Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'A contrario paradigm'

La détection de petits objets dans les images infrarouges (IR) est une tâche complexe mais cruciale en défense, surtout lorsqu'il s'agit de distinguer ces cibles d'un fond texturé. Les méthodes de détection d'objets classiques peinent à trouver un équilibre entre un taux de détection élevé et un faible taux de fausses alarmes. Bien que certaines approches aient amélioré les réponses des cartes de caractéristiques pour les petits objets, elles restent tout de même sensibles aux fausses alarmes induites par les éléments du fond. Pour résoudre ce problème, la première partie de cette thèse introduit un critère de décision a contrario dans l'entraînement des réseaux de neurones. Cette méthode statistique améliore les réponses des cartes de caractéristiques tout en contrôlant le nombre de fausses alarmes (NFA) et peut être intégrée dans n'importe quel réseau de segmentation sémantique. Le module NFA améliore la détection des petits objets et renforce la robustesse dans des contextes d'apprentissage frugal en données. Cependant, les réseaux de segmentation peuvent entraîner une fragmentation des objets, causant ainsi des fausses alarmes et faussant les métriques de comptage. Pour atténuer cela, le critère a contrario a été intégré dans la tête de détection d'un YOLO. La deuxième partie de la thèse aborde les défis posés par le manque de données annotées grâce à l'apprentissage auto-supervisé (SSL). Nous avons réalisé une étude des catégories de SSL existantes, en mettant l'accent sur les méthodes adaptées à la détection de petits objets. Nous avons ensuite évalué plusieurs stratégies SSL sur différents jeux de données, y compris les datasets de détection de petites cibles en IR. Cette étude nous permet de proposer une feuille de route pour aider à la sélection d'une stratégie de SSL adéquate selon plusieurs paramètres. Enfin, la combinaison du SSL et du paradigme a contrario a donné des résultats impressionnants sur la détection de petites cibles en IR
Detecting small objects in infrared images is a challenging yet critical task in defense, especially when it comes to differentiating these targets from a noisy or textured background. Conventional object detection methods have difficulties in finding the balance between high detection rate and low false alarm rate. While some existing approaches have improved feature map responses for small objects, they frequently fail to manage false alarms caused by background elements. To address this, we introduce an a contrario decision criterion into neural network training. This statistical test enhances feature map responses while controlling the number of false alarms (NFA) and can be integrated into any semantic segmentation network. The NFA module improves infrared small target detection (IRSTD) and increases robustness in few-shot settings. However, segmentation networks can lead to object fragmentation, causing false alarms and distorting counting metrics. To mitigate this, the a contrario criterion has been integrated into the YOLO detection head. The second part of the thesis focuses on overcoming the challenges of limited annotated samples through self-supervised learning (SSL). To this end, we conduct a survey on SSL strategies for image representation learning, with an emphasis on methods adapted for small object detection. We then benchmark several SSL strategies across different datasets, including IRSTD datasets. This study allows us to provide a roadmap to guide future practitioners in selecting an appropriate SSL strategy based on various parameters. Finally, combining both a contrario and SSL paradigms has led to impressive performance for IRSTD

2012 has been proclaimed as the European year of "Active ageing and solidarity between generations". EU population is indeed facing a constant increase of life expectancy, which brings the need for an extension of the working career of every single individual. The question is how to achieve this, within an economical crisis, characterized by augmenting unemployment rates and cuts to the welfare system. EU promotes Flexicurity as a solution, with particular reference to the implementation of the policies of Lifelong Learning (chapter 1). After a thorough analysis of the various Flexicurity existing models (chapter 2) and a verification of the Italian model, before and after the reform introduced with L. 92/2012 (chapter 3) it will be analyzed how Italy assures itself that art. 4 and 35 paragraph of the Constitution are applied. Essential for this control is to define the tools (public and contractual) that assure to an Over50 worker a constant adjustment of his working background. This protects his position and allows him a better placing possibility. The analysis is conducted focusing on the tools of Lifelong Learning which allows constitutional forecast both on the relationship between individuals and state (chapter 4) and in the individual relations on a contractual level (chapter 5). Particular attention will be dedicated to the contractual cause and to the presence of duty to the vocational and continuous training.

La presente indagine di ricerca si concentra sulle opere storiografiche di Senofonte, focalizzandosi in modo particolare su quelle figure minori presenti in esse, che mostrano caratteristiche o comportamenti tali da renderle indegne del ruolo di governo che occupano. Da tempo, infatti, la critica si è focalizzata nell’individuare e analizzare quei personaggi che rappresentano il perfetto modello di leadership descritto da Senofonte e offerto all’imitazione del suo pubblico. Tuttavia, ben poco si è detto riguardo le figure opposte, quei paradigmi e contrario, destinati non tanto ad essere imitati, ma utili, piuttosto, a rappresentare gli errori che un lettore deve evitare e a far risaltare ancor di più i modelli di leadership illuminata e capace che sono il reale focus dell’attenzione di Senofonte in diverse opere. Se, infatti, è evidente la volontà e le caratteristiche paideutiche del corpus senofonteo, destinato ad insegnare le qualità, politiche ma ancor di più morali, necessarie per ricoprire un ruolo di governo e guida; sembrerebbe logico ipotizzare che questo fine didattico delle opere di Senofonte possa trovare realizzazione anche nelle figure negative, il cui ruolo è sottolineato ed evidenziato dall’autore attraverso strategie letterarie sempre nuove.
The present research investigation concentrates on Xenophon's historiographical works, focusing in particular on those minor figures in them who display characteristics or behaviour that render them unworthy of the governing role they occupy. Critics have long focused on identifying and analysing those characters who represent the perfect model of leadership described by Xenophon and offered for imitation by his audience. However, very little has been said about the opposite figures, those paradigms and opposites, destined not so much to be imitated, but rather useful in representing the mistakes that a reader must avoid and to bring out even more the models of enlightened and capable leadership that are the real focus of Xenophon's attention in various works. If, in fact, the paideutic intention and characteristics of the Senofonte corpus is evident, intended to teach the qualities, political but even more so moral, necessary to hold a role of government and leadership; it would seem logical to assume that this didactic purpose of Xenophon's works can also be realised in the negative figures, whose role is emphasised and highlighted by the author through ever new literary strategies.

La tesi propone una rilettura della teoria di negozio giuridico dall'inclusione della fiducia al centro di supporto fattuale per generare una prospettiva plurale e riflessiva della volontà. Intendiamo analizzare i contratti da un nuovo paradigma, a dimostrazione che l'inclusione della nozione di fiducia nel negozio giuridico, non solo in seguito alla dichiarazione di intenti, ma permettendo a questa analisi riflessiva, risposte a molte domande lasciate dalla teoria dello fatto giuridico che, cresciuto in un ambiente liberale, stabilito la volontà individuale delle parti come un singolo elemento che compone il centro del nucleo di un negozio giuridico. Oggi, la società di massa, i contratti di adesione e contrattazione elettronica, richiedono una revisione dei concetti di base della teoria generale del diritto civile. Così, questa tesi si propone analizzare, non solo la volontà delle parti in modo isolato, ma la fiducia (dalla nozione di vertrauen di diritto tedesco) che le manifestazioni del desiderio reciproco e usi del traffico causa in entrambi i contraenti. Pertanto, al cuore del negozio giuridico non sarebbero le uniche manifestazioni di volontà, ma un consenso che si verifica in modo dinamico, variabile a seconda degli altri elementi, la coniugazione tra l'espressione della volontà di un contraente e di fiducia reciproca e ha causato il consenso dell'altro contraente e la fiducia, legittimo affidamento, ha causato nel primo, considerando le circostanze aziendali. L'obiettivo è quello di studiare il rilassamento del principio di autonomia, che, pur essendo la base del diritto contrattuale, ai nostri tempi dovrebbero dare luogo ad una reinterpretazione della teoria del negozio giuridico, al fine di adattarlo alla realtà delle relazioni sociali, adattando le teorie classiche per includere le nozioni di funzione sociale del contratto, buona fede oggettiva, l'equilibrio economico delle patti, ecc, nella sua struttura teorica.
A tese propõe uma releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico a partir da inclusão da confiança no núcleo do suporte fático a gerar uma ótica plural e reflexa da vontade. Pretende-se a análise dos contratos a partir de um novo paradigma, demonstrando a inclusão da noção de confiança no negócio jurídico, não apenas acompanhando a manifestação de vontade, mas permitindo a análise reflexiva desta. Assim, deve responder a muitas dúvidas deixadas pela teoria do fato jurídico que, criada em um ambiente liberal, estabelecia a vontade individual das partes como único elemento a compor o cerne do núcleo de um negócio jurídico. Hoje, a sociedade de massas, os contratos de adesão e as contratações eletrônicas demandam uma revisão dos conceitos-base da teoria geral do direito civil. Esta tese pretende analisar, não apenas a vontade das partes de maneira isolada, mas a confiança (a partir da noção de vertrauen do direito alemão) que as manifestações de vontade recíprocas e os usos do tráfico provocam em ambos os contratantes. Portanto, no cerne do negócio jurídico não estariam apenas as manifestações da vontade, mas o consenso que se dá de modo dinâmico, variando de acordo com os outros elementos, conjugação entre a manifestação de vontade de um contratante, a confiança provocada no outro e a manifestação de vontade do outro contratante e a confiança, a legítima expectativa, provocada no primeiro, considerando-se as circunstâncias negociais. O objetivo do trabalho é estudar a flexibilização do princípio da autonomia da vontade que, apesar de ser a base do direito contratual, hodiernamente deve ensejar a releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico, a fim de adaptá-la à realidade das relações sociais e adequá-la às teorias clássicas ao incluir noções de função social do contrato, boa-fé objetiva, equilíbrio econômico dos pactos, etc., em sua estrutura teórica.
The thesis proposes a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business from the inclusion of the trust at the core of factual support to generate a plural and reflexive perspective of will. We intend to analyze the contracts from a new paradigm, demonstrating that the inclusion of the notion of trust in the legal business, not just following the declaration of intent, but allowing this reflective analysis, answers many questions left by the theory of legal fact who, raised in a liberal environment, established the individual will of the parties as a single element composing the core of the nucleus of a legal business. Today, mass society, contracts of adhesion and electronic contracting, demand a review of the basic concepts of the general theory of civil law. Thus, this thesis aims to analyze, not only the will of the parties in an isolated way, but confidence (from the notion of vertrauen in German law) that the manifestations of reciprocal desire and uses of traffic cause in both contractors. Therefore, at the heart of the legal business would not be the only manifestations of the will, but a consensus that occurs dynamically, varying according to the other elements, conjugation between the expression of the will of a contractor and trust in each other caused, and the consent from the other contractor and the trust, the legitimate expectation, caused on the first, considering the business circumstances. The objective is to study the flexibilization of the principle of freedom of choice, which, despite being the basis of contract law, in our times should give rise to a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business in order to adapt it to the reality of social relations, adapting the classical theories to include the notions of social function of the contract, objective good faith, economic balance of the pacts, etc., in his theoretical framework.

2015 - 2016
Network represents a new way to do buisiness and to coagulate energies and resources. Two foundamentals figures of private law blend in the study of this figure and of its effective meaning: contract and enterprise. Contract is to enterprise what law is to buisiness. Network thickens activities and resources of more businessmen, joined in a common and unique project, everyone together united and in collaboration for the realization of a productivity program projected to consumers’ needs, always more qualified and emerging. To implement, to increase, to compete, to renovate. Thease are the functions of a new relationship that ties network buisnessmen. It’s the aim that pushes to come together in network, preserving, each, their own business individuality and their autonomy of management and production. Network business is a new and original (surely more profitable) way to work and produce and it’s expression of autonomy of parts, united, each with their own contribute, to produce benefits and services highly competitives. The study of the juridical nature of the case is subject of particular interest, even if the problem is still unresolved. The nature is, without a doubt, an element of reflection very delicate; from contract to association; from single contract to many contracts connected by the purpose, from agreement, to system, method, axperiment. Organization. Agreement. Contract. System. Perspective of profound interest. All elements and structural substance, decline for the wright expression of network essence. Network is a method. Network is experience. Network, infact, is a cross institution, that from organization (principle of cooperation) becomes in integration of subjects, contract (agreement) and activity, always based on the part’s rule, that represents its fundamental core. The different configuration and the prospective of network’s system has a strong ripercussion on the regime and on pratical, juridical, social and economical effects of this phenomenon. It is, surely, an autonomous and particular figure, with its own characteristics, that cannot always be classified in a well-defined institution. And it’s evident that, because of its legal framework, network presents a lot of perspective and points of view that go from the affirmation of private law’s new principles to the configuration of a particular answerability of the same subjects members of the network. Answerability that is aim of deeped study, so much so that it’s beneficial an “ad hoc” regulation to increase by degrees its measure and its procedure. So network is still a “work in progress”. It needs social adaptation, applied rules and concrete interpretations, tied to emergencies of territory and social fabric. Special regulation is a pride of Italy, even if it’s needed to verify its effects and its ripercussion on the practice; only in this way it will be possible to know its impact and understand the modernization of thease new contractual figures. Network development on the territory is interesting; it’s interesting to understand its essence and its range with its problems. The new figure is analyzed in this work in the general prospective of general theory of law and of its regulation, that involves not only private sphere, but even the comparison with comparative and public law, until the analysis of trial profile of “litisconsorzio”, in the ample and appropriate network trial, where the imlementation of principle of an adversarial process involves all the network businessmen, to guarantee a full defence and allow to the damaged to know the level of answerability of individual or all the partecipants, even with a potential direct lawsuit. The figure is a real new that signs the entrance of new private law principles. It’s surely a remarkable spark of reflection if this method is considerated as drift and statement of new law principles, like cooperation, sharing, contractual planning, subsidiarity. And, specifically, subsidiarity principle, constitutionally relevant, is affirmation of power of private’s regulation towards whom State is subsidiary and intervenes just in case of non-fulfilment or unsuitableness of interests subtended to the case. This flexibility is the core of network. Not only. An institution in development, with a lot of profiles still imprecise, ambiguous, equivocal, that have to become clear, not only about its nature, but most of all, regarding the level of network businessmen’s answerability, in network inner and outer relationships, that is not able to leave trial system of “litisconsorzio necessario” and respect of principle of an adversarial process out of consideration. Network, answerability, trial. The real problem is the absence of an “ad hoc” answerability (network businessmen’s answerability) and an “ad hoc” procedure to ascertain every single contractor’s role and to protect single network businessmen from an aswerability extended to other partecipants and to protect third party, who has to be able to act against the real responsible. Only with a real legal protection and strong guarantees, investemts and new contracts implements themselves. New agreement to more important protection. Together to reach a communal aim; resources and ideas to continue; quick and immediate trial, when network is protagonist. Research has to aspire to that. [edited by author]
XV n.s.

Considerando que o Estatuto da Terra (lei 4.504/64) e seu decreto regulamentador (59.566/66) tem mais de meio século, idealizados com cláusulas protetivas ao arrendatário e parceiro-outorgado, antes considerado vulnerável, este trabalho objetiva fazer um resgate histórico a respeito da legislação, alcançando os dias atuais em diversos aspectos para que seja analisada a crise que se instalou na pactuação do contrato agrário de arrendamento e parceria rural, frente a autonomia privada das partes e da função social da propriedade. Tendo o trabalho como finalidade perquirir novos paradigmas, primando por uma maior liberdade na contratação, utilizando como tábua axiológica o Código Civil a partir da sua constitucionalização, suas fontes, tais como a legislação, usos e costumes, princípios, jurisprudência e precedentes, com a intenção de traçar um novo perfil contratual destes típicos contratos agrários, em respeito a função do contrato e ao interesse útil dos contratantes. Assim, conforme será visto, possibilitará uma interpretação que afaste o Estatuto da Terra e seu decreto nos casos em que o arrendatário ou parceiro-outorgado não é considerado vulnerável na relação, devendo então, não ser estendidas as benesses, ou melhor, as proteções inseridas na legislação e regulamentação, tais como as cláusulas protetivas de prazos mínimos, obrigatoriedade de fixação do preço em dinheiro, bem como o exercício do direito de preferência, é como será visto.
Considering that the Land Statute (Law 4,504/64) and its regulating decree (59,566/66) have been for over half a century, idealized with protective clauses to the lessee and partner-grantor, previously considered vulnerable, this work aims to make a historical summary respecting the legislation, reaching the present day in several aspects to analyze the crisis that settled in the agreement of the agrarian contract of lease and rural partnership, facing the private autonomy of the parties and the social function of the property. The aim of this work is to investigate new paradigms, focusing on a greater freedom in contracting, using as an axiological table the Civil Code from its constitutionalization, its sources, such as legislation, uses and customs, principles, jurisprudence and precedents, with the intention of drawing up a new contractual profile of these typical agrarian contracts, respecting the function of the contract and the useful interest of the contractors. Thus, as we shall see, it will provide an interpretation that departs from the Land Statute and its decree in cases in which the lessee or grantor is not considered vulnerable in the relationship, and therefore, the benefits, or rather the protections inserted in the legislation and regulations, such as minimum term protection clauses, mandatory pricing in cash, as well as the exercise of preemptive rights, will be seen.

This work aims to analyze the various hypotheses of voidness introduced by European private law in order to ascertain whether, in light of their specificity, they can be considered autonomous figures, enacting a system expressive of a different rationality to that underlying the hypotheses contained in the Italian civil code; in particular, it aims to ascertain whether these figures may be considered remedies to guarantee and protect the proper functioning of the European single market. The pro-competitive purpose served by the economic policies of the European Union reverberates in invalidation techniques, which see the voidness entrusted with the task of reacting to the disturbance of the freedom of will caused by the structural imbalance of power that characterizes transactions in the market economy. The first chapter introduces the rules relating to the voidness and voidability in the Italian civil code and their historical background. The critical analysis of the traditional, structuralist approach to voidness, strongly influenced by the theory of the type, leads to the adoption of a functionalist perspective, which provide a theoretical grounding to the idea that the contract, even if void, is legally relevant and that ineffectiveness is the means by which the legal system, if deems it necessary, prevents private regulations contrary to its founding values from being translated into a juridical bond with the force of law between the parties; hence the idea that voidness is designed to allow control over the private autonomy and that ineffectiveness is only one of the possible consequence of voidness. The second chapter reviews the various hypotheses of voidness introduced by the European private law, in order to identify the main differences that exist with respect to the general discipline referred to in Articles 1418 ff. of the Italian civil code; the uniformity of the legal framework that governs these figures shows a remedy aimed at protecting the instrumental interest of the party whose freedom of will, being in a condition of technical weakness, is threatened. Therefore, is outlined a regulatory microsystem in which the ineffectiveness that follows voidness must be limited, where possible, to the sole agreements and clauses in which the violation of an instrumental interest of the weak party is concretized; this solution is the most appropriate to achieve the objective adopted by the European legislator, which is assumed to be the elimination of the imbalances caused by information asymmetries. The third chapter identifies, in terms of interpretative hypothesis, a solution respectful of the “functioning to the advantage of” standard in the event that the voidness is total; the idea that ineffectiveness has always been a purely incidental consequence of voidness will allow to envisage the possibility that it must be modulated in order to ensure that the protective function, summarized in the “functioning to the advantage of” standard, operates on a substantial level as well as procedural.

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A presente dissertação tem como proposta compreender a problemática do contrato sob o paradigma pós-positivista. Nesse cenário contemporâneo, no qual a ordem jurídica incorporou em si valores morais eleitos pela sociedade, e no qual fora evidenciada a necessidade de se estender a eficácia dos direitos fundamentais também às relações privadas, seja em razão de sua multiplicação e pulverização, seja pela sua complexidade e potencialidade de causar danos à pessoa, torna-se imperioso repensar o fenômeno do contrato, em razão de que o seu objeto, as suas partes ou o modo como fora atingido o seu consenso poderão fazer com que essa eficácia se dê em maior ou menor grau. Também a Filosofia da Linguagem serviu como subsídio nessa empreitada, em razão de possibilitar ao intérprete o instrumental necessário para entender o contrato como um fenômeno de extensa riqueza significativa, no qual o arranjo de palavras em que se consubstancia pode conter muito mais do que a sua interpretação literal deixa transparecer. Por fim, concluiu-se que a interpretação de um contrato ultrapassa a sua compreensão como um instrumento de transação entre iguais, em razão de que a realidade encerra vetores que direcionarão a sua compreensão para um paradigma mais social ou mais liberal, a depender de suas peculiaridades.
The purpose of this work is to understand the problem of contracts under the postpositivism paradigm. In this contemporary scenario, in which the legal system has incorporated moral values as elected by society, and in which there is a need to extend the effectiveness of fundamental rights also to private relationships, whether due to its multiplications and spread or to its complexity and potential to cause harm to the person, it is imperative to rethink the Contract phenomenon, given that its object, its parts or the way its consensus was reached may cause this effectiveness to be a greater or lesser degree. Also, the Philosophy of Language served as a support in this endeavor, because it empowers the interpreter with the necessary instruments to understand the Contract as phenomenon of extensive and rich meaning in which the arrangement of words on which it is based may contain much more than its literal interpretation reveals. Finally, it was concluded that the interpretation of a Contract exceeds its understanding as a transaction instrument amongst equals, because reality contains vectors that guide its understanding towards a more social or more liberal paradigm, depending on its peculiarities.

Tese (doutorado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2011
Trata o presente estudo da crise do atual modelo de regulação do Direito do Trabalho, consubstanciada na compreensão dominante da categoria "empregado". O trabalhador autónomo hipossuficienie foi escolhido justamente por ensejar a ceniralidade do colapso
This survey regards lhe crisis in the current Labor Law reguiation model. embodied in Lhe dominating understanding of category "empioyce". Thc h'po-suflkient autonomous employee was seiected precisely thr giving rise lo lhe centrality of Lhe coliapse ofth

O presente estudo subordina-se à análise do novo regime do contrato de trabalho a termo, aprovado pela nova Lei Geral do Trabalho, a Lei 7/15, de 15 de Junho, justificada pela necessidade do aumento de geração de empregos com vista à dinamização da economia angolana. Entretanto, a nossa pesquisa procura demonstrar que os principais motivos para a alteração da Lei Geral do Trabalho devem ser confrontados com os elementos considerados entraves à dinamização da economia angolana. Para além disso, a análise problemática do regime jurídico do contrato de trabalho a termo implica a consideração da evolução legislativa, havendo a necessidade de percorrer os regimes anteriores das leis de trabalhado em vigor desde 1981 a 2015. Segue-se a análise do direito comparado dos sistemas juslaborais da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, através do estudo dos requisitos de validade da contratação a termo, da sua duração, renovação, conversão, sucessão, cessação e seus efeitos. Finalmente, a atenção ao regime jurídico do contrato de trabalho a termo é conduzida à consideração da necessidade da conformação com os valores da estabilidade e da segurança no trabalho, do tratamento mais favorável e da intangibilidade dos direitos adquiridos pelo trabalhador, conquistados no domínio laboral.
The present study is subordinated to the analysis of the new regime of the fixed-term employment contract, approved by the new General Labor Law, Law 7/15, of June 15, justified by the need to increase employment generation in order to stimulate the Angolan economy. However, our research seeks to demonstrate that the main reasons for the amendment of the General Labor Law should be confronted with the elements considered as obstacles to the growth of the Angolan economy. So, the problematic analysis of the legal regime of the fixed-term contract implies consideration of legislative developments and there is a need to go through the previous labor law regimes in force from 1981 to 2015. The analysis of the comparative law of the labor law systems of the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries is based on the study of the validity requirements of the fixed-term contract, its duration, renewal, conversion, succession, termination and its effects. Finally, attention to the legal regime of the fixed-term employment contract is taken into consideration in the need to conform with the values of stability and security at work, the most favorable treatment and the intangibility of the rights acquired by the worker, obtained in the labor field.

JEL Classifcation System codes: J520 – Z220.
Os conflitos fazem parte das relações humanas, sendo frequentes ao nível das relações laborais desportivas, com especial intensidade no futebol profissional, por força das cada vez mais elevadas verbas em jogo, em virtude da sua fortíssima mediatização, não esquecendo as emoções que o fenómeno provoca e que não deixam ninguém indiferente. A recente entrada em funcionamento do novo Tribunal Arbitral do Desporto permite às partes envolvidas em litígios desportivos recorrer à medição, uma vez que este tribunal dispõe – a exemplo do Tribunal Arbitral do Desporto, sediado em Lausanne, que é a máxima instância de justiça desportiva a nível mundial – de um serviço de mediação, algo que é inovador no nosso regime jurídico-desportivo. A mediação pode vir a constituir, assim, um novo paradigma na resolução dos litígios desportivos, pelo que o objeto deste estudo consiste em tentar demonstrar em que medida poderá a mediação – enquanto meio alternativo de resolução de litígios ligados ao desporto – assumir-se como uma mais adequada resposta aos conflitos emergentes do contrato de trabalho dos jogadores profissionais de futebol, atenta a especificidade desta relação laboral.
Conflicts are part of human relationships and are quite common in sports’ labor relations, with special intensity in professional football, due to its very strong media coverage, in view of the increasingly higher amounts at stake, not forgetting the emotions that the phenomenon causes which leaves no one indifferent. The recent Court of Arbitration for Sport allows the parties involved in sports disputes to use a new mediation service – like the one existing at the Court of Arbitration for Sport, based in Lausanne, which is the maximum instance of sports’ justice in the world – something that is innovative in our legal sports’ regime. Mediation can become a new paradigm in the resolution of sports related disputes, so the object of this study is to try to demonstrate to what extent can mediation - as an alternative dispute resolution – be assumed as a more appropriate response to labor conflicts regarding professional football players, given the specific nature of the labor relationship

O presente trabalho de investigação em Ciência Politica, especialidade em Políticas Públicas, visa o estudo dos contratos locais de segurança, implementados em Portugal entre 2008 e 2011. Toma como case study o contrato local de segurança de Loures, celebrado em 12 de setembro de 2008, envolvendo as freguesias da Apelação, Camarate e Sacavém. Os programas de segurança de proximidade entraram no discurso político de sucessivos Governos, desde a década de 90, com a implementação dos primeiros programas de policiamento de proximidade: “escola segura”, “comércio seguro”, idoso em segurança” e “INOVAR”. Passadas quase três décadas, as políticas de segurança de proximidade ainda não encontraram no sistema de segurança interna português uma natureza sistémica, consubstanciada na dimensão preventiva da criminalidade, onde se cruzam fatores não criminógenos e circunstâncias sociais, de natureza diversificada e complexa. As novas ameaças e riscos, resultantes da globalização, alteraram o conceito de segurança, tornaram mais vulneráveis os cidadãos e o planeta, com riscos nos domínios ambiental, tecnológico, geopolítico, social e económico, provocando um sentimento de insegurança e vulnerabilidade crescentes que se reflete no dia-a-dia dos cidadãos, afetando a vida em sociedade e obrigando o Estado e a comunidade à adoção de estratégias de segurança que respondam aos novos riscos e ameaças globais e locais. Recursos tecnológicos sofisticados, forças de seguranças bem preparadas, sistemas de informação e cooperação à escala global que possam antecipar e mitigar riscos, o uso de intelligence nos serviços, constituem hoje os recursos necessários aos sistemas de segurança à resposta global. Existe, no entanto, um aparente paradoxo entre a resposta global e local aos riscos – a forma como o cidadão perceciona a insegurança na sua cidade, no seu bairro, na sua rua – conferindo-lhe uma escala de proximidade, muitas vezes distante das estratégias globais. Os contratos locais de segurança, envolvendo as autarquias, a sociedade civil e os stakeholders locais, não retirando o papel central do Estado, na garantia da segurança aos cidadãos, podem constituir-se como um dos novos paradigmas das políticas de segurança na sua dimensão de proximidade e de cidadania, implicando a comunidade nas políticas públicas de segurança. É neste quadro que o presente estudo pretende analisar as potencialidades dos contratos locais de segurança, como instrumentos de territorialização da segurança, com capacidade de intervenção preventiva na prática do crime e resposta aos novos movimentos de participação dos cidadãos na ação politica.
This research work in Political Science, specialty in Public Policies aims to study Local Security Contracts, implemented between 2008 and 2011, having Loures’ Local Security Contract as a case study, celebrated on September 12th 2008, involving the civil parishes of the Apelação, Camarate and Sacavém. The main objective is to analyze the local security contract in the community where it was implemented, through a survey of a qualified sample of the population, complemented with a Delphi exercise carried out by a panel of experts on the relevance of security proximity policies of the internal security system. Since the 1990s, proximity policing programs have entered in the political speech of successive governments, with the implementation of the first proximity policing programs: “escola segura”, “comércio seguro”, idoso em segurança” and “INOVAR”. Almost three decades have passed and the proximity security policies have not yet found in the Portuguese internal security system a systemic nature, embodied on the preventive dimension of crime, where non-criminogenic factors and social circumstances of a diversified and complex nature intersect. New threats and risks resulting from globalization have altered the concept of security, made citizens and the planet more vulnerable, with environmental, technological, geopolitical, social and economic risks, leading to a growing sense of insecurity and vulnerability in the daily lives of citizens, affecting life in society and forcing countries and the community to adopt security strategies that answer to the new global and local risks and threats. Sophisticated technological resources, well-prepared security forces, global information and cooperation systems that can anticipate and mitigate risks, and the use of intelligence in services, are now the resources required by security systems for global response. There is, however, an apparent paradox between the global and local response to risks - the way citizens perceive insecurity in their city, neighborhood, and street - giving them a scale of proximity, often far from the global strategies. Local security contracts, involving local authorities, civil society and local stakeholders, not removing the central role of the Government in guaranteeing security of the citizens, can be one of the new paradigms of security policies in their proximity dimension and citizenship, including the community in public security policies. It is within this framework that this study intends to analyze the potentialities of local security contracts as instruments of territorialisation of security, with capability of preventive intervention in crime, as well as to respond to new movements of citizen participation in political action.