Relevant bibliographies by topics / Abell 2052

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Abell 2052'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Abell 2052"

1

Bontà, E. Dalla, L. Ferrarese, J. Miralda-Escudé, L. Coccato, E. M. Corsini, and A. Pizzella. "Supermassive black holes in BCGs." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S238 (August 2006): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392130700542x.

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AbstractWe observed a sample of three Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs), Abell 1836-BCG, Abell 2052-BCG, and Abell 3565-BCG, with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and the Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on board the Space Telescope. For each target galaxy we obtained high-resolution spectroscopy of the Hα and [N II] λ6583 emission lines at three slit positions, to measure the central ionized-gas kinematics. ACS images in three different filters (F435W, F625W, and FR656N) have been used to determine the optical depth of the dust, stellar mass distribution near the nucleus, and intensity map. We present supermassive black hole (SBH) mass estimates for two galaxies which show regular rotation curves and strong central velocity gradients, and an upper limit on the SBH mass of the third one. For the SBHs of Abell 1836-BCG and Abell 3565-BCG, we derived M• = 4.8+0.8−0.7 × 109 M⊙ and M• = 1.3+0.3−0.4 × 109 M⊙ at 1 σ confidence level, respectively. For the SBH of Abell 2052-BCG, we found M• ≤ 7.3 × 109 M⊙.
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Blanton, Elizabeth L., Craig L. Sarazin, and Brian R. McNamara. "ChandraObservation of the Cooling Flow Cluster Abell 2052." Astrophysical Journal 585, no. 1 (March 2003): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/345984.

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Tamura, Takayuki, Kazuhisa Mitsuda, Yoh Takei, Noriko Y. Yamasaki, Akiharu Itoh, Kiyoshi Hayashida, J. Patrick Henry, Hideyo Kunieda, Kyoko Matsushita, and Takaya Ohashi. "Suzaku Observations of the Cluster of Galaxies Abell 2052." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 60, no. 4 (August 25, 2008): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pasj/60.4.695.

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Martel, André R., William B. Sparks, Mark G. Allen, Anton M. Koekemoer, and Stefi A. Baum. "Discovery of a Star Formation Region in Abell 2052." Astronomical Journal 123, no. 3 (March 2002): 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/338848.

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Machado, Rubens E. G., and Gastão B. Lima Neto. "Simulations of gas sloshing in galaxy cluster Abell 2052." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 447, no. 3 (January 13, 2015): 2915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2669.

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Balmaverde, Barbara, Alessandro Capetti, Alessandro Marconi, and Giacomo Venturi. "The VLT/MUSE view of the central galaxy in Abell 2052." Astronomy & Astrophysics 612 (April 2018): A19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732022.

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We report observations of the radio galaxy 3C 317 (at z = 0.0345) located at the center of the Abell cluster A2052, obtained with the VLT/MUSE integral field spectrograph. The Chandra images of this cluster show cavities in the X-ray emitting gas, which were produced by the expansion of the radio lobes inflated by the active galactic nucleus (AGN). Our exquisite MUSE data show with unprecedented detail the complex network of line emitting filaments enshrouding the northern X-ray cavity. We do not detect any emission lines from the southern cavity, with a luminosity asymmetry between the two regions higher than ~75. The emission lines produced by the warm phase of the interstellar medium (WIM) enable us to obtain unique information on the properties of the emitting gas. We find dense gas (up to 270 cm−3) that makes up part of a global quasi spherical outflow that is driven by the radio source, and obtain a direct estimate of the expansion velocity of the cavities (265 km s−1). The emission lines diagnostic rules out ionization from the AGN or from star-forming regions, suggesting instead ionization from slow shocks or from cosmic rays. The striking asymmetric line emission observed between the two cavities contrasts with the less pronounced differences between the north and south sides in the hot gas; this represents a significant new ingredient for our understanding of the process of the exchange of energy between the relativistic plasma and the external medium. We conclude that the expanding radio lobes displace the hot tenuous phase of the interstellar medium (ISM), but also impact the colder and denser ISM phases. These results show the effects of the AGN on its host and the importance of radio mode feedback.
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de Plaa, J., N. Werner, A. Simionescu, J. S. Kaastra, Y. G. Grange, and J. Vink. "Cold fronts and multi-temperature structures in the core of Abell 2052." Astronomy & Astrophysics 523 (November 2010): A81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015198.

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Loubser, S. I., and I. K. Soechting. "The detailed nature of active central cluster galaxies." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S292 (August 2012): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313000884.

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AbstractWe present detailed integral field unit observations of the central few kiloparsecs of the ionized nebulae surrounding four active central cluster galaxies (CCGs) in cooling flow clusters (Abell 0496, 0780, 1644 and 2052). Our sample consists of CCGs with Hα filaments, and have existing data from the X-ray to radio wavelength regimes available, but lacked the detailed optical emission-line (and simultaneous absorption line) data over a broad wavelength range to probe the dominant ionisation processes, excitation sources, morphology and kinematics of the hot gas (as well as the morphology and kinematics of the stars). This, combined with the other multiwavelength data, will form a complete view of the different phases (hot and cold gas and stars) and how they interact in the processes of star formation and feedback detected in central galaxies in cooling flow clusters, as well as the influence of the host cluster. We derive the optical dust extinction maps of the four nebulae. We also derive a range of different kinematic properties, given the small sample size. For Abell 0496 and 0780, we find that the stars and gas are kinematically decoupled, and in the case of Abell 1644 we find that these components are aligned. For Abell 2052, we find that the gaseous components show rotation even though no rotation is apparent in the stellar components. To the degree that our spatial resolution reveals, it appears that all the optical forbidden and hydrogen recombination lines originate in the same gas for all the galaxies. Based on optical diagnostic ratios ([OIII]λ5007/Hβ against [NII]λ6584/Hα, [SII]λ6717,6731/Hα, and [OI]λ6300/Hα), all objects contain a LINER nucleus and show extended LINER-like gas emission. We also show that the hardness of the ionizing continuum does not decrease radially within our field-of-view as the emission line ratios do not vary significantly with radius, thus the derived nebular properties are spatially homogeneous. We fit AGN and pAGB stars photoionisation models as well as shock excitation models to our derived diagnostic ratios. We suggest that AGN photoionisation is the most likely ionisation mechanism even though shocks and pAGB stars can not be conclusively eliminated.
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Zhao, Jun-Hui, Dean M. Sumi, J. O. Burns, and Nebojsa Duric. "3C 317: an Amorphous Radio Source in the Cooling Flow Cluster Abell 2052." Astrophysical Journal 416 (October 1993): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/173214.

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Blanton, E. L., S. W. Randall, E. M. Douglass, C. L. Sarazin, T. E. Clarke, and B. R. McNamara. "SHOCKS AND BUBBLES IN A DEEP CHANDRA OBSERVATION OF THE COOLING FLOW CLUSTER ABELL 2052." Astrophysical Journal 697, no. 2 (May 4, 2009): L95—L98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/697/2/l95.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Abell 2052"

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Venturi, Giacomo. "The impact of galactic outflows on their host galaxies through spatially resolved spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1160629.

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The observed properties of galaxies and supermassive black holes (BH) at their centers suggest that there must be a non-gravitational feedback mechanism regulating their evolution. These are the discrepancy at low and high masses between the observed stellar mass function of galaxies and that predicted by ΛCDM models, the scaling relations between the mass of BHs and the velocity dispersion, mass and luminosity of the host galaxy spheroid and the similarity between BH growth and star formation cosmic histories. Models of galaxy formation and evolution in fact routinely include feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and supernovae (SNe), which can successfully reproduce the observed properties cited above. Models consider the following two types of AGN feedback: the radiative mode (or quasar mode), that operates during a luminous AGN phase through winds powered by radiation pressure, and the kinetic (or radio) mode, in which kinetic energy is released by the AGN on longer timescales through relativistic jets, which heat the surrounding halo in galaxy clusters, thus preventing cooling and further accretion on the central galaxy, and consequently further star formation. So far, the clearest observational evidence of AGN feedback comes from the kinetic mode in massive central cluster galaxies. Radiative feedback is instead more elusive, and has been recently revealed in action only in a few luminous quasars around the peak of AGN activity history (z~2), where most powerful outflows are observed. However, it is not possible to study high-z quasar outflows on small spatial scales (<100 pc), being poorly-resolved or even unresolved in observations, due to their large distances. This can lead to systematics and uncertainties in the determination of outflow properties and forces to make some assumptions on them, which further increases the uncertainties on the outflow energetics and complicates the evaluation of the impact of outflows on host galaxies and the comparison with models. On the contrary, due to their vicinity, nearby active galaxies are ideal laboratories to explore in detail outflow properties, their formation and acceleration mechanisms, as well as the effects of AGN activity on host galaxies. This work focuses on investigating the properties of outflows in nearby Seyfert galaxies, the physical conditions of the ionized gas and the interplay between nuclear activity and star formation in the galaxy, thanks to the unprecedented combination of spatial and spectral coverage provided by the integral field spectrograph MUSE at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We introduce our optically- and X-ray selected sample of nearby Seyferts, called MAGNUM survey. We present our MUSE emission-line flux and kinematic maps of the 10 objects we have analyzed so far, including a star-forming galaxy, NGC 6810, to study the properties of a starburst outflow for comparison as well. We map the ionized gas down to spatial scales as low as ~10 pc. We find ubiquitous ionization cones and outflows with various morphologies and extensions, from a few hundred pc to several kpc. We detect peculiar kinematic features suggestive of outflows with hollow-conical structures. We also identify enhanced linewidths perpendicular to radio jets, which point to a correlation between the presence of jets and perpendicular turbulent or outflowing gas motions. We then focus on a detailed multi-wavelength study of the ionized gas and outflow, in terms of physical properties, kinematics, and ionization mechanisms, in one specific galaxy of our sample, NGC 1365, from MUSE in optical band and Chandra satellite in X-rays. Here we map a kpc-scale biconical outflow ionized by the AGN prominent in [O III], while Hα emission traces star formation in a circumnuclear ring and along the bar of the galaxy. Soft X-rays are mostly due to thermal emission from the star-forming regions, but we manage to isolate the AGN photoionized component which matches the [O III] emission from MUSE. We map the mass outflow rate of the galactic ionized outflow, which matches that of the nuclear X-ray wind and then decreases with radius. The integrated mass outflow rate, kinetic energy rate, and outflow velocity are broadly consistent with the typical relations observed in more luminous AGN. We extend our analysis to the nearby star-forming galaxy NGC 6810, whose bipolar galactic ionized outflow we map with MUSE. We determine the dominant ionization mechanism in the outflow, its density and ionization parameter, discovering the first case of star formation occurring within an outflow in an unambiguously star-forming galaxy. We finally investigate with MUSE also the kinetic AGN feedback, by studying the ionized gas enshrouding the X-ray cavity inflated by radio jets around the massive radio-galaxy 3C 317 at the center of the local cluster Abell 2052. Thanks to MUSE capabilities, by mapping the warm gas filaments enshrouding the bubble we are able to directly measure the expansion velocity of the cavity, which usually is instead assumed or derived from indirect and model-dependent methods.
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Books on the topic "Abell 2052"

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Holden, Helge, and Ragni Piene, eds. The Abel Prize 2008-2012. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2.

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Cien años de política costarricense: 1902-2002, de ascensión esquivel a Abel Pacheco. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia, 2004.

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Jochen, Althoff, ed. Philosophie und Dichtung im antiken Griechenland: Akten der 7. Tagung der Karl und Gertrud Abel-Stiftung am 10. und 11. Oktober 2002 in Bernkastel-Kues. Stuttgart: Steiner, 2007.

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Arbogast, Schmitt, and Radke Gyburg, eds. Philosophie im Umbruch: Der Bruch mit dem Aristotelismus im Hellenismus und im späten Mittelalter--seine Bedeutung für die Entstehung eines epochalen Gegensatzbewusstseins von Antike und Moderne : 6. Tagung der Karl und Gertrud Abel-Stiftung am 29. und 30. November 2002 in Marburg. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2009.

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Karl und Gertrud Abel-Stiftung. Tagung. Philosophie im Umbruch: Der Bruch mit dem Aristotelismus im Hellenismus und im späten Mittelalter--seine Bedeutung für die Entstehung eines epochalen Gegensatzbewusstseins von Antike und Moderne : 6. Tagung der Karl und Gertrud Abel-Stiftung am 29. und 30. November 2002 in Marburg. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2009.

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Piene, Ragni, and Helge Holden. Abel Prize 2008-2012. Springer, 2014.

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Piene, Ragni, and Helge Holden. Abel Prize 2008-2012. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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Piene, Ragni, and Helge Holden. The Abel Prize 2008-2012. Springer, 2017.

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Piene, Ragni, and Olav Arnfinn Laudal. Legacy of Niels Henrik Abel: The Abel Bicentennial, Oslo 2002. Springer London, Limited, 2011.

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Piene, Ragni, and Olav Arnfinn Laudal. The Legacy of Niels Henrik Abel: The Abel Bicentennial, Oslo, 2002. Springer, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Abell 2052"

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Holden, Helge, and Ragni Piene. "Abel Prize Citations 2003–2012." In The Abel Prize, 739–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99028-6_33.

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Baas, Nils A. "2002—an Honorary Abel Prize to Atle Selberg." In The Abel Prize, 9–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01373-7_2.

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Helsvig, Kim G. "The Abel Prize—The Missing Nobel in Mathematics?" In The Abel Prize 2008-2012, 1–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2_1.

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Gromov, Mikhail. "A Few Recollections." In The Abel Prize 2008-2012, 129–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2_10.

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Burago, D., Y. Eliashberg, M. Bestvina, F. Forstnerič, L. Guth, A. Nabutovsky, A. Phillips, J. Roe, and A. Vershik. "A Few Snapshots from the Work of Mikhail Gromov." In The Abel Prize 2008-2012, 139–234. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2_11.

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Holden, Helge, and Ragni Piene. "List of Publications for Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov." In The Abel Prize 2008-2012, 235–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2_12.

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Holden, Helge, and Ragni Piene. "Curriculum Vitae for Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov." In The Abel Prize 2008-2012, 245–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2_13.

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Tate, John. "Autobiography." In The Abel Prize 2008-2012, 249–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2_14.

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Milne, J. S. "The Work of John Tate." In The Abel Prize 2008-2012, 259–340. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2_15.

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Holden, Helge, and Ragni Piene. "List of Publications for John Torrence Tate." In The Abel Prize 2008-2012, 341–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39449-2_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Abell 2052"

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de Plaa, J., Y. G. Grange, J. S. Kaastra, N. Werner, A. Simionescu, A. Comastri, L. Angelini, and M. Cappi. "Fe-bias in the cluster of galaxies Abell 2052." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY 2009; PRESENT STATUS, MULTI-WAVELENGTH APPROACH AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: Proceedings of the International Conference. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3475236.

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Lu, Jiyuan, and Liang Jing. "ABEL description and implementation of cyber net system." In 2012 International Conference on Graphic and Image Processing, edited by Zeng Zhu. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2014010.

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Schrama, Claudia A. M., Sarah Hinnegan, Jonathan J. Barolak, Alex Wilhelm, Daniel Adams, and Charles Durfee. "Characterization of Threshold Electrostatic Discharges Using Two-Color Time-Resolved Interferometry." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2022.fm4c.3.

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Using multi-frame cameras, we are measuring the electron and neutral atom densities of a threshold electrostatic discharge. We use wavelet transforms and Abel inversion on two-color interferograms to obtain the two different density profiles.
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Abel, M. Subhas, K. V. Prasad, and Mahaboob Ali. "Convective Heat Transfer in the Flow of Visco-Elastic Fluid Saturated in a Porous Medium Over a Non-Isothermal Stretching Sheet." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43528.

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This paper analyses the steady two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an incompressible visco-elastic fluid saturated in a porous medium over non-isothermal stretching sheet. The presence of Buoyancy force leads to the coupling and non-linearity in the boundary value problem. A numerical shooting technique for two unknown intial conditions with fourth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme is used (Abel et al 2002) to solve the coupled non-linear problem. Results are analysed for different values of non-dimensional physical parameters. One of the important finding is that the effect of Grashof number is to increase the horizontal velocity profile and to decrease the temperature profile in the presence/absence of porous medium.
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Mageed, Ismail A., Quichun Zhang, Tahir Cetin Akinci, Musa Yilmaz, and Manjit Singh Sidhu. "Towards Abel Prize: The Generalized Brownian Motion Manifold's Fisher Information Matrix With Info-Geometric Applications to Energy Works." In 2022 Global Energy Conference (GEC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gec55014.2022.9987239.

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"On the Abel basis property of a system of root vectors of a nonsectoral Sturm–Liouville operator on a semiaxis." In Уфимская осенняя математическая школа - 2022. Т.1. Baskir State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/mnkuomsh1t-2022-09-28.12.

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Wei, P. S., and S. Y. Hsiao. "Effects of Bubble Growth and Solidification Rate on Pore Formation in Solid." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85922.

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The shapes of a pore in solid resulted from entrapment of a tiny bubble by a solidification front are predicted in this work. Pore formation and its shape in solid are one of the most critical factors affecting properties and microstructure, in materials. For simplicity without loss of generality, the tiny bubble is considered to have a spherical cap. From a geometrical analysis, the contact angle of the bubble cap on the solidification front or the pore shape in solid is found to be governed by the Abel equation of the first kind. The pore becomes closed by imposing a finite bubble growth rate-to-solidification rate ratio which can produce a minimal bubble radius at the contact angle of 90 degrees. Closure of a pore resulted from a greater solidification rate than bubble growth rate, as accepted in the literature, is incorrect.
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Bittencourt, Mariana Lemos Meyer, Vera Lígia Oliveira Valente, Emília Alcântara Moreira, Camila Barbosa Rodrigues, and Yara de Fátima Hamú Castanheira. "USO DA TOXINA BOTULÍNICA NO TRATAMENTO DA ENXAQUECA." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Bioquímica Humana On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/649.

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Introdução: A enxaqueca é caracterizada como crises de cefaleia com frequência variada que impacta negativamente nos âmbitos físico, emocional e socioeconômico do indivíduo que a possui. Objetivo: Este trabalho busca entender o mecanismo de ação da toxina botulínica no tratamento profilático da enxaqueca. Material e métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica realizada nas bases Pubmed, SciELO e Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar de 2012 a 2019. Resultados: A dor da enxaqueca é proveniente da liberação de neurotransmissores e neuropeptídeos inflamatórios como CGRP, SP e glutamato que estimulam via do nervo trigêmeo pela ativação de receptores e canais iônicos através do cloreto de potássio e capsaicina. A toxina botulínica é capaz de inibir e reduzir a liberação de SP e CGRP respectivamente devido a clivagem da SNAP-25 pela cadeia leve da toxina. Estudos realizados em pacientes diagnosticados com enxaqueca crônica demonstraram redução sérica de CGRP em 1 mês após as aplicações, ou seja, foi possível concluir o efeito anti-nociceptivo da OBOT-A, inibindo a sensibilização periférica e diminuindo a sensibilização central. A dose aplicada irá variar de acordo com a gravidade da cefaleia, sendo recomendada a infiltração bilateral em 31 pontos, podendo chegar a 39 pontos, dos músculos: prócero, corrugador, frontal, temporal, occipital, paraespinal cervical e trapézio, sendo que há diferentes protocolos para administração de OBOT-A com o objetivo de atingir ramos dos nervos trigêmeos e occipital para atenuar a dor crônica. Conclusão: A toxina botulínica é capaz de cessar a sensibilização periférica e central provocada pela enxaqueca. Portanto, é importante quando for atuar na aplicação deste injetável, ter conhecimento do mecanismo de ação e da técnica utilizada para que possam aperfeiçoar as estratégias e auxiliar no tratamento dos portadores desta patologia, tendo em vista que esta condição influencia significativamente na qualidade de vida daqueles que a possuem.
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Zhang, Liang, Xin Xue, Qian Yang, Huiru Wang, and Jibao Li. "Experiment Study of Pilot Stage Swirler Outlet Angles and Swirl Number on Flame Structures and Flow Field in a Stratified Swirl Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-83221.

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Abstract The stratified swirl combustor is generally used in an advanced aero-engine, in order to achieve a low emission and wide stabilization at the same time. The complex interactions between the pilot stage and main stage can determine the flame structure, flow field, further affecting the emission formation and stabilization. The present study investigates the interaction between pilot flame and flow field of a stratified swirl combustor, by varying the outlet angles and swirl numbers of the pilot stage swirler. Flame structures and flow fields are obtained while only the pilot stage working. The flame structures are represented by the OH* chemiluminescence (OH-CL) image with Abel deconvolution, non-reacting and reacting flow fields are measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The results show that heat release from the pilot flame causes rapid expansion of the pilot gas which may significantly change flow field distribution. Two types of flame structures and flow fields are formed with different outlet angles and swirl numbers of pilot stage. The correspondence between the flame structure and flow field is obtained. For large outlet angle or high swirl number, a M-shape flame combining with a typical stratified swirl flow field and converged pilot and main flow jet are observed, including a large main recirculation zone (MRZ), a lip recirculation zone (LRZ), and a corner recirculation zone (CRZ). For small outlet angle and low swirl number, the flame structure presents a lifted inverted U-shape flame, pilot and main stage jet are separated, there are a small pilot recirculation zone (PRZ), a main recirculation zone (MRZ) and a corner recirculation zone (CRZ) in the combustor. The MRZ is broken into two parts by the accelerated of pilot flow, the LRZ is merged into the MRZ.
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