Journal articles on the topic 'A-1 Typographers'

The article uncovers some questions of the labor history of printing production workers in the Crimean ASSR in 1920–1930s. The aim of the article is investigation of the staff structure of the Crimean ASSR printing industry workers in comparison with the national structure. The objectives of the study are to examine the dynamics of the number of workers in the printing industry of the Crimea, to analyze the proportion of women, national personnel (Crimean Tatars), adolescents, skilled workers in the overall structure of the printing industry workers of the Crimean ASSR, and to compare the obtained results with the national indicators. The study is based on published statistics, reports and archival sources. As a result, the author concludes that the labor force of the Crimean ASSR printing industry developed in line with nationwide trends, but with certain specifics. The growth in the number of printing workers, typical for the country as a whole, was uneven in Crimea and its rate was somewhat lower than in the rest of the country. The increase in the proportion of women in the Crimean printing industry at the beginning of the considered period was somewhat lower than the statistical average; in the 1930s it generally corresponded to the national and industry averages. The personnel policy was based on the requirements of indigenization and implied the recruitment of workers of Crimean Tatar nationality; however, the level of indigenization in the printing industry did not reach the required indicators. Work on the involvement of adolescents was carried out, but there were problems with the training organization. The number of qualified personnel in the republic's printing industry was insufficient, which had an impact on the product quality. In conclusion, the author forms the tasks for further research into the labor history of printing production workers in the Crimean ASSR.

The numbers of nontarget arthropods captured by Theysohn pheromone traps (TPTs) and insecticide-treated tripod trap logs (TRIPODs) were compared; both kinds of traps were baited with pheromone lures Pheagr IT for Ips typographus. In 2010, 15 TPTs and 15 TRIPODs were deployed (with a 10-m spacing) in a forest in the northeastern Czech Republic. The TPTs and TRIPODs were inspected weekly during the entire period of I. typographus flight activity (30 April–1 October). The TRIPODs were sprayed with Vaztak 10 SC insecticide every 7 weeks; at each spraying, the pheromone evaporators were renewed. Higher numbers of entomophagous arthropods, including the predacious beetles Thanasimus formicarius and T. femoralis, were captured by the TRIPODs than by the TPTs. The number of Thanasimus spp. captured by TRIPODs was especially high at the end of April. The efficacy of TRIPODs for the control of I. typographus could be maintained while the kill of nontarget organisms could be reduced by deploying the evaporators 1 week later (in early May rather than in late April) in relation to the recommended date of dispenser installation.  

Abstract In March 2017, in the eastern part of the Tatra National Park in Poland, large windthrowns affected the passively and actively protected Norway spruce Picea abies stands. In early 2018, a set of 12 small research plots (20 trees on each plot) was established in the Norway spruce stands next to the windblown area – 6 in the stands under active nature protection (broken and fallen trees processed in 2017), and 6 in the stands under passive nature protection (trees left on the ground). Living trees on the plots were regularly checked during the growing season in order to identify and register the spruces infested by Ips typographus, which were dissected in 2 or 4 half-meter sections. 155 spruces (64%) infested by I. typographus were recorded on all 12 plots: 118 out of 120 (98%) in passive and 37 out of 120 trees (31%) in active protection. Mean infestation density calculated on 128 samples from 47 trees was higher under passive than under active protection (1.23 and 0.92 mating chamber per 1 dm2, respectively). Among 1709 gallery systems, those with 2 maternal galleries prevailed (63.0%); the mean share of females was higher in passive than in active protection zone (63.1 and 59.6% respectively). The mean number of progeny per one female was higher in active than in passive protection zone (20.23 and 19.12 respectively). I. typographus attack on standing trees had lower intensity in the stands previously subjected to the processing and removal of fallen and broken trees, which indicates positive effect of implemented active protection procedures. The parameters describing I. typographus population on attacked trees, as well as low activity of natural enemies, demonstrate its reproduction potential and resulting high risk of a new outbreak, according to the pattern known earlier from the other areas in Poland and Europe.

The biology of forest arthropods associated with the bark beetle lps typographus and the impact of these associates on bark beetle productivity were investigated in the field. Arthropods were allowed access to spruce bolts for different lengths of time, 0, 1, 4, and 8 weeks, following onset of attack by lps typograplus, after which time the bolts were moved to a nonforested area and caged. Arthropods were collected as they emerged from the bolts in autumn and the following spring. At least 32 arthropod species were collected, of which 17 are known to feed on bark beetle brood. The longer the exposure period the more bark beetle enemies and the fewer lps typographus emerged. Natural enemies were estimated to have reduced bark beetle productivity by 83%. Arrival and emergence patterns and relative impact on bark beetle productivity of different species are discussed.

Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) is a spruce-infesting bark beetle that occurs throughout Europe and Asia. The beetle can cause considerable damage, especially when colonized trees are stressed and beetle populations increase. Although some studies have shown that populations of I. typographus in Europe, China and Japan are genetically distinct, these populations are biologically similar, including a strong association with ophiostomatoid fungi. To date, only two Leptographium spp. have been reported from the beetle in China, while 40 species have been reported from Europe and 13 from Japan. The aims of this study were to identify the ophiostomatoid fungal associates of I. typographus in north-eastern China, and to determine whether the fungal assemblages reflect the different geographical populations of the beetle. Field surveys in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces yielded a total of 1046 fungal isolates from 145 beetles and 178 galleries. Isolates were grouped based on morphology and representatives of each group were identified using DNA sequences of the ribosomal LSU, ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin and elongation factor 1-α gene regions. A total of 23 species of ophiostomatoid fungi were identified, including 12 previously described species and 11 novel species, all of which are described here. The dominant species were Ophiostoma bicolor, Leptographium taigense and Grosmannia piceiperda D, representing 40.5 %, 27.8 % and 17.8 % of the isolates, respectively. Comparisons of species from China, Europe and Japan are complicated by the fact that some of the European and all the Japanese species were identified based only on morphology. However, assuming that those identifications are correct, five species were shared between Europe, Japan and China, two species were shared between China and Japan, five between Europe and China, and two between Europe and Japan. Consequently, Ips typographus populations in these different geographic areas have different fungal assemblages, suggesting that the majority of these beetle-associations are promiscuous. The results also suggested that the symbionts of the bark beetle do not reflect the population structures of the beetle. The use of fungal symbiont assemblages to infer population structures and invasion history of its vectors should thus be interpreted with circumspection.

Outbreaks of the Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) have decimated millions of hectares of conifer forests in Europe in recent years. The ability of these 4.0 to 5.5 mm long insects to kill mature trees over a short period has been sometimes ascribed to two main factors: (1) mass attacks on the host tree to overcome tree defenses and (2) the presence of fungal symbionts that support successful beetle development in the tree. While the role of pheromones in coordinating mass attacks has been well studied, the role of chemical communication in maintaining the fungal symbiosis is poorly understood. Previous evidence indicates that I. typographus can distinguish fungal symbionts of the genera Grosmannia, Endoconidiophora, and Ophiostoma by their de novo synthesized volatile compounds. Here, we hypothesize that the fungal symbionts of this bark beetle species metabolize spruce resin monoterpenes of the beetle’s host tree, Norway spruce (Picea abies), and that the volatile products are used as cues by beetles for locating breeding sites with beneficial symbionts. We show that Grosmannia penicillata and other fungal symbionts alter the profile of spruce bark volatiles by converting the major monoterpenes into an attractive blend of oxygenated derivatives. Bornyl acetate was metabolized to camphor, and α- and β-pinene to trans-4-thujanol and other oxygenated products. Electrophysiological measurements showed that I. typographus possesses dedicated olfactory sensory neurons for oxygenated metabolites. Both camphor and trans-4-thujanol attracted beetles at specific doses in walking olfactometer experiments, and the presence of symbiotic fungi enhanced attraction of females to pheromones. Another co-occurring nonbeneficial fungus (Trichoderma sp.) also produced oxygenated monoterpenes, but these were not attractive to I. typographus. Finally, we show that colonization of fungal symbionts on spruce bark diet stimulated beetles to make tunnels into the diet. Collectively, our study suggests that the blends of oxygenated metabolites of conifer monoterpenes produced by fungal symbionts are used by walking bark beetles as attractive or repellent cues to locate breeding or feeding sites containing beneficial microbial symbionts. The oxygenated metabolites may aid beetles in assessing the presence of the fungus, the defense status of the host tree and the density of conspecifics at potential feeding and breeding sites.

AbstractDamages by wind and by European spruce bark beetle (I. typographusL.) were compared on the basis of the reports about the occurrence of harmful forest agents for the period 1964−1991 across former regional state forest directorates. In the given period, the quantity of salvage logging (70 million m3) was more than five times that of sanitation felling (13 million m3). Damage intensity increased over the decades. Using a cross-correlation function between the time series, an increase in the abundance ofI. typographusdue to windfall was demonstrated with a delay of 1–3 years. Wind damage was also shown to arise as a result of disturbed stand stability after sanitation felling with a stochastic delay of 1−5 years. Thus, disturbance of static stability of forest stands may be considered as one of the main harmful consequences of bark beetle outbreaks for the near future. Consequences for forest management are discussed.

Gram-negative-staining bacteria that were resistant to monoterpene myrcene (7-methyl-3-methylene-1.6-octadiene, C10H16, at concentrations of up to 10 µl ml−1 in TSB) were isolated from the gut contents of adult bark beetles Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). The beetles were collected from the bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Lithuania. Bark beetles feed on conifers, which produce myrcene among many other defensive compounds. It has been suggested that the micro-organisms present within the beetles’ guts could be involved in their resistance towards this plant defensive compound. The most resistant bacterial strains were isolated and characterized by phenotypic assays as well as fatty acid analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, multilocus sequence analyses (MLSA) based on the rpoB, atpD and infB genes and DNA–DNA hybridization. Biochemical characterization indicated that the bacteria belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae . Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and MLSA of the novel strains revealed that they belonged to the genus Erwinia , but represented a novel species. The dominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 and C17 : 0 cyclo. The DNA G+C content was 49.1 mol%. The results obtained in this study indicated that these bacteria from the bark beetle gut represented a novel species, for which the name Erwinia typographi sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DSM 22678T ( = Y1T = LMG 25347T).

Abstract At the end of 2013, Norway spruce stands in the area of the Tatra National Park were severely damaged by strong storms especially in the Kościeliska Valley region. In the following spring of 2014, a survey recording the occurrence of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) was initiated in order to describe the dynamics of beetle reproduction in relation to protection measures executed in wind-damaged stands. Ten research plots with 20 trees each were established in a socalled active protection zone, where the broken and fallen trees had been processed and removed in 2014, and in a passive protection zone, where no actions were taken, and the dynamics of Norway spruce mortality due to bark beetle infestation including quantitative parameters (infestation density, sex ratio of beetle populations) were examined. The entomological analyses were performed on 25 × 25 cm large bark samples taken from four (active zone) or two (passive zone) tree sections. In the first year of the survey, no infested standing trees were recorded on the plots and the colonisation of fallen and broken trees was very weak. In the second year (2015), infestations appeared in larger numbers on the plots with passive compared to active protection but the infestation density was 0.89 mating chambers per 1 dm2 regardless of the protection status. In the third year (2016), most of the remaining living spruces had been infested with a mean density of 0.82 m.ch. per 1 dm2. In 2015, the proportion of females in the beetle population was 65.8% being higher in the active (68.4%) than the passive (64.0%) protection zone, while in 2016 the proportion was 63.5% and in this case slightly higher in the passive protection zone (63.9% as compared to 63.2%). These results are in accordance with patterns observed in wind-damaged Norway spruce stands of other areas in Poland and Europe and demonstrate the usefulness of forest management procedures in mitigating I. typographus outbreaks.

A current ongoing unprecedented outbreak of Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF) has nearly eliminated Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) as a major forest tree species there, since over 1 million trees have died. In this part of Europe, Norway spruce has grown for hundreds of years, previously accounting for 30% of forest species composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate 47 “Monuments of Nature” of Norway spruce as follows: (i) their current health status in the managed forests of Białowieża Forest District; (ii) possible causes and changes in their health during the last bark beetle outbreak; and (iii) potential losses from the gene pool. Our findings from ground and remote sensing inventories showed that only 12 out of 47 (25%) monumental trees protected by law survived until 2017 in the study area. The rest (75%) of the investigated trees had died. An analysis of meteorological data from Białowieża suggested that the beginning of the I. typographus outbreak in 2012 was associated with diminishing precipitation during growing seasons prior to this time and subsequent increases in annual temperature, coupled with heavy storms in 2017 toppling weakened trees. A comparison of old-growth “Monuments of Nature” spruce in the region (n = 47, average age 225 years) to seven reference spruce stands (n = 281, average age 132 years) revealed a loss of unique genetic features based on frequencies of eleven nuclear microsatellite loci. Although all studied populations had similar genetic background (FST(without NA) = 0.003 and no STRUCTURE clustering), all monumental spruce trees shared the highest parameters such as the mean observed and expected number of alleles per locus (Na = 15.909 and Ne = 7.656, respectively), mean allelic richness (AR(11) = 8.895), mean private alleles (Apriv = 0.909), and mean Shannon diversity index (I = 1.979) in comparison to the younger stands. Our results demonstrate that the loss of the old spruce trees will entail the loss of genetic variability of the Norway spruce population within the exceptionally valuable Białowieża Primeval Forest.

Białowieża, a national treasure to the people of Poland and a unique ecosystem of historical significance, has become a site of an intense international debate, following a large scale Bark Beetle outbreak. The controversy centers around two opposing ecological paradigms: 1). Ecosystems without human interference would eventually reach a climax state that is self-regulating and in equilibrium (The No Action paradigm); 2). Trees infected by Ips typographus should be salvaged in order to reduce CO2 emissions, lower the fire risk, and prevent the collapse of healthy tree communities (The Adaptive Action paradigm). This contribution analyzes historical evidence and recent issues related to the management of Poland’s Białowieża Forest and presents a proposal towards a negotiated landscape design that allows for small-scale spatial mixing of different land-uses. Białowieża can become a unique example of a continuously evolving forest landscape that is resilient to fluctuating environmental conditions, human values and societal demands.

La forêt domaniale de Verdun couvre environ 10 000 hectares du champ de bataille de la Première Guerre mondiale, plantés de Pin noir d’Autriche (Pinus nigra ssp austriaca Arn) et d’Épicéa (Picea abies L.). De 2018 à 2020, une épidémie massive de scolytes typographes a conduit à la disparition quasi totale des épicéas présents sur 1 700 hectares, et à leur récolte par coupe rase. Ce contexte et les projections climatiques soulèvent d’importantes problématiques pour la révision de l’aménagement. Le mélange d’espèces, l’utilisation de la dynamique naturelle, la diversification des itinéraires de renouvellement et des essences, et la priorisation des investissements, sont autant d’objectifs qui ont conduit à la mise en place d’une clé de décision et d’une gamme standardisée d’itinéraires associée. Ces prescriptions techniques ont été intégrées dans l’aménagement de manière globale, afin de laisser plus de souplesse en gestion pour s’adapter au contexte de la parcelle, tout en conservant la vision de moyen terme à l’échelle de la forêt. Messages clésLes épicéas de la forêt domaniale de Verdun ont été décimés par les scolytes.Ce contexte et les changements climatiques questionnent l’aménagement de cette forêt.Des nouvelles prescriptions techniques ont été définies pour rendre la gestion plus agile et adapter la forêt aux changements climatiques.

Protection of Norway spruce stands using anti-attractants was tested during an outbreak of bark beetles (Ips typographus) in their spring flight. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to test the proposed experimental design for tree protection; (2) to evaluate height-specific alternatives for dispenser installation on trees; and (3) to evaluate the efficiency of tree protection measures using anti-attractants under bark beetle infestation and drought stress. The experiment was conducted at the forest edges adjacent to recent clearcuts on 10 blocks in the eastern Czech Republic. Each block had three adjacent experimental areas, with 20 trees growing in two rows at the recently cut forest edge (10 trees per row). In front of a block in each of the three areas, four pheromone traps were installed. The treatment area was protected by anti-attractants. The second area served as a so-called switch area, where beetles from the treatment area, as the outflux redirected from the anti-attractant, would start new attacks if not caught in nearby pheromone traps. The third area was a control. We attached anti-attractant tube dispensers on each tree trunk of the treated area at two heights. The results suggest a redirecting effect of anti-attractants, pushing beetles into the switch area and causing subsequent attacks, which was greater than in areas containing treated trees. There was no difference between two dispensers placed at 1 and 8 m height and both at 1 m. A switching effect of beetle attacks occurring outside of the treated areas was observed. Mounting anti-attractant dispensers on tree trunks at one low position above the ground can be substantially less labour-intensive and as efficient as positioning them at two different heights. For areas affected by severe drought and extremely dense bark beetle populations, the use of anti-attractants did not prove effective.

An extensive area of Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests in the Šumava Mountains, Central Europe, has been affected by a massive bark beetle ( Ips typographus L.) outbreak since the mid-1990s. One part of the area was left without intervention and two types of intervention have been applied in other parts: (1) the classical forest approach, based on the logging of attacked trees and (2) “sanitation”, in which attacked trees were cut down, debarked, and left lying in the stand. The main goal of our research was to test the impact of nonintervention and both types of intervention on the regeneration of the Norway spruce forests. The Norway spruce forests influenced by natural disturbances (bark beetle outbreak and windfalls) regenerated very well if left without intervention. The bark beetle outbreaks and windfalls do not represent a threat to the long-term persistence of the forests. Clearcuts resulted in formation of pioneer stages with a postponed spruce regeneration. In sanitation plots, the reduction of both previous vegetation and tree regeneration was obvious. Generally, both interventions against bark beetle delayed the recovery of Norway spruce forests.

The Eurasian Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) (L. 1758) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) poses a significant threat to Eurasia’s Norway spruce (Picea abies) (L.) Karst, forests. Early detection of infested trees is crucial to control beetle outbreaks and allow salvage logging before the next generation emerges. Besides traditional methods, new approaches focus on monitoring volatile organic compounds, mainly monoterpenes, emitted by infested trees. Using analytical chemistry, we studied the distribution of these compounds, particularly α-pinene, around infested trees. In lab trials, we optimized α-pinene detection using dynamic absorption and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). We conducted forest trials, revealing varying α-pinene abundance due to changing conditions. However, consistent trends emerged: levels were highest near the infested tree stem and 1.3 m above ground in the first trial and at a 1 m distance from the infested stem in the second. We generated a three-dimensional cloud depicting the distribution of α-pinene around infested trees in their natural habitat. These findings open avenues for detecting bark beetles on a large scale by mapping elevated concentrations of volatile organic compounds emitted by infested trees, potentially leading to alternative pest management methods. Scanning methods, such as electronic sensors combined with remote sensing, hold promise for this application.

In this study, the early stage of European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus, L.) infestation (so-called green attack) is investigated using Landsat-8 optical and thermal data. We conducted an extensive field survey in June and the beginning of July 2016, to collect field data measurements from several infested and healthy trees in the Bavarian Forest National Park (BFNP), Germany. In total, 157 trees were selected, and leaf traits (i.e. stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and water content) were measured. Three Landsat-8 images from May, July, and August 2016 were studied, representing an early stage, advanced stage, and post-infestation, respectively. Spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) sensitive to the measured traits were calculated from the optical domain (VIS, NIR, and SWIR), and canopy surface temperature (CST) was calculated from the thermal infrared band using the mono-window algorithm. The leaf traits were used to examine the impact of bark beetle infestation on the infested trees and to explore the link between these traits and remote sensing data (CST and SVIs). The differences between healthy and infested samples regarding measured leaf traits were assessed using Student’s t test. The relative importance of the CST and SVIs for estimating measured leaf traits was evaluated based on the variable importance in projection (VIP) obtained from the partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. A temporal comparison was then made for SVIs with a VIP > 1, including CST, using statistical significance tests. The clustering method using a principal components analysis (PCA) was used to examine visually how well the two groups of sample plots (healthy and infested) are separated in 2-D space based on principal component scores. Finally, linear regression (LR) was used to generate the leaf traits maps using the SVI that have highest VIP score and then used to produce a stress map for the study area. The results revealed that all measured leaf traits were significantly different (p < 0.05) between healthy versus infested samples. Moreover, the study showed that CST was superior to the SVIs in detecting subtle canopy changes due to bark beetle infestation for the three months considered in this study. The results showed that CST is an essential variable for estimating measured leaf traits with VIP > 1, improving the results of clustering when used with other SVIs. Likewise, the stress map produced by CST and leaf traits well presented the infestation areas at the green attacked stage. The new insight offered by this study is that the stress induced by the early stage of bark beetle infestation is more pronounced by Landsat-8 thermal bands than the SVIs calculated from its optical bands. The potential of CST in detecting the green attack stage would have positive implications for forest practice.

Potkornjaci su jedna od najvažnijih skupina šumskih štetnika, a u posljednjih nekoliko godina zabilježene su štete od istih u dvije biogeografske regije Hrvatske. Smrekov pisar (Ips typographus) na području alpinske i mediteranski potkornjak (Orthotomicus erosus) na području mediteranske regije ukazali su na njihovu važnost. Brezov potkornjak bjelikar (Scolytus ratzeburgi) je jedina vrsta iz roda Scolytus kojoj su domaćini vrste iz roda Betula spp. te kao takva može predstavljati potencijalnu opasnost u Hrvatskoj. Prisutnost ove vrste je vidljiva po rupicama na kori, ispod kojih se nalazi materinski hodnik (Slika 2), a mužjak i ženka se razlikuju po količini dlaka na prednjem dijelu glave te po izbočini na zadku (Slika 1). Kako bi utvrdili prisutnost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara na području Hrvatske, u ovom radu je napravljen pregled povijesnih zapisa (entomološke zbirke i literatura) i sastojina obične breze (B. pendula). Na terenu su sakupljeni uzorci (trupčići) na kojima je uočena prisutnost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara te je napravljena laboratorijska analiza. Pregledom literature utvrđen je posljednji zabilježeni pronalazak brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara od prije više od 100 godina (1913. godina), a primjerci u entomološkim zbirkama potječu iz susjednih zemalja. Terenski pregled sastojina obične breze utvrdio je pet novih lokacija na kojima je vidljiva prisutnost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara (Slika 3; Tablica 1). Gustoća populacije ove vrste u šumskim i urbanim područjima Hrvatske je niska, ali bez obzira na tu činjenicu brezov potkornjak bjelikar predstavlja važan dio entomofaune Hrvatske. Nastavak istraživanja trebao bi razjasniti povezanost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara s patogenim gljivičnim bolestima i foretičkim grinjama s obzirom na moguće promjene na južnom rubu područja rasprostranjenja obične breze.

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from trees subjected to biotic stress are higher compared to healthy trees, and they may also have a different compound composition. This in turn affects atmospheric chemistry and can lead to either positive or negative feedback to the climate. Climate change favors the abundance of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) which attacks the bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees, causing induced BVOC emissions from the trees as a response to the insect stress. Here, results are reported from a study analyzing the difference in emission rates between healthy and bark-beetle-infested Norway spruce trees, changes in emission rates over time since the infestation started, and differences in emission rates from bark-beetle-drilled entry and exit holes. Bark chamber measurements on both healthy and infested trees were performed during the summer of 2019 at Hyltemossa and Norunda research stations in Sweden. The measurements showed that induced BVOC emissions following the bark beetle infestation were dominated by entry hole emissions in the early growing season and exit hole emissions in the later season. The results showed a significant difference in emission rates between healthy and infested trees during both seasons. The seasonal average standardized BVOC emission rate of healthy trees was 32 ± 52 µg m−2 h−1 (mean ± standard deviation), while the average standardized BVOC emission rates of infested trees were 6700 ± 6900 and 2000 ± 1300 µg m−2 h−1 during the early and late season respectively. BVOC emission rates were highest at the start of the infestation and decreased exponentially with time, showing induced emission rates for up to 1 year after which the emission rates were similar to those from healthy bark. Constitutive needle emission rates from healthy trees were found to be 11 times higher than bark emissions from healthy trees. However, when Norway spruce trees were infested, the bark emission rates were instead 6 to 20 times higher than the needle emissions, causing substantial increases in the total tree BVOC emission rate. This could lead to high impacts on atmospheric processes, specifically the formation of secondary organic aerosols, which have a higher yield from some monoterpene compounds, which increased from infested trees.

Abstract Insects are one of the most successful groups of invasive species, and the number of new introductions has been increasing in the last decades. Insect invasions are affected mainly by the increase in international trade, as most of them travel across the world inside shipping containers. The effectiveness of sticky light traps was tested for the interception of alien pests inside the containers. The tested hypotheses were that light traps have a valuable broad-spectrum attraction and their trapping performance differs between empty or loaded containers. The optimal trap density in a container was also investigated. Trapping tests were conducted on four model species: Cadra cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Sitophilus zeamais, Motschulsky and Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were released within a standard shipping container, in either empty or loaded conditions, where sticky light traps were deployed for 15 h. Traps were tested with light on (activated) or off (control). Activated traps captured more Lepidoptera and Diptera than control ones, with no differences between empty and loaded container. Instead, Coleoptera were rarely caught, probably because of their ability to escape from traps. Results show that higher trap density in the container (from 1 to 8) increases the probability of insect capture. In conclusion, positive results on C. cautella and D. melanogaster suggest a possible application of sticky light traps against some small Lepidoptera and Diptera species flying in containers and infesting seeds, grains, and fruits, while traps need improvement for application against beetles.

The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is causing severe economic losses during epidemic phases triggered by droughts and/or windstorms. Sanitation felling and salvage logging are usually the most recommended strategies to limit the damages. However, any additional control method to limit the economic impact of an outbreak would be welcome. In this respect, the efficiency of pheromone trapping is still controversial or poorly documented. In this 2-year study (2020–2021), at the peak of a severe outbreak in Belgium, we quantified the wood volume and presence/absence of new attacks at 126 sites attacked during the previous year and within 100 m from the initial attack. Each site was randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) three crosstraps baited with pheromones, (2) one tree-trap baited with pheromones and treated with an insecticide and (3) control sites with no trapping device. The attacked trees of the previous year were all cut and removed before the start of the experiment and newly attacked trees were removed as they were detected. The trapping devices were only active during spring to target overwintering bark beetles that might have escaped the sanitation cuts and to limit the risk of attracting dispersing beetles from outside the patch during the summer. We found a strong decrease of the attacks relative to the previous year in all treatments, including the controls (more than 50% of the control sites had no new attacks). There was no relationship between the new attacks and the attacks of the previous year. In both years, new attacks were more frequent (presence/absence) in sites with crosstraps (95% Confidence Interval [56–84%] of the sites with new attacks) than in sites with a tree-trap (26–57% - p = 0.02) and to a lesser extent than in control sites (32–63%, p = 0.08). In 2020, the attacked volumes were slightly higher in sites with crosstraps (95% Confidence Interval [3.4–14.2 m³]) than in control sites (0.2–3.5 m³, p = 0.04) and no significant difference was found with tree-trap sites (1.1–6.2 m³, p = 0.38). In 2021, there were no significant differences between the volumes attacked in the control sites (1.8–9.4 m³), crosstraps sites (0.9–6.4 m³) and tree-trap sites (0–2.5 m³). Overall, we found no evidence in favor of the efficacy of pheromone trapping during spring to reduce economic damages at the local scale when combined with sanitation felling and during a severe outbreak. The use of baited crosstraps could even be hazardous as it seemed to increase the occurrence of new attacks probably by attracting bark beetles but failing to neutralize them.

Cambiophagous insects, fires and windthrow cause significant forest disturbances, generating ecological changes and economical losses. The bark beetle (Ips typographus L.), inhabiting coniferous forests and eliminating weakened trees, plays a key role in posing a threat to tree stands, which are dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies) and covers a large part of mountain areas, as well as the lowlands of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. Due to the dynamics of the phenomena taking place, the EU recommends constant monitoring of forests in terms of large-area disturbances and factors affecting tree stands’ susceptibility to destruction. The right tools for this are multispectral satellite images, which regularly and free of charge provide up-to-date information on changes in the environment. The aim of this study was to develop a method of identifying disturbances of spruce stands, including the identification of bark beetle outbreaks. Sentinel 2 images from 2015–2018 were used for this purpose; the reference data were high-resolution aerial images, satellite WorldView 2, as well as field verification data. Support Vector Machines (SVM) distinguished six classes: deciduous forests, coniferous forests, grasslands, rocks, snags (dieback of standing trees) and cuts/windthrow. Remote sensing vegetation indices, Multivariate Alteration Detection (MAD), Multivariate Alteration Detection/Maximum Autocorrelation Factor (MAD/MAF), iteratively re-weighted Multivariate Alteration Detection (iMAD) and trained SVM signatures from another year, stacked band rasters allowed us to identify: (1) no changes; (2) dieback of standing trees; (3) logging or falling down of trees. The overall accuracy of the SVM classification oscillated between 97–99%; it was observed that in 2015–2018, as a result of the windthrow and bark beetle outbreaks and the consequences of those natural disturbances (e.g., sanitary cuts), approximately 62.5 km2 of coniferous stands (29%) died in the studied area of the Tatra Mountains.

Background. Pine bark beetle Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827) is one of the most harmful pests of pine trees as it affects the phloem of the upper part of the stem and branches, disrupting the flow of nutrients and water to the crown. I. acuminatus feeds by plant tissues rich in starch, so α-amylases must play a pivotal role in the carbohydrate metabolism of these insects. However, in conifer bark beetles, α-amylases remain poorly understood. Materials and Methods. To detect the α-amylase activity in the digestive system of I. acuminatus, we obtained extracts from larvae, pupae, and adults that were collected from naturally infested Scots pine. The α-amylase activity of crude extracts from different stages and parts of the bark beetle’s body was assessed using 1% starch agar plates. The quantitative evaluation of the α-amylase inhibitory activity of recombinant defensins PsDef1, PsDef2, and PsDef5.1 was performed using the Bernfeld method. The docking models of Scots pine defensins and Ips typographus L. α-amylase (AmyIp) complexes were predicted using the ClusPro 2.0 web server. Results and Discussion. As a result, we found the presence of α-amylase activity in the digestive systems of both larvae and adults of I. acuminatus, but not in pupae. All tested defensins, PsDef1, PsDef2, and PsDef5.1, exhibited inhibitory activity against insect α-amylase at micromolar concentrations. The IC50 values for these peptides were 4.9±0.6 μM, 4.6±0.8 μM, and 2.8±0.5 μM, respectively. In the PsDefs-AmyIt complexes, a network of hydrogen bonds, ionic bridges, and nonbonded contacts are formed between the enzyme and its inhibitor, which prevents the substrate from reaching the catalytic site. The PsDef5.1-AmyIt complex has the largest interfacial contact area, 2328 Å2, in comparison with two other defensins, which correlates well with the inhibitory activity of defensins in this study. Conclusion. Thus, we have identified α-amylase activity in I. acuminatus and demonstrated the ability of Scots pine defensins to inhibit it, sugges­ting that they play a role in pine defenses against this pest.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é explicitar aspectos da interpretação de Gadamer à Carta Sétima de Platão que lancem luz sobre quais traços fundamentais são imprescindíveis a uma epistemologia que se ancore na hermenêutica filosófica. Merold Westphal propôs em um artigo que a hermenêutica filosófica poderia fornecer elementos para uma renovação da epistemologia analítica. O presente trabalho inscreve-se no interesse amplo de tratar sobre que implicações teriam para noção de conhecimento se a epistemologia seguisse o caminho apontado por Westphal. Para tanto, escolhemos um trabalho onde Hans Georg Gadamer, principal defensor da hermenêutica filosófica, explora uma interpretação fenomenológica de Platão em que identificamos elementos relevantes para pensar a noção de conhecimento dentro dessa chave de leitura. Hans-Georg Gadamer explora, sob a luz de sua concepção ontológico-hermenêutica, o texto da Carta Sétima, dando um entendimento renovado a alguns aspectos da obra platônica, bem como indicações a uma compreensão fenomenológica do conhecimento. Palavras-chave: Teoria do Conhecimento. Gadamer. Platão. Carta Sétima. Hermenêutica. Abstract: The aim of this article is to make explicit aspects of Gadamer 's interpretation of Plato's Seventh Letter that shed light on what fundamental traits are indispensable to an epistemology that is anchored in philosophical hermeneutics. Merold Westphal proposed in an article that philosophical hermeneutics could provide elements for a renewal of analytic epistemology. This paper is part of the broader interest of discussing what implications would have for the notion of knowledge if epistemology followed the path Westphal pointed out. For this, we chose a work where Hans Georg Gadamer, the main defender of philosophical hermeneutics, explores a phenomenological interpretation of Plato in which we identify relevant elements to think the notion of knowledge within this key of reading. Hans-Georg Gadamer explores, in the light of his ontological-hermeneutic conception, the text of the Seventh Letter, giving a renewed understanding to some aspects of the Platonic work, as well as indications to a phenomenological understanding of knowledge. Keywords: Theory of Knowledge. Gadamer. Plato. Seventh Letter. Hermeneutics. REFERÊNCIASBONJOUR, L. The structure of empirical knowledge. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.GADAMER, H.-G. Dialektik ist nicht Sophistik. Theätet lernt das im Sophistes. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.3. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 7. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985c [1990], pp.338-370._______. Dialektik und Sophistik im siebenten Platonischen Brief. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.2. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 6. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985b [1964], pp.90-115._______. Die phänomenologische Bewegung. In: Neuere Philosophie, t. 1; Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 3. Tubingen: Mohr, 1987 [1963], pp.105-146._______. Hegel und Heidegger. In: Neuere Philosophie, t. 1; Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 3. Tubingen: Mohr, 1987 [1971], pp.87-101._______. Platos dialektische Ethik. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.1. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 5. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985a [1931], pp.3-163._______. Platos dialektische Ethik - beim Wort genommen. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.3. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 7. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985c [1989], pp.121-127._______. Praktisches Wissen. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.1. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 5. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985a [1930], pp.230-248._______. Wahrheit und Methode: Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik. In: Hermeneutik I. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 1. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1990 [1960].GRONDIN, J. Einführung zu Gadamer. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2000._______. Von Heidegger zu Gadamer: Unterwegs zur Hermeneutik. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft – WBG, 2001.HEIDEGGER, M. Sein und Zeit. 19. Faksimile-Ausgabe der 1. Ausgabe. Tübingen: Verlag, 2006 [1927].PLATÃO. Opera Platonis. Recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit Ioannes Burnet. Scriptorum Classicorum. Bibliotheca Oxoniensis, v.1-6. Oxford: Clarendoniano Typographeo, 1900.///RORTY, R. A filosofia e o espelho da natureza. Rio de Janeiro: Relume-Dumará, 1994.ROHDEN, L. Filosofa enquanto Fenomenologia e Hermenêutica à luz da Carta VII de Platão. In: BOMBASSARO, L. C.; DALBOSCO, C. A.; KUIAVA, E. A., (org.). Pensar Sensível. Festscrift ao prof. Jayme Paviani. Caxias do Sul, RS: Educs, 2011, pp. 87-104._______. Filosofando com Gadamer e Platão: movimentos, momentos e método[s] da dialética. Dissertatio, 36 (2012), pp. 105-130. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/dissertatio.v36i0.8660> (acessado em 09.08.2018)._______. Hermenêutica e[m] resposta ao elogio da verdadeira filosofia da Carta Sétima de Platão. In: Kriterion, Belo Horizonte, v. 54, 127 (2013), p. 25-42. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-512X2013000100002&lng=en&nrm=iso > (acessado em 17.09.2018)._______. Filosofar com Gadamer e Platão: hermenêutica filosófica a partir da Carta Sétima. 1. ed. São Paulo: Annablume, 2018.SMITH, P. C. H.-G. Gadamer’s Heideggerian Interpretation of Plato. In: Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, Stockport, England, v. 12, 3 (1981), pp. 211–230. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1080/00071773.1981.11007544> (acessado em 06.07.2018).VALENTIM, I. A Carta VII, o manifesto e a autobiografia política de Platão. In: Revista Opinião Filosófica, Porto Alegre, v. 3, 1 (2012), pp-60-72. Disponível em: <http://periodico.abavaresco.com.br/index.php/opiniaofilosofica/article/view/435> (acessado em 17.09.2018).WESTPHAL, M. A hermenêutica enquanto epistemologia. In: GRECO, J.; SOSA, E. (orgs.). Compêndio de Epistemologia. São Paulo: Loyola, 2008. pp. 645-676.

The question of modern innovative methodological approaches to the assessment of the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests in the context of the use of tree-ring chronologies in the conditions of the production units of the branches of the Central Interregional Administration of Forestry and Hunting, as well as the Selezivskyi, Perganskyi, Kopyshchanskyi nature protection research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve, is substantiated. A practical test of modern, innovative, methodological approaches in the protection of Ukrainian forests from the dangerous pathological effects of diseases and forest pests was carried out, as well as the effectiveness of the use of the method of tree-ring chronologies of arriving and mature stands in determining early and late growth as the main factors for monitoring the physiological and forest pathological condition was analyzed. trees The effectiveness of the practical application of the methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary state of forests using dendrochronological monitoring in the conditions of the forestry branches of the Central Interregional Forestry and Hunting Management, as well as the environmental protection and research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve was evaluated.The subject of the work is the approbation of the methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on their sanitary condition in the conditions of the forestry branches of the Central Interregional Administration of Forestry and Hunting, as well as the environmental protection scientific research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve, the evaluation of the practical application of the innovative methodology for determining the current phytosanitary condition with using the results of the analysis of the condition of the early and late growths of arriving and mature Scots pine stands in forest vegetation conditions A1-2, B1-2, determining the effectiveness of the proposed methodology regarding the possibility of its further application both in research institutions and in the conditions of forest protection, forest tax production facilities and organizations. A comparison of the scientific results of the application of the methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary condition obtained in production conditions was carried out using the analysis of current increments of tree-ring chronologies, which subsequently makes it possible to determine the physiological and immunological state of forest plantations as in the conditions of the forestry branches of the Central Interregional Administration forestry and hunting, as well as in the conditions of nature protection research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve. Approbation of the proposed methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary state using tree-ring chronologies as a method of forest pathological indication of damage to the forest stand, as well as the determination of the physiological, pathological, immunological, resistant state of forests as in the forest plant conditions of the branches of the Central Interregional Forestry and Hunting Administration economy, as well as in the nature protection research departments of the Polissiky Nature Reserve, and in the conditions of forestry enterprises in the Central Polissiya zone.The purpose of the work is a comprehensive comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of our proposed methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary state of forests in forest vegetation conditions A1-2, B1-2 with existing, generally accepted methodologies for assessing the pathological state of forests, determining the possibility of its implementation for use in production the conditions of the branches of the Central Interregional Administration of Forestry and Hunting, nature protection research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve, as well as the Central Polissiya zone as a whole.The main methods of conducting research on the study and evaluation of the effectiveness of the methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary condition of forests in the conditions of the forestry branches of the Central Interregional Directorate of Forestry and Hunting, as well as the environmental protection and research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve were:1. Computational and analytical for the collection and processing of research results of our proposed methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary condition, as well as the existing classical method of conducting forest pathological monitoring of stands in forest vegetation conditions A1-2, B1-2 branches of the Central Interregional Forestry and of the hunting industry, as well as nature protection and research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve.2. Conducting complex phytopathological monitoring of forest plantations in the conditions of A1-2, B1-2 branches of the Central Interregional Directorate of Forestry and Hunting, as well as nature protection research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve, comparison of the obtained results with the results of already existing, generally accepted and generally recognized methodologies that are already used by scientific and research institutions, as well as industrial forest protection enterprises, for monitoring forest plantations and identifying signs of diseases and damage to stands by pests, statistical analysis of the obtained results, their analytical comparison with the results of the application of already existing forest pathology methodologies for assessing the phytopathological state of forests such as Zhytomyr Polissya, as well as the Central Polissya zone as a whole.3. Assessment of the representativeness and objectivity of the obtained research results in relation to all objects of both the nature reserve fund and forestry enterprises of the Central Polissiya zone of Ukraine on the example of branches of the Central Interregional Forestry and Hunting Management, as well as nature protection scientific research departments of the Polissky Natural reserve4. Practical testing of the proposed methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary condition of forests both in the forest vegetation conditions of the Polissky Nature Reserve and forestry enterprises in the entire Central Polissya zone.According to the results of the work, it was established that the methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on their sanitary condition will in the future provide an opportunity to determine the sanitary, including phytopathological and entomological condition of forest plantations both in the conditions of the branches of the Central Interregional Administration of Forestry and Hunting, and nature protection research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve. It was established that the application of the proposed methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on their sanitary condition will in the future provide a practical opportunity to predict the occurrence of epiphytotia and the spread of forest pests to other areas of forest use as in forest vegetation conditions. It was determined that the proposed methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary condition provides a practical opportunity to carry out preventive measures in advance in the forests of the branches of the Central Interregional Directorate of Forestry and Hunting, which prevent the spread of pathogens and the spread of pests to the adjacent territories of forest uses in the conditions of forestry enterprises the entire zone of the Central Polissya of Ukraine.The field of application of the research results is forestry branches of the Central Interregional Forestry and Hunting Management, nature protection research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve and objects of the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine, research institutions and organizations, production forest protection enterprises, forestry enterprises of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.The conclusions of the research are that today due to weather and climate changes both in the natural forest ecosystems of the branches of the Central Interregional Administration of Forestry and Hunting, and in the nature protection research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve, such pathogens as root fungus, pine fungus , diseases of tree trunks and crowns, root and heart rots of wood became widespread in the form of epiphytotia. Such forest pests as: odd silkworm, spruce sawfly, horntail, apex and six-toothed bark beetles, small and large barbels, passing moth, long-nosed beetles, typographer bark beetle, oak leafroller (leaf beetle), head nematodes, shoot borers, pine bug, - massively damage growing and mature forest stands. The proposed methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary state of forests is based on the application of silvicultural, phytopathological, entomological, and taxing methods for monitoring forest damage both in the conditions of forestry branches of the Central Interregional Directorate of Forestry and Hunting, and nature protection research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve in forest vegetation conditions A1-2, B1-2 will in the future provide a practical opportunity to conduct timely monitoring of the state of forests, to design and implement measures in advance to prevent the occurrence of epiphytophytes of pathogens, the spread of dangerous forest pests, to reduce the risks of damage and destruction of forest plants as much as possible forest stands both in the conditions of forestry enterprises and in the conditions of the nature reserve fund of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine. The methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary condition will in the future provide a practical opportunity to make a timely and effective forecast of possible foci of disease, reproduction of pests, dynamics and directions of their spread, assessment of the destruction and damage of forest stands, determination of probable economic losses from the pathogenesis of diseases entomological activity of pests. The practical use of the proposed methodology for assessing the pathological impact of diseases and forest pests on the sanitary condition will make it possible to predict and determine epiphytophytic centers of causative agents of root and pine fungus, a complex of diseases of tree trunks and crowns, the occurrence and large-scale spread of such rather dangerous forest pests as: odd silkworm, spruce sawfly , horntail, apex and six-toothed bark beetles, small and large barbel, passing moth, long-nosed beetles, typographer's bark beetle, oak leafroller (leaf beetle), head nematode, shoot weevil, pine bug, as well as early planning and implementation of measures to prevent the spread pathogens and dangerous forest pests to other areas of forest use. The use of wood-ring chronologies in the context of the proposed methodology will make it possible to assess the physiological and immunological state of the examined trees based on the state of early and late wood growth and to predict further actions to limit the spread of disease pathogens or pest damage. The proposed methodology for carrying out forest pathological monitoring surveys using the dendrochronological method makes it possible to carry out practical preventive measures to limit the spread of extremely dangerous pathogens and forest pests both in the conditions of the forestry branches of the Central Interregional Forestry and Hunting Management, as well as the nature protection and research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve and the Central Polissya zone as a whole.Keywords: forest, diseases, pests, method, tree ring chronologies, monitoring, forecast, prevention, protection.

Vade mecum[1] Послушай-ка. Если ты гидролог или собираешься стать им, то дай рассказать тебе правду об этой науке. О гидрологии. Конечно эта правда будет такой, какой она представляется мне. Но поверь, вряд ли в отношении раскрытия научных секретов у меня есть серьезные конкуренты. Но сначала хочу задать тебе несколько вопросов. Какова судьба воды, упавшей с Неба на Землю? И если ты ответишь на этот вопрос, то ты – мастер удивительного. Но ты знаешь, что воде присуще течение. Поэтому ответь – какими путями течет вода. И если ты готов ответить и на этот вопрос, то ты, уж наверняка, – мастер удивительного. И вот еще. Что было бы, не будь на Земле воды? Что происходит на Земле при участии воды? Что происходит с водой за время ее пребывания на Земле? И если ты опять знаешь ответы, то воистину ты – мастер удивительного. А если случилось так, что ты затруднился с ответами, или ответил неуверенно, или в чем-то погрешил против истины и почувствовал это, то пойди со мной. И поверь, я тоже немного мастер удивительного. Я напомню тебе о красоте этого Мира и его уязвимости. Об исключительной роли воды на Земле и проблемах, связанных с этой исключительностью. О том как важно и замечательно чувствовать и понимать все о воде. Я поведаю тебе о людях, которые давали ответы на заданные тебе вопросы. И о людях, которые думали, что знают ответы. И о людях, которые отвечали, не зная ответов. И еще я надеюсь, ты поймешь главное – только преданность делу и одержимость им смогут привести тебя к настоящему знанию. И только тогда ты сможешь стать подлинным мастером удивительного. "Но довольно. Позволь мне приступить к делу. Позволь мне начать и позволь мне закончить"[2] [1] Иди со мной (лат.) [2] Марио Пьюзо. Пусть умирают дураки. Литература Аполлов Б.А. Учение о реках: учебник геогр. фак. ун-тов, 2-е изд. М.: изд-во Моск. университета, 1963. 423 с. Великанов М.А. Гидрология суши. Л.: Гидрометеорологическое издательство, 1948. 530 с. Виноградов Ю.Б., Виноградова Т.А. Математическое моделирование в гидрологии. М.: Изд. Центр «Академия», 2010. 297 с. Войно-Ясенецкий В.Ф. (Святитель Лука Крымский) Наука и религия. Феникс, Православная библиотека «Троицкое слово», 2001. 320 с. Гледко Ю.А. Гидрогеология: учеб. пособие. Мн.: Выш шк., 2012. 446 с. Гляциологический словарь / Под ред. В.М. Котлякова. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1984. 564 с. Даль В.И. Толковый словарь живого Великорусского языка: в 4 т. Том 1. А-З. Издание книгопродавца-типографа М.О. Вольфа, 1880. 812 с. Картвелишвили Н.А. Стохастическая гидрология. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1981. 168 с. Кнорринг В.И. Теория, практика и искусство управления: учебник для вузов по специальности "Менеджмент". М.: Издательство НОРМА, 2001. 528 с. Кренке А.Н. Массообмен в ледниковых системах на территории СССР. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1982. 288 с. Лем С. О «неопознанных летающих объектах» / Пер. К.В. Душенко // Рациональное и иррациональное в современном сознании / Ред. Р.А. Гальцева. М., ИНИОН, 1987. Вып. 4. Линслей Р.К. Колер М.А., Паулюс Д.Л.Х. Прикладная гидрология / Пер. с англ. В.М. Бицилли [и др.]; Под ред. [и с предисл.] проф. А.Н. Бефани. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1962. 759 с. Мягков С.М. Проблема роста ущерба от стихийных бедствий // Глобальные изменения природной среды (климат и водный режим). М.: Научный мир, 2000. С. 277-291 Патерсон У.С.Б. Физика ледников / Пер. с англ. М.Г. Гросвальда, В.Л. Мазо, О.П. Чижова; под ред. В.М. Котлякова. М.: Мир, 1984. 472 с. Полинг Л., Полинг П. Химия. М.: Мир, 1978. 686 с. Сноу Ч.П. Портреты и размышления: эссе, интервью, выступления / Пер. с англ. Сост. С. Бэлза. М.: Изд. Прогресс, 1985. 368 с. Хатчинсон Д. Лимнология: географические, физические и химические характеристики озер / сокращенный перевод с английского Г.В. Цыцарпина и. Г.Г. Шинкар; редакция и предисловие Л.Л. Россолимо. М.: Прогресс, 1969. 591 с. Шумский П.А. Задачи и методы изучения колебаний ледников // Научные труды института механики МГУ. 1975. № 42. С. 5-11. Щукин И.С. Четырехъязычный энциклопедический словарь терминов по физической географии / Под ред. А.И. Спиридонова. М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1980. 703 с. Эдельштейн Я.С. Основы геоморфологии: краткий курс. М.: Государственное учебно-педагогическое издание, 1938. 329 с. Chow V.T. Handbook Of Applied Hydrology: a compendium of water-resources technology. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1964. 1495 p. Dingman S.L. Physical Hydrology. Macmillan Publishing Company, 1994. 575 p. Distributed Hydrological Modeling / Abbott M.B., Refsgaard J.C. (Eds). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996. 321 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0257-2 Hesse H.K. Schreiben und Schriften / Neue Zürcher Zeitung 15.08.1961 Klemeš V. Dilettantism in hydrology: Transition or destiny? // Water Resources Research. 1986. Vol. 22. Iss. 9S. P. 177S-188S. DOI: 10.1029/WR022i09Sp0177S McCarroll D. Really Critical Geomorphology // Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1997. Vol. 22. Iss. 1. P. 1-2. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199701)22:1<1::AID-ESP780>3.0.CO;2-F Wiest R. De J.M. Geohydrology. New York, London, Sydney: John Wiley and Sons, 1965. 366 p. Vade mecum Listen. If you are a hydrologist or going to be-come once of them, then let me tell you the truth about this science. About hydrology. Of course, this truth will be what it seems to me. But believe me, its unlikely that I have grave rivals regarding the disclosure of scientific se-crets. But first, I want to ask you some ques-tions. What is the destiny of the water that fell from Heaven to Earth And if you answer this ques-tion, then you are a master of the amazing. But you know that flowing is inherent in wa-ter. Therefore answer - in what ways water flows. And if you are ready to answer this question, then you are certainly a master of the amazing. And one more thing. What would happen if there were no water on Earth What happens on Earth with the participation of water What happens to water during its stay on Earth And if you again know the answers, then truly you are a master of the amazing. And if it so happened that you found it diffi-cult to answer, or answered hesitantly, or in some way committed a sin against the truth and felt this, then come with me. And believe me, Im also a little master of the amazing. I will remind you about the beauty of this World and its vulnerability. About the exclu-sive role of water on Earth and the problems associated with this. About how important and wonderful it is to feel and understand every-thing about water. I will tell you about the people who gave an-swers to the questions asked to you. And about people who thought they knew the an-swers. And about people who answered with-out knowing the answers. And I also hope that you will understand the main thing only devotion and obsession can lead you to real knowledge. And only then can you become a true master of the amazing. But enough. Let me get down to matter. Let me start and let me finish. References Abbott M.B., Refsgaard J.C. (Eds). Distributed Hydrological Modeling Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996. 321 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0257-2 Apollov B.A. Uchenie o rekakh: uchebnik geograficheskikh fakultetov universitetov Studies about the river. Moscow, Publ. of Moscow University, 1963. 423 p. (In Russian). Chow V.T. Handbook Of Applied Hydrology: a compendium of water-resources technology. New York, McGraw- Hill, 1964. 1495 p. Dal V.I. Tolkovyi slovar zhivogo Velikorusskogo yazyka: v 4 t. Tom 1. A-3 Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: in 4 vol. Volume 1. Letter A-3. Publ. of the bookstore-typographer M.O. Wolf, 1880.812 p. (In Russian). Dingman S.L. Physical Hydrology. Macmillan Publishing Company, 1994. 575 p. Edelshtein Ya.S. Osnovy geomorfologii: kratkii kurs Fundamentals of geomorphology: a short course. Moscow, State Pedagogical Edition, 1938. 329 p. (In Russian). Gledko Yu.A. Gidrogeologiya: uchebnoe posobie Hydrogeology: a training manual. Minsk, Publ. Vysshaya shkola, 2012. 446 p. (In Russian). Glyatsiologicheskii slovar Glaciological Dictionary by Kotlyakov V.M. (ed.). Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1984. 564 p. (In Russian). Hesse H.K. Schreiben und Schriften / Neue Zrcher Zeitung 15.08.1961 Hutchinson, G.E.A. Treatise on limnology. London, 1957 (Russ. ed.: Khatchinson D. Limnologiya: geograficheskie, fizicheskie i khimicheskie kharakteristiki ozer. Moscow, Publ. Progress, 1969. 591 p.) Kartvelishvili N.A. Stokhasticheskaya gidrologiya Stochastic hydrology. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1981. 168 p. (In Russian). Knorring V.I. Teoriya, praktika i iskusstvo upravleniya: uchebnik dlya vuzov po spetsialnosti Menedzhment Theory, practice and the art of management: a textbook for universities in the specialty Management. Moscow, Publ. NORMA, 2001. 528 p. (In Russian). Kleme V. Dilettantism in hydrology: Transition or destiny Water Resources Research, 1986, vol. 22, iss. 9S, pp. 177S-188S. DOI: 10.1029/WR022i09Sp0177S Krenke A.N. Massoobmen v lednikovykh sistemakh na territorii SSSR Mass-exchange in Glacier Systems over the Territory of the USSR. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1982. 288 p. (In Russian abstract in English). McCarroll D. Really Critical Geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 1997, vol. 22, iss. 1, pp. 1-2. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199701)22:11::AID-ESP7803.0.CO2-F Lem S. О niczidentyfikowanych objektach latajacych. Przeglad techniczny-innowacje. Waszawa, 1977, no. 50/51. (Russ. ed.: Lem S. O neopoznannykh letayushchikh obektakh . Ratsionalnoe i irratsionalnoe v sovremennom soznanii. Moscow, Publ. INION, 1987. Vyp. 4). Linsley R., Kohler M., Paulhus J. Applied Hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1949. (Russ. ed.: Linslei R.K. Koler M.A., Paulyus D.L.Kh. Prikladnaya gidrologiya. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1962. 759 p.) Myagkov S.M. Problema rosta ushcherba ot stikhiinykh bedstvii The problem of growing damage from natural disasters. Globalnye izmeneniya prirodnoi sredy (klimat i vodnyi rezhim) Global changes in the environment (climate and water regime). Moscow, Publ. Nauchnyi mir, 2000, pp. 277-291. (In Russian). Paterson W.S.B. The physics of glaciers. Pergamon Press, 1981. (Russ. ed.: Paterson U.S.B. Fizika lednikov. Moscow, Publ. Mir, 1984. 472 p.) Pauling L., Pauling P. Chemistry San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and company, 1975. 767 p. (Russ. ed.: Poling L., Poling P. Khimiya. Moscow, Publ. Mir, 1978. 686 p.) Shumskii P.A. Zadachi i metody izucheniya kolebanii lednikov Tasks and methods for studying the fluctuations of glaciers. Nauchnye trudy instituta mekhaniki MGU Scientific proceedings of the Institute of Mechanics of Moscow State University, 1975, no. 42, pp. 5-11. (In Russian). Shchukin I.S. Chetyrekhyazychnyi entsiklopedicheskii slovar terminov po fizicheskoi geografii The four-language encyclopedic dictionary of terms in physical geography. Moscow, Publ. of Soviet Encyclopedia, 1980. 703 p. (In Russian). Snou Ch.P. Portrety i razmyshleniya: esse, intervyu, vystupleniya Portraits and reflections: essays, interviews, speeches. Moscow, Publ. Progress, 1985. 368 p. (In Russian). Velikanov M.A. Gidrologiya sushi Hydrology. Leningrad, Hydrometeorological publishing house, 1948. 530 p. (In Russian). Vinogradov Yu.B., Vinogradova T.A. Matematicheskoe modelirovanie v gidrologii Mathematical modeling in hydrology. Moscow, Academy Publ., 2010. 297 p. (In Russian). Voino-Yasenetskii V.F. (Svyatitel Luka Krymskii) Nauka i religiya Science and religion. Feniks, Pravoslavnaya biblioteka Troitskoe slovo , 2001. 320 p. (In Russian). Wiest R. De J.M. Geohydrology. New York, London, Sydney: John Wiley and Sons, 1965. 366 p.

IntroductionIn recent years, bark beetle Ips typographus, has caused extensive damage to European Norway spruce forests through widespread outbreaks. This pest employs pheromone-assisted aggregation to overcome tree defense, resulting in mass attacks on host spruce. Many morphological and behavioral processes in I. typographus are under the regulation of juvenile hormone III (JH III), including the biosynthesis of aggregation pheromones and associated detoxification monoterpene conjugates.Objectives and MethodsIn this study, we topically applied juvenile hormone III (JH III) and performed metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in I. typographus both sexes, with focused aims; 1. Highlight the JH III-regulated metabolic processes; 2. Identify pheromone biosynthesis-linked genes; and 3. Investigate JH III’s impact on detoxification conjugates linked to pheromonal components.ResultsNumerous gene families were enriched after JH III treatment, including genes associated with catalytic and oxidoreductase activity, esterases, phosphatases, and membrane transporters. Sex-specific enrichments for reproduction-related and detoxification genes in females and metabolic regulation genes in males were observed. On the protein level were enriched metal ion binding and transferase enzymes in male beetles. After JHIII treatment, mevalonate pathway genes, including terminal isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (IPDS), were exclusively 35- folds upregulated in males, providing evidence of de novo biosynthesis of pheromone components 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and ipsdienol. In addition, cytochrome P450 genes likely involved in the biosynthesis of cis/trans-verbenol, detoxification, and formation of ipsdienol, were 3-fold upregulated in the male gut. The increase in gene expression correlated with the heightened production of the respective metabolites. Detoxification conjugates, verbenyl oleate in the beetle fat body and verbenyl diglycosides in the gut, were induced by JHIII application, which confirms the hormone regulation of their formation. The JH III induction also increased the gene contigs esterase and glycosyl hydrolase up to proteins from male gut tissue. The esterase was proposed to release pheromone cis-verbenol in adult males by breaking down verbenyl oleate. The correlating analyses confirmed a reduction in the abundance of verbenyl oleate in the induced male beetle.ConclusionThe data provide evidence of JH III’s regulatory role in the expression of genes and enzymes related to fundamental beetle metabolism, pheromone biosynthesis, and detoxification in Ips typographus.

Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus is a destructive pest of the Norway spruce (Picea abies). Recent outbreaks in Europe have been attributed to global warming and other anthropogenic impacts. Bark beetles are guided by multiple complex olfactory cues throughout their life cycle. Male-produced aggregation pheromones, comprising 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and cis-verbenol, have been identified as the most powerful attractants for dispersing conspecifics. In addition to host trees, bark beetles interact with multiple organisms, including symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi, which may promote beetle colonization success and offspring development. Previously, in a short-distance laboratory assay, we demonstrated that I. typographus adults are attracted to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by three symbiotic fungi: Grosmannia penicillata, Endoconidiophora polonica, and Leptographium europhioides. Furthermore, the abundant fusel alcohols and their acetates were found to be the most attractive odorants in the fungal VOC profile. In this study, using a long-distance field-trapping experiment, we analyzed the role of fungal VOCs as attractants for dispersing I. typographus. Two types of fungal lures were tested in combination with pheromones in traps: (1) live cultures of fungi grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and (2) dispensers containing synthetic fusel alcohols and their acetates in equal proportions. Subsequently, the composition of VOCs emitted from live fungal lures were analyzed. We found that the symbiotic fungi synergistically increased the attraction of beetles to pheromones in field traps and the attractiveness of live fungal lures depended on the fungal load. While one Petri dish with E. polonica, when combined with pheromones synergistically increased trapping efficiency, three Petri dishes with L. europhioides were required to achieve the same. The synthetic mix of fungal fusel alcohols and acetates improved the catch efficiency of pheromones only at a low tested dose. VOC analysis of fungal cultures revealed that all the three fungi produced fusel alcohols and acetates but in variable composition and amounts. Collectively, the results of this study show that, in addition to pheromones, bark beetles might also use volatile cues from their symbiotic fungi to improve tree colonization and reproductive success in their breeding and feeding sites.

IntroductionEuropean forests face increasing threats due to climate change-induced stressors, which create the perfect conditions for bark beetle outbreaks. The most important spruce forest pest in Europe is the European Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus L.). Effective management of I. typographus outbreaks necessitates the timely detection of recently attacked spruce trees, which is challenging given the difficulty in spotting symptoms on infested tree crowns. Bark beetle population density is one of many factors that can affect infestation rate and symptoms development. This study compares the appearance of early symptoms in endemic and epidemic bark beetle populations using highresolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) multispectral imagery.MethodsIn spring of 2022, host colonization by bark beetles was induced on groups of spruce trees growing in 10 sites in the Southern Alps, characterized by different population density (5 epidemic and 5 endemic). A multispectral sensor mounted on a drone captured images once every 2 weeks, from May to August 2022. The analyses of a set of vegetational indices allowed the actual infested trees’ reflectance features and symptoms appearance to be observed at each site, comparing them with those of unattacked trees.ResultsResults show that high bark beetles population density triggers a more rapid and intense response regarding the emergence of symptoms. Infested trees were detected at least 1 month before symptoms became evident to the human eye (red phase) in epidemic sites, while this was not possible in endemic sites. Key performing vegetation indices included NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), SAVI (Soil Adjust Vegetation Index, with a correction factor of 0.44), and NDRE (Normalized Difference Red Edge index).DiscussionThis early-detection approach could allow automatic diagnosis of bark beetles’ infestations and provide useful guidance for the management of areas suffering pest outbreaks.

Se obtuvieron los primeros registros de Scolytinae para el Bosque La Primavera, Jalisco (área natural protegida), con 11 especies y seis géneros, así como su distribución altitudinal. Los insectos fueron capturados mediante trampas, dos de ellas tipo Lindgren de 10 embudos (cebadas con feromonas de Dendroctonus ponderosa e Ips typographus), las cuales se instalaron en vegetación de pino-encino; las otras tres fueron tipo embudo metálica (cebadas con alcohol etílico al 70 %, anticongelante y en el interior de la trampa se colocó thinner), se ubicaron en vegetación de pino, de encino y una más en una asociación de acacias. Las cinco trampas se distribuyeron a diferente gradiente altitudinal: de 1 380 a 1 580 msnm. El grupo más abundante, con respecto a especies fueron Xyleborus affinis, X. ferruginueus, X. volvulus y Gnathotrichus perniciosus. De esta colecta se presentan tres nuevos registros para el estado de Jalisco: Hylurgops subcostulatus alternans, Premnobius cavipennis y Xyleborus horridus; y locales: Ips calligraphus e I. cribicollis. La trampa cinco presentó la mayor captura, con ocho especies (cebada con alcohol etílico al 70 %), seguida por la trampa uno con siete (cebada con feromonas); los dos tipos de trampas demostraron ser eficientes para la captura de insectos descortezadores.

This study investigates the efficacy of combined treatment strategy, incorporating pheromones for bark beetle I. typographus (IT) and attractant of its natural enemy T. formicarius (TF), along with anti-attractants for IT (containing 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanol, eucalyptol, trans-thujanol, and trans-conophthorin), to enhance protection methods for Picea abies against biotic disturbances. Two field experiments—trapping experiment and tree protection experiment—were conducted in June 2023 in managed spruce-dominated beetle-affected stands in Czechia. We anticipated higher catches of IT in traps baited with IT pheromone (containing s-ipsdienol, s-cis-verbenol, and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol) and TF attractant compared to traps using IT pheromone alone, since compounds intrinsic to IT pheromone, namely 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, ipsenol, and ipsdienol, are integral components of the attractant designed for TF. We hypothesized that application of TF attractant and IT anti-attractant would enhance the treatment's protective properties, assuming that attracted TF would function as a predator, reducing bark beetle population and increasing tree survival rates. Semiochemical composition declared by the producers was verified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In the trapping experiment, EcoTrap-type traps were baited with six combinations of lures and anti-attractant. In the tree protection experiment, 28 mature Norway spruce trees situated at newly created forest edges underwent four treatment types: TF attractant, IT anti-attractant, their combination, and no treatment (“control”). Traps baited solely with TF attractant did not capture either beetle, whereas traps lured with IT pheromone, TF attractant and anti-attractant showed no captures of IT but recorded the highest numbers of TF, suggesting significant potential for combined treatment efficacy. Surprisingly, tree mortality was observed exclusively among trees treated only with TF attractant and in their vicinity, suggesting unique bark beetles' response to the mixture of predator's attractant and host tree kairomones, a phenomenon that was not previously reported. Application of anti-attractant and TF treatment effectively prevented tree mortality, demonstrating the repellent potential of IT anti-attractant against bark beetles. However, mortality rates showed no significant differences among control trees, those treated with anti-attractants, or those treated with the combination of anti-attractants and TF attractant, underscoring necessity for further research to optimize treatment efficacy.

AbstractBark beetles of the genus Polygraphus have recently been involved in large bark beetle outbreaks in central Sweden, together with the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Three species of Polygraphus can be found in this region; Polygraphus poligraphus, Polygraphus punctifrons and Polygraphus subopacus. Efficient pheromone traps would facilitate further investigations of these species and their role in bark beetle outbreaks. Pheromone compounds have previously been identified in P. poligraphus and P. punctifrons, but not in P. subopacus. Thus, we allowed males and females of P. subopacus to bore in the bark of stem sections of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in the laboratory. Volatile organic compounds from boring insects were sampled with SPME and analysed with GC–MS and several male-specific compounds were observed. The male specific compounds were 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-butenal, grandisol, fragranol, (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, (E)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde, (E)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde, geranial and γ-isogeraniol. (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, [(Z)-DMCHE], was identified from GC–MS analysis to be the major male-specific compound while the (E)-isomer, [(E)-DMCHE], was found as a minor compound. These two compounds gave positive responses in EAG analyses with antennae from males and females of P. subopacus. Thus, (Z)- and (E)-DMCHE were used in a field experiment in central Sweden but only (Z)-DMCHE was found to be attractive to males and females of P. subopacus. Consequently, (Z)-DMCHE was established to be a component of P. subopacus aggregation pheromone.

A mass decline of Picea abies (hereinafter – spruce), often associated with outbreaks of Ips typographus, is one of the main reasons for the reduction of spruce forests. In turn, dry and fallen trees can be both stock and source of greenhouse gases at various stages of decomposition. In our study, using an unmanned aerial vehicle, we evaluated the dynamics of spruce decline in two forest types in the southwest of the Valdai Upland (Central Forest State Nature Reserve, Russia), namely Sphagnum-bilberry forests and nemoral spruce forests. It was found that the rate of decline in Sphagnum-bilberry spruce forest was much higher than in nemoral spruce forest. By the fourth year after a windfall on 0.13 km2, 913 spruce individuals had withered in Sphagnum-bilberry forest and 66 ones in the nemoral spruce forest. Based on direct measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes by chamber method on dead trunks and coarse woody debris, it was found that in relative values the highest amount of CO2 is emitted by coarse woody debris of the decay classes 3–4 (800–1800 mg CO2 × m-2 × h-1). Deadwood and coarse woody debris from the first decay classes are assumed to be a source of CH4 (0.0008–0.0070 mg CO2 × m-2 × h-1), and from classes 3–5 they are a stock (from -0.0070 mg CO2 × m-2 × h-1 to -0.0009 mg CO2 × m-2 × h-1). When converted to the total surface areas of deadwood and coarse woody debris of the study sites, it was found that coarse woody debris of the decay classes 3–5 (2.3–13.6 kg CO2 × h-1) made the highest contribution to the integral CO2 emission, and deadwood (67 mg CH4 × h-1) made the highest contribution to the CH4 emission. Significant differences in greenhouse gas fluxes were found both between deadwood and decay classes of coarse woody debris, and between fluxes from deadwood and coarse woody debris of individual decay classes in various forest types. The results have shown the importance of considering deadwood and all available decay classes of coarse woody debris when estimating greenhouse gas fluxes from dead timber and the contribution of debris to the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems.

Рассматриваются результаты лесопатологического мониторинга и лесопатологических обследований, причины назначения санитарных рубок динамика распространения вредителей леса и дендропатогенных организмов в 2012–2016 гг. Дан критический анализ причин назначения и результатов проведения санитарных рубок. Сделан вывод об отсутствии на территории Ленинградской обл. существенного влияния санитарных рубок на плотность популяций вредителей и распространение болезней. Основным повреждающим фактором на территории Ленинградской обл., начиная с 2010 г., являются сильные ветры. По данным Филиала ФГУ «Рослесозащита» Центра защиты леса Ленинградской области (ЦЗЛ) после воздействия ураганных ветров следующей по значению причиной назначения санитарных рубок служили болезни, вызванные, главным образом, еловой губкой Phellinus chrysoloma (Fr.) Donk, корневой губкой Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., осиновым трутовиком Phellinus tremulae (Bondartsev) Bondartsev & P.N. Borisov, а также распространением язвенного рака и смоляного рака. При этом после проведения рубок в очагах заболеваний площадь очагов в Ленинградской обл. увеличивалась. В 2013–2015 гг. на территории области отмечена вспышка массового размножения короеда типографа Ips typographus (L.). Проведенное обследование показало, что в 2016 г. наблюдалось резкое уменьшение плотности популяции короеда типографа в Сосновском и Житковском участковых лесничествах Приозерского и Северо-западного лесничеств до 500 и 1500 жуков родительского поколения на 1 га соответственно. На обследованной территории отсутствовала корневая губка. Единично встречалась еловая губка. Широкое распространение имел раневой рак, на некоторых участках более 50% деревьев имели признаки заболевания. Полученные данные вступают в противоречие с данными обзоров санитарного и лесопатологического состояния лесов Ленинградской области ЦЗЛ. The study presents the results of forest pathology monitoring and forest pest surveys, the reasons for appointments of sanitation felling, and forest pest and dendropathogen spread dynamics. A critical analysis of reasoning under sanitation felling orders and their results is given. It is concluded that the sanitation felling does not have significant affects on the density of pest populations and spreading of diseases on the territory of Leningrad Region. Strong winds are the main damaging factor in the region since 2010. According to the data of the Forest Protection Centre of Leningrad Region, the next by significance after hurricane winds reason for appointment of sanitation felling was forest diseases. Those diseases are mainly caused by Phellinus chrysoloma (Fr.) Donk, Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., Phellinus tremulae (Bondartsev) Bondartsev & P.N. Borisov as well as spread of wound cancer and resin cancer. However, spreading of the pathogens increased after these fellings. Outbreak of European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) occurred in Leningrad Region in 2013–2015. The forest pathology inspection showed that in 2016 there was a sharp decrease of the Spruce bark beetle population density in the Sosnovsky and Zhitkowsky Forestries (north part of Karelian Isthmus) up to 500 and 1500 beetles of the parental generation per hectare, respectively. Heterobasidion annosum was absent in the surveyed area. Nevertheless, at the same location Ph. chrysoloma was registered sporadically and spruce wound cancer was wide spreading. In some areas, more than 50% of the trees had symptoms of the disease. Thus, the obtained data are in contradiction with the data of the Forest Protection Centre of Leningrad Region.

AbstractLinked to climate change, drivers such as increased temperatures and decreased water availability affect forest health in complex ways by simultaneously weakening tree vitality and promoting insect pest activity. One major beneficiary of climate-induced changes is the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus). To improve the mechanistic understanding of climate change impacts on long-term beetle infestation risks, individual-based simulation models (IBM) such as the bark beetle dispersion model IPS-SPREADS have been proven as effective tools. However, the computational costs of IBMs limit their spatial scale of application. While these tools are best suitable to simulate bark beetle dynamics on the plot level, upscaling the process to larger areas is challenging. The larger spatial scale is, nevertheless, often required to support the selection of adequate management intervention. Here, we introduce a novel two-step approach to address this challenge: (1) we use the IPS-SPREADS model to simulate the bark beetle dispersal at a local scale by dividing the research area into 250 × 250 m grid cells; and (2) we then apply a metamodel framework to upscale the results to the landscape level. The metamodel is based on Markov chains derived from the infestation probabilities of IPS-SPREADS results and extended by considering neighbor interaction and spruce dieback of each focal cell. We validated the metamodel by comparing its predictions with infestations observed in 2017 and 2018 in the Saxon Switzerland national park, Germany, and tested sanitation felling as a measure to prevent potential further outbreaks in the region. Validation showed an improvement in predictions by introducing the model extension of beetle spreading from one cell to another. The metamodel forecasts indicated an increase in the risk of infestation for adjacent forest areas. In case of a beetle mass outbreak, sanitation felling intensities of 80 percent and above seem to mitigate further outbreak progression.