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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Audran, Corinne, Sylviane Liotenberg, Martine Gonneau, Helen North, Anne Frey, Karine Tap-Waksman, Nicole Vartanian, and Annie Marion-Poll. "Localisation and expression of zeaxanthin epoxidase mRNA in Arabidopsis in response to drought stress and during seed development." Functional Plant Biology 28, no. 12 (2001): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp00134.

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Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in seed development and plant adaptation to environmental stresses. ABA is synthesized from cleaved xanthophylls and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin. In this study, we have characterized the ABA1 gene (AtZEP) of Arabidopsis thaliana L. and show that this complements the aba1 mutant, defective in zeaxanthin epoxidation. The molecular basis for two aba1 mutant alleles has been determined and the reduction in their AtZEP transcript levels correlates with the molecular defect identified. As AtZEP mRNA abundance was not affected in two other ABA-deficient mutants (aba2 and aba3) and in two ABA-insensitive mutants (abi1 and abi2), no feedback regulation of ABA biosynthesis seems to occur at the level of ZEP transcription. Steady state transcript levels increased in roots during rapid water stress as well as progressive drought stress, providing evidence that zeaxanthin epoxidation contributed to the regulation of ABA biosynthesis in roots and consequently to the plant adaptive response to hydric stress. In seeds in situ hybridization analysis detectedAtZEP mRNA in the embryo cells from the globular stage to desiccation phase. In contrast, expression of AtZEP in maternal tissues was specific to the maturation phase. These results are discussed in relation to the role of ABA both in response to drought stress and in seed development.

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2

Cramer, Grant R. "Response of abscisic acid mutants of Arabidopsis to salinity." Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 5 (2002): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01132.

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Increases in abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations in plant tissues correlate with growth inhibition in salt-stressed plants. Therefore, it was hypothesized that Arabidopsis ABA mutants different in, or insensitive to, ABA would respond differently than wild type (wt) to salinity stress. Seeds (wt, abi1-1, abi2-1, abi3-1, and aba1-3) were germinated and grown hydroponically in three separate experiments with different environmental conditions: relative humidity at 80 or 100%, day/night temperatures at 21/18 or 23/20˚C, and light intensity at 125, 200 or 350 μmol photons m–2 s-1. Plants were exposed to salinity (either 0, 40 and 80 mM NaCl or 1, 5, and 9 dS m–1 with a Na/Ca ratio of 10 depending on the experiment) for one to several weeks before harvesting. The effect of salinity on root elongation rates of young seedlings was measured as well. Two-way ANOVA of root elongation rates of young seedlings and the growth of 3-week old plants in hydroponic solutions indicated that salinity inhibited growth, increased ABA and Na concentrations, and reduced K concentrations in all genotypes tested. However, there were no significant interactions with salinity and genotype for root elongation rates, total dry weight, shoot ABA and K concentrations. Shoot Na concentrations were significantly higher in wt plants relative to other genotypes subjected to high salinity stress. aba1-3 had significantly lower ABA concentrations than other genotypes, but the interaction of aba1-3 with salinity was the same as other genotypes. The lack of difference in interaction between genotype and salinity indicates that all genotypes responded in the same manner and amount to salinity for the particular parameter measured. Therefore, it appears that there are no significant differences in growth in response to salinity between the ABA mutants (ABA-deficient and ABA-insensitive) and wt. However, in contrast to the other genotypes, some of the ABA-deficient plants, aba1-3, died when exposed to high salinity and high light intensity. ABA appears to provide a protective role in conditions of high salinity and high light intensity.

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3

Assmann, Sarah M., Jo Ann Snyder, and Yuh‐Ru Julie Lee. "ABA‐deficient (aba1)andABA‐insensitive (abi1‐1, abi2‐1) mutants ofArabidopsishave a wild‐type stomatal response to humidity." Plant, Cell & Environment 23, no. 4 (April 2000): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00551.x.

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4

Gao, F., J. F. Whitaker, Y. Liu, C. Uher, C. E. Platt, and M. V. Klein. "Terahertz transmission of aBa1−xKxBiO3film probed by coherent time-domain spectroscopy." Physical Review B 52, no. 5 (August 1, 1995): 3607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.52.3607.

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5

Kaliff, Maria, Jens Staal, Mattias Myrenås, and Christina Dixelius. "ABA Is Required for Leptosphaeria maculans Resistance via ABI1- and ABI4-Dependent Signaling." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, no. 4 (April 2007): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-4-0335.

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Abscisic acid (ABA) is a defense hormone with influence on callose-dependent and -independent resistance against Leptosphaeria maculans acting in the RLM1Col pathway. ABA-deficient and -insensitive mutants in Ler-0 background (aba1-3 and abi1-1) displayed susceptibility to L. maculans, along with a significantly decreased level of callose depositions, whereas abi2-1 and abi3-1 remained resistant, together with the abi5-1 mutant of Ws-0 background. Suppressor mutants of abi1-1 confirmed that the L. maculans-susceptible response was due to the dominant negative nature of the abi1-1 mutant. Highly induced camalexin levels made ABA mutants in Col-0 background (aba2-1, aba3-1, and abi4-1) appear resistant, but displayed enhanced susceptibility as double mutants with pad3-1, impaired in camalexin biosynthesis. β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) pretreatment of Ler-0 contributed to an elevated level of endogenous ABA after L. maculans inoculation. Comparisons between (RLM1Col)pad3 and rlm1Lerpad3 showed that ABA and BABA enhancement of callose deposition requires induction from RLM1Col·ABI1, but not ABI2, was found to be involved in a feedback mechanism that modulates RLM1Col expression. Genetic analysis showed further that this feedback occurs upstream of ABI4 and that components downstream of ABI4 modulate ABI1 activity. ABA and BABA treatments of the L. maculans-susceptible callose synthase mutant pmr4 showed that ABA also induces a callose-independent resistance. Similar treatments enhanced callose depositions and induced resistance to L. maculans in oilseed rape, and BABA-induced resistance was found to be independent of salicylic acid.

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6

Strizhov, Nicolai, Edit Ábrahám, László Ökrész, Stefan Blickling, Aviah Zilberstein, Jeff Schell, Csaba Koncz, and László Szabados. "Differential expression of two P5CS genes controlling proline accumulation during salt‐stress requires ABA and is regulated by ABA1 , ABI1 and AXR2 in Arabidopsis." Plant Journal 12, no. 3 (September 1997): 557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1997.00537.x.

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7

Strizhov, Nicolai, Edit Ábrahám, László Ökrész, Stefan Blickling, Aviah Zilberstein, Jeff Schell, Csaba Koncz, and László Szabados. "Differential expression of two P5CS genes controlling proline accumulation during salt‐stress requires ABA and is regulated by ABA1, ABI1 and AXR2 in Arabidopsis." Plant Journal 12, no. 3 (September 1997): 557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0960-7412.1997.00557.x.

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8

BARRERO, JOSÉ MARÍA, PEDRO L. RODRÍGUEZ, VÍCTOR QUESADA, DAVID ALABADÍ, MIGUEL A. BLÁZQUEZ, JEAN-PIERRE BOUTIN, ANNIE MARION-POLL, MARÍA ROSA PONCE, and JOSÉ LUIS MICOL. "The ABA1 gene and carotenoid biosynthesis are required for late skotomorphogenic growth in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant, Cell & Environment 31, no. 2 (November 7, 2007): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01759.x.

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9

Chen, Huihuang, Linyi Lai, Lanxin Li, Liping Liu, Bello Hassan Jakada, Youmei Huang, Qing He, Mengnan Chai, Xiaoping Niu, and Yuan Qin. "AcoMYB4, an Ananas comosus L. MYB Transcription Factor, Functions in Osmotic Stress through Negative Regulation of ABA Signaling." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 5727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165727.

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Drought and salt stress are the main environmental cues affecting the survival, development, distribution, and yield of crops worldwide. MYB transcription factors play a crucial role in plants’ biological processes, but the function of pineapple MYB genes is still obscure. In this study, one of the pineapple MYB transcription factors, AcoMYB4, was isolated and characterized. The results showed that AcoMYB4 is localized in the cell nucleus, and its expression is induced by low temperature, drought, salt stress, and hormonal stimulation, especially by abscisic acid (ABA). Overexpression of AcoMYB4 in rice and Arabidopsis enhanced plant sensitivity to osmotic stress; it led to an increase in the number stomata on leaf surfaces and lower germination rate under salt and drought stress. Furthermore, in AcoMYB4 OE lines, the membrane oxidation index, free proline, and soluble sugar contents were decreased. In contrast, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly due to membrane injury, indicating higher sensitivity to drought and salinity stresses. Besides the above, both the expression level and activities of several antioxidant enzymes were decreased, indicating lower antioxidant activity in AcoMYB4 transgenic plants. Moreover, under osmotic stress, overexpression of AcoMYB4 inhibited ABA biosynthesis through a decrease in the transcription of genes responsible for ABA synthesis (ABA1 and ABA2) and ABA signal transduction factor ABI5. These results suggest that AcoMYB4 negatively regulates osmotic stress by attenuating cellular ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways.

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10

Arenas-Huertero, Francisco, Analilia Arroyo, Li Zhou, Jen Sheen, and Patricia León. "Analysis of Arabidopsis glucose insensitive mutants, gin5 and gin6, reveals a central role of the plant hormone ABA in the regulation of plant vegetative development by sugar." Genes & Development 14, no. 16 (August 15, 2000): 2085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.14.16.2085.

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Sugars have signaling roles in a wide variety of developmental processes in plants. To elucidate the regulatory components that constitute the glucose signaling network governing plant growth and development, we have isolated and characterized two Arabidopsisglucose insensitive mutants, gin5 and gin6, based on a glucose-induced developmental arrest during early seedling morphogenesis. The T-DNA-tagged gin6 mutant abrogates the glucose-induced expression of a putative transcription factor, ABI4, previously shown to be involved in seed-specific abscisic acid (ABA) responses. Thus, ABI4 might be a regulator involved in both glucose- and seed-specific ABA signaling. The characterization of thegin5 mutant, on the other hand, reveals that glucose-specific accumulation of ABA is essential for hexokinase-mediated glucose responses. Consistent with this result, we show that three ABA-deficient mutants (aba1-1, aba2-1, andaba3-2) are also glucose insensitive. Exogenous ABA can restore normal glucose responses in gin5 and aba mutants but not in gin6 plants. Surprisingly, only abi4 andabi5-1 but not other ABA-insensitive signaling mutants (abi1-1, abi2-1, and abi3-1) exhibit glucose insensitivity, indicating the involvement of a distinct ABA signaling pathway in glucose responses. These results provide the first direct evidence to support a novel and central role of ABA in plant glucose responses mediated through glucose regulation of both ABA levels by GIN5 and ABA signaling by GIN6/ABI4.

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11

Jalakas, Pirko, Yi-Chun Huang, Yu-Hung Yeh, Laurent Zimmerli, Ebe Merilo, Hannes Kollist, and Mikael Brosché. "The Role of ENHANCED RESPONSES TO ABA1 (ERA1) in Arabidopsis Stomatal Responses Is Beyond ABA Signaling." Plant Physiology 174, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00220.

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12

Barrero, José María, Pedro Piqueras, Miguel González-Guzmán, Ramón Serrano, Pedro L. Rodríguez, María Rosa Ponce, and José Luis Micol. "A mutational analysis of the ABA1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana highlights the involvement of ABA in vegetative development." Journal of Experimental Botany 56, no. 418 (June 27, 2005): 2071–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri206.

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13

Giuliani, Silvia, Maria Corinna Sanguineti, Roberto Tuberosa, Massimo Bellotti, Silvio Salvi, and Pierangelo Landi. "Root-ABA1, a major constitutive QTL, affects maize root architecture and leaf ABA concentration at different water regimes." Journal of Experimental Botany 56, no. 422 (October 24, 2005): 3061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri303.

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14

Ewers, Christa, Peter Klotz, Ursula Leidner, Ivonne Stamm, Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff, Stephan Göttig, Torsten Semmler, and Sandra Scheufen. "OXA-23 and IS Aba1 –OXA-66 class D β-lactamases in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from companion animals." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 49, no. 1 (January 2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.033.

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15

Mohr, Peter G., and David M. Cahill. "Abscisic acid influences the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Peronospora parasitica." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 4 (2003): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp02231.

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The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in the regulation of many physiological stresses although its role in pathogen-induced stress remains poorly understood. We examined the influence of ABA on interactions of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Arabidopsis) with a bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and an Oomycete, Peronospora parasitica. Both addition of 100 μM ABA to plants and drought stress stimulated increased susceptibility of Arabidopsis to an avirulent isolate of P. syringae pv. tomato. In contrast, an ABA-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis, aba1-1, displayed reduced susceptibility to virulent isolates of P. parasitica. An ABA-insensitive mutant, abi1-1, that is impaired in ABA signal transduction did not alter in susceptibility to either P. syringae pv. tomato or P. parasitica. These results demonstrate that the concentration of endogenous ABA at the time of pathogen challenge is important for the development of susceptibility in Arabidopsis.

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16

MIZOKAMI, YUSUKE, KO NOGUCHI, MIKIKO KOJIMA, HITOSHI SAKAKIBARA, and ICHIRO TERASHIMA. "Mesophyll conductance decreases in the wild type but not in an ABA-deficient mutant (aba1) ofNicotiana plumbaginifoliaunder drought conditions." Plant, Cell & Environment 38, no. 3 (August 13, 2014): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.12394.

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17

Ogata, Takuya, Takuma Ishizaki, Miki Fujita, and Yasunari Fujita. "CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis of OsERA1 confers enhanced responses to abscisic acid and drought stress and increased primary root growth under nonstressed conditions in rice." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e0243376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243376.

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Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling components play an important role in the drought stress response in plants. Arabidopsis thaliana ENHANCED RESPONSE TO ABA1 (ERA1) encodes the β-subunit of farnesyltransferase and regulates ABA signaling and the dehydration response. Therefore, ERA1 is an important candidate gene for enhancing drought tolerance in numerous crops. However, a rice (Oryza sativa) ERA1 homolog has not been characterized previously. Here, we show that rice osera1 mutant lines, harboring CRISPR/Cas9-induced frameshift mutations, exhibit similar leaf growth as control plants but increased primary root growth. The osera1 mutant lines also display increased sensitivity to ABA and an enhanced response to drought stress through stomatal regulation. These results illustrate that OsERA1 is a negative regulator of primary root growth under nonstressed conditions and also of responses to ABA and drought stress in rice. These findings improve our understanding of the role of ABA signaling in the drought stress response in rice and suggest a strategy to genetically improve rice.

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18

Liu, Yonghui, Yue Shen, Man Liang, Xuyao Zhang, Jianwen Xu, Yi Shen, and Zhide Chen. "Identification of Peanut AhMYB44 Transcription Factors and Their Multiple Roles in Drought Stress Responses." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243522.

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MYB transcription factors (TFs) comprise a large gene family that plays an important role in plant growth, development, stress responses, and defense regulation. However, their functions in peanut remain to be further elucidated. Here, we identified six AhMYB44 genes (AhMYB44-01/11, AhMYB44-05/15, and AhMYB44-06/16) in cultivated peanut. They are typical R2R3-MYB TFs and have many similarities but different expression patterns in response to drought stress, suggesting different functions under drought stress. Homologous genes with higher expression in each pair were selected for further study. All of them were nuclear proteins and had no self-transactivation activity. In addition, we compared the performances of different lines at germination, seedling, and adult stages under drought stress. After drought treatment, the overexpression of AhMYB44-11 transgenic plants resulted in the longest root length at the seedling stage. Levels of proline, soluble sugar and chlorophyll, and expression levels of stress-related genes, including P5CS1, RD29A, CBF1, and COR15A, were higher than those of the wild type (WT) at the adult stage. While the overexpression of AhMYB44-16 significantly increased the drought sensitivity of plants at all stages, with differential ABA content, the expression levels of the ABA-related genes PP2CA and ABI1 were significantly upregulated and those of ABA1 and ABA2 were significantly downregulated compared with the WT. AhMYB44-05 showed similar downregulated expression as AhMYB44-16 under drought stress, but its overexpression in Arabidopsis did not significantly affect the drought resistance of transgenic plants. Based on the results, we propose that AhMYB44-11 plays a role as a positive factor in drought tolerance by increasing the transcription abundance of stress-related genes and the accumulation of osmolytes, while AhMYB44-16 negatively regulates drought tolerance through its involvement in ABA-dependent stress response pathways.

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Landi, P., M. Sanguineti, C. Liu, Y. Li, T. Wang, S. Giuliani, M. Bellotti, S. Salvi, and R. Tuberosa. "Root-ABA1 QTL affects root lodging, grain yield, and other agronomic traits in maize grown under well-watered and water-stressed conditions." Journal of Experimental Botany 58, no. 2 (November 6, 2006): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl161.

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20

BARRERO, JOSE MARIA, PEDRO L. RODRIGUEZ, VICTOR QUESADA, PEDRO PIQUERAS, MARIA ROSA PONCE, and JOSE LUIS MICOL. "Both abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent pathways govern the induction of NCED3, AAO3 and ABA1 in response to salt stress." Plant, Cell and Environment 29, no. 10 (October 2006): 2000–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01576.x.

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21

Sánchez-Corrionero, Álvaro, Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente, Sergio González-Pérez, Ascensión Corrales, Anja Krieger-Liszkay, Óscar Lorenzo, and Juan B. Arellano. "Singlet oxygen triggers chloroplast rupture and cell death in the zeaxanthin epoxidase defective mutant aba1 of Arabidopsis thaliana under high light stress." Journal of Plant Physiology 216 (September 2017): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2017.06.009.

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22

Hussain, Saddam, Na Zhang, Wei Wang, Sajjad Ahmed, Yuxin Cheng, Siyu Chen, Xutong Wang, et al. "Involvement of ABA Responsive SVB Genes in the Regulation of Trichome Formation in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136790.

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Trichome formation in Arabidopsis is regulated by several key regulators, and plants hormones such as gibberellin, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and cytokinins have been shown to regulate trichome formation by affecting the transcription or activities of the key regulators. We report here the identification of two abscisic acid (ABA) responsive genes, SMALLER TRICHOMES WITH VARIABLE BRANCHES (SVB) and SVB2 as trichome formation regulator genes in Arabidopsis. The expression levels of SVB and SVB2 were increased in response to ABA treatment, their expression levels were reduced in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba1-5, and they have similar expression pattern. In addition to the trichome defects reported previously for the svb single mutant, we found that even though the trichome numbers were largely unaffected in both the svb and svb2 single mutants generate by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, the trichome numbers were greatly reduced in the svb svb2 double mutants. On the other hand, trichome numbers were increased in SVB or SVB2 overexpression plants. RT-PCR results show that the expression of the trichome formation key regulator gene ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (EGL3) was affected in the svb svb2 double mutants. Our results suggest that SVB and SVB2 are ABA responsive genes, and SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis.

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23

Fang, Qing, Xianqiang Wang, Haiyang Wang, Xiaowen Tang, Chi Liu, Heng Yin, Shenglong Ye, Yuanzhong Jiang, Yanjiao Duan, and Keming Luo. "The poplar R2R3 MYB transcription factor PtrMYB94 coordinates with abscisic acid signaling to improve drought tolerance in plants." Tree Physiology 40, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz113.

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Abstract In plants, R2R3 MYB transcription factors (TFs) consist of one large gene family and are involved in the regulation of many developmental processes and various stresses. However, the functions of most of MYB TFs in woody plants remain unknown. Here, PtrMYB94, an R2R3 MYB TF from Populus trichocarpa, is characterized to be involved in the regulation of drought responses and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. PtrMYB94 encodes a nuclear-localized R2R3 MYB TF. RT-PCR results showed that the PtrMYB94 transcripts were relatively abundant in leaves and stems, and were induced rapidly in response to dehydration stress. Overexpression of PtrMYB94 improved plant drought responses, suggesting that this MYB TF may functionally regulate poplar adaptability to drought stress. Furthermore, the analysis of transcriptional expression and PtrMYB94 promoter: GUS activity showed that PtrMYB94 responded to ABA induction. PtrMYB94-overexpressing plants exhibited the inhibition of seed germination compared with the wild-type (WT) control under ABA exposure condition. The ABA content was evidently increased in the PtrMYB94-overexpressing plants relative to the WT plants. In addition, transcript levels of several ABA- and drought-responsive genes, such as ABA1 and DREB2B, were up-regulated. Taken together, our results suggest that PtrMYB94 is involved in an ABA-dependent drought stress regulation in Populus.

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Pogson, Barry J., and Heather M. Rissler. "Genetic manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and photoprotection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1402 (October 29, 2000): 1395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0701.

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There are multiple complementary and redundant mechanisms to provide protection against photooxidative damage, including non–photochemical quenching (NPQ). NPQ dissipates excess excitation energy as heat by using xanthophylls in combination with changes to the light–harvesting complex (LHC) antenna. The xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids that in addition to contributing to NPQ can quench singlet or triplet chlorophyll and are necessary for the assembly and stability of the antenna. We have genetically manipulated the expression of the ε–cyclase and β–carotene hydroxylase carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana . The ε–cyclase overexpression confirmed that lut2 (lutein deficient) is a mutation in the ε–cyclase gene and demonstrated that lutein content can be altered at the level of mRNA abundance with levels ranging from 0 to 180% of wild–type. Also, it is clear that lutein affects the induction and extent of NPQ. The deleterious effects of lutein deficiency on NPQ in Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas are additive, no matter what the genetic background, whether npq1 (zeaxanthin deficient), aba1 or antisense β–hydroxylase (xanthophyll cycle pool decreased). Additionally, increasing lutein content causes a marginal, but significant, increase in the rate of induction of NPQ despite a reduction in the xanthophyll cycle pool size.

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Daszkowska-Golec, Agata, Anna Skubacz, Krzysztof Sitko, Michał Słota, Marzena Kurowska, and Iwona Szarejko. "Mutation in barley ERA1 (Enhanced Response to ABA1) gene confers better photosynthesis efficiency in response to drought as revealed by transcriptomic and physiological analysis." Environmental and Experimental Botany 148 (April 2018): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.01.003.

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Raz, V., J. H. Bergervoet, and M. Koornneef. "Sequential steps for developmental arrest in Arabidopsis seeds." Development 128, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.2.243.

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The continuous growth of the plant embryo is interrupted during the seed maturation processes which results in a dormant seed. The embryo continues development after germination when it grows into a seedling. The embryo growth phase starts after morphogenesis and ends when the embryo fills the seed sac. Very little is known about the processes regulating this phase. We describe mutants that affect embryo growth in two sequential developmental stages. Firstly, embryo growth arrest is regulated by the FUS3/LEC type genes, as mutations in these genes cause a continuation of growth in immature embryos. Secondly, a later stage of embryo dormancy is regulated by ABI3 and abscisic acid; abi3 and aba1 mutants exhibit premature germination only after embryos mature. Mutations affecting both developmental stages result in an additive phenotype and double mutants are highly viviparous. Embryo growth arrest is regulated by cell division activities in both the embryo and the endosperm, which are gradually switched off at the mature embryo stage. In the fus3/lec mutants, however, cell division in both the embryo and endosperm is not arrested, but rather is prolonged throughout seed maturation. Furthermore ectopic cell division occurs in seedlings. Our results indicate that seed dormancy is secured via at least two sequential developmental processes: embryo growth arrest, which is regulated by cell division and embryo dormancy.

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Beceiro, Alejandro, Rafael López-Rojas, Juan Domínguez-Herrera, Fernando Docobo-Pérez, Germán Bou, and Jerónimo Pachón. "In Vitro Activity and In Vivo Efficacy of Clavulanic Acid against Acinetobacter baumannii." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 10 (July 27, 2009): 4298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00320-09.

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ABSTRACT Clavulanic acid (CLA) exhibits low MICs against some Acinetobacter baumannii strains. The present study evaluates the efficacy of CLA in a murine model of A. baumannii pneumonia. For this purpose, two clinical strains, Ab11 and Ab51, were used; CLA MICs for these strains were 2 and 4 mg/liter, respectively, and the imipenem (IPM) MIC was 0.5 mg/liter for both. A pneumonia model in C57BL/6 mice was used. The CLA dosage (13 mg/kg of body weight given intraperitoneally) was chosen to reach a maximum concentration of the drug in serum similar to that in humans and a time during which the serum CLA concentration remained above the MIC equivalent to 40% of the interval between doses. Six groups (n = 15) were inoculated with Ab11 or Ab51 and were allocated to IPM or CLA therapy or to the untreated control group. In time-kill experiments, CLA was bactericidal only against Ab11 whereas IPM was bactericidal against both strains. CLA and IPM both decreased bacterial concentrations in lungs, 1.78 and 2.47 log10 CFU/g (P ≤ 0.001), respectively, in the experiments with Ab11 and 2.42 and 2.28 log10 CFU/g (P ≤ 0.001), respectively, with Ab51. IPM significantly increased the sterility of blood cultures over that for the controls with both strains (P ≤ 0.005); CLA had the same effect with Ab51 (P < 0.005) but not with Ab11 (P = 0.07). For the first time, we suggest that CLA may be used for the treatment of experimental severe A. baumannii infections.

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Gosparini, Carlos O., Hector A. Busilacchi, Paolo Vernieri, and Eligio N. Morandi. "Endogenous abscisic acid and precocious germination of developing soybean seeds." Seed Science Research 17, no. 3 (September 2007): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258507785872.

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AbstractThe germination of developing seeds is very uncommon and is generally associated with deficiencies in abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis or sensitivity. This paper examines the quantitative relationship between the inhibition of precocious germination and endogenous ABA in the embryonic axis (ABAa) of hydrated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds, isolated after the completion of histodifferentiation and before the beginning of dehydration, as well as the magnitude and evolution of axis sensitivity to endogenous ABA during that period. Developing seeds harvested at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 d after anthesis (DAA) were subjected to incubation or washing to induce changes in ABA content. ABA content was measured by radioimmunoassay, using a monoclonal antibody against free ABA. Germinability was measured as the time to 50% germination (t50). Washing and incubation induced eight- and twofold increases, respectively, in the rate of ABAa decline compared with the in planta ABAa decline. The threshold ABAa for inhibition of precocious germination (ABAc) increased slightly from 25 to 40 DAA [1.15–1.66 μg ABA (g DW)− 1]. This contrasted with the substantial decline in ABAa [10.90–2.07 μg ABA (g DW)− 1] during the same period, and indicated that sensitivity to endogenous ABA of hydrated seeds was initially high and diminished slowly during development. The relationship between (ABAa–ABAc) and t50 was linear for immature seeds incubated before and after washing. Below the ABAc, there were no differences in the t50 of 25–45 DAA seeds. The ABAa contribution to the control of precocious soybean seed germination was evident, although other potentially interacting factors were also present.

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Güzel, Emre, Diana-Paola Medina, María Medel, Mehmet Kandaz, Tomás Torres, and M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade. "A versatile, divergent route for the synthesis of ABAC tetraazaporphyrins: molecularly engineered, push–pull phthalocyanine-type dyes." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 33 (2021): 10802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc00990g.

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A method to prepare key synthetic intermediates for ABAB- and ABAC-phthalocyanines and analogues is described. As an illustration, the synthesis of an ABAC-phthalocyanine-type dye, with a donor–π-bridge–acceptor structure, is performed.

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Bowen, Pat, Krista C. Shellie, Lynn Mills, Jim Willwerth, Carl Bogdanoff, and Markus Keller. "Abscisic acid form, concentration, and application timing influence phenology and bud cold hardiness in Merlot grapevines." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0257.

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The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) form, concentration, and application timing on bud cold hardiness, phenology, and fruiting performance of Merlot grapevines (Vitis vinifera) were evaluated in a three-year field trial with site locations in British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, and in Washington and Idaho, United States. Solutions containing natural S-ABA (ABAN) and a purported long-lived ABA analogue 8'-acetylene ABA (ABAA) at differing concentrations were applied to the vine canopy at veraison or post-harvest. Postharvest foliar applications of ABAN at concentrations greater than or equal to 5000 ppm tended to advance leaf abscission and increase autumn bud cold hardiness. Postharvest foliar applications of ABAA at 1000 ppm tended to delay budbreak in the spring following application and increase spring bud cold hardiness. Fruit yield and basic composition were affected little by the ABA treatments. Bud hardiness was enhanced by ABAN mostly in autumn and by ABAA mostly in the spring, indicating that the suitability of ABA forms for reducing bud damage would depend on when injurious cold events are more likely.

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Schwartz, S. H., K. M. Leon-Kloosterziel, M. Koornneef, and JAD Zeevaart. "Biochemical Characterization of the aba2 and aba3 Mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Physiology 114, no. 1 (May 1, 1997): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.1.161.

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IMOTO, NARUAKI, KAORU OBINATA, TAKESHI NAKAZAWA, and SHINICHI SASAKI. "Validation of PCR-Based Testing for Surveillance of Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (ISAba1/^blaOXA-51-Like) in a Pediatric Ward." Juntendo Medical Journal 64, no. 6 (2018): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/jmj.2018.64.jmj18-oa07.

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Santoso, Tri Joko, Aniversari Apriana Apriana, Atmitri Sisharmini Sisharmini, and Kurniawan Rudi Trijatmiko. "Construction and Transformation of OsERA1 Gene into Expression Vector and Response of Nipponbare-OsERA1 Transgenic Rice to Drought Stress." Jurnal AgroBiogen 14, no. 1 (October 18, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v14n1.2018.p23-36.

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<p>Drought stress is a major constrain which could influence rice productivity. Enhanced Response to ABA1 (ERA1) gene encoding a β-subunit farnesyltransferase enzyme plays a role to control sensitivity of the guard cells to abscisic acid (ABA), hence regulating drought stress response in plant species including rice. This study aimed to clone the OsERA1 gene into expression vector, introduce it into rice plant, and confirm the positive OsERA1-rice plants conferring drought tolerance. This study was initiated by isolation of the OsERA1 gene from rice cDNAs and cloned it to an expression vector cassette, pCAMBIA1301. The cassette harboring OsERA1 gene was introduced into rice plant cv. Nipponbare mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404.<br />Putative transgenic lines were detected using PCR and Southern blot analyses to confirm the inserted transgene and the positive lines were assayed their tolerance to drought. The OsERA1 gene was successfully isolated and constructed into expression vector to generate pCAMBIA1301-OsERA1. Introduction of the gene into Nipponbare has produced nine putative transgenic rice lines, of which, six lines harbored OsERA1 gene. Southern blot analysis of sixteen T2 plants from two PCR-positive transgenic lines revealed<br />1–3 copies of transgene were integrated into rice genome of transgenic lines. Five transgenic lines of Nipponbare-OsERA1 showed better response to drought at vegetative phase compared to control in term of recovery ability. At generative phase, the five transgenic lines yielded less unfilled grains compared to control. Overall, the transgenic lines obtained from this study could be<br />potential candidates for developing rice varieties tolerant to drought.</p><p align="center"> </p>

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Thomassen, Sabine, Kevin Hartung, Wolfgang Einhäuser, and Alexandra Bendixen. "Low-high-low or high-low-high? Pattern effects on sequential auditory scene analysis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 5 (November 2022): 2758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015054.

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Sequential auditory scene analysis (ASA) is often studied using sequences of two alternating tones, such as ABAB or ABA_, with “_” denoting a silent gap, and “A” and “B” sine tones differing in frequency (nominally low and high). Many studies implicitly assume that the specific arrangement (ABAB vs ABA_, as well as low-high-low vs high-low-high within ABA_) plays a negligible role, such that decisions about the tone pattern can be governed by other considerations. To explicitly test this assumption, a systematic comparison of different tone patterns for two-tone sequences was performed in three different experiments. Participants were asked to report whether they perceived the sequences as originating from a single sound source ( integrated) or from two interleaved sources ( segregated). Results indicate that core findings of sequential ASA, such as an effect of frequency separation on the proportion of integrated and segregated percepts, are similar across the different patterns during prolonged listening. However, at sequence onset, the integrated percept was more likely to be reported by the participants in ABA_low-high-low than in ABA_high-low-high sequences. This asymmetry is important for models of sequential ASA, since the formation of percepts at onset is an integral part of understanding how auditory interpretations build up.

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Zhang, Na, Siyu Chen, Adnan Adnan, Xutong Wang, Saddam Hussain, Yuxin Cheng, Yingying Li, et al. "AtEAU1 and AtEAU2, Two EAR Motif-Containing ABA Up-Regulated Novel Transcription Repressors Regulate ABA Response in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 13, 2022): 9053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169053.

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EAR (Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression) motif-containing transcription repressors have been shown to regulate plant growth and development, and plant responses to plant hormones and environmental stresses including biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of most EAR-motif-containing proteins remain largely uncharacterized. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) also plays important roles in regulating plant responses to abiotic stresses via activation/repression of ABA-responsive genes. We report here the identification and functional characterization of two ABA-responsive EAR motif-containing protein genes, AtEAU1 (Arabidopsis thaliana EAR motif-containing ABAUp-regulated 1) and AtEAU2. Quantitative RT-PCR results show that the expressions of AtEAU1 and AtEAU2 were increased by ABA treatment, and were decreased in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba1-5. Assays in transfected Arabidopsis protoplasts show that both AtEAU1 and AtEAU2 were specifically localized in the nucleus, and when recruited to the promoter region of the reporter gene by a fused DNA binding domain, repressed reporter gene expression. By using T-DNA insertion mutants and a gene-edited transgene-free mutant generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we performed ABA sensitivity assays, and found that ABA sensitivity in the both ateau1 and ateau2 single mutants was increased in seedling greening assays. ABA sensitivity in the ateau1 ateau2 double mutants was also increased, but was largely similar to the ateau1 single mutants. On the other hand, all the mutants showed a wild type response to ABA in root elongation assays. Quantitative RT-PCR results show that the expression level of PYL4, an ABA receptor gene was increased, whereas that of ABI2, a PP2C gene was decreased in the ateau1 and ateau1 single, and the ateau1 ateau2 double mutants. In summary, our results suggest that AtEAU1 and AtEAU2 are ABA-response genes, and AtEAU1 and AtEAU2 are novel EAR motif-containing transcription repressors that negatively regulate ABA responses in Arabidopsis, likely by regulating the expression of some ABA signaling key regulator genes.

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Ojosnegros, Sara, José Manuel Alvarez, Jonas Grossmann, Valeria Gagliardini, Luis G. Quintanilla, Ueli Grossniklaus, and Helena Fernández. "The Shared Proteome of the Apomictic Fern Dryopteris affinis ssp. affinis and Its Sexual Relative Dryopteris oreades." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 14027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214027.

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Ferns are a diverse evolutionary lineage, sister to the seed plants, which is of great ecological importance and has a high biotechnological potential. Fern gametophytes represent one of the simplest autotrophic, multicellular plant forms and show several experimental advantages, including a simple and space-efficient in vitro culture system. However, the molecular basis of fern growth and development has hardly been studied. Here, we report on a proteomic study that identified 417 proteins shared by gametophytes of the apogamous fern Dryopteris affinis ssp. affinis and its sexual relative Dryopteris oreades. Most proteins are predicted to localize to the cytoplasm, the chloroplast, or the nucleus, and are linked to enzymatic, binding, and structural activities. A subset of 145 proteins are involved in growth, reproduction, phytohormone signaling and biosynthesis, and gene expression, including homologs of SHEPHERD (SHD), HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90-5 (CR88), TRP4, BOBBER 1 (BOB1), FLAVONE 3’-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (OMT1), ZEAXANTHIN EPOXIDASE (ABA1), GLUTAMATE DESCARBOXYLASE 1 (GAD), and dsRNA-BINDING DOMAIN-LIKE SUPERFAMILY PROTEIN (HLY1). Nearly 25% of the annotated proteins are associated with responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As for biotic stress, the proteins PROTEIN SGT1 HOMOLOG B (SGT1B), SUPPRESSOR OF SA INSENSITIVE2 (SSI2), PHOSPHOLIPASE D ALPHA 1 (PLDALPHA1), SERINE/THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE SRK2E (OST1), ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN 4 (ACP4), and NONHOST RESISTANCE TO P. S. PHASEOLICOLA1 (GLPK) are worth mentioning. Regarding abiotic stimuli, we found proteins associated with oxidative stress: SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE[CU-ZN] 1 (CSD1), and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE U19 (GSTU19), light intensity SERINE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (SHM1) and UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME E2 35 (UBC35), salt and heavy metal stress included MITOCHONDRIAL PHOSPHATE CARRIER PROTEIN 3 (PHT3;1), as well as drought and thermotolerance: LEA7, DEAD-BOX ATP-DEPENDENT RNA HELICASE 38 (LOS4), and abundant heat-shock proteins and other chaperones. In addition, we identified interactomes using the STRING platform, revealing protein–protein associations obtained from co-expression, co-occurrence, text mining, homology, databases, and experimental datasets. By focusing on ferns, this proteomic study increases our knowledge on plant development and evolution, and may inspire future applications in crop species.

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Irwan, Irwan. "Training and Workshop on Mathematics Learning Media Based Augmented Reality on MGMP Matematika Kota Padang." Pelita Eksakta 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/pelitaeksakta/vol4-iss1/111.

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Tuntutan kemajuan teknologi abat 21, dan pemenuhan tuntutan Permendikbud No. 65 Tahun 2014, yaitu proses pembelajaran pada satuan pendidikan diselenggarakan secara interaktif, inspiratif, menyenangkan, menantang dan memotivasi peserta didik untuk berpartisipasi aktif, serta memberikan ruang yang cukup bagi prakarsa, kreativitas, dan kemandirian sesuai dengan bakat, minat, dan perkembangan fisik serta psikologis peserta didik.Oleh karena itu, diperlukan strategi pembelajaran yang dapat membimbing peserta didik untuk menguasai keempat hal tersebut yakni dengan pembelajaran integratif STEM. Pembelajaran STEM tidak hanya berarti penguatan pendidikan praktis bidang STEM secara terpisah, tetapi mengembangkan pendekatan pendidikan yang mengintegrasikan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, teknik dan matematika, dengan berfokus pada pendidikan.Peranan teknologi tidak dapat dilepaskan dari abad 21 ini. Oleh karena itu, bahan ajar berbentuk model juga diberikan sentuhan teknologi yaitu Augmented realitypada pembelajaran matematika. Menyangkut kecakapan hidup abad 21, maka kemampuan berpikir kritis dan penyelesaian masalah (HOTS) sangat dituntut pada siswa. Kesemuanya itu dilaksanakan secara kolaboratif, dengan menumbuhkan kreatifitas dengan inovasi dalam komunikasi dan kolaborasi (4C). Berdasarkan hal yang telah dijelaskan tersebut, dipandang perlu bagi guru untuk menyiapkan bahan ajar berupa modul agar sesuai dengan tuntutan menghadapi abad 21.

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Robleto, Eduardo A., Inmaculada López-Hernández, Mark W. Silby, and Stuart B. Levy. "Genetic Analysis of the AdnA Regulon in Pseudomonas fluorescens: Nonessential Role of Flagella in Adhesion to Sand and Biofilm Formation." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 2 (January 15, 2003): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.2.453-460.2003.

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ABSTRACT AdnA is a transcription factor in Pseudomonas fluorescens that affects flagellar synthesis, biofilm formation, and sand adhesion. To identify the AdnA regulon, we used a promoterless Tn5-lacZ element to study the phenotypes of insertion mutants in the presence and absence of AdnA. Of 12,000 insertions, we identified seven different putative open reading frames (ORFs) activated by AdnA (named aba for activated by AdnA). aba120 and aba177 showed homology to flgC and flgI, components of the basal body of the flagella in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two other insertions, aba18 and aba51, disrupted genes affecting chemotaxis. The mutant loci aba160 (possibly affecting lipopolysaccharide synthesis) and aba175 (unknown function) led to loss of flagella. The mutant bearing aba203 became motile when complemented with adnA, but the mutated gene showed no similarity to known genes. Curiously, aba18, aba51, aba160, and aba203 mutants formed biofilms even in the absence of AdnA, suppressing the phenotype of the adnA deletion mutant. The combined findings suggest that flagella are nonessential for sand attachment or biofilm formation. Sequence and promoter analyses indicate that AdnA affects at least 23 ORFs either directly or by polar effects. These results support the concept that AdnA regulates cell processes other than those directly related to flagellar synthesis and define a broader cadre of genes in P. fluorescens than that described so far for its homolog, FleQ, in P. aeruginosa.

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Marai, I. F. M., G. M. Gebriel, and E. I. Abou-Fandoud. "Relationships between blood groups and some wool characteristics in Egyptian coarse-wool fat-tailed sheep." Animal Science 55, no. 1 (August 1992): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610003734x.

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AbstractThe relationships between some wool characteristics and blood group genotypes (AaAa, AbAb, AaAC, AAb, AC and AbAc) were studied in Ossimi and Rahmani Egyptian fat-tailed breeds of sheep.Interrupted medullation and coarse wool percentages and grade of wool were significantly related to blood group genotypes (P < 0·01). Fibre length and diameter and continuous medullation percentage were significantly related to genotype (P < 0·05). Staple length, number of crimps per cm, percentages of kemp, clean wool, impurities, moisture regain and fine wool were not significantly related to blood group genotype (P > 0·05).

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BAYA, ABDUL CHOLIQ. "STRATEGI MENGHADAPI WARTAWAN ABAL-ABAL." Indonesian Journal of Islamic Communication 1, no. 1 (July 29, 2018): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/ijic.v1i1.91.

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Pasca reformasi 1998, pertumbuhan media di Indonesia meningkat pesat, terutama setelah diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Pers No. 40 tahun 1999. Dimana salah satu isinya menjamin kemerdekaan pers sebagai hak asasi warga negara. Iklim kebebasan kemudian mendorong pertumbuhan media dan perusahaan pers. Khususnya dengan tidak ada lagi persyaratan Surat Izin Usaha Penerbitan Pers (SIUPP). Sehingga, siapapun dengan mudah mendirikan perusahaan pers. Termasuk kemudahan mendirikan media berbasis internet yang mendorong menjamurnya jumlah media online (siber) di Indonesia. Data media di Indonesia saat ini diperkirakan ada sekitar 2.000 media media cetak. Namun, dari jumlah perkiraan tersebut, hanya 321 media yang dapat disebut sebagai media profesional. Sedangkan media online/siber diperkirakan mencapai 43.300, tapi yang tercatat sebagai media profesional yang lolos syarat pendataan pada 2014 berjumlah 211 saja. Angka ini menyusut menjadi hanya 168 media online pada 2015. Selain itu, hingga akhir 2014 tercatat ada 1.166 media radio dan 394 media televisi. Pada 2015 jumlah media radio mengalami penyusutan menjadi 674 sedangkan televisi bertambah menjadi 523.[1] Pesatnya pertumbuhan media ini terkait dengan adanya peluang bisnis baru yang menjanjikan di bidang media massa. Ada banyak pengusaha tergiur untuk mendirikan perusahaan pers. Mereka merekrut tenaga redaksi dari berbagai media untuk menjadi wartawan, redaktur hingga pemimpin redaksi di perusahaan pers baru dengan gaji yang lumayan menggiurkan. Termasuk, merekrut wartawan berintegritas rendah untuk ikut mendirikan media sebagai peluang bisnis. Posisi pers dan profesi wartawan yang strategis menjadi incaran baru untuk mendapatkan uang secara mudah. Hal inilah yang membuat ada banyak orang ingin menjadi wartawan dengan cara jalan pintas. Banyak mantan wartawan dan orang-orang yang sama sekali tak punya pengalaman di bidang jurnalistik nekad mendirikan perusahan pers dengan modal minim. Ditambah lagi tidak melengkapi usahanya dengan legalitas hukum dan juga tak memenuhi standar perusahaan pers. Kenyataan ini menimbulkan maraknya pertumbuhan media yang kemudian lebih dikenal sebagai media abal-abal. Media jenis ini memekerjakan wartawan secara sembarangan. Tanpa pernah memberikan pelatihan dan pembekalan ketrampilan jurnalistik. Pemilik media hanya memberikan kartu pers yang dibuatnya sendiri. Hal ini melahirkan wartawan instan tanpa bekal ketrampilan dan pengetahuan yang memadai. Mereka ada yang rela tanpa gaji. Bahkan, ada pula yang mewajibkan sang wartawan untuk memberikan setoran bulanan kepada pemilik media. [1] Yosep Adi Prasetyo, IKP 2017: Kemerdekaan Membaik, Tapi Marak Penyalahgunaan, Pengantar Survei Indeks Kemerdekaan Pers 2017, (Jakarta: Dewan Pers), hlm xi.

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Chaulagain, Bidur Prasad, Sook Jin Jang, Gyun Yeol Ahn, So Yeon Ryu, Dong Min Kim, Geon Park, Won Yong Kim, et al. "Molecular Epidemiology of an Outbreak of Imipenem-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Carrying the IS<i>Aba1-bla</i><sub>OXA-51-like</sub> Genes in a Korean Hospital." Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 65, no. 2 (March 30, 2012): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken.65.162.

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42

V. Sergeyev. "Abai." International Affairs 67, no. 004 (August 31, 2021): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.69322945.

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V. Sergeyev. "Abai." International Affairs 67, no. 004 (August 31, 2021): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.74923105.

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Tang, Jie, Yan Chen, Xinlei Wang, Yue Ding, Xiaoyu Sun, and Zhaohui Ni. "Contribution of the AbaI/AbaR Quorum Sensing System to Resistance and Virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Strains." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 13 (November 2020): 4273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s276970.

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Muthalib, A., Khairuddin Khairuddin, Edi Ardian, Edi Susrianto, and Nurbaidi Nurbaidi. "Bedah Buku Biografi Abah Lukmanul Hakim bin Haji Musthofa Al-Banjari (Tokoh Islam Kharismatik Enok Dalam Abad ke-XX)." ABDIMASY: Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46963/ams.v3i2.702.

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Talking about the history of a scholar (Islamic figure) in this country always attracts attention from various groups to be studied and studied further, in order to take lessons from the sides of his life to be emulated, imitated or emulated in our families and communities wherever they are, because Scholars are heirs of the Prophets. The history of Abah Lukman can be summarized as follows: Abah Lukmanul Hakim was a Ulama from the land of Banjar who had studied Islam in the holy city of Mecca and then after he returned to Indonesia then madam (wandered) to Indragiri Riau around 1914. Abah Lukmanul Hakim had studied with Mr. Sapat in Hidayat Village. At that time Abah lived in Tekulai Hilir. He was one of the special students when he studied at Hidayat, because in general he had studied the books studied in the village when he was in Mecca, but he wanted to take "blessings" from the descendants of Sheikh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari who was famous in Tanah Banjar, a Ulama. Besar who authored the book "Sabilal Muhtadin", then after Tuan Guru Sapat died in 1939 Abah Lukman moved to Enok Dalam; Abah Lukmanul Hakim is someone who is consistent (consistent) in carrying out Islamic law; The legal basis for Abah Lukmanul Hakim being allowed to keep dogs for his community members at that time was to guard the coconut plantations, so that all the plants in their gardens were protected from pests such as pigs, monkeys and so on; Abah Lukmanul Hakim in the eyes of the people is a pious person. The heirs (sons and daughters) of Abah Lukmanul Hakim until this booklet was written, two people are still alive, namely: 1. Hj. Saibah and 2. Asy'ari, While in general there are still many grandchildren and they are scattered in several provinces in Indonesia such as: Jakarta, South Kalimantan, North Sumatra, Batam, Riau Islands, however, they mostly live in the Indragiri Hilir region of Riau, such as in Kec. Enok, Kec. Tempuling, Echo, Keteman (Scissors), and Kempas.

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Matějíček, A., J. Matějíčková, E. Němcová, O. M. Jandurová, M. Štípková, J. Bouška, and J. Frelich. "Joint effects of CSN3 and LGB genotypes and their relation to breeding values of milk production parameters in Czech Fleckvieh." Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2273-cjas.

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The objective of this study was to estimate the joint effects of <i>CSN3</i> and <i>LGB</i> genotypes on breeding values of milk production parameters. <i>CSN3</i> (kappa-casein) and <i>LGB</i> (beta-lactoglobulin) genotypes of 120 Czech Fleckvieh sires were detected using the PCR-RFLP method. Breeding values of sires were obtained from the Official Database of Progeny Testing. Ten genotype combinations were detected. Genotypes <i>ABAB</i> (25.0%), <i>ABAA</i> (13.3%) and <i>ABBB</i> (13.3%) were the most frequent. Significant effects of genotype combinations on breeding values for fat and protein content were found. The highest breeding values for milk (+621 kg) and protein (+15.8 kg) yields were associated with genotype combination <i>ABAA</i>, while the highest breeding values for content parameters (+0.15% for protein content and +0.55% for fat content) were associated with genotype combination <i>BBAB</i>.

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Tupcynbaeva, A. Ó., and A. J. Maldybek. "Qazaq maqal-máteldepi men Abaı «qara cózderi» aracyndaǵy úndectik [The Relationship of Kazakh Proverbs and «Words of Edification» of Abay]." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 3, no. 117 (October 10, 2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-0686.007.

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The article describes the relationship between Kazakh Proverbs and sayings with the «Words of Edification» of Abay. The heritage of the great Abay is an inexhaustible Treasury, a spiritual source for many generations. It is difficult to assess the significance of his work in one word, but the legacy of Abay occupies a special place in the modern history, culture and literature of our people. Abay and its heritage are the most popular among the people. In his work, all problems were analyzed through the true mind and consciousness, and the main core turned into the good of life. Perceiving as a source of virtue faith, love, kindness, benevolence, he urged the people and young people to love life, respect each other and educate themselves. Abay's works cover all spheres of life of the people, linking their past, present, and future. Abay's «Words of Edification» have not lost their meaning even now, although several generations and epochs have changed, and if we consider that national characteristics and human values continue to grow and develop, we must recognize that Abay's «Words of Edification» will continue to be a valuable source of knowledge of the truth. Мaқaлaдa қaзaқ мaқaл-мәтeлдepi жәнe Aбaй «Қapa cөздepi» oй жeлiciндeгi өзapa бaйлaныc бaяндaлaды. Қaзaқ xaлқының мaңдaйынa бiткeн oйшыл дaнa Aбaйдың мұpacы – caн ұpпaққa pyxaни aзық бoлaтын capқылмac мoл қaзынa. Қазақ хaлқының бүгінгі тарихында, дәстүрі мен мәдениетінде Aбaйдың aлaтын opны айрықша, оны бір деммен, бір сөзбен жеткізу мүмкін емес. Aбaй мұpacы aдaм тipшiлiгiнiң caн-caлacын қaмтып, қaзaқ xaлқының өткeнi мeн бүгiнiн, бoлaшaғын ұштacтыpғaн өмipшeңдiгiмeн, мәңгiлiк өзeктiлiгiмeн қымбaт. Бapлық адамдық ілімді, өмір сүрудің мәнін, адамның адамдығының формуласын барлық шығарамаларына өзек еткен Aбaй мұрасы, тағлымы қазіргі таңда аса қажетті, көкейтесті мәселе болып отыр. Абай туындыларында түгел дерлік барлық мәселелер сау ақыл арқылы сарапталып, сұрыпталып, басты мазмұн өзегін өмip игiлiгiнe aйнaлдыpa бiлгeн. Ұлы жapaтылыcқa деген иман мен үмітті мaxaббaт пeн мeйipiмнiң, жaқcылықтың көзi peтiндe бaғaлay apқылы қaлың жұpтын өмipдi cүюгe, aдaмдapды aялayғa, жacтapды бiлiм aлyғa шaқыpғaн бoлaтын. Aбaйдың рухани мұрасы, қаншама заман ауысып, уақыт өзгерседе, ешуақытта құндылығы жойылмайды. Aбaй шығaрмaлaрының қaншa yaқыт өтce дe өз құндылығын жoғaлтпayының cыры адамшылық идеясында жатыр. Aл адамның aдaмшылығы кeз кeлгeн қoғaмның өзекті мәceлeci eкeнi анық.

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Fournier, Anne, and Gregor Andelfinger. "AB11-1." Heart Rhythm 3, no. 5 (May 2006): S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.02.082.

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Kannankeril, Prince J., Matthew V. Dzurik, and Frank A. Fish. "AB11-2." Heart Rhythm 3, no. 5 (May 2006): S21—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.02.083.

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Samie, Rafeeq, Darryl R. Davis, David H. Birnie, Martin S. Green, Najib Al Rawahi, Anthony S. Tang, and Michael H. Gollob. "AB11-3." Heart Rhythm 3, no. 5 (May 2006): S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.02.084.

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