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Academic literature on the topic 'Abalone'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Abalone"

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Gaghansa, Agustein I., Medy Ompi, Joice R. T. S. L. Rimper, Ping Astony Angmalisang, Erly Y. Kaligis, and Juliaan Ch Watung. "UKURAN CANGKANG, PERKEMBANGAN GONAD, DAN ‘SURVIVAL’ ABALON Haliotis varia, DI PESISIR TIMUR LIKUPANG." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 10, no. 2 (June 5, 2022): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.10.2.2022.54992.

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Abalone is one of the invertebrates that live in coastal areas, where this area is a transitional area that has dynamic environmental conditions, which can affect the activities of biota that live on it. This study aims to determine the shell size, gonad maturity, and the survival of abalone, Haliotis varia, in the intertidal and subtidal zones. Five abalones were placed in a basket with a size of 25 X 20 X 10 cm with an opening cavity of 1 cm in diameter. This basket was placed on a concrete permanent in the intertidal and zubtidal zones. The results show that a pattern of increasing shell length of abalone in the intertidal zone from September- November with the average sizes of 0.14 cm/month occurred. The pattern of increasing shell length from September – November for abalone placed in the subtidal zone with the average shell length of 0.24 cm/month was obtained. Statistical test using 2-Way Analysis of Variance, by first testing the normality of the data, where time and location as the main factors were applied. The results show that shell size was not significantly affected by time (P>0.05) and location (P>0.05). The pattern of increasing gonad development for abalone placed in both intertidal and subtidal zones from September to October was obtained. A relative better survival abalone in the subtidal zone than in the intertidal zone occurred. Factors affecting shell size, gonad development, and survival abalone in the intertidal and subtidal are discussed. Key Words: Abalon, ukuran cangkang, gonad, survival, subtidal, dan intertidal. ABSTRAK Abalon adalah salah satu biota invertebrata yang hidup di wilayah pesisir, di mana daerah ini adalah sebagai daerah peralihan yang memiliki kondisi lingkungan yang dinamis, yang dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas biota yang hidup di daerah ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ukuran cangkang, tingkat kematangan gonad, dan tingkat kehidupan abalone, Haliotis varia, di zona intertidal dan subtidal. Lima individu abalone diletakkan pada keranjang dengan ukuran 25 X 20 X 10 cm dengan ruang rongga bukaan berdiameter 1cm. Keranjang ini diletakkan pada permanen beton di zona intertidal dan zubtidal. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu adanya pola pertambahan panjang cangkang abalon di zona intertidal dari bulan September- November dengan rata-rata pertambahan dalam penelitian ini adalah 0.14 cm/bulan. Pola pertambahan panjang cangkang nampak pula terjadi bagi abalon yang ditempatkan di zona subtidal dengan rata-rata pertambahan dalam penelitian ini adalah 0.24 cm/bulan. Uji statistik menggunakan Analisa Varians 2 Arah, dengan terlebih dahulu menguji kernormalan data, di mana waktu dan lokasi adalah sebagai faktor utama, diperoleh hasil bahwa ukuran cangkang tidak dipengaruhi oleh waktu (P>0.05), dan lokasi (P>0.05). Pola pertambahan tingkat kematangan gonad nampak bagi abalon yang ditempatkan di kedua zona baik intertidal dan subtidal dari bulan September sampai bulan Oktober. Tingkat kematangan gonad mengalami penurunan dari bulan Oktober sampai November, di mana penurunan tingkat kematangan gonad diindikasikan dengan pemijahan abalon dalam periode Oktober – November. Pola penurunan tingkat kehidupan abalon di zona intertidal dari 100% di bulan September, 60% di bulan Oktober, dan 40% di bulan November, dan di zona subtidal dari 100% di bulan September, 60% di bulan Oktober, dan 47% di bulan November. Abalon yang ditempatkan di zona subtidal nampak memilik tingkat kehidupan relativ lebih baik dibandingkan dengan abalon yang ditempatkan di zona intertidal dalam penelitian ini. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ukuran cangkang, tingkat kematangan gonad, dan tingkat kehidupan abalone di intertidal dan subtidal adalah menjadi fokus diskusi. Kata Kunci: Abalon, ukuran cangkang, gonad, survival, subtidal, dan intertidal.
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Permana, Gusti Ngurah, Fitriyah Khusnul Khotimah, Bambang Susanto, Ibnu Rusdi, and Haryanti Haryanti. "KERAGAAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN REPRODUKSI ABALON Haliotis squamata Reeve (1846) TURUNAN KETIGA." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 12, no. 3 (January 5, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.12.3.2017.197-202.

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Pengamatan pertumbuhan dan reproduksi abalon Haliotis squamata dilakukan di hatcheri Balai Besar Riset Budidaya Laut dan Penyuluhan Perikanan (BBRBLPP) Gondol, Bali. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk memperoleh informasi tentang keragaan pertumbuhan dan performansi reproduksi abalon turunan ketiga. Induk H. squamata turunan kedua hasil seleksi yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan benih turunan ketiga mempunyai ukuran panjang cangkang 6,5-7,0 cm. Benih dipelihara dalam bak beton berukuran 2,5 m x 1,2 m x 1,0 m yang diberikan feeding plate sebagai substrat penempelan dan dilengkapi dengan sistem aerasi dan sistem air mengalir. Pakan yang diberikan pada awal pemeliharaan adalah diatom jenis Nitzschia sp. dan Melosira sp. yang telah ditumbuhkan terlebih dahulu pada feeding plate sebelum penebaran benih. Benih F-3 dipelihara sampai menjadi calon induk untuk diamati perkembangan reproduksinya. Pengambilan sampel pertumbuhan dilakukan setiap 10 hari. Pengamatan reproduksi dilakukan pada saat abalon mulai tumbuh gonad sampai matang gonad stadia-III. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan abalon sangat dipengaruhi ketersediaan pakan pada plate terutama pada hari ke-50. Proporsi jantan-betina abalon F-3 (3,3:1) meningkat dibandingkan dengan F-0 dari alam (2,5:1) menunjukkan ketidakseimbangan jumlah individu yang dapat disebabkan oleh tekanan seleksi. Abalon turunan ketiga pada umur 16 bulan mulai matang gonad dan dapat digunakan sebagai induk untuk pemijahan.Observation on the growth and reproduction development of Haliotis squamata had been undertaken in the hatchery of the Institute for Mariculture Research and Development (IMRAD) Gondol, Bali. The research was aimed to study of the growth and reproduction performance of filial-3 abalone in supporting seed production in hatchery. Larvae were obtained from natural spawning of filial-2 abalone broodstock with the length shell of 6.5-7.0 cm in the hatchery. Larvae were reared in 2.5 m x 1.2 m x 1.0 m concrete tank with aeration and water circulation system. Larval samples were taken every 10 days. Larvae were fed with diatom Nitzschia sp. and Melosira sp. Diatom were grown in the feeding plate before the stocking of abalone larvae. Gonadal development of F-3 abalone was observed from the beginning of the study until the mature gonad of stage-III. The result showed that the abalone growth was greatly influenced by the availability of feed in the plate especially at day 50. Abalone F-3 of sixteen months old reached maturity stage earlier compared to the control. The proportion of male-female of F-3 generation (3.3:1) was higher compared to F-0 (2.5:1), indicated the imbalance in the number of individuals that could be caused by selection pressures. These results suggest that sixteen months old abalones could be used as broodstocks for seed production in hatchery.
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Maharani, Maharani, Andi Besse Patadjai, La Ode Abdul Fajar Hasidu, Riska Riska, Muis Muis, Faradisa Anindita, and Disnawati Disnawati. "Kandungan Nutrisi Selama Pengolahan Haliotis asinina Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda:Haliotidae)." Journal of Marine Research 10, no. 4 (November 14, 2021): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v10i4.32275.

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Kerang Abalone termasuk dalam Famili Haliotidae juga dikenal dengan sebutan kerang mata tujuh, mempunyai kandungan nutrisi yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan nutrisi selama pengolahan abalon (H.asinina) kering. Kerang Abalon yang digunakan yaitu abalon berukuran 7 cm yang diperoleh dari Pulau Saponda Kabupaten Konawe, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Rangkaian pengolahan abalon kering dimulai dari pembersihan abalon segar dengan memisahkan cangkang dari dagingnya, penggaraman selama ±12 jam, pengukusan selama ± 30 menit hingga pengeringan oven selama ±2-3 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berat daging abalon segar yang dapat dikonsumsi seberat 4.586,00 g atau sebesar 45,86% dan yang tidak dapat dikonsumsi seberat 5414,12 g atau sekitar 54,14% berupa cangkang 7,88% dan organ visera 46,25%. Kandungan air yang terus mengalami penurunan mulai dari abalon segar, setelah penggaraman, setelah pengukusan hingga kering masing-masing 83,9%; 76,14%; 71,90% dan 28,47%, diikuti oleh kadar lemak masing-masing 7,86%; 2,87%; 2,12% dan 1,71%. Sementara, proporsi kandungan protein terus mengalami peningkatan masing-masing 11,22%; 16,90%; 20,65% dan 42,38%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh kandungan nutrisi Abalon semakin meningkat setelah melalui proses pengolahan. Abalone shells are included in Haliotidae family, also known as seven eye shells, have a fairly high nutritional content. This study aims to determine the nutritional content during the processing of dried abalone (H. asinina). The abalone shells used were abalone measuring 7 cm which was obtained from Saponda Island, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The series of dried abalone processing starts from cleaning fresh abalone by separating the shell from the meat, salting for ± 12 hours, steaming for ± 30 minutes to oven drying for ± 2-3 days. The results showed that the weight of fresh abalone meat that could be consumed was 4.586,00 g or 45.86% and the uneaten weight was 5414.12 g or about 54.14% in the form of shell 7.88% and visceral organs 46.25. %. The water content which continued to decrease starting from fresh abalone, after salting, after steaming to drying was 83.9% respectively; 76.14%; 71.90% and 28.47%, followed by fat content of 7.86%, respectively; 2.87%; 2.12% and 1.71%. Meanwhile, the proportion of protein content continued to increase by 11.22% respectively; 16.90%; 20.65% and 42.38%. Based on the results of the study, the nutritional content of abalone increased after going through the processing process.
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Khotimah, Fitriyah Husnul, Gusti Ngurah Permana, Ibnu Rusdi, Bambang Susanto, and Alimuddin Alimuddin. "STIMULASI PERTUMBUHAN JUVENIL ABALON, Haliotis squamata DENGAN PEMBERIAN HORMON REKOMBINAN IKAN rElGH." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 11, no. 4 (January 17, 2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.11.4.2016.331-338.

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Masalah yang paling utama dalam budidaya abalon tropis adalah pertumbuhan yang lambat. Penggunaan rElGH (recombinant giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus growth hormone) untuk menstimulasi pertumbuhan beberapa spesies ikan sudah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji akselerasi pertumbuhan juvenil abalon tropis, Haliotis squamata setelah diberi perlakuan perendaman hormon rekombinan ikan kerapu kertang, Epinephelus lanceolatus pada frekuensi yang berbeda. Ada empat perlakuan frekuensi perendaman rElGH yaitu 4, 9, 16 kali, dan tanpa perendaman (kontrol). Masing-masing perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Perendaman dilakukan selama tiga jam, dengan interval waktu empat hari. Kepadatan abalon tropis 100 ekor/L air laut yang mengandung 30 mg rElGH. Wadah untuk perendaman berupa beaker glass yang dilengkapi dengan aerasi. Penelitian dilakukan selama tujuh bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa abalon tropis yang direndam rElGH dengan frekuensi empat kali menghasilkan pertumbuhan bobot tubuh dan panjang cangkang tertinggi dan berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan lainnya (P<0,05). Sintasan abalon tropis yang diberi perlakuan perendaman hormon rElGH lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan kontrol.The most crucial problem in tropical abalone aquaculture is the slow growth of the species. Studies investigating the use of rElGH (recombinant giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus growth hormone) for promoting growth have been performed in various species. This research aimed to examine the growth acceleration of tropical abalone, Haliotis squamata juvenile after being treated in different immersion frequencies of recombinant giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus growth hormone (rElGH). There were four treatments of rElGH immersion frequency: 4, 9, 16 times and without rElGH immersion (control). Each treatment was performed in triplicates. Immersion was performed for 3 hours, at 4-day intervals and a density of 100 tropical abalones in 1 L seawater containing 30 mg rElGH. Immersion was conducted in a beaker glass supplied with oxygen. The results indicated that rElGH immersion for total of 4 times showed significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight and shell length of tropical abalone compared to other treatments. The Survival of tropical abalone treated with rElGH was also significantly higher than control.
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Heru Prihadi, Tri, Rasidi, Idil Ardi, Ani Widiyati, and Dwi Budi Wiyanto. "Potency of Different Seaweeds as Diets for Developing Abalone (H. squamata) Culture in Nusa Penida Island, Bali." E3S Web of Conferences 47 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184702004.

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Nusa Penida island is one of center for seaweed culture in Bali province. Seaweed that cultured is Euchema spinosum and Euchema cottoni spread around coastal. There also found wild seaweed, such as Ulva sp and Gracillaria sp. Abalone (H. squamata) is one of kind Mollusca which high economic value, but abalone cultured is not yet develop in Nusa Penida island, although this island have high potency for developing abalone culture. Abalone culture needs seaweeds as a diet. The abundance of seaweeds as abalon diet is important for developing abalon culture in Nusa Penida Island in the future. The aim of this research was to asses the potency of seaweeds as diet for developing abalone culture in Nusa Penida island. Research was done in Batununggul village, Nusa Penida Island. Experimental design was used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were used different seaweeds as diet for abalone culture: (DG=Diet Gracillaria sp, DS=Diet Spinosum sp. and DU=Diet Ulva sp.). Abalon were cultured for 4 months by feeding the diet at satiation. Data analysis was used analysis varian (Anova) with SPSS. 16. The result showed abalon fed with Gracillaria sp (DG) at 4.73 g was the highest growth by 4.73 g, followed DU by 3.93 g and DS by 3.43 g. Meanwhile the abalon shell length fed with Gracillaria sp (DG) was the highest growth by 6.55 mm, followed DU by 5.97 mm and DS by 5.60 mm. Based on variant analysis showed growth performance (length shell and weight) abalon, all treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05). The conclusion this research, the three species of seaweed can be used as diet for abalone culture. These seaweeds have same potency as diet for developing abalone culture in Nusa Penida Island
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Supriyono, Eddy, Debora Victoria Liubana, Tatag Budiardi, and Irzal Effendi. "The addition of calcium oxide with different doses in the recirculation system to improve the abalone Haliotis squamata seed production." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 19, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.19.2.199-206.

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Information about abalone growth is necessary to overcome the abalone culture sustainability. Water quality parameters are aspects that need to be reviewed, one of which is the calcium level in the water. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal calcium dose in recirculation system for abalone (Haliotis squamata) growth. The study was conducted with an experimental method with four treatments (calcium oxide with doses of 0, 15, 30, 45 mg/L) and three times replications. Abalone with 2.3 g body weight, 2.3 cm shell length, and 1.2 cm shell width was reared for 60 days in recirculation system and fed with Gracilaria verrucosa. The results showed that the best abalone treatment medium with the addition of calcium oxide to increase the abalone seed production was 15 mg/L CaO with 100% survival rate, 31.57±2.82% feed efficiency, and 0.56±0.06%/day specific growth rate. Keywords: Abalone, calcium, organ composition, production, recirculation ABSTRAK Informasi tentang pertumbuhan abalon diperlukan untuk mengatasi keberlanjutan budidaya abalon. Parameter kualitas air merupakan aspek yang perlu ditinjau. Kadar kalsium dalam air menjadi salah satu aspek yang dapat ditinjau.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan dosis kalsium optimal melalui sistem resirkulasi untuk pertumbuhan abalon Haliotis squamata. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental dengan empat perlakuan 3 ulangan penambahan CaO dengan dosis 0, 15, 30, dan 45 mg/L. Secara singkat, abalon dengan bobot badan 2,3 g, panjang cangkang 2,3 cm dan lebar cangkang 1,2 cm dipelihara selama 60 hari dengan sistem resirkulasi dan diberi makan dengan Gracilaria verrucosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media perlakuan abalon dengan penambahan kalsium oksida terbaik untuk meningkatkan produksi abalon adalah CaO 15 mg/L dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup 100%, efisiensi pakan 31,57 ± 2,82 %, dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik harian 0.56 ± 0.06%/hari. Kata kunci: Abalon, kalsium, komposisi organ, produksi, resirkulasi
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Lee, Hey Gene, MinJoong Joo, Jong-Moon Park, Mi Ae Kim, JeongHun Mok, Seong-Hyeon Cho, Young Chang Sohn, and Hookeun Lee. "Lipid Profiling of Pacific Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) at Different Developmental Stages Using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2022 (October 17, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5822562.

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Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) is a commercially important mollusk; therefore, improvement of its growth performance and quality has been emphasized. During embryonic development, abalones undergo a series of distinct larval stages, including swimming veliger larvae, juveniles, and mature individuals, and their biomolecular composition varies depending on the developmental stage. Therefore, in the present study, we performed untargeted lipid profiling of abalone tissues at different developmental stages as well as the hemolymph of mature female and male abalones using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. These profiles can provide meaningful information to understand compositional changes in lipids through abalone metamorphosis and development. A total of 132 lipids belonging to 15 classes were identified from abalone tissues at different developmental stages. Moreover, 21 lipids belonging to 8 classes were identified from the hemolymph of mature abalones. All data were processed following strict criteria to provide accurate information. Triglycerides and phosphatidylcholines were the major lipid components identified in both tissues and hemolymph, accounting for, respectively, 27% and 15% of all lipids in tissues and, respectively, 24% and 38% of all lipids in the hemolymph. Of note, lysophosphatidylcholine was only detected in the tissues of mature abalones, paving the way for further analyses of abalone lipids based on developmental stages. The present findings offer novel insights into the lipidome of abalone tissues and hemolymph at different developmental stages, building a foundation for improving the efficiency and quality of abalone aquaculture.
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Lin, Hongyue, Yiyang Qian, Jia Chen, Xiaolong Gao, Mo Zhang, Weiwei You, and Rongxin Zhang. "Acoustic Characterization for The Feeding Activities of Haliotis discus Hannai." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (April 29, 2023): 5559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095559.

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In order to analyze the sound production mechanism and the acoustic characteristics of Haliotis discus hannai during feeding, this paper proposes a multi-source information fusion approach combining passive acoustics with videos. In the experiments, abalones with a shell length of 60 ± 2.7 mm were divided into two groups: Group A was fed with fresh macro algae Gracilaria lemaneiformis as food once each day; Group B was placed on a small amount of sand as impurities at the bottom of the tank. As control groups, Group C did not have abalone or food and Group D did not have abalones but food was added. The eating acoustic signals of abalone were mainly concentrated in the frequency range between 9.49 kHz and 44.36 kHz, wherein the peak frequency is 37.86 ± 2.55 kHz, with the maximum energy −66.43 ± 5.17 dBm/Hz. Each pulse sequence is with a duration of 119.12 ± 70.51 ms and consists of several sub-pulses. Nearly 70% of the pulse sequences consist of 1~2 sub-pulses and the duration of the pulse containing one sub-pulse is 42.62 ± 19.72 ms. The eating rate was kept at 0.61 ± 0.04 times/min at the beginning and was decreased significantly to 0.48 ± 0.08 times/min after 60 min. Note that the characteristic analysis of abalone acoustic signals during feeding are first reported in this manuscript to the best of our knowledge, and this paper also demonstrates that the sound of abalone is produced by scraping and grinding food with radula. Because the eating rate decreases with the reduction in the abalone’s level of hunger, the results may be used as an acoustic indicator of feeding strategy for the abalone aquaculture industry.
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Sembiring, Sari Budi Moria, Ida Komang Wardana, and Ketut Sugama. "PEMBESARAN JUVENIL TERIPANG PASIR, Holothuria scabra DAN BENIH ABALON, Haliotis squamata DALAM SISTEM POLIKULTUR." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.13.1.2018.21-28.

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Tujuan penelitian adalah menguji efisiensi pembesaran juvenil teripang pasir, Holothuria scabra dan benih abalon, Haliotis squamata pada sistem polikultur. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Besar Riset Budidaya Laut dan Penyuluhan Perikanan Gondol. Wadah percobaan berupa bak fiber volume 1 m3, abalone dipelihara dalam keranjang plastik ukuran 45 cm x 45 cm x 25 cm sebanyak dua buah/bak, sedangkan teripang dipelihara di dasar bak dengan sistem air mengalir. Kepadatan abalon 50 ind./keranjang dan teripang 100 ind./bak. Ukuran panjang dan bobot juvenil teripang yang digunakan adalah 3,17 ± 0,77 cm; 1,74 ± 0,64 g; dan benih abalone 3,16 ± 0,48 cm dan 4,82 ± 0,87 g. Jenis pakan abalon berupa rumput laut Gracilaria sp. dan Ulva sp. sedangkan teripang diberi pakan berupa bentos selama enam bulan pemeliharaan. Sebagai perlakuan adalah pemeliharaan teripang dan abalon: A (tanpa pemberian bentos), B (ditambah bentos), dan C (ditambah bentos dan tanpa abalon), masing-masing perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Parameter yang diamati meliputi pertumbuhan, sintasan, kualitas air, dan kandungan proksimat feses abalon. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan juvenil teripang pasir berbeda nyata (P<0,05); rata-rata panjang total dan bobot badan pada perlakuan B lebih tinggi (4,45 ± 1,06 cm; 8,06 ± 1,19 g) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Sebaliknya sintasan juvenil teripang pasir tidak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan (P>0,05). Pertumbuhan bobot benih abalon berbeda nyata antar perlakuan (P<0,05) dengan nilai rata-rata pada perlakuan A (16,75 ± 2,96 g) dan B (12,77 ± 2,69 g). Sedangkan pertumbuhan panjang cangkang dan sintasan tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05). Produktivitas polikutur pada perlakuan A mencapai 208,54 g untuk teripang dan 4.656 g untuk abalon; diikuti perlakuan B mencapai 118,55 g untuk teripang dan 3.493 g untuk abalon dan perlakuan C sebesar 34,50 g.The aim of the research was to examine the grow-out efficiency of sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, and abalone, Haliotis squamata fry in a polyculture system. The research was conducted in the Institute for Mariculture Research and Fisheries Extension, Gondol. Containers used in this research were nine fiberglass tanks each with a volume of 1 m3. The abalone fry were reared in two baskets sized 45 cm x 45 cm x 25 cm while sea cucumber fry were reared on the bottom of the tank and. Water exchange used a flow-through system. The density of abalone was 50 fry/basket and sea cucumber was 100 fries/tank. The averages of length and body weight of sea cucumber were 3.17 ± 0.77 cm and 1.74 ± 0.64 g, respectively. The abalone fry had the averages of length and body weight of 3.16 ± 0.48 cm and 4.82 ± 0.87 g, respectively. Feeds used for the abalone fry were Gracilaria sp. and Ulva sp. while for sea cucumber was benthos. These feeds were used during the six months of the research. Treatments were grow-out of sea cucumber and abalone: A (without benthos), B (with benthos), and C (with benthos but without abalone), each treatment had three replicates. Parameters measured were growth and survival rate, water quality, and proximate analysis of abalone feces. The results showed that the growth of sea cucumber was significantly different (P<0.05), mean of total length and body weight of treatment B was higher (4.45 ± 1.06 cm; 8.06 ± 1.19 g) compared to the two other treatments. On the other hand, the survival rate of sea cucumber fry was not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). The growth of body weight of abalone was significantly different (P<0.05) among the treatments in which the average for treatment A was 16.75 ± 2.96 g and treatment B was 12.77 ± 2.69 g. The growth of carapace length and survival rate were not significantly different (P>0.05). The productivity of polyculture in treatment A reached 208.54 g for sea cucumber and 4,656 g for abalone; followed by treatment B of 118.55 g for sea cucumber and 3,493 g for abalone and treatment of C 34.50 g.
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Rusdi, Ibnu, Riani Rahmawati, Bambang Susanto, and I. Nyoman Adiasmara. "PEMATANGAN GONAD INDUK ABALON Haliotis squamata MELALUI PENGELOLAAN PAKAN." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 5, no. 3 (November 28, 2016): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.5.3.2010.383-391.

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Abalon merupakan hewan yang bersifat herbivora di alam memakan berbagai jenis makroalga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai makroalga sebagai pakan terhadap perkembangan gonad abalon Haliotis squamata. Dalam penelitian ini diterapkan 4 perlakuan pemberian pakan yaitu: (A) Gracilaria sp., (B) Ulva sp., (C) Sargassum sp., (D) Kombinasi Gracilaria sp. + Ulva sp. + Sargassum sp. (rasio 1:1:1). Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap masing-masing dengan 3 ulangan. Induk-induk abalon dipelihara dalam 12 buah kontainer plastik berlubang ukuran 0,58 m x 0,39 m x 0,31 m dan ditempatkan dalam sebuah bak semen ukuran 3 m x 2 m x 1 m. Setiap kontainer berisi abalon sebanyak 10 ekor dengan ukuran awal rata-rata panjang cangkang dan bobot masing-masing 58,9±1,37 mm dan 36,1±4,06 g. Pakan diberikan dengan dosis 15%-20% dari bobot biomassa setiap 2 hari sekali. Pergantian air menggunakan sistem sirkulasi dengan debit 5-6 L/menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata pertumbuhan bobot mutlak dan laju pertumbuhan bobot harian berbeda nyata (P<0,05) antar perlakuan. Tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG) induk abalon pada hari ke-70 diperoleh TKG-III tertinggi dihasilkan pada perlakuan kombinasi Gracilaria + Ulva sp. + Sargassum sp. (P<0,05). Perlakuan pakan kombinasi Gracilaria sp. + Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. terlihat lebih sesuai dalam memacu pematangan gonad induk abalon H. squamata. Abalone is a herbivorous animal which consumes various kinds of macroalgae in the wild. The aim of the study was to study the effects of various kinds of macroalgae on gonadal maturation of abalone, Haliotis squamata. The experiment applied four kinds of macroalgae i.e.: (A) Gracilaria sp.; (B) Ulva sp.; (C) Sargassum sp.; and (D) Combination of Gracilaria sp. + Ulva sp. + Sargassum sp. (ratio 1:1:1) as food for abalone broodstock. The experiment was arranged in complete random design with three replications. One cemented tank of 3 m x 2 m x 1 m in size was used for the observation. Twelve plastic containers of 0,58 m x 0,39 m x 0,31 m in size were placed in the tank and stocked with 10 abalones per container with the average size of shell length and body weight were 58.9±1.37 mm and 36.1±4.06 g, respectively. For each treatment, macroalgae was given daily with the dosage between 15% and 20% from the total of body weight. Water exchange was done using flow-through system with rate of exchange of 5-6 L/minute. The result of the study showed that the average of absolute growth and daily growth rate of abalones were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments. The observation of gonadal development of abalone broodstocks on day-70 revealed that the latest stage III of gonadal maturation was achieved by the broodstock fed with combination treatment of Gracilaria sp. + Ulva sp. + Sargassum sp. (P<0.05). Combination of macroalgae from this treatment was clearly able to stimulate gonadal maturation of H. squamata broodstock.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Abalone"

1

Godfrey, Brian Peter. "The potential of abalone stock enhancement in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/23/.

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Lyon, Robert Gary. "Aspects of the physiology of the South African abalone, Haliotis Midae L., and implications for intensive abalone culture." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005069.

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A physiological study was carried out to determine the effects of temperature, quantity of food fed, feeding activity and size class on the oxygen consumption and ammonia production of the South African abalone Haliotis midae L.. A set of intermittent flow respirometer chambers were used in a recirculating system to measure the oxygen consumption rates of fed (postprandial) and unfed (postabsorptive) abalone for three different size classes (15, 30, and 50mm) at three different temperatures (16°, 20° and 23°C) over a 24 hour period. Ammonia production rates and food consumption rates were simultaneously determined. Oxygen consumption and Ammonia production rates per gram abalone were linear functions of abalone size, temperature, and mass of food consumed. Oxygen consumption and ammonia production rates were found to increase proportionally to temperature and in inverse proportion to abalone size. These rates were significantly higher for fed as opposed to unfed abalone. Equations were derived to predict oxygen consumption and ammonia production for fed and unfed animals for a range of temperatures and size classes of abalone. A 96h LC50 lethal toxicity test for exposure to ammonia established 1.08mg.1⁻¹ of unionised ammonia as the lethal limit. A test on the long term effects on growth of acute exposure (12h) to various sublethal concentrations of ammonia showed no significant effects on growth for concentrations below 0.88 mg.1⁻¹. A safe chronic exposure level of 0.02 mg.1¹ NH₃-N was used to predict optimal flow rates required per kilogram of abalone in a rearing tank over a range of size classes and temperatures. The physiological and biological requirements of H. midae and the implications of this knowledge for rearing tank management and optimal design are discussed.
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Lambrechts, Daneel. "Molecular analysis of genetic variation and relationships amongst abalone (Haliotis midae) at the I&J abalone hatchery at Danger Point, Gansbaai, R.S.A." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52943.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The species Haliotis midae is the only abalone species of commercial importance to the South African fisheries industry. The species is currently under substantial pressure due to commercial harvest and illegal poaching, to the extent that genetic and biodiversity may be under threat. The species is also being cultured in commercial systems for supply to international markets. The South African production for 2002 amounted to 350 tons. The commercial production of abalone may also have implications with regard to genetic diversity of natural and commercial populations. The aim of this project was to assess the genetic diversity of the natural and commercial populations of abalone at the I&J Abalone Farm, Danger Point, Gansbaai, in South Africa, in order to make recommendation with regard to possible impact on natural diversity as well as internal management systems. Distortion of natural genetic diversity or a loss of internal diversity will have detrimental consequences. Representative samples have been obtained from the surrounding natural population, as well as the commercial populations, including the broodstock and various progeny groups. Both mtDNA and AFLP molecular techniques were used to assess genetic diversity. Data analysis showed that the genetic profile of the commercial population display sufficient genetic variation. The genetic structure of the commercial population also displays no significant deviation from that of the surrounding natural population, i.e. the population of origin. The results through give indication of a small, though unsignificant loss of genetic variation from the broodstock to the subsequent progeny groups. The investigation conclude that the commercial populations of abalone at the I&J Abalone Farm, Danger Point, Gansbaai, in its current format holds no threat to the disruption of the genetic diversity of the surrounding natural population. Further, the commercial population possesses sufficient genetic variation in view of future genetic development. There is signs of a slight loss of genetic variation in the change over from the broodstock to the progeny groups. This would necessitate careful and controlled replacement of the original broodstock with new animals from the commercial progeny groups as part of an ongoing process of domestication.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die spesie Haliotis midae is die enigste perlemoen spesie van kommersiële belang vir Suid Afrikaanse visserye. Die spesie verkeer tans onder toenemende druk as gevolg van kommersiële en onwettige vangste, tot so 'n mate dat genetiese en biodiversiteit daardeur geaffekteer kan word. Die spesie word in toenemende mate kunsmatig gekweek vir voorsiening aan internasionale markte. Suid Afrikaanse produksie vir 2002 beloop reeds sowat 350 ton per jaar. Die kunsmatige produksie van perlemoen het ook moontlike implikasies op die genetiese diversiteit van natuurlike en kommersiële populasies van die perlemoen, Haliotis midae. Die doel van die projek was om die aard van genetiese diversiteit van die natuurlike en kommersiële populasies van perlemoen by die I&J Perlemoen Plaas, Danger Point, Gansbaai in Suid Afrika te ondersoek, ten einde aanbevelings te maak ten opsigte van moontlike impak op natuurlike diversiteit asook ten opsigte van interne genetiese bestuurstelsels. Versteuring van natuurlike diversiteit of verlies van interne diversiteit hou nadelige gevolge in. Verteenwoordigende monsters is versamel vanuit die omliggende natuurlike populasies, sowel as van die kommersiële populasie op die plaas, insluitend die teelmateriaal en verskillende nageslaggroepe. Beide mtDNA en AFLP-molekulêre tegnieke is gebruik tydens die ontleding van genetiese diversiteit. Dataontleding het aangetoon dat die genetiese profiel van die kommersiële populasie voldoende genetiese variasie demonstreer. Die genetiese struktuur van die kommersiële populasie toon verder geen betekenisvolle verskil met die omliggende natuurlike populasie nie, dit wil sê met die populasie van oorsprong nie. Die resultate toon verder 'n geringe, dog nie betekenisvolle verlies van genetiese variasie wat waargeneem word met oorgang van die teelmateriaal na die onderskeie nageslaggroepe. Die bevindinge van die ondersoek is dus dat die kommersiële populasie op die I&J Perlemoen Plaas, Danger Point, Gansbaai, in die huidige formaat, geen bedreiging inhou vir die versteuring van die omliggende natuurlike genetiese diversiteit nie. Verdere bevindinge is dat die kommersiële populasie oor voldoende genetiese diversiteit beskik met die oog op toekomstige genetiese ontwikkeling. Daar is tekens van 'n geringe afname in genetiese diversiteit met die oorgang vanaf die teelmateriaal na die nageslaggroepe. Dit beklemtoon die belang van 'n gekontroleerde vervanging van die oorspronklike teelmateriaal met nuwe teeldiere vanuit die kommersiële populasie as deel van die domestikasieproses.
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Britz, P. J. (Peter Jacobus) 1959. "The nutritional requirements of Haliotis midae and development of a practical diet for abalone aquaculture." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005152.

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The available literature on abalone nutrition was synthesised and the prospects for developing a complete pelleted dry feed for Haliotis midae evaluated. The similar body compositions, digestive structures, enzyme activity, acceptance of a wide variety of feed ingredients and comparable growth performance on formulated diets of various abalone species suggests that they have similar nutritional requirements. Abalone also appear to be similar to other farmed monogastric animals in that digestion is primarily extracelluar and they possess a large, muscular crop and stomach. Abalone energy metabolism is carbohydrate based. They are capable of digesting high levels of dietary protein but their ability to utilise fat is limited. Abalone have been shown to consume predictable amounts of dry feed which is efficiently converted into body weight. Efficiency indices of utilisation of formulated feeds, such as feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilisation and apparent digestibility have been successfully applied to abalone. It was concluded that the prospects for developing complete diets for H. midae using a conventional animal feed science model were good. The ability of H. midae to utilise a range of proteins which had potential for inclusion in practical diets was investigated. Five protein rich ingredients, namely, casein, fishmeal, soya oil cake, Spirulina, and torula yeast, were fed to H. midae in semi-purified diets. Two algal diets, fresh Plocamium corallorhiza and dried Ecklonia maxima were fed as controls. Abalone fed on fishmeal and Spirulina based diets displayed significantly higher growth rates than diets containing soya oil cake, torula yeast, casein and E. maxima. Growth rates of abalone fed with P. corallorhiza were significantly lower than all other diets. All artificial diets yield lower feed conversion ratios (0.7-1.8) and higher protein efficiency ratios (3.3-6.5) ratios than the seaweed control diets (FCR = 2.8-3.4; PER = 2.2-3.0). The results indicated that fishmeal and Spirulina were the most suitable proteins for inclusion in practical diets for H. midae. The effect of protein level on growth rate and nutritional indices was evaluated by feeding starch bound, fishmeal based diets containing 27, 32, 37, 42 and 47% protein to juvenile H. midae. Weight gain was positively related to the level of dietary protein, increasing by 18% between 27% and 47% protein. Protein efficiency ratio declining from 3.2 to 2.3 with an increasing dietary protein content. Feed consumption rate was approximately 1% of body weight per day for all diets. Post-weaning abalone (ca. lOmm shell length, 0.2g) differed from larger juveniles (ca. 35mm, 8g) in their response to varying proportions of dietary protein and energy. The smaller animals appeared to have a lower protein requirement and poorer ability to utilise lipid than the larger juveniles. Proximate analyses revealed that the levels of protein, lipid and carbohydrate in abalone soft tissue increased with increasing dietary levels of these nutrients. Larger juveniles contained significantly higher levels of protein and carbohydrate, but lower levels of lipid, ash and moisture, than the smaller post-weaning abalone. The assimilation efficiency of [U-¹⁴C]-arginine by H. midae fed diets enriched with [U-¹⁴C]-arginine was only 0.45%. Furthennore, supplementation of diets with graded levels of crystalline arginine did not have any effect on growth rates. It was concluded that the prospects for defining the quantitative amino acid requirements of H. midae using crystalline amino acids are not promising. Rates of gastric evacuation and enzyme secretion were monitored in juvenile H. midae fed an extruded, fishmeal based dry feed. Gut fullness peaked 6h after feed was offered and the bulk of feed consumed was digested within 24 h. Enzyme secretion appeared to begin with the onset of feeding and continued for at least 6h after peak gut fullness was attained. Protease activity increased significantly following ingestion but amylase activity was maintained at a more or less constant level. A low level of lipase activity was observed suggesting that the ability of H. midae to digest fat is limited. The growth rate of H. midae fed an extruded, fishmeal based feed increased with increasing temperature between 12°C and 20°C. Between 20°C and 24°C a marked decline in growth rate accompanied by a deterioration in feed conversion and increased mortality was observed. Consumption of a dry pelleted feed was shown to be a function of body size and temperature. Based on these data a model which predicts a daily ration for H. midae was developed. The present study showed that H. midae efficiently utilises extruded dry feeds containing conventional feed ingredients. Although technical difficulties were encountered in measuring apparent digestibility, it was concluded that the prospects for developing practical diets according to established nutritional principles are promising.
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5

Jackson, Daniel John. "Applied and molecular approaches to improving the cultivation of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina Linnaeus /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17413.pdf.

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6

Slabbert, Ruhan. "Molecular analysis of genetic variation and relationships within the population of abalone (Haliotis midae) at the Sea Plant Products abalone hatchery, Hermanus, R.S.A." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50027.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The species Haliotis midae is the only commercially exploitable abalone species of the six found in the South African coastal waters. This species is under substantial pressure from both legal and illegal harvesters, to such an extent that it could be commercially extinct within four years. Efforts to alleviate the pressures on the natural populations of both illegal and legal harvesting are being made. The genetic management systems for abalone farming and ranching activities should be carefully evaluated. The loss of genetic diversity and the risks of contaminating the gene pools of natural populations in the vicinity of a farm should be minimized. Genetic evaluation studies will be at great importance to acquire the necessary data needed for genetic diversity and differentiation analysis. The aim at this study was to develop species-specific microsatellite DNA markers to assess the genetic diversity and differentiation within and between the brood stock and commercial stock of the Sea Plant Products abalone farm (Hermanus, Republic of South Africa) and natural populations related to the brood stock. The species-specific DNA markers were also used for parentage assignments within the tarm population (first for abalone) and preliminary OTL (quantitative trait loci)-discovery analysis studying growth rate segregation. Samples were taken of the farm's brood stock and commercial stock (Rows 2, 3, 4) as well as from two natural populations (Saldanha Bay and Black Rock) related to the brood stock. Various statistical parameters and software packages were used to assess genetic diversity and differentiation, to infer parentage and to look for OTL's. Eight species-specific microsatellite DNA markers were designed and used for data analysis. Data analysis showed a loss at genetic diversity from the brood stock to the commercial stock caused by the subdivision of the original brood stock into rows and the differential contributions of parents to the offspring. No genetic differentiation (Fst) was detected between the farm and natural populations, except for the offspring of Row2. levels of inbreeding (ns) were high for all loci within the populations. Thirty-eight percent of all studied offspring were confidently assigned to a couple. The preliminary QTldiscovery suggested the segregation of a number of alleles and genotypes with growth rate. The study concluded that the commercial abalone population of the Sea Plant Products abalone farm holds no threat to the disruption of the genetic diversity of the natural populations. It is proposed that the farm implement a rotational breeding program to increase the genetic diversity of the commercial population. Any newly acquired brood stock must be profiled before their introduction into the breeding program to assess the influence of the animals on the current levels of genetic diversity within the farm. The accuracy and reliability of parentage assignments and QTl-discovery need to be optimised by adding more loci and sampling more animals or even by trying and developing new methods.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Van die ses perlemoen spesies wat langs die Suid-Afrikaanse kus gevind word, is die spesie Haliotis midae die enigste een wat van kommersiële belang is. Wettige, sowel as onwettige versameling, plaas hierdie spesie onder sulke geweldige druk dat dit dalk binne vier jaar verlore kan wees vir die kommersiële bedryf. Verskeie strategieë word tans geïmplimenteer om hierdie druk te verlig. Die genetiese bestuurstrategieë binne perlemoen plase moet deeglik ondersoek word. Die verlies aan genetiese diversiteit en die moontlikheid vir die kontaminering van die natuurlike populasies in die omgewing van die plaas se geenpoel, moet uitgeskakel word. Genetiese evaluasies sal van groot belang wees om die nodige data vir genetiese diversiteit- en differensiasie-analises te verkry. Die doel van die studie was om spesies-spesifieke mikrosatelliet DNA merkers te ontwikkel wat gebruik sou word om die genetiese diversiteit en differensiasie binne en tussen die broei diere en die kommersiële diere van Sea Plant Products se perlemoen plaas (Hermanus, Republiek van Suid- Afrika) en die natuurlike populasies wat verwant is aan die broei diere, te bepaal. Die spesies-spesifieke DNA merkers is ook vir ouerskap-bepalings binne die plaas se populasie gebruik, asook vir voorlopige OTL (quantitative trait locI) - ontdekking met betrekking tot groeitempo segregasie. Monsters van die plaas se broei diere en kommersiële diere (Ry 2, 3, 4) asook van twee natuurlike populasies (Saldanha Baai en Black Rock) wat verwant is aan die broei diere, is geneem. 'n Verskeidenheid van statistiese parameters en sagteware pakette is vir die genetiese diversiteit- en differensiasie-analises, vir ouerskap-bepalings en vir die opspoor van OTL's gebruik. Agt spesies-spesifieke mikrosatelliet DNA merkers is ontwerp en toe gebruik vir die data analises. 'n Verlies aan genetiese diversiteit vanaf die broei diere na die kommersiële diere is deur die data analises uitgewys. Dit is veroorsaak deur die verdeling van die oorspronklike broei diere in rye en die differensiële bydraes deur die ouers na die nageslag. Geen genetiese differensiasie (Fst) is tussen die plaas se populasie en die natuurlike populasies gevind nie, maar die nageslag van Ry 2 het wel differensiasie getoon. Die vlakke van inteling (Fis) was hoog oor alle lokusse binne alle populasies. Agt-en-dertig persent van die nageslag wat bestudeer is, was suksesvol met 'n ouerpaartjie geassosieer. Die voorlopige OTL-ontdekking studie toon die potesiële segregasie van 'n aantal allele en genotipes saam met groeitempo. Die bevindinge van die studie is dat die kommersiële populasie op die Sea Plant Products perlemoen plaas, geen bedreiging vir die versteuring van die natuurlike populasies se genetiese diversiteit inhou nie. Daar is voorgestel dat die plaas 'n rotasie-basis broeiprogram moet implimenteer om sodoende die genetiese diversiteit van die kommersiële populasie te verhoog. Enige nuwe broei diere se genetiese profiel moet ook voor die tyd ondersoek word om te sien wat se effek hierdie diere op die huidige genetiese diversiteit van die kommersiële populasie sal hê. Die akkuraatheid en betroubaarheid van die ouerskap-bepalings en OTL-ontdekking moet optimiseer word deur of meer lokusse te bestudeer, of meer diere in analises te gebruik of selfs om nuwe tegnieke te probeer of te ontwikkel.
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Gray, Michael. "Morphometrics and reproduction of Terebrasabella heterouncinata (Polychaeta:Sabellidae), infesting abalone (Haliotis midae) from different culture environments." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018231.

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In the late 1980's abalone culturalists noticed reduced growth rate and shell deformities in some abalone stocks. These problems were the result of infestations by a shell boring polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata. Under intensive abalone culture conditions the level of infestation can reach epidemic proportions and there are often severe consequences for the host abalone. Heavy sabellid infestation levels have placed the economic viability of several South African farms under threat. This study formed part of an ongoing project that is aimed at investigating the basic biology of Terebrasabella heterouncinata. The majority of abalone farmers in South Africa feed their abalone either naturally occurring kelp (Ecklonia maxima) or the formulated abalone feed, Abfeed. Farmers have suggested that the use of Abfeed is associated with higher sabellid infestation levels and changing the abalone diet from Abfeed to kelp helps reduce sabellid infestation. Speculation has arisen indicating that older, slower growing abalone are more susceptible to sabellid infestation. The effect of host abalone diet history and their growth on sabellid settlement success, morphometries and reproduction was quantified. To better understand the plasticity of the expression of life history traits the variability of morphometric and reproductive characteristics was compared between different farm environments. And more...
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8

Yearsley, Rowan David. "Water quality, abalone growth and the potential for integrated mariculture on a South African abalone Haliotis midae L. farm." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005180.

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Abalone Haliotis midae farming in South Africa is highly intensive, employing pump-ashore, flow-through systems. Despite the known sensitivity of abalone to water quality, there is only a rudimentary understanding of water quality dynamics on South African abalone farms and its effects on abalone production. Furthermore, the potential for reusing the relatively dilute abalone farm effluent to culture other animal species has not been investigated. This study investigated the dynamics of water quality and growth on a South African abalone farm and assessed the suitability of the effluent for the culture of silver kob Argyrosomus inodorus and bloodworm Arenicola loveni loveni. Monitoring of water quality and abalone growth in abalone tanks revealed that oxygen concentrations decreased, while H⁺ ion and free-ammonia (NH₃) concentration increased in a gradient between the inflow and outflow. Abalone growth was positively correlated with oxygen concentration and negatively correlated with free-ammonia and H⁺ ion concentration. The oxygen (O) concentration of the farm influent was dependent upon the influents’ temperature (T) and was described by the relationship O (mg L⁻¹) = 11.244 – 0.208T (r²=0.74). Linear regression analysis of data collected from abalone farm tanks revealed that the concentration of total ammonia at the outflow of abalone tanks (μg TAN L⁻¹) was dependant upon temperature (°C), flow-rate (L s⁻¹ kg⁻¹ H. midae), abalone size (g) and length of time since the tank was last cleaned (d) (n = 125, r² = 0.80). The production of total ammonia (μg TAN s⁻¹ kg⁻¹) was related to temperature, abalone size and days that the tanks remained un-cleaned (n = 125; r² = 0.81). A diurnal cycle of respiration was evident in abalone tanks with higher oxygen consumption and H+ ion production at night. The oxygen concentration of farm effluent was related to temperature, farm biomass and flow rate by means of a linear regression equation (n = 40; r² = 0.69). The results demonstrated the importance of optimising the flow-rate per unit of biomass for various temperatures and sizes of abalone. As abalone size and temperature cannot be controlled under farm conditions, the flow-rate per unit of biomass which the abalone culture system receives will determine the quality of the culture water. The specific growth rate (0.48 ± 0.01 % BW d⁻¹), mortality (1.8 ± 0.5 %), feed conversion ratio (3.0 ± 0.2) and protein efficiency ratio (1.0 ± 0.1) of silver kob kept in either abalone farm effluent or control seawater for 120 days did not differ significantly (t-test, P>0.05). A 90 day growth trial indicated that abalone farm effluent is a suitable culture medium for bloodworm. Bloodworm supplied with control seawater lost weight at 0.19 ± 0.04 % BW d-1, while those given abalone effluent grew at 0.39 ± 0.07 % BW d⁻¹. Mortality was 6 ± 3 % in effluent and 11 ± 8 % in seawater. The bloodworm were efficient at processing solid waste. Abalone farm effluent initially contained 7.7 ± 13 mg L⁻¹ more suspended solids than control seawater, which contained 3.5 ± 0.5 mg L⁻¹, but after passing through bloodworm systems the concentration in abalone effluent was reduced to only 1.4 ± 3.5 mg L⁻¹ above that in control seawater. Therefore, abalone farm effluent could be reused as a culture medium for both silver kob and bloodworm. Future work is needed to investigate aspects of the feasibility of such systems such as growth rates at different sizes and stocking densities.
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Green, Alistair John. "The protein and energy requirements of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008261.

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The abalone (Haliotis midae) culture industry in South Africa is becoming increasingly dependent on the use of formulated feeds, due to limitations in the supply of kelp. The bulk of the feeds that are currently available were developed based on the requirements of juvenile abalone cultured within the optimal temperature range for growth (18 - 20 °C). However, most abalone farming facilities are land-based pump ashore operations and are thus mostly exposed to temperatures outside of this range. In addition, these feeds have been found to be unsuitable for abalone cultured at elevated water temperatures (> 20°C). The aim of the study was to develop size and temperature specific diets for H midoe through optimisation of dietary protein, energy and lipid levels. Abalone were cultured under farm-like conditions in three partially recirculating temperature controlled systems at either 18, 22 or 24°C and fed formulated diets containing graded levels of protein (18,22 and 26 %) and energy (11.6, 13.5 and 16.2 MJ.kg·I ). Abalone were stocked into baskets at 5 % of available of surface area (n=36) and each diet (n=9) was fed to four baskets of abalone at each of the three temperature regimes for ten weeks. Abalone growth was temperature dependent, with growth declining from 4.33 g.month-I for abalone cultured at 18°C to 0.77 g.month-I at 24°C. Dietary protein could be reduced from 26 to 18 % provided dietary energy levels were maintained at 13.5 MJ.kg- l • A dietary energy level of 11.6 MJ.kg-1 was insufficient to meet the energetic requirements of H midae regardless of the protein content of the diet. The effects of water temperature and body size on the protein requirements of H midae were investigated by culturing abalone at temperatures within the optimal range for abalone farming (i.e. 14, 16 and 18°C). Three size classes of abalone (15, 50 and 80 mm) were fed formulated feed containing graded levels of dietary protein (20, 26, 32, 38 and 44 %) under controlled laboratory conditions for 12 weeks, and, in a separate experiment, under commercial farm conditions for 24 weeks. It was not possible to convincingly define the optimal protein levels for abalone of different sizes in this experiment because growth rates fell below average commercial growth rates obtained on farms. Growth was temperature dependent in the laboratory trial, with the rate of weight gain of the 15 mm (ANOV A: p=0.002) and 50 mm abalone (ANOV A: p=0.02) increasing significantly with an increase in temperature from 14 to 18°C. In the farm trial, dietary protein content did not affect the growth rate of the 10-15 or 80 mm abalone (ANOVA: p>0.05), however, the 50 mm abalone displayed significantly higher weight gain on the 32 % (4.72±0.20 g.month-I ) and 38 % (5.01±0.34 g.month-I ) protein diets compared to those fed the 20 % protein diet (3.75±0.13 g.month-I ) (ANOVA: p=O.OI). Although definition of optimal dietary protein levels were not possible, the effects of dietary protein content and water temperature on the growth of H midae were independent signifying that the protein requirements of abalone are temperature independent. In addition, there was no evidence to indicate that abalone of the different sizes tested here had different dietary protein requirements. The size specific dietary lipid and protein requirements of H midae were investigated by feeding two size classes of abalone (30 and 60 mm initial shell length) diets containing graded levels of dietary lipid (4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 %) and protein (34 - 39 %) for 12 weeks. The 30 and 60 mm abalone were stocked at 7 (n=200) and 9 % (n=36) of the available basket surface area respectively and each diet was fed to four baskets of abalone of each size class. The protein requirements of H. midae are influenced by the amount of available dietary energy and thus it is possible that the ability of abalone to utilise lipids as a source of energy differs in the presence of varying levels of dietary protein. High levels of dietary lipid negatively affected the growth, condition factor and soft tissue glycogen content of both size classes of abalone. This negative effect was greater in the 30 mm size class compared to the 60 mm abalone. The corresponding increase in feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in response to increasing levels of dietary protein also provides evidence that abalone are unable to utilise dietary lipids as an energy source and high levels of dietary lipid probably inhibit the uptake of carbohydrates and protein. High dietary lipid levels did however appear to promote gonad maturation. It was possible to reduce dietary protein from 34 to 20 % without negatively affecting growth through the maintenance of dietary energy levels and thus it is recommended that future experiments on the energy content of formulated feeds should focus on the improved use of carbohydrates. Reductions in the protein portion of formulated feeds for H. midae are possible provided the diet contains sufficient levels of energy supplied from carbohydrates. As the ability of abalone to utilise dietary lipid is limited, lipids are unlikely to play a significant role as an energy source in abalone feeds. Further investigations should focus on the utilisation of various carbohydrate sources in abalone feeds.
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Knauer, Jens. "Development of an artificial weaning diet for the South African abalone, Haliotis midae (Haliotidae: Gastropoda)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004099.

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An adequate supply of diatoms during the weaning stage (generally 5 - 10 mm shell length (SL)) is one of the primary constraints to the commercial culture of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. Because of the seriousness of the problem, a project aimed at the development of an artificial weaning diet was initiated. Initially, the chemical composition (proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral element profile) of juvenile H. midae was analyzed, as a general lack of such information was identified in a review. Due to the lack of knowledge on the nutritional requirements of H. midae, the formulation of the weaning diet was based on the essential amino acid (EAA) pattern of the shucked tissue, and the known nutrient requirements of haliotids. Subsequently, a water stable gel and pellet form of the diet were developed. The best water stability of a gel was obtained with a 1:3 agar/gelatine mixture which retained 70.7 ± 2.7 % of its dry weight after 24 h. Starch based pellets, however, retained 89.0 ± 0.6 % of their dry weight after 24 h. In a comparative growth trial, pellets produced a significantly better increase in SL and weight than gels after only 15 days. This was probably due to the better water stability of pellets, which resulted in a better nutritional quality than in gels. The feeding behaviour on both forms of the diet did not differ. Activity patterns were exclusively nocturnal and feeding frequency was consistently low. The percentage composition of the pelleted weaning diet, on a dry weight basis, was 5 % casein, 15 % gelatine, 15 % fish meal, 10 % Spirulina spp., 2.5 % fish oil, 2.5 % sunflower oil, 21.0 % dextrin, 23.0 % starch, 4.0 % of a mineral and 2.0 % of a vitamin mixture. The correlation coefficient between the EAA pattern of H. midae and the dietary EAA pattern was r⁷= 0.8989. Pellets were fed to juveniles in a 30 day growth trial to study the effect of photoperiod (12, 16, 20 and 23 hours of darkness) on growth and general nutritional parameters. A comparative experiment feeding diatoms was conducted under a 12hL: 12hD light regime at the same time. The SL and weight of the juveniles did not increase significantly with an increase in hours of darkness. The growth of juveniles fed on pellets did not differ significantly from those fed on diatoms. Percentage feed consumption (PFC), percentage feeding rate (PFR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and percentage protein deposited (PPD) were determined for the animals fed on pellets. None of the parameters were significantly affected by photoperiod. However, there were trends in that PFC increased with longer periods of darkness, while PPD decreased. The FCRs (0.44 ± 0.04 to 0.60 ± 0.19) and PERs (5.06 ± 1.74 to 6.64 ± 0.77) indicated that juveniles used the feed, and in particular the protein, very efficiently. Photoperiod did not have an effect on the specific activity of the digestive enzymes amylase, protease and lipase. The specific activity of amylase in the juveniles fed on diatoms was significantly higher than in the pellet fed groups. This was surprising as the main carbohydrate of diatoms is the ß-(l-3) glucan chrysolaminarin, and not starch, a ß-(l-4) glucan. Protease specific activity, on the other hand, was significantly higher in the pellet fed groups, indicating an ability to adapt to the high protein content in the artificial diet (35.48 %), compared to diatoms which had a protein content of 5 %. The specific activity of lipase did not differ significantly between groups, probably because of a similar lipid concentration (5 - 10 %) in diatoms and pellets. Finally, the effect of stocking density, ranging from 1250 to 10,000 juveniles/m2, on the growth of juveniles was evaluated. A model of hatchery productivity was developed based on this investigation. Hatchery productivity was defined as the number of juveniles per unit space reared through to the grow-out stage per unit time. The model predicted that maximum productivity would be achieved at a stocking density of 10,000 juveniles/m2. The results have shown that H. midae can be successfully weaned on an artificial diet, as the growth on the diet was not significantly different to growth obtained on diatoms. Long-term growth trials are needed to confirm these results. The importance of standardized experiments on the nutritional requirements and digestibility of abalone was emphasized. The importance of improved artificial diets, optimal culture conditions, as well as the application of biotechnological techniques to further abalone aquaculture was highlighted.
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Books on the topic "Abalone"

1

Fallu, Ric. Abalone farming. Oxford: Fishing News Books, 1990.

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International, Symposium on Abalone Biology Fisheries and Culture (1st 1989 La Paz Baja California Sur Mexico). Schedule & abstracts. La Paz, Baja California Sur, México: El Centro, 1990.

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The California abalone industry: A pictorial history. Flagstaff, AZ, USA: Best Pub. Co., 1997.

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Awabi bunka to Nipponjin. Tōkyō: Seizandō Shoten, 2000.

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Hone, Patrick William. Abalone hatchery manual for Australia. Williamstown, Vic: South Australian Research and Development Institute, 1997.

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National, Abalone Convention (2001 Adelaide S. Aust ). Charting our future: 2001 proceedings, National Abalone Convention, Adelaide, South Australia, 19-21 August 2001. [Adelaide, S. Aust.]: Abalone Industry Association of South Australia, Inc., 2001.

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National Abalone Convention (2001 Adelaide, S. Aust.). Charting our future: Proceedings. [Adelaide, S. Aust.]: Abalone Industry Association of SA Inc., 2001.

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Greef, Kimon De. Poacher: Confessions from the abalone underworld. Cape Town: Kwela Books, 2018.

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Dowd, John. Abalone summer. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1993.

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Meyn, Barbara. The abalone heart. Boise, Idaho: Ahsahta Press, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Abalone"

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Allsopp, Mark, Fabiola Lafarga-De la Cruz, Roberto Flores-Aguilar, and Ellie Watts. "Abalone Culture." In Recent Advances and New Species in Aquaculture, 231–51. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444341775.ch8.

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Tegner, Mia J., and Robert A. Butler. "Abalone Seeding." In Handbook of Culture of Abalone and Other Marine Gastropods, 157–82. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429265266-10.

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Koizumi, Yoshikazu, and Youichi Tsuji. "Abalone Haliotis spp." In Application of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems in Japan, 175–211. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56585-7_8.

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Hahn, Kirk O. "Abalone Aquaculture in California." In Handbook of Culture of Abalone and Other Marine Gastropods, 221–26. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429265266-14.

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Hahn, Kirk O. "Larval Development of Abalone." In Handbook of Culture of Abalone and Other Marine Gastropods, 71–100. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429265266-6.

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Yoo, Sung Kyoo. "Abalone Farming in Korea." In Handbook of Culture of Abalone and Other Marine Gastropods, 255–64. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429265266-17.

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Hahn, Kirk O. "Abalone Aquaculture in Japan." In Handbook of Culture of Abalone and Other Marine Gastropods, 185–94. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429265266-12.

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Lück, Erich. "A." In Von Abalone bis Zuckerwurz, 1–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-98102-9_1.

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Lück, Erich. "J." In Von Abalone bis Zuckerwurz, 55–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-98102-9_10.

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Lück, Erich. "K." In Von Abalone bis Zuckerwurz, 58–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-98102-9_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Abalone"

1

Sahin, Egemen, Can Jozef Saul, Eran Ozsarfati, and Alper Yilmaz. "Abalone Life Phase Classification with Deep Learning." In 2018 5th International Conference on Soft Computing & Machine Intelligence (ISCMI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscmi.2018.8703232.

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"Assessing alternative management strategies for blacklip abalone." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.a3.bedford.

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Kaur, Sumandeep, Sahana Chaudhary, Anshul Thakur, Rohit Bajaj, Abhishek Gupta, and Anshuman Majotra. "Abalone Age Prediction using Optimized Ensembel Model." In 2022 11th International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smart55829.2022.10047096.

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Ye, Mingguo, and Juan Li. "Abalone counting based on improved Faster R-CNN." In BIC 2022: 2022 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Intelligent Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3523286.3524542.

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Bell, L., T. White, M. Donnellan, K. Hebert, and P. Raimondi. "Monitoring Pinto Abalone Populations and Recruitment in Sitka Sound, Alaska." In Monitoring Pinto Abalone Populations and Recruitment in Sitka Sound, Alaska, edited by F. J. Mueter, M. R. Baker, S. C. Dressel, and A. B. Hollowed. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/icedhlff.2018.04.

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Misman, Muhammad Faiz, Azurah A. Samah, Nur Azni Ab Aziz, Hairudin Abdul Majid, Zuraini Ali Shah, Haslina Hashim, and Muhamad Farhin Harun. "Prediction of Abalone Age Using Regression-Based Neural Network." In 2019 1st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Data Sciences (AiDAS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aidas47888.2019.8970983.

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Han, Chang-Wook. "Predicting the Age of Abalone using Morphological Neural Networks." In Smart Technologies in Data Science and Communication 2017. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2017.147.11.

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Papadopoulos, Athanasios, Konstantinos Toumpas, Antonios Chrysopoulos, and Pericles A. Mitkas. "Exploring optimization strategies in board game Abalone for Alpha-Beta search." In 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cig.2012.6374139.

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Bassett, Christine, C. Fred T. Andrus, and C. Fred T. Andrus. "ABALONE: A NEW TOOL FOR UNDERSTANDING UPWELLING IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-370258.

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Sagarika, Hardik Sharma, Deepak Shandilya, and Nitika Kapoor. "An Optimized Ensemble Machine Learning Model for Predicting the Age of Abalone." In 2023 International Conference on Communication, Security and Artificial Intelligence (ICCSAI). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsai59793.2023.10421538.

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Reports on the topic "Abalone"

1

Lenihan, Hunter S. Assessing Withering Syndrome Resistance in California Black Abalone: Implications for Conservation and Restoration. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada514157.

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Shpigel, Muki, Allen Place, William Koven, Oded (Odi) Zmora, Sheenan Harpaz, and Mordechai Harel. Development of Sodium Alginate Encapsulation of Diatom Concentrates as a Nutrient Delivery System to Enhance Growth and Survival of Post-Larvae Abalone. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586480.bard.

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The major bottlenecks in rearing the highly priced gastropod abalone (Haliotis spp.) are the slow growth rate and the high mortality during the first 8 to 12 weeks following metamorphosis and settling. The most likely reason flor these problems is related to nutritional deficiencies in the diatom diet on which the post larvae (PL) feed almost exclusively in captivity. Higher survival and improved growth rate will reduce the considerable expense of hatchery-nursery resisdence time and thereflore the production costs. BARD supported our research for one year only and the support was given to us in order to prove that "(1) Abalone PL feed on encapsulated diatoms, and (2) heterotrophic diatoms can be mass produced." In the course of this year we have developed a novel nutrient delivery system specifically designed to enhance growth and survival of post-larval abalone. This approach is based on the sodium-alginate encapsulation of heterotrophically grown diatoms or diatom extracts, including appetite-stimulating factors. Diatom species that attract the PL and promote the highest growth and survival have been identified. These were also tested by incorporating them (either intact cells or as cell extracts) into a sodium-alginate matrix while comparing the growth to that achieved when using diatoms (singel sp. or as a mixture). A number of potential chemoattractants to act as appetite-stimulating factors for abalone PL have been tested. Preliminary results show that the incorporation of the amino acid methionine at a level of 10-3M to the sodim alginate matrix leads to a marked enhancement of growth. The results ol these studies provided basic knowledge on the growth of abalone and showed that it is possible to obtain, on a regular basis, survival rates exceeding 10% for this stage. Prior to this study the survival rates ranged between 2-4%, less than half of the values achieved today. Several diatom species originated from the National Center for Mariculture (Nitzchia laevis, Navicula lenzi, Amphora T3, and Navicula tennerima) and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083, 2084, 2085, 2086 and 2087 UTEX strains, Austin TX) were tested for heterotrophic growth. Axenic colonies were initially obtained and following intensive selection cycles and mutagenesis treatments, Amphora T3, Navicula tennerima and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083 UTEX strain) were capable of growing under heterotrophic conditions and to sustain highly enriched mediums. A highly efficient selection procedure as well as cost effective matrix of media components were developed and optimized. Glucose was identified as the best carbon source for all diatom strains. Doubling times ranging from 20-40 h were observed, and stable heterotroph cultures at a densities range of 103-104 were achieved. Although current growth rates are not yet sufficient for full economical fermentation, we estimate that further selections and mutagenesis treatments cycles should result in much faster growing colonies suitable for a fermentor scale-up. As rightfully pointed out by one of the reviewers, "There would be no point in assessing the optimum levels of dietary inclusions into micro-capsules, if the post-larvae cannot be induced to consume those capsules in the first place." We believe that the results of the first year of research provide a foundationfor the continuation of this research following the objectives put forth in the original proposal. Future work should concentrate on the optimization of incorporation of intact cells and cell extracts of the developed heterotrophic strains in the alginate matrix, as well as improving this delivery system by including liposomes and chemoattractants to ensure food consumption and enhanced growth.
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Whitaker, Stephen. Rocky intertidal community monitoring at Channel Islands National Park: 2018–19 annual report. National Park Service, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299674.

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Channel Islands National Park includes the five northern islands off the coast of southern California (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands) and the surrounding waters out one nautical mile. There are approximately 176 miles of coastline around the islands, about 80% of which is composed of rock. The diversity and undisturbed nature of the tidepools of this rocky coastline were recognized as special features of the islands in the enabling legislation. To conserve these communities unimpaired for future generations, the National Park Service has been monitoring the rocky intertidal communities at the islands since 1982. Sites were established between 1982 and 1998. Site selection considered visitation, accessibility, presence of representative organisms, wildlife disturbance, and safety. This report summarizes the 2018–2019 sampling year efforts (from November 2018 to April 2019) and findings of the Channel Islands National Park Rocky Intertidal Community Monitoring Program. Specific monitoring objectives are 1) to determine the long-term trends in percent cover of key sessile organisms in the rocky intertidal ecosystem, and 2) to determine population dynamics of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), owl limpets (Lottia gigantea), and ochre sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus). Objectives were met by monitoring percent cover of core species in target intertidal zones using photoplots and transects, and by measuring size frequency and abundance of black abalone, owl limpets, and sea stars using fixed plots or timed searches. Twelve key species or assemblages, as well as the substrate, tar, have been monitored twice per year at 21 sites on the five park islands as part of the rocky intertidal community monitoring program. Fixed photoplots were used to monitor the percent cover of thatched and acorn barnacles (Tetraclita rubescens, Balanus glandula/Chthamalus spp., respectively), mussels (Mytilus californianus), rockweeds (Silvetia compressa, and Pelvetiopsis californica (formerly Hesperophycus californicus), turfweed (Endocladia muricata), goose barnacles (Pollicipes polymerus) and tar. Point-intercept transects were used to determine the percent cover of surfgrass (Phyllospadix spp.). Information about size distribution (i.e., “size frequency” data) was collected for owl limpets in circular plots. Size distribution and relative abundance of black abalone and ochre sea stars were determined using timed searches. The maximum number of shorebirds and pinnipeds seen at one time were counted at each site. The number of concession boat visitors to the Anacapa tidepools was collected and reported. All sites were monitored in 2018–2019. This was the third year that we officially reduced our sampling interval from twice per year (spring and fall) to once in order to streamline the program and allow for the implementation of additional protocols. Weather conditions during the site visits were satisfactory, but high wind coupled with strong swell and surge limited or prevented the completion of some of the abalone and sea star searches. The percent cover for most key species or assemblages targeted in the photoplots was highly variable among sites. Mussel (Mytilus californianus) cover remained below average at Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands. Record or near record low abundances for Mytilus were measured at Middle West Anacapa (Anacapa Island), Harris Point (San Miguel Island), Prisoner’s Harbor (Santa Cruz Island), and Sea Lion Rookery (Santa Barbara Island) sites. The only site that appeared to have above average Mytilus cover was Scorpion Rock on Santa Cruz Island. All other sites had mussel cover near or below the long-term mean. Qualitatively, Mytilus recruitment appeared low at most sites. Both rockweed species, Silvetia compressa and Pelvetiopsis californica (formerly Hesperophycus californicus), continued to decrease markedly in abundance this year at the majority of sites compared to combined averages for previous years. Fossil Reef and Northwest-Talcott on Santa Rosa Island, Sea Lion Rookery on Santa Barbara Island, and South Frenchy’s Cove on Anacapa Island were the only sites that supported Silvetia cover that was near the long-term mean. No sites exhibited above average cover of rockweed. Extremely high levels of recruitment for Silvetia and Pelvetiopsis were documented at many sites. Most sites exhibited marked declines in S. compressa abundances beginning in the early 2000s, with little recovery observed for the rockweed through this year. Barnacle (Chthamalus/Balanus spp.) cover fell below the long-term means at all islands except Anacapa, where barnacle cover was slightly above average. Endocladia muricata abundances remained comparable to the grand mean calculated for previous years at Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa Islands, while cover of the alga decreased slightly below the long-term means at Anacapa and San Miguel Islands. Black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) abundances at the islands remain less than one percent of 1985 population levels. Zero abalone were found throughout the entire site at Landing Cove on Santa Barbara Island and South Frenchy’s Cove on Anacapa Island. Above average abundances relative to the long-term mean generated from post-1995 data were observed at all but five sites. Juvenile black abalone were seen at all islands except Santa Barbara. Ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus) populations crashed in 2014 at all monitoring sites due to Sea Star Wasting Syndrome, an illness characterized by a suite of symptoms that generally result in death. The mortality event was widely considered to be the largest mortality event for marine diseases ever seen. Beginning in June 2013, the disease swiftly and significantly impacted P. ochraceus (among other species of sea stars) populations along the North American Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. By the beginning of 2014, P. ochraceus abundances had declined by >95% at nearly all Channel Islands long-term intertidal monitoring sites, in addition to numerous other locations along the West Coast. At various times during the past decade, extremely high abundances (~ 500 P. ochraceus) have been observed at multiple sites, and most locations have supported >100 sea stars counted during 30-minute site-wide searches. This year, abundances ranged 0–13 individuals per site with all but one site having fewer than 10 P. ochraceus seen during routine searches. Insufficient numbers of sea stars were seen to accurately estimate the size structure of P. ochraceus populations. Only two juveniles (i.e., <50 mm) were observed at all sites combined. Giant owl limpet densities in 2018–2019 were comparable or slightly above the long-term mean at seven sites. Exceptionally high densities were measured at Northwest-Talcott on Santa Rosa Island, Otter Harbor on San Miguel Island, and Willows Anchorage on Santa Cruz Island. The sizes of L. gigantea this year varied among sites and islands. The smallest L. gigantea were observed at Otter Harbor followed closely by Willows Anchorage and Anacapa Middle West, and the largest were seen at Northwest-Talcott. Temporally, the mean sizes of L. gigantea in 2018–2019 decreased below the long-term mean at each island except Anacapa. Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) are typically monitored biannually at two sites each on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands. Beginning in 2015, all transects at each of the monitoring sites were only sampled once per year. At East Point on Santa Rosa Island, the conditions were not conducive to sampling the surfgrass transects, but qualitatively, percent cover of surfgrass appeared to be near 100% on all three transects. Relative to past years, cover of surfgrass increased above the long-term mean at Fraser Cove on Santa Cruz Island, fell slightly below the mean at Trailer on Santa Cruz Island, and remained approximately equivalent to the mean at the two Santa Rosa Island sites. Overall, the abundance and diversity of shorebirds in 2018–2019 at all sites appeared similar to observations made in recent years, with the exception of elevated numbers of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) observed at East Point on Santa Rosa Island. Black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) were the most ubiquitous shorebird seen at all sites. Black turnstones (Arenaria melanocephala) were not common relative to past years. Pinniped abundances remained comparable in 2018–2019 to historical counts for all three species that are commonly seen at the islands. Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were seen in the vicinity of eight sites this year. As in past years, harbor seals were most abundant at Otter Harbor and Harris Point on San Miguel Island. Elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) were seen at six sites during the year, where abundances ranged 1–5 individuals per location. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were common at Santa Barbara Island; 117 individuals were observed at Sea Lion Rookery. Sea lion abundances were higher than usual at Harris Point (N = 160) and Otter Harbor (N = 82) on San Miguel Island. Relative to past years, abundances this year were considered average at other locations.
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