. The IPJAF existence is anchored on the service and dedication of its editorial board, the editorial team, and authors. I firmly believe that in the coming year, 2019, the vision of IPJAF to publish high-quality manuscripts within the scope of IPJAF from academic and professional researchers will be continually maintained and acknowledged. As you read through this Vol. 2 Issue 4 of IPJAF, I would like to appreciate you profoundly for your participation in submitting high-quality papers for review and publication in IPJAF. Notwithstanding the success so far recorded, I implore you and your colleagues, friends and associates to continue to partner with IPJAF by submitting quality research and policy papers within our scope for publication. I assure our prospective authors, regardless of the acceptance of your manuscripts or not, to continue to enjoy the benefits IPJAF provides about our review process, which offers high quality and helpful reviews tailored to assist authors in improving their manuscripts. In conclusion, I acknowledge your support as you, and I work hard to make IPJAF the most authoritative journal on accounting and finance for the community of academic, professional, industry, society and government. I thank you from the bottom of my heart for your continued interest, support and patronages to IPJAF in 2018, while looking forward to more beneficial relationships in 2019.

Aims: The aim of this study was to characterize fluoroquinolone resistance genes in enterobacteriaceae that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases, isolated in Abidjan. Place and Duration of Study: Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire and research unit on emerging tropical infectious diseases of Aix-Marseille University from January 2017 at July 2017. Methodology: The study included 90 enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases isolated from biological products from various hospital services in Abidjan. These strains have been pre-identified and stored at the Center for Biological Resources (CeReB) of Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire. The identification of the strains was confirmed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF (MS) and the antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using Müeller Hinton's agar diffusion method. The fluoroquinolone resistant genes were detected by conventional PCR and then, sequenced. Results: The strains studied were Escherichia coli (44), Klebsiella pneumoniae (31) and Enterobacter cloacae (15). High resistance rates to ceftriaxone (96.7%), cefotaxime (95.6%), aztreonam (95.6%) and cefoxitin (72.2%) were observed in all strains producing broad spectrum β-lactamases. The resistance rate to fluororquinolones represented by ciprofloxacin was 86.7%. The fluoroquinolone resistance genes detected were qnr A (3.3%) and qnr B (42.2%). Sequencing identified the qnr A1 (3.3%), qnr B1 (31.1%), qnr B6 (2.2%) and qnr B7 (1.1%) genes. Conclusion: This study made it possible to identify fluoroquinolone resistance genes in enterobacteriaceae producing β-lactamases which have an extended spectrum in Abidjan.

Le problème de la dégradation de l’environnement n’est plus aujourd’hui celui de la rédaction de nouvelles conventions, même si tous les domaines ne sont pas encore couverts par le droit, mais bel et bien celui de l’effectivité et de la mise en application des normes en vigueur. Le plus souvent le droit existe mais il est inappliqué ou mal appliqué. Ceci soulève deux difficultés : l’une relative à la mise en œuvre du droit et, l’autre portant sur le contrôle de sa bonne application. Dans ce contexte, le continent africain ne peut œuvrer à son unité et son développement économique sans se soucier du changement climatique notamment dû aux gaz à effet de serre et de la destruction du milieu marin. Par ailleurs, l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique de droit des affaires (OHADA) doit permettre à l’Afrique de progresser et d’œuvrer à la responsabilisation des entreprises en matière de protection de l’environnement et du climat. Face à ce vide juridique, l’OHADA devrait s’intéresser dans un proche avenir à l’adoption d’un acte uniforme relatif à la Responsabilité sociale et environnementale. La mise en œuvre des politiques environnementales et du droit qui en résulte nécessite une véritable révolution culturelle. Ainsi, ce sont les jeunes générations qui doivent recevoir une éducation adaptée sur les nouveaux enjeux écologiques. Si les principes généraux du droit de l’environnement contribuent de manière importante au développement de la soft law en droit international, il est plus étonnant de constater que le phénomène prend une importance croissante en droit interne. Au-delà des aspects juridiques formels, la mise en œuvre des conventions régionales imposera de relever d’autres défis, au premier rang desquels figure le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles des autorités nationales à concilier les impératifs économiques, sociaux et environnementaux
The problem of environmental deterioration is not linked to the draft of new agreements anymore, even though not all fields are covered so far by the existing law, but to the efficiency of the norms in effect. Most often, law exists, but is badly applied or not applied at all. This leads to two problems: first, the implementation of law, and second, the control of its application. In this context, the African continent cannot achieve its unity and its economic development without caring of the sword of Damocles which is the global warming caused by greenhouse gases and environmental destruction. Furthermore, the OHADA (Organization for the Harmonization in Africa of Business Law) should allow Africa to significantly advance on the subject of the companies’ responsible behaviour in terms of environmental and climate protection. In order to fill this gap, the OHADA should adopt in the near future a Uniform Act concerning social and environmental responsibility. The implementation of environmental policies and the application of the norms arising from them require a cultural revolution. The young generations should receive an education which is adapted to the new ecological challenges. The principles contribute in an important way to the development of the soft law in international law, but it is even more surprising that this phenomenon is more and more important in national law. Beyond formal legal aspects, the implementation of regional agreements will be confronted to further challenges: first of all, the reinforcement of the national institutional authorities’ capacity to reconcile economic, social and environmental imperatives