Academic literature on the topic '9/11 events'
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Journal articles on the topic "9/11 events"
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Munter, Paul. "Events of 9/11 Affect Accounting Standards." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 13, no. 3 (March 2002): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.10058.
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Abbas, Tahir. "After 9/11." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v21i3.506.
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In light of the events of 9/11 and the subsequent actions and reactions on the part of nation-states in the West and “terrorists” in the East, this paper discusses the concepts of Islamophobia (political and media-manufactured) and multiculturalism in the British context. Rising Islamophobia, state actions, and media reactions to 9/11 have led to changing definitions of the “good multicultural society.” British Muslims are caught in a quagmire: Their loyalties are questioned by a society and polity that is still in the processes of establishing its “Englishness” from its “Britishness,” while growing Islamic political radicalism undermines the already precarious relations between British Muslims and the state.
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Abbas, Tahir. "After 9/11." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i3.506.
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In light of the events of 9/11 and the subsequent actions and reactions on the part of nation-states in the West and “terrorists” in the East, this paper discusses the concepts of Islamophobia (political and media-manufactured) and multiculturalism in the British context. Rising Islamophobia, state actions, and media reactions to 9/11 have led to changing definitions of the “good multicultural society.” British Muslims are caught in a quagmire: Their loyalties are questioned by a society and polity that is still in the processes of establishing its “Englishness” from its “Britishness,” while growing Islamic political radicalism undermines the already precarious relations between British Muslims and the state.
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Haslanger, Sally. "Gender, Patriotism and the Events of 9/11." Peace Review 15, no. 4 (December 2003): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040265032000156762.
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Dekhakhena, Abdelkrim. "The 9/11 Events: A Precursor to the Arab Spring." Digest of Middle East Studies 28, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dome.12190.
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Orr, David W. "The Events of 9‐11: a View from the Margin." Conservation Biology 16, no. 2 (April 2002): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00208.x.
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VERSLUYS, KRISTIAAN. "9/11 as a European Event: the Novels." European Review 15, no. 1 (January 9, 2007): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798707000063.
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At the time of writing, more than 20 novels have been written that deal directly or indirectly with the events of 9/11. In broad outlines, they fall under four categories: the novel of recuperation, the novel of first-hand witnessing, the great New York novel, and the novel of the outsider. It is the last category of novels – written by non-Americans – that demonstrates the extent to which 11 September has penetrated deep into the European psyche and thus has become a European event. What is surprising is that the gap between the continents seems smaller in fiction than in politics. Even Luc Lang's onze septembre mon amour, a strident anti-American screed, is characterized by a sense of solidarity for the victims and for an alternative America, antithetical to the official one. In Frédéric Beigbeder's Windows on the World (a French novel with an English title), Europe and the US remain united in the overarching concept of the West, sharing a common destiny. In Ian McEwan's Saturday, finally, the events in the US have become part and parcel of the protagonist's existence, even though he lives thousands of miles away in the posh part of London.
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Montgomery, Martin. "The discourse of war after 9/11." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 14, no. 2 (May 2005): 149–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947005051286.
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The article traces the emergence of war as the dominant term for responding to the events of 9/11. It does so by focusing on speeches, interviews and newspaper headlines in the immediate aftermath of the attacks in their discursive-pragmatic contexts. In order to account for the salience and circulation of an expression such as war, it proposes for the public sphere a principle of discursive amplification. The article also highlights, however, the unevenness of the adoption of the term war by showing how differently it was inflected at different moments and in different sections of the public sphere. In addition, other modes of expression could have been adopted. The article provides some discursive reasons why war prevailed.
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Abubakar, Sadiya, Zinah Fadhil Ali, and Bilkisu Abubakar. "Historizing Pre 9/11 Islamophobia in English Writings." Khazanah Pendidikan Islam 4, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/kp.v4i1.18069.
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Islamophobia is often explained as vile attitudes towards Muslims. Yet, Muslims are still labelled as bloodthirst.y terrorists, misogynists, or primitive in literature, media and academic or political discourses. These stereotypes have gone a long way in carving the image of Muslims globally, resulting to their marginalization, stigmatization or violently abused in some countries. Contrary to the general notion that Islamophobia developed after 9/11, this research argues that Islamophobia existed long before 9/11 in the form of stereotypical representations of Muslims. This study aims to briefly locate the earlier forms of Islamophobia through historical events like: pre-colonial encounters, series of wars and battles fought for the quest for empire expansion, unsuccessful or non-lasting colonialism, the postcolonial resistance and Muslims’ vicious reactions to anti-Islamic publications. The study interrogates the amplifications of stereotypes and persistent misrepresentations of Muslims which has long existed in traditional and modern English writings as a means of discerning and curbing the growth of Islamophobia. Homi Bhabha’s theory of stereotype will be used as the theoretical underpinning of this research. This study also looks at series of historical events of misrepresenting the Muslims in English writings and situates them within the Islamophobic implications that plague the world today.
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Hughes, David A. "9/11 Truth and the Silence of the IR Discipline." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 45, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0304375419898334.
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International Relations (IR) scholars uncritically accept the official narrative regarding the events of 9/11 and refuse to examine the massive body of evidence generated by the 9/11 truth movement. Nevertheless, as calls for a new inquiry into the events of 9/11 continue to mount, with the International 9/11 Consensus Panel and World Trade Centre Building 7 Evaluation inquiries having recently published their findings, and with a U.S. Federal Grand Jury on 9/11 having been announced, now would be an opportune moment for IR scholars to start taking the claims of 9/11 truth seriously. A survey of the 9/11 truth literature reveals that the official 9/11 narrative cannot be supported at multiple levels. Two planes did not bring down three towers in New York. There is no hard evidence that Muslims were responsible for 9/11 other than in a patsy capacity. Various U.S. government agencies appear to have had foreknowledge of the events and to have covered up evidence. Important questions regarding the hijacked planes need answering, as do questions about the complicity of the mainstream media in 9/11. IR scholars avoid looking at evidence regarding the events of 9/11 for several reasons. They may be taken in by the weaponized term, “conspiracy theory.” A taboo on questioning the ruling structures of society means that individuals do not wish to fall outside the spectrum of acceptable opinion. Entertaining the possibility that 9/11 was a false flag requires Westerners to reject fundamental assumptions that they have been socialized to accept since birth. The “War on Terror” has created a neo-McCarthyite environment in which freedom to speak out has been stifled. Yet, if IR scholars are serious about truth, the first place they need to start is 9/11 truth.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "9/11 events"
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Williams, Abigail Smith. "Dialectical Relationships in Pre 9/11 and Post 9/11 White Supremacist Discourse." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_theses/45.
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My thesis argues that a shift has taken place in white supremacist rhetoric post September 11, 2001. I focus on the pre-9/11 rhetoric of Jared Taylor, the post 9/11 rhetoric of Patrick Buchanan, and identify the attacks of September 11th as a catalytic event in the history of white supremacist rhetoric. Through careful rhetorical analysis, I identify the 9/11 shift as a shift in placement vis-à-vis the political mainstream.
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Jones, G. B. "Towards a strategic approach to special events management in the post-9/11 world." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FJones%5FGB.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense) )--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.Thesis Advisor(s):Chris Bellavita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-113). Also available online.
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Holmes, D. Nicole. "Age and Responses to the Events of September 11, 2001." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4700/.
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Following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, many turned to the field of psychology for greater understanding of the impact of such events and guidance in supporting our citizens. This study sought to gain greater understanding of the differential impact of the September 11th attack on individuals by investigating the influence of age, psychological hardiness, and repression versus sensitization as forms of coping behavior on psychological health. Both an initial cross-sectional sample (172 young adults & 231older adults) and a short-term longitudinal follow-up (39 young adults & 58 older adults) were included in the study. Older age, psychological hardiness and the use of a repressing coping style were found to each individually relate to greater resilience/less dysfunction at both time one and two. For young adults, high hardy repressors faired best, followed by high hardy sensitizers. Low hardy young adults demonstrated similar levels of dysfunction regardless of coping style (repressions/sensitization). For older adults, coping style impacted both high and low hardy individuals equally, with high hardy repressors demonstrating greater functioning. This study attempted to gain greater insight into explanations for these and previous findings of greater resilience among older adults. In explaining the greater resilience of older adults, it seems that coping style is highly important, while hardiness and the impact of history-graded events does not explain the resilience of older adults.
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Burgardt, Kyle. "Fool me once, shame on you, fool me twice, shame on me: learning from the events of 9/11." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2008. http://165.236.235.140/lib/KBurgardt2008.pdf.
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Taqi, Abess. "The United States and democracy promotion in Iraq and Lebanon in the aftermath of the events of 9/11 and the 2003 Iraq War." Thesis, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2015. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6257/.
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This thesis features two case studies exploring the George W. Bush Administration’s (2001 – 2009) efforts to promote democracy in the Arab world, following military occupation in Iraq, and through ‘democracy support’ or ‘democracy assistance’ in Lebanon. While reviewing well rehearsed arguments that emphasise the inappropriateness of the methods employed to promote Western liberal democracy in Middle East countries and the difficulties in the way of democracy being fostered by foreign powers, it focuses on two factors that also contributed to derailing the U.S.’s plans to introduce ‘Western style’ liberal democracy to Iraq and Lebanon. The first is the adverse impact upon the U.S.’s efforts to foster democracy in Iraq caused by bureaucratic in-fighting and conflicting U.S. agency agendas. The argument is that the internecine struggles between competing U.S. agencies, not only in the build-up to the invasion of Iraq, but also during the post-war occupation of that country, helped to undermine the Bush Administration’s policy there. In Lebanon the study shows that, notwithstanding the non-military approach the Bush Administration pursued there, its efforts again still fell short of the grand rhetoric which accompanied the shift in U.S. foreign policy toward democracy promotion in the aftermath of 9/11 and the 2003 Iraq war. The second factor put forward in this study as also significant in the failure of the Bush enterprise is the widespread suspicion of U.S. motives across Iraq, Lebanon and the wider Arab world. The thesis argues that such suspicions are reflective of the broader issues of credibility and trust which have bedevilled U.S. democracy promotion. The analysis to follow will show how Bush’s democracy campaign was compromised by a prevalent anti-American sentiment borne out of the deep and pervasive suspicions of U.S. motives.
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Savage, David A. "Decision making under pressure : a behavioural economics perspective." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64106/1/David_Savage_Thesis.pdf.
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This research investigates the decision making process of individuals from revealed preferences in extreme environments or life-and-death situations, from a behavioral economics perspective. The empirical analysis of revealed behavioral preferences shows how the individual decision making process can deviate from the standard self-interested or “homo economicus” model in non-standard situations. The environments examined include: elite athletes in FIFA World and Euro Cups; climbing on Everest and the Himalaya; communication during 9/11 and risk seeking after the 2011 Brisbane floods. The results reveal that the interaction of culture and environment has a significant impact on the decision process, as social behaviors and institutions are intimately intertwined, which govern the processes of human behavior and interaction. Additionally, that risk attitudes are not set and that immediate environmental factors can induce a significant shift in an individuals risk seeking behaviors.
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Poulakos, Niko. "Rhetorical Encounters with the Exigence of 9/11: Witnesses Rewrite the Rhetorical Situation." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4899.
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This dissertation examines the discourses of witnesses in their response to the exigence of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. I find significant clusters of terms and phrases that I read as reimagining the meaning of the attacks as well as the position of audience members who themselves rewrite the rhetorical situation or context in which the attacks take place. Traditional uses of the "rhetorical situation" model to understand the exigence of the attacks - as an objective external event that called discourse into being, a spectacular image that confused and traumatized audiences, or set of opportunities for President Bush to manipulate its meanings - continues to miss the vernacular, everyday texts of witnesses that struggle to articulate the exigence. Through conflicted and contradictory testimony analyzed in each chapter, I show how witnesses' discourses problematize the status of the exigence of the attacks, keeping its meaning open and dynamic. I conclude that audience members' discourse - the words and phrases of witnesses - may therefore be read as an "event" rather than as part of a stagnant situation. In this way, the rhetorical force of words maintains a capacity to transform the very context in which it takes place as opposed to being read by critics as just another instance of a pre-existing situation.
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Kabatoff, Mathew. "Subject to predicate risk, governance and the event of terrorism within post-9/11 U.S. border security." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/496/.
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As a result of the 9/11 terror attacks, a new and far-reaching form of security governance has emerged within the United States under the heading of 'homeland security'. While this mode of security has brought with it a range of domestic counter-terrorism efforts, such as new methods of preparedness in the event of attacks on American cities, as well as mechanisms to seize and cut off terrorist assets, it has also predominantly been oriented towards the development of a new legal, institutional and technological regime responsible for the management and risk assessment of individual identity and the identities of foreign nationals passing through U.S. borders. Although this mode of security provides new powers as well as more flexible and collaborative methods for U.S. customs, law enforcement and intelligence to address the threat of terrorism, it has also created political controversy. This controversy has rested upon the perception that homeland security methods embody an unchecked extension of executive power negatively impacting the rights and liberties of the individuals that these very security techniques were established to protect. In order to interrogate this controversy and analyse how this new form of security performs within an extended field of sovereign power, this thesis takes into account the laws, policies and technologies – biometric, datamining, database – that shape this new form of security at the border. This new form of security arguably not only embodies a mobilisation and empowerment of U.S. intelligence and law enforcement agencies which understand terrorism as catastrophic and generational, but it can fundamentally be seen as creating a new infrastructure that allows U.S. security institutions to become more 'informationally' aware of the identities of individuals entering and exiting the country. How U.S. security institutions access such identity information, along with how this data is used, is what constitutes the new social and political reality at the border.
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Walker, Anna M. "In and out of memory : exploring the tension between remembering and forgetting when recalling 9/11, a traumatic event." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9692.
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In and out of memory: exploring the tension between remembering and forgetting when recalling 9/11, a traumatic event. My research is an unravelling of a traumatic memory to describe, understand and answer questions about the 'trauma body.' In my research, I put forward the idea that traumatic memories are detached memories with an emotional resonance that fixes them historically in a specific place and time, unwieldy anchors for a body that is neither here (present), nor there (in the past). I analyse this paradox from philosophical and psychoanalytical perspectives. Through a layered arts practice of text, sonic art work, and moving and still imagery I examine the tension where trauma meets memory, whether in an attempt to forget, or an effort to remember. Memory in this context is perceived as crucial towards understanding oneself socially, culturally and personally, whilst trauma is understood as an experience borne by the act of ‘leaving,’ wherein the mind’s coping mechanism overwhelmed by shocking external events fractures or splits. I began this process by revisiting a journal written on the day of and days following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. A journal that had remained closed and unread until starting my research in 2012. My aim was to deconstruct my memory of this traumatic event, lay it to rest and explore the latent witnessing that defies assimilation into a narrative. I employ autoethnography as a methodology to facilitate a greater understanding of trauma and its wider cultural implications, overlaying my personal memories upon a well-established collective memory of 9/11. Autoethnography, in this instance, is a reformulation of ethnography or anthropology, an in-depth examination of context incorporating cross-disciplinary approaches. With an emphasis on self-reflection and subjective participation, as both the artist and the owner of certain memories, my intention was to engage a larger epistemological discussion of the meeting place of trauma and memory.
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Danino, Charlotte. "Les mécanismes de construction du sens dans le discours sur l’événement en cours : étude de sémantique sociocognitive sur le direct de CNN le 11 septembre 2001." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT5026.
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Comment parle-t-on de quelque chose lorsque l'on n'est pas sûr de savoir de quoi il s'agit? Comment construit-on du sens au beau milieu d'une crise sémantique? Et Pourquoi? Cette thèse envisage la production linguistique dans un corpus choisi pour sa haute spécificité: le direct de CNN le 11 septembre 2001. La première partie décrit et justifie le choix de la situation de l'événement en cours et la constitution du corpus, qui bénéficiera d'une double approche, inductive et déductive. La seconde partie analyse les cadres du discours contraints par la situation et contraignant les productions: le direct télévisé et l'interaction y sont caractérisés et analysés. La typologie des profils sociodiscursifs conduit à une analyse en termes de modes de discours. La troisième partie envisage les contraintes cognitives, en intégrant les apports de la psycholinguistique. Négociation de la référence, construction du common ground, structuration de l'information y sont considérés dans le corpus, qui présents bien souvent une déviation par rapport à la situation en langue générale. Une conclusion revient sur le parcours théorique et méthodologique qui aura été nécessaire ainsi que sur certaines conclusions d'analysesHow do we talk about something when we do not know what it is we are talking about? How do you construct meaning when it escapes? And why do we dot that? The dissertation explores linguistic production in a corpus chosen because it is highly specific: CNN's live broadcast on 9/11. The first describes and justifies this choice in terms of the situation of an ongoing event and in terms of corpus methodology; since its analysis blends inductive and deductive approaches. The second part considers frames of discourse as constrained by the situation and constraining linguistic productions: the TV live broadcast and the interaction are characterized and analyzed. Sociodiscursive profiles emerge that correlate modes of discourse. The third part considers cognitive constraints on verbalizations from the point of view of theories of common ground, bridging linguistics and psycholinguistics. Reference construction, information structuring, the notion of key-words confirm the specific quality of the corpus, deviating from general norms. A conclusion retraces the complex theoretical and methodological considerations and sums up analytical contributions
Books on the topic "9/11 events"
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Chomsky, Noam. 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001.
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Chomsky, Noam. 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001.
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Chomsky, Noam. 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.
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Chomsky, Noam. 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001.
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Chomsky, Noam. 9-11. New York, USA: Seven Stories Press, 2001.
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Chomsky, Noam. 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.
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Chomsky, Noam. 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.
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Agudelo, Richard. My 9-11: One man's journey through the unexpected events of September 11, 2001 : [a New Yorker's story]. New York, NY: My 9-11, 2011.
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Creed, Patrick. Firefight: Inside the battle to save the Pentagon on 9/11. New York: Presidio Press/Ballantine Books, 2008.
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Creed, Patrick. Firefight: Inside the battle to save the Pentagon on 9/11. New York: Presidio Press/Ballantine Books, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "9/11 events"
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Glynn, Kevin. "Visibility, Media Events and Convergence Culture: Struggles for the Meaning of 9/11." In Mediated Geographies and Geographies of Media, 293–311. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9969-0_18.
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Wolber, Hendrik. "Irrtum 9: „Wir haben an alles gedacht!“." In Die 11 Irrtümer über Event Management, 187–203. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-4246-3_9.
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"1Tragic Events and the Idea of Tragedy." In Tragedy Since 9/11. Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350035652.ch-001.
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Vermeulen, Karla. "Parenting Post-9/11." In Generation Disaster, 43–76. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061630.003.0003.
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The “Parenting Post-9/11” chapter examines the environment that Generation Disaster’s caregivers created within the family microsystem throughout their childhood and adolescence, as parents are generally the most important developmental influence during those formative years. It then considers how this cohort’s parents were impacted by 9/11 and all of the subsequent societal changes, as well as their fears about children’s safety amid the rise in school shootings, and it demonstrates how children’s responses to stressful and traumatic events are closely correlated with their caregivers’ reactions. The chapter considers whether accusations of “helicopter parenting” by these caregivers are valid, and it examines the impact of smartphones and other technologies on the first group of parents and children that had to incorporate these tools into their family dynamics.
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"5 Changing Attitudes Following the Events of 9/11?" In Orthodox Christians and Islam in the Postmodern Age, 179–232. BRILL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004229594_007.
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Brown, Katherine A. "9/11 and the American Press." In Your Country, Our War, 14–27. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879402.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses U.S. news reportage in the wake of 9/11 and how certain habits and norms in American national security journalism drove the coverage. It reviews scholarship on the U.S. news media’s relationship with U.S. government and society, especially in the context of international issues and events. The foreign policy narrative in Washington is set by a small cohort of U.S. government officials, in addition to international news reporters and editors for elite news agencies like the New York Times and Washington Post. Through interviews with U.S. officials and reporters, the chapter also examines the roles the American government and news outlets play in setting the agenda and framing events for the American public and how the U.S. press maintains an ethnocentric bias in its foreign reportage.
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Joyce, Stephen. "Foreshadows of the Fall: Questioning 9/11’s Impact on American Attitudes." In American Cinema in the Shadow of 9/11. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474413817.003.0011.
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Chapter Ten, a strikingly original piece by Stephen Joyce which questions the very nature of the influence of 9/11 and the 'War on Terror' on the American film industry. In "Foreshadows of the Fall: Questioning 9/11’s Impact on American Attitudes" he argues that it is possible to conclude that the changes many have seen in post-9/11 American cinema, and indeed America's real world reactions to the traumatic events which occurred on 11 September 2001, were actually comprehensively anticipated by American genre cinema throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Joyce's suggestion is not that American cinema was in any way prophetic, but that America's responses to 9/11 replicate patterns so encoded into American ideological belief systems that they have been filtered into Hollywood films for decades. Using three films made prior to 9/11: Pearl Harbour (2001), Independence Day (1996) and The Siege (1998) he traces these patterns contained within their narratives and even their mise en scene. Joyce's argument underlines the importance of avoiding the allure of simplistic connections between 9/11 and American film, the likes of which have permeated some otherwise very fine academic work on the subject. This is undoubtedly a manifestation of the apophenic desire to see 9/11 and the 'War on Terror' reflected everywhere (see Pollard). It is important for scholars of post-9/11 film to remember that explosions, dust clouds and debris existed, and were placed on the frames of American films before 11 September 2001. Just as important is the need to avoid hyperbole, as Kristian Verslys found it hard to do when he asserted that 9/11 represented a 'total breakdown of all meaning-making systems' (2).
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Chatterji, Roma. "Global Events and Local Narratives: 9/11 and the Chitrakars." In Speaking with Pictures, 62–106. Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367818340-2.
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Rodríguez, Janice Snow. "Language Policy Argumentation and Rhetoric, Pre- and Post-9/11." In Public Affairs and Administration, 1698–720. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8358-7.ch087.
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In the post-9/11 era, the debate on the necessity of an official language has resurfaced. While the historical context for the policy push has changed, have the underlying arguments for official English? To consider this question, the content of legislation, discourse, and media coverage of state-level English language policy debates before and after September 11, 2001 was analyzed. Nearly 2000 texts spanning 1994 through 2008 were examined to return composite scores for 5 overarching semantic features and 35 sub-features. Statistical analyses indicate significant differences between the pre- and post-9/11 legislation in the variable commonality. In the post-9/11 groupings of news stories and opinion pieces, the variable certainty decreased significantly, while realism and the sub-variables denial and blame increased significantly. This study provides an additional perspective on the events of 9/11, examines the role of persuasive argumentation in the policy process, and expands the tools available to the policy analyst.
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Rodríguez, Janice Snow. "Language Policy Argumentation and Rhetoric, Pre- and Post-9/11." In Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies, 36–57. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5003-9.ch003.
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In the post-9/11 era, the debate on the necessity of an official language has resurfaced. While the historical context for the policy push has changed, have the underlying arguments for official English? To consider this question, the content of legislation, discourse, and media coverage of state-level English language policy debates before and after September 11, 2001 was analyzed. Nearly 2000 texts spanning 1994 through 2008 were examined to return composite scores for 5 overarching semantic features and 35 sub-features. Statistical analyses indicate significant differences between the pre- and post-9/11 legislation in the variable commonality. In the post-9/11 groupings of news stories and opinion pieces, the variable certainty decreased significantly, while realism and the sub-variables denial and blame increased significantly. This study provides an additional perspective on the events of 9/11, examines the role of persuasive argumentation in the policy process, and expands the tools available to the policy analyst.
Conference papers on the topic "9/11 events"
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Traub, L., C. Brandi, F. Khandan, and M. Thill. "Abstract P6-11-07: Effectiveness and adverse events of DigniCap® scalp cooling system." In Abstracts: 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 5-9, 2017; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p6-11-07.
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Srinivasan, Arunkumar, Murugesan K. Subramani, and Abhijit S. Pandya. "A novel approach to prevent 9/11/2001 events using artificial neural networks and decision support systems." In AeroSense 2003, edited by Mark K. Hamilton and Vince C. Boles. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.502310.
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Bradley, JA, I. Sparks, P. Prior, C. Bergom, A. Walker, JF Wilson, XA Li, and J. White. "Abstract P2-11-06: Analysis of cardiac events among node positive breast cancer (NPBC) patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT)." In Abstracts: 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 5-9, 2017; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p2-11-06.
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Feigel, Richard E. "Terrorism Risk Models: The Need for Common Measures." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1807.
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From the hot dog vendor located near a national monument to a multinational corporation with operations and significant assets around the world, we are all faced with decisions about addressing terrorism. Since the events of 9/11, enormous amounts of financial and intellectual capital have been invested to develop security responses to potential terrorism threats. Beyond specific, focused initiatives — most visibly increased airport security — a plethora of risk models have been (or are being) developed. Ostensibly, these models attempt to address the basic risk proposition: Risk = Frequency * Severity.
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Miller, Joseph S. "Preparing for the Extended Loss of AC Power (ELAP) Event in the USA." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30173.
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The United States utilities started preparing for external events that could lead to a loss of all ac power in the 1980’s, when the Station Blackout (SBO) rulemaking was first introduced by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). Following the events at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant on March 11, 2011, the USNRC established a senior-level agency task force referred to as the Near-Term Task Force (NTTF). The NTTF was tasked with conducting a systematic, methodical review of Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations and processes to determine if the agency should make additional improvements to these programs in light of the events at Fukushima Dai-ichi. As a result of this review, the NTTF developed a comprehensive set of recommendations, documented in SECY-11-0093, “Near-Term Report and Recommendations for Agency Actions Following the Events in Japan,” dated July 12, 2011. Documentation of the staff’s efforts is contained in SECY-11-0124, “Recommended Actions to be Taken without Delay from the Near-Term Task Force Report,” dated September 9, 2011, and SECY-11-0137, “Prioritization of Recommended Actions to be Taken in Response to Fukushima Lessons Learned,” dated October 3, 2011. To satisfy some of the NRC’s recommendations, the industry described its proposal for a Diverse and Flexible Mitigation Capability (FLEX), as documented in Nuclear Energy Institute’s (NEI) letter, dated December 16, 2011 (Agencywide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS) Accession No. ML11353A008). FLEX was proposed as a strategy to fulfill the key safety functions of core cooling, containment integrity, and spent fuel cooling. The events at Fukushima Dai-ichi highlight the possibility that extreme natural phenomena could challenge the prevention, mitigation and emergency preparedness defense-in-depth layers. At Fukushima, limitations in time and unpredictable conditions associated with the accident significantly challenged attempts by the responders to preclude core damage and containment failure. During the events in Fukushima, the challenges faced by the operators were beyond any faced previously at a commercial nuclear reactor. NRC Order 12-049 (Ref. 1) and NRC Interim Staff Guidance JLD-ISG-2012-01 (Ref. 6) provided additional requirements to mitigate beyond-design-basis external events. These additional requirements impose guidance and strategies to be available if the loss of power, motive force and normal access to the ultimate heat sink to prevent fuel damage in the reactor and spent fuel pool affected all units at a site simultaneously. The NEI submitted document NEI 12-06, “Diverse and Flexible Coping Strategies (FLEX) Implementation Guide” in August 2012 (ADAMS Accession No. ML12242A378) to provide specifications for the nuclear power industry in the development, implementation, and maintenance of guidance and strategies in response to NRC Order EA-12-049. The US utilities are currently proposing modifications to their plants that will follow specifications provided in NEI 12-06. This paper presents some of the NEI 12-06 requirements and some of the proposed modifications proposed by the US utilities.
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Nilsuwankosit, Sunchai. "Report on Feasibility Study for Radiation Alarming Data Collection From Containers at Laem Cha Bang International Sea Port, Thailand." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67908.
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During the period of late-August 2015 to early-October 2015, a number of 105 data sets for the radiation alarming events from the containers passing through the “Laem Cha Bang” International Sea Port, Thailand, were collected. These radiation alarming events were for the containers which carried the goods that could be roughly identified as belonging to the following groups: (1) fertilizer, (2) chemicals, (3) plastics, (4) ceramics, (5) grain, feed, agriculture or dairy products (6) wood, rubber or furniture, (7) scrap, mineral or metal, (8) equipment, (9) parts or spare parts, (10) paper and (11) others. Most of the radiation measurements obtained were relatively low and showed no harm to the public and to the environment. Much of this radiation was from the radioactive materials found or occurred naturally and, thus, could be found anywhere. There were concern, however, regarding the possibility of the radioactive contamination or the smuggling of the harmful radioactive or nuclear materials. Further study was required to prepare against and to manage such situations.
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Uslu, Kamil. "Strategic Resource Oil and Terror Relationship." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02428.
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The September 11 events provided an opportunity for the US administration, initiating strong policies to better understand the region. It also reminded the world of America's political-military control capacity. The terrorist attacks on September 11 were not a real surprise. Indeed, 9/11 looked like the wild fantasies they needed to justify a new military role developed by American strategic analysts and military and intelligence planners. Terrorism is intended to intimidate or coerce individuals, societies or governments by a person or an organized group with the threat of threat or use of force. Terrorism is an illegal act, usually for ideological or political reasons. Oil is not an object, but also contains many positives and negatives. Turkey is a neighbor with its geopolitical position as the world's proven oil and natural gas reserves, with three-quarters of the country. It takes part in many important projects, including a natural "Energy Center" between the energy-rich Caspian, Central Asian, Middle Eastern countries and consumer markets in Europe. It supports these projects. As long as the strategic resource, oil and scarce brand are available, terrorism will not end. political instability in the oil belt of countries in the immediate vicinity of Turkey brings many disadvantages. This situation also adversely affect the Turkish economy, itself non-threatening terrorism and conflict of interest due to the large states to support terrorism in Turkey has led to more cautious.
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Valencia-Hernández, CA, C. McEniery, IB Wilkinson, S. Ahmadi-Abhari, J. Lindbohm, MJ Shipley, and EJ Brunner. "P41 Arterial stiffness progression and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events according to hypertension status in a cohort of british civil servants." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health Annual Scientific Meeting 2020, Hosted online by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and University of Cambridge Public Health, 9–11 September 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-ssmabstracts.135.
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van Dael, J., AT Gillespie, TW Reader, and EK Mayer. "OP85 Patient and staff perceptions of safety and risk: triangulating patient complaints and staff incident reports towards a dual perspective on adverse events." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health Annual Scientific Meeting 2020, Hosted online by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and University of Cambridge Public Health, 9–11 September 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-ssmabstracts.84.
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Nunes, Lília Tereza Diniz, Flávia S. Silva, Karyme G. Aota, Maria Beatriz Miranda S. B. de Assis, João Fellipe B. Bento, Ronan Fernando de Andrade, and Pedro Henrique C. V. Silva. "Percheron Artery Ischemia: Case Report." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.393.
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Context: The Artery of Percheron (AOP) is an uncommon anatomic vascular variation derivated from posterior cerebral artery segment P1, wich branchs to irrigate bilaterally the thalamus in it is paramedian portion. Amidst vascular cerebral events of the ischemic type, thalamic infarction occour in 11% of the cases. The typical clinical presentation is constituted by the triad: cogniyivebehavior comitente, oculomotors and consience disturbs. Case report: J.F.M.L, 51 years old, male, was found unconscious in his residence by SAMU and then interned in Stroke Room of HGP in 02/06/2020 with a lowered level of consciousness (Glasgow 8). The tests demonstrated a bilateral thalamic infarct due to Artery of Percheron Ischemia. In 02/09/2020 it evolved into a Glasgow 9 being extubated. The CT after 3 days demonstrated absence of bleeding and prophylatically initiated simvastatin, clexane, physiotherapy and phonoaudiology. In 02/15/2020, during physical exam, the pacient was lucid, presented behavior alterations, had left cervical dystonia and ataxia. The patient progressed well and was discharged the next day. Conclusions: The AOP, when occluded, results in bilateral paramedian thalamic and the rostral midbrain infarctions wich may cause diagnosis issues, mainly because of the vast specter of diferential diagnosis. In the presence of triad signals characteritic of bilateral thalamic infarction in CT, it must suspect the manifestation of such entity.
Reports on the topic "9/11 events"
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Newman-Toker, David E., Susan M. Peterson, Shervin Badihian, Ahmed Hassoon, Najlla Nassery, Donna Parizadeh, Lisa M. Wilson, et al. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer258.
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Objectives. Diagnostic errors are a known patient safety concern across all clinical settings, including the emergency department (ED). We conducted a systematic review to determine the most frequent diseases and clinical presentations associated with diagnostic errors (and resulting harms) in the ED, measure error and harm frequency, as well as assess causal factors. Methods. We searched PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL®), and Embase® from January 2000 through September 2021. We included research studies and targeted grey literature reporting diagnostic errors or misdiagnosis-related harms in EDs in the United States or other developed countries with ED care deemed comparable by a technical expert panel. We applied standard definitions for diagnostic errors, misdiagnosis-related harms (adverse events), and serious harms (permanent disability or death). Preventability was determined by original study authors or differences in harms across groups. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility; serially extracted data regarding common diseases, error/harm rates, and causes/risk factors; and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. We synthesized results for each question and extrapolated U.S. estimates. We present 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) or plausible range (PR) bounds, as appropriate. Results. We identified 19,127 citations and included 279 studies. The top 15 clinical conditions associated with serious misdiagnosis-related harms (accounting for 68% [95% CI 66 to 71] of serious harms) were (1) stroke, (2) myocardial infarction, (3) aortic aneurysm and dissection, (4) spinal cord compression and injury, (5) venous thromboembolism, (6/7 – tie) meningitis and encephalitis, (6/7 – tie) sepsis, (8) lung cancer, (9) traumatic brain injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, (10) arterial thromboembolism, (11) spinal and intracranial abscess, (12) cardiac arrhythmia, (13) pneumonia, (14) gastrointestinal perforation and rupture, and (15) intestinal obstruction. Average disease-specific error rates ranged from 1.5 percent (myocardial infarction) to 56 percent (spinal abscess), with additional variation by clinical presentation (e.g., missed stroke average 17%, but 4% for weakness and 40% for dizziness/vertigo). There was also wide, superimposed variation by hospital (e.g., missed myocardial infarction 0% to 29% across hospitals within a single study). An estimated 5.7 percent (95% CI 4.4 to 7.1) of all ED visits had at least one diagnostic error. Estimated preventable adverse event rates were as follows: any harm severity (2.0%, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6), any serious harms (0.3%, PR 0.1 to 0.7), and deaths (0.2%, PR 0.1 to 0.4). While most disease-specific error rates derived from mainly U.S.-based studies, overall error and harm rates were derived from three prospective studies conducted outside the United States (in Canada, Spain, and Switzerland, with combined n=1,758). If overall rates are generalizable to all U.S. ED visits (130 million, 95% CI 116 to 144), this would translate to 7.4 million (PR 5.1 to 10.2) ED diagnostic errors annually; 2.6 million (PR 1.1 to 5.2) diagnostic adverse events with preventable harms; and 371,000 (PR 142,000 to 909,000) serious misdiagnosis-related harms, including more than 100,000 permanent, high-severity disabilities and 250,000 deaths. Although errors were often multifactorial, 89 percent (95% CI 88 to 90) of diagnostic error malpractice claims involved failures of clinical decision-making or judgment, regardless of the underlying disease present. Key process failures were errors in diagnostic assessment, test ordering, and test interpretation. Most often these were attributed to inadequate knowledge, skills, or reasoning, particularly in “atypical” or otherwise subtle case presentations. Limitations included use of malpractice claims and incident reports for distribution of diseases leading to serious harms, reliance on a small number of non-U.S. studies for overall (disease-agnostic) diagnostic error and harm rates, and methodologic variability across studies in measuring disease-specific rates, determining preventability, and assessing causal factors. Conclusions. Although estimated ED error rates are low (and comparable to those found in other clinical settings), the number of patients potentially impacted is large. Not all diagnostic errors or harms are preventable, but wide variability in diagnostic error rates across diseases, symptoms, and hospitals suggests improvement is possible. With 130 million U.S. ED visits, estimated rates for diagnostic error (5.7%), misdiagnosis-related harms (2.0%), and serious misdiagnosis-related harms (0.3%) could translate to more than 7 million errors, 2.5 million harms, and 350,000 patients suffering potentially preventable permanent disability or death. Over two-thirds of serious harms are attributable to just 15 diseases and linked to cognitive errors, particularly in cases with “atypical” manifestations. Scalable solutions to enhance bedside diagnostic processes are needed, and these should target the most commonly misdiagnosed clinical presentations of key diseases causing serious harms. New studies should confirm overall rates are representative of current U.S.-based ED practice and focus on identified evidence gaps (errors among common diseases with lower-severity harms, pediatric ED errors and harms, dynamic systems factors such as overcrowding, and false positives). Policy changes to consider based on this review include: (1) standardizing measurement and research results reporting to maximize comparability of measures of diagnostic error and misdiagnosis-related harms; (2) creating a National Diagnostic Performance Dashboard to track performance; and (3) using multiple policy levers (e.g., research funding, public accountability, payment reforms) to facilitate the rapid development and deployment of solutions to address this critically important patient safety concern.
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Mehra, Tanya, and Julie Coleman. The Role of the UN Security Council in Countering Terrorism & Violent Extremism: The Limits of Criminalization? RESOLVE Network, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/sfi2022.4.
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After the 9/11 attacks, a united global community entered an era which saw the proliferation of United Nations entities and organs focused on responding to terrorism. These bodies were created, at least in part, in response to the recognized need for a comprehensive multilateral counter-terrorism architecture to ensure international peace and security in the face of the growing specter of violent extremism. This response has notably also included an array of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) adopted to counter the threat of terrorism. A little over 20 years after the adoption of Resolution 1373 (2001), 52 terrorism related resolutions now exist, creating an elaborate set of measures for Member States to implement. Despite this, however, terrorism was arguably more prevalent in 2021 than in 2001. A myriad of factors have led to the continued spread of terrorism, including the increasingly transnational nature of terrorists and terrorist networks, as well as the failure to adequately address the structural factors and underlying conditions that are conducive to the spread of violent extremism. In order to explain its persistence, one must not only examine the continued appeal of terrorist groups and violent extremist ideology and propaganda, but also reflect upon where, how, and why counter-terrorism responses have often failed to reduce the threat or, in some cases, even exacerbated the factors which give rise to terrorism in the first place. This includes the response of the Security Council, whose resolutions have created the obligation or expectation for Member States to continuously expand the criminalization of terrorism, without evidence that such an approach will lead to less terrorism. This brief focuses on how some UNSCRs include measures that require Member States to criminalize conduct that has historically fallen within the pre-crime space and lacks a clear link to terrorist activities, and examines the subsequent impact this has on human rights and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. At the same time, it explores the role that States themselves have played in the exceptionalization of terrorism in terms of criminal justice responses. Finally, it offers recommendations for both the UNSC and Members States on how to ensure that counter-terrorism architecture can both be human-rights based and simultaneously conducive to promoting peace and security.
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Rodriguez, Dirk, and Cameron Williams. Channel Islands Nation Park: Terrestrial vegetation monitoring annual report - 2016. National Park Service, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293561.
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This report presents the data collected in 2016 as part of the long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring program at Channel Islands National Park. The purposes of the monitoring program are to document the long-term trends in the major vegetation communities within the park. The data collected are from 30 m point-line intercept transects. In the past, each transect was sampled annually. However, beginning in 2012 the program began adding randomly located transects to improve the representativeness of the sampling, and transitioned to a rotating panel design. Now only a core subset of the transects are read annually. Non-core transects are assigned to one of four panels, and those transects are read only once every four years. A summary analysis of the 2016 data shows that: 165 transects were read. The 165 transects were distributed across all five islands: Santa Rosa Island (n = 87), Santa Cruz Island (n = 33), Santa Barbara Island (n = 18), Anacapa Island (n = 9) and San Miguel Island (n = 11). Relative native plant cover averaged 63% across all islands and sampled communities while absolute native plant cover averaged 32%. Among plant communities, relative percent native cover ranged from a low of 1% in seablite scrub to a high of 98% in oak woodland. In general, the number of vegetation data points recorded per transect positively correlates with average rainfall, which is reflected in the number of “hits” or transect points intersecting vegetation. When precipitation declined there is a corresponding drop in the number of hits. In 2016, however this was not the case. Even though rainfall increased as compared to the previous 4 years (18.99 inches in 2016 vs an average of 6.32 for the previous 4 years), the average number of hits was only 64. To put this into perspective, the highest average number of hits was 240 in 1993, an El Niño year of high precipitation. The number of vegetation communities sampled varied by island with the larger islands having more communities. In 2016, there were 15 communities sampled on Santa Rosa Island, 12 communities on Santa Cruz Island, 7 communities on San Miguel Island, 7 communities on Santa Barbara Island, and 7 communities on Anacapa Island. Twenty-six vegetation types were sampled in 2016. Of these, 13 occurred on more than one island. The most commonly shared community was Valley/Foothill grassland which was found in one form or another on all five islands within the park. The next most commonly shared communities were coastal sage scrub and coastal scrub, which were found on four islands. Coastal bluff scrub and coreopsis scrub were monitored on three islands. Four communities—ironwood, mixed woodland, oak woodland, riparian, and seacliff scrub—were monitored on two islands, and 12 communities—Torrey pine woodland, shrub savannah, seablite scrub, Santa Cruz Island pine, perennial iceplant, lupine scrub, fennel, coastal strand, coastal marsh, cactus scrub, boxthorn scrub, barren, and Baccharis scrub—were each monitored on one island.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.
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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.