Academic literature on the topic 'A Heterakid'

Abstract Purpose Heterakidosis is a common parasitic infection caused in domestic birds by Heterakis species: Heterakis gallinarum, H. isolonche, and H. dispar. Among them, the best described species is H. gallinarum, noted mainly in gallinaceous birds. In waterfowl, H. dispar is the predominant species. The variations in morphology and host specificity qualify H. dispar as a different species, but the phylogenetic relationships between heterakids were unclear for a long time, because of a lack of H. dispar sequences. Methods The authors provided the molecular data for H. dispar and analyzed the obtained sequences of the partial 18S rRNA gene and region ITS1-5.8SrRNA-ITS2 with the homological sequences. Results The 18S rRNA PCR product of H. dispar was about 800 bp, and the ITS-5.8S-ITS2 PCR product was about 920 bp, noticeably smaller size compared to H. gallinarum product. The BLAST analysis of H. dispar 18S sequence showed a 99% similarity with the sequences of Heterakis gallinarum and Ascaridia galli, 98% with A. nymphii, but only 94% with the sequence of Heterakis sp. Our ITS sequence of H. dispar was almost identical to the H. isolonche isolate, there is only one nucleotide of difference among the 943 sites analyzed. It also showed a lower similarity to the ITS sequences of H. gallinarum (88%), H. spumosa (87%), and H. dahomensis (87%). Conclusions In our phylogenetic analysis, it is the first attempt at the reconstruction of relationships within this superfamily Heterakoidea based on 18S rDNA and ITS region.

Heterakidosis is a parasitic infection in birds caused by the cecal parasite Heterakis spp. The most common species in geese is H. dispar, the largest avian heterakids species. Because of a scarcity of data concerning the H. dispar population, the aim of this study was the genetic analysis of Heterakis dispar isolated from geese flocks based on the ITS1-5.8rRNA-ITS2 fragment. Among the 71 H. dispar specimens isolated from 20 geese flocks, six haplotypes were determined (A, B, C, D, E, and F). The four nucleotide substitutions were noted in both ITS fragments, and all of them were transitions between adenine and guanine, or thymine and cytosine. The most frequently noted haplotype was type A (45%), followed by type B (18.3%), type C and D (11.3%), type E (8.5%), and F (5.6%). Infection with nematodes from different haplotype groups was noted in 30% of the flocks, with type A being the most prevalent, followed by types B, D, or E to make up 100%. This study represents the first H. dispar population analysis based on the ITS1-5.8rRNA-ITS2 fragment.

Data on a modern epizootic situation on helminthoses of hens in the Novosibirsk region are provided in article. To study the contamination of poultry with helminths, the ovoscopic Fulleborn method, commonly accepted in parasitology, was used. In total 360 fecal samples received from the poultry contained in personal farms of citizens of Suzunsky, Toguchinsky, Cherepanovky districts of the Novosibirsk region were investigated. It is found that the parasitic complex of the gastrointestinal tract is represented by 2 classes of helminths – Nematoda and Cestoda, as well as unicellular class Sporozoa, the genus Eimeria. Nematodes include the helminths belonging to 3 families and 5 genus – Capillariidae (g. Capillaria, g. Eucoleus, g. Thominx), Ascaridiidae (g. Askaridia) and Heterakidae (g. Heterakis). Parasitosis proceed in the form of mixtinvasions. In gelminthokomplex of a poultry the dominating components are nematodes of families Capillariidae with high average infection level – 50.8%. Subdominants are Ascaris and Heterakis, their average poultry invasion is 19.2 and 23.6% respectively. The widespread distribution of pathogens nematodes is revealed, but poultry infestation with individual nematode species both in the regions and in individual settlements differs. The infestation of poultry nematodes of the families Capillariidae, Ascaridiidae and Heterakidae varies, including the level of one area. The maximum and minimum infestation of a poultry is registered by the specified helminths in Suzun, Suzunsky district and in the settlement Semenovsky of Cherepanovsky district, with infestation respectively 70,0; 46,7;40,0% and 26.9; 20.4; 21.3%. The infection of the poultry with cestodoses ranged from 0.8 to 9.4% and averaged 3.3%.

The genus Heterakis Dujardin, 1845 is one of the most widely distributed genera of nematode parasites of domestic and wild birds. Geographically and ecologically predominant species include Heterakis gallinarum Schrank, 1788 and Heterakis dispar Schrank, 1790. Prevalence and occurrence of these nematodes in the domestic goose (Anser anser dom.) depend on their biological and morphological specifics which ensure the highest viability, fast growth and maximum fertility in the host. This study presents the abundance and species composition of nematodes of the genus Heterakis in the domestic goose in Ukraine. Comparative study of morphological and metrical characteristics of H. gallinarum and H. dispar adult females and males is presented. Additional morphometric characteristics are proposed for easier identification of the two species. Stages and periods of embryonic development of H. gallinarum and H. dispar nematodes obtained from domestic geese are established according to morphological and metrical characters. Of the two species, H. dispar is prevalent in domestic geese from Poltava, Kharkiv and Kyiv regions. Abundance index of this species is 9.8 specimens, and intensity of infection index is up to 62 specimens. H. gallinarum is rarer, its abundance index is 1.2 specimens and maximum intensity of infection is 30 specimens. Species-specific morphological differences are more distinct in male nematodes in the size and structure of the spicules, lateral wing-like protrusions of pseudobursas, numbers and position of tail papillae. Additional metrical characteristics differ between H. gallinarum and H. dispar nematodes, allowing us to identify not only adult specimens but also eggs. Embryonic development of both species occurs in four morphologically distinct stages: protoplast, blastomere cleavage, formation of first and second stage larvae. Eggs of H. gallinarum nematodes become infectious in eight days at 27 °С, eggs of H. dispar in four days, their viability in laboratory culture is 84.3 ± 0.58 and 91.3 ± 1.53% respectively.

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The pharmacological tests were conducted from March 2004 to January 2007 in the Annex to the Biot?rio Experimental Center of Agricultural Sciences (CCA) at the Universidade Federal of Piau? (UFPI). The plant material was collected in the states of Piau? and Maranh?o, and identified by a boatanist from the Graziela Barroso Herbarium (CCN/UFPI). It was determined the antihelmintic activity in vitro of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of the plants Annona squamosa, Hymenea courbaril, Operculina macrocarpa, Simarouba versicolor and Scoparia dulcis on Ascaridia galli and in vivo on the nematodes Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum. The in vitro tests were performed in adults helminth, male/female, collected the small intestine of chiken necropsied. Parasites were placed in Petri plates, divided into groups of ten/plates with three replicates for each concentration. These contain the extracts in volumes of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32mL plus of 58, 56, 52, 44 and 28 mL of the Tyrode solution completing a volume of 60 mL/plate. The plates were incubated in B.O.D. at 37 ? C (? 1) and observed each 24 h, totaling 96 h. In this period there was the percentage of mortality and were considered dead those parasites with loss of motility after mild pressure. In vivo assays anthelmintic activity used up 108 adult chicken, with average weight of 1.5 kg, divided in 14 test groups of six animals. We used one positive control group (piperazine tetrahidrate), three negative controls groups: distilled water for aqueous extract and DMSO and Tween 80 to ethanolic extract, a total of 18 groups. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance of the average percentage of mortality over time (SAEG and SAS). The higher percentage of in vitro mortality test on the A. galli were registered as AE's sumidade florida of S. dulcis and A. squamosa being 30.7% and 66.7% respectively, while the EE was more effective for the H. courbaril, stem from the S. dulci; O. macrocarpa and S. versicolor with percentage of 70.7%, 46.0%, 38.7% and 26.7%, respectively. In vivo tests in the AE of A. squamosa presented the greatest percentage of elimination of A. galli (38.95%). The AE also was the most effective for sumidade florida, stem and root of S. dulcis and for the S. versicolor removing 28.68%, 21.38% 36.23% and 19.32%, respectively. The plants O. macrocarpa and H. courbaril showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the percentage of extracts with the elimination for AE of 23.64% and 24.5% and the EE of 22.4% and 27.03% respectively. In tests with H. gallinarum the percentage of elimination were insignificant for most plants, where only the S. versicolor had percentuals elimination of more expressive with 20.22% for EA and 29.15% for EE and for A. squamosa, confirming in vitro results, AE had his best action with 20.60% of elimination. These results suggest that although the percentage of elimination of the test in vivo have been lower than in vitro test, they confirmed that the A. galli was more sensitive to treatment that H. gallinarum probably because this parasite stay at cecum and the substances responsible for action on the A. galli were present mostly in aqueous fraction and the H. gallinarum in alcoholic fraction.
Os ensaios farmacol?gicos foram conduzidos de mar?o de 2004 a janeiro de 2007 no Anexo do Biot?rio Experimental do Centro de Ci?ncias Agr?rias (CCA) da Universidade Federal do Piau? (UFPI). A mat?ria vegetal foi coletada nos Estados do Piau? e Maranh?o e identificadas no Herb?rio Graziela Barroso (UFPI). Determinou-se a atividade anti-helm?ntica in vitro dos extratos aquosos (EA) e etan?licos (EE) das plantas Annona squamosa, Hymenea courbaril, Operculina macrocarpa, Simarouba versicolor e Scoparia dulcis sobre Ascaridia galli e in vivo sobre os nemat?ides Ascaridia galli e Heterakis gallinarum. Os testes in vitro foram realizados em helmintos adultos, machos/f?meas, coletadas do intestino delgado de aves necropsiadas. Os parasitos foram colocados em placas de Petri, divididos em grupos de dez/placa com tr?s repeti??es para cada concentra??o. Estas continham os extratos nos volumes de 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32 mL acrescidos de 58, 56, 52, 44 e 28 mL da solu??o de Tyrode , completando um volume final de 60 mL/placa. As placas foram incubadas em B.O.D. a 37?C (?1) e observadas a cada 24 h. totalizando 96 h. Neste per?odo verificou-se o percentual de mortalidade, sendo considerados mortos aqueles com perda de motilidade ap?s leve press?o. Na avalia??o da atividade anti-helm?ntica in vivo utilizou-se 108 aves adultas, com peso m?dio de 1,5 kg, divididas em grupos de seis animais, sendo constitu?dos 14 grupos testes, um controle positivo (piperazina tetrahidratada), tr?s grupos controles negativos: ?gua destilada para o extrato aquoso e DMSO e Tween 80 para o extrato etan?lico, num total de 18 grupos. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio da an?lise de vari?ncia do percentual m?dio de mortalidade ao longo do tempo (SAEG e SAS). Os maiores percentuais de mortalidade obtidos no teste in vitro sobre A. galli foram registrados no EA da sumidade florida de S. dulci e de A. squamosa sendo 30,7% e 66,7%, respectivamente. Quanto ao EE este foi mais eficaz para H. courbaril, caule da S. dulci; O. macrocarpa e S. versicolor com percentuais de 70,7%; 46,0%; 38,7% e 26,7%, respectivamente. Nos testes in vivo o EA de A. squamosa foi o que apresentou maior percentual de elimina??o de A. galli (38,95%). O EA tamb?m foi o mais eficaz para a sumidade florida, caule e raiz de S. dulci e para S. versicolor eliminando 28,68%, 21,38%, 36,23% e 19,32%, respectivamente. As plantas O. macrocarpa e H. courbaril n?o apresentaram diferen?a significativa (P>0,05) entre os extratos com percentuais de elimina??o para o EA de 23,64% e 24,5% e para o EE de 22,4% e 27,03%, respectivamente. Nos testes com H. gallinarum os percentuais de elimina??o foram insignificantes para maioria das plantas, onde apenas S. versicolor teve percenturais de elimina??o mais expressivos com 20,22% para o EA e 29,15% para o EE e ainda, a A. squamosa, que confirmando os testes in vitro teve no EA sua melhor a??o com 20,60% de elimina??o. Estes resultados sugerem que embora os percentuais de elimina??o do teste in vivo tenham sido inferiores ?queles obtidos no teste in vitro , eles confirmaram que A. galli foi mais sens?vel aos tratamentos que H. gallinarum provalmente pela localiza??o do segundo (ceco) e que as subst?ncias respons?veis pela a??o sobre A. galli estavam presentes na sua maioria na fra??o aquosa e sobre H. gallinarum na fra??o alco?lica.

Previous studies of an intermittent migratory oedema occurring in people living in the Central Queensland coastal areas of Woodbury, supported by skin testing and subsequent serology tests established that this problem was

possibly a gnathostomiasis. The problem was previously reported as occurring in an area north of the coastal town of Yeppoon in Central Queensland. It was described as a rapidly moving intermittent oedema lasting for periods between one week and six months. 

A study of 96 people living in the Central Queensland area was carried out from 1992 to 1995, showing that the 'Woodbury Bug' is a migrating oedema occurring at irregular intervals over all areas of the body. The phenomenon

was not confined to people living in areas north of Yeppoon, but occurred in all areas of Central Queensland, mostly in the summer months with urticaria lasting from days to several weeks. Reoccurrence of the urticaria occurred

again in the summer months of January to April, every year or every second year, often lasting several years.

The physical findings in the study were remarkably consistent with those found in cases of gnathostomiasis. In contrast to previous serology testing, however, all gnathostome serology tests were negative. The lack of a history of eating raw meats or fish also contradicted the previous suggestion that this was gnathostomiasis. Serology testing for Strongyloides species was also

negative, and the physical findings eliminated Ancylostoma species as a possibility.

During the study it was established that many patients had contact with nest material of the brush turkey, Alectura lathami, a leafy material used as garden mulch. A Heterakid, found as a parasite in the brush turkey is suggested as a

cause of the 'Woodbury Bug'. This parasite could be treated using an anthelminthic, albendazole, or the condition known as the 'Woodbury Bug' could be controlled by avoiding any accidental ingestion of parasites when working with brush turkey nest material.