Journal articles on the topic '870304 Stone, Ceramics and Clay Materials'
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1
Subbota, Іrіna, Larysa Spasonova, and Аnastasia Sholom. "Increasing the strength of building ceramics made on the basis of low-melting clays." Technology audit and production reserves 5, no. 3(67) (October 31, 2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2022.266605.
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The object of the study is the physical and chemical processes of formation of the structure and properties, intensification of sintering of ceramic masses based on local raw materials (Krynichanska low-melting clay raw materials of the Kyiv region, Ukraine) by regulating the chemical and mineralogical composition and technological regimes. When choosing clay raw materials for specific ceramic technologies, it is necessary to be guided by a comprehensive assessment of the physicochemical properties of clay rock. These can be the granulometric and material composition, including the chemical and mineralogical composition of the clay and impurity components, the presence of amorphous material. The state of order in the structure of clay-forming minerals is also important, the knowledge of which makes it possible to determine the ways of regulating the basic technological properties of clay rock in order to bring them to the required level. Among physical and mechanical parameters, mechanical strength is one of the main criteria for determining the suitability of raw materials for the production of building ceramics. The conducted studies have shown that with an increase in the amount of rotten stone additive introduced from 10 to 20 % of low-melting clay, the mechanical strength of ceramic samples in compression and bending increases. The introduction of rotten stone additive provides an increase in the coefficient of sensitivity to drying low-melting clay raw materials, which has a positive effect on the crack resistance of raw bricks when drying clay rock in order to bring them to the required level. The use of silica materials in the composition of ceramic masses based on low-melting clays as an additive to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of the finished product has shown its effectiveness. This can be explained by the fact that the nature of the interaction of silica additives, which was used as rotten stone, differs from the interaction of clay minerals present in ceramic raw materials with water. Since silica exists in rotten stone in the form of amorphous silica gel, it helps to improve the structure of clay, makes it monolithic, increasing mechanical strength. The impurities of low-melting oxides, which are part of the rotten stone, contribute to the formation of low-melting eutectic, reducing the refractoriness of amorphous silica and have a positive effect on the sintering process, forming a glass phase.
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Somrang, Parinya, Anucha Wannagon, Watcharee Sornlar, Pattarawan Choeycharoen, Sitthisak Prasanphan, and Witaya Shongkittikul. "Lampang Raw Material Characterization to Assess the Suitability for Ceramics Industry." Key Engineering Materials 690 (May 2016): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.187.
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Lampang, a province in northern Thailand, is the important source of ceramics raw materials, such as kaolin, pottery stone, and ball clay. This study aims to investigate the new ceramics bodies by using these local raw materials. About 50 samples from 15 sources were collected to analyze the chemical composition, mineral composition, and physical properties. Kaolin samples principally consisted of quartz and kaolinite. Its greyish color after firing at 1200 °C made it suitable for stoneware product that does not require white body. The principal ball clay mineral is kaolinite, associated with illite and quartz. All ball clay samples are high strength, which are suitable for tableware production. Pottery stone which can be found at Kaolin deposit, showed a mixed mineralogy of quartz, albite, and muscovite, while some samples showed the presence of kaolinite. It showed significantly low on shrinkage. Pottery stone are widely used as flux in both ceramics body and glaze. These analyzed characteristics were put into the ceramics raw materials database which can be searched on-line. This data is useful for the researching of ceramics body compositions with mainly contained raw materials from Lampang.
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Smolyaninov, Roman Viktorovich, Aleksey Aleksandrovich Kulichkov, and Elizaveta Sergeevna Yurkina. "Materials of the early Neolithic of the Yarlukovskaya Protoka site (point 222) on the Upper Don." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201982218.
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This paper analyzes materials located in the floodplain of the Matyra River (left tributary of the Voronezh River) of the Yarlukovskaya Protoka (point 222) in the Gryazinsky District of the Lipetsk Region. It was investigated in 1963, 1964, 1967 and 1968 by Vsevolod Levenok. The materials of three early Neolithic cultures of VI Millennium BC were revealed here. The materials of the Yelshanskaya culture are represented by corollas and bottoms of 12 vessels. Almost all dishes, except one bottom and several walls, have no ornament, with the exception of one or two rows of conical pit. All ceramics are well smoothed. Ceramics were made from silty clay. The location of materials in the cultural layer confirms the earlier occurrence of the Yelshanskaya culture ceramics. The ceramics of the Karamyshevo culture is represented by fragments from three vessels. The dishes are predominantly decorated with small oval pricks composed in horizontal and vertical rows. Ceramics were made from silty clay. Ceramics of the Srednedonskaya culture are represented by corollas and rounded bottoms of 15 vessels. It is decorated with triangular prick or small comb prints. Ceramics were made from silty clay. At Yarlukovskaya Protoka site 304 stone artifacts were discovered, mainly of flint. This industry could be described as flake-blade technique. The monument is a mixed complex - stratigraphic and planigraphic readable observations of stone inventory location could not be done.
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Babisk, Michelle Pereira, Wagner Souza Ribeiro, Mariane Costalonga de Aguiar, Veronica Scarpini Candido, Monica Castoldi Borlini Gadioli, Sergio Neves Monteiro, and Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira. "Influence of Quartzite Residues on the Strength of Added Red Clay Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.541.
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The incorporation of industrial residues into red clay ceramics has in past decades been used not only as a search for the alternative use of lower cost raw-materials but also an environmentally correct way of destination of polluting wastes. This work had as its objective to study the influence of incorporation of a quartzite stone residue on the mechanical strength of a red clay ceramic. Clay bodies were prepared with up to 40 wt% of the residue. These clay bodies were then uniaxially press-molded and sintered at 800 and 1050oC. The strength was evaluated by three points bend tests. The microstructural analysis was conducted by means of both optical and scanning electron microscopes. A tendency for decreasing the strength was found with the amount of incorporated residue. This was a consequence of the inert characteristic of the quartz, which is the predominant mineral in the quartzite stone, as well as the possible effect of cracks nucleated during the quartz allotropic transformation.
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Terrones-Saeta, Juan María, Jorge Suárez-Macías, Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias, Valentyn Korobiichuk, and Volodymyr Shamrai. "Development of Ceramic Materials for the Manufacture of Bricks with Stone Cutting Sludge from Granite." Minerals 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070621.
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The manufacture of bricks for building purposes consumes large quantities of virgin materials, such as clay. On the other hand, the ornamental stone processing industry produces a huge amount of stone cutting sludge in its process. Therefore, this study presents the development of ceramic materials for the manufacture of bricks with stone cutting sludges, more specifically from granite. For this purpose, the physical properties of the stone cutting sludge and the chemical composition were mainly analyzed. Subsequently, different groups of ceramic samples were conformed and sintered with various combinations of clay and of stone cutting sludges. The conformed samples were evaluated with different physical tests and with the compressive strength test. The addition of stone cutting sludges to the ceramics reflected the creation of a material with lower density and higher porosity. The compressive strength of the different groups reflected a maximum allowable percentage of stone cutting sludges incorporation of 70%. Therefore, ceramic materials were developed with stone cutting sludges, developing a sustainable, lighter material with acceptable mechanical and physical characteristics. Avoiding the deposition of a polluting waste in a landfill and at the same time avoiding the extraction of new virgin materials.
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Babisk, Michelle Pereira, Wagner Souza Ribeiro, Mariane Costalonga de Aguiar, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira, and Francisco Wilson Hollanda Vidal. "Characterization of a Quartzite Residue and its Application in Red Clay Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 805 (September 2014): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.805.541.
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The fabrication of conventional red clay ceramics products for civil construction, such as bricks and roofing tiles, normally uses other raw materials like sand, in addition to clay, as a way to condition the final ceramic properties. Quartzite residues, from ornamental stone processing in the northeast region of Brazil, could be used as possible conditioner material for clay body in a ceramic industry owing to its similar characteristics to common sand. In the present work, complementing a recent publication on the same materials, a quartzite residue was characterized and its potential as a red clay ceramic addition was evaluated for different composition up to 40 wt%. The results indicated economical advantages in association with some technical benefits.
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Selin, D. V., and Yu P. Chemyakin. "Pottery of the population of the Kulayka Culture (Surgut variant) in the settlement of Barsova Gora III/2: technology and traditions." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2(57) (June 15, 2022): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-57-2-4.
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Barsova Gora is a unique complex of archaeological sites of the Neolithic — Late Middle Ages. The repre-sentative body of the collected sources requires systematic analysis, primarily, of the pottery collections. This paper presents the results of technical and technological analysis of 50 vessels of the Kulayka Culture (Surgut variant) from different dwellings of the settlement of Barsova Gora III/2. The study of the technological markers was carried out with the aid of binocular microscopy of the surfaces and fractures of the ceramics, followed by the comparison with an experimental collection of technological markers. It has been determined that ferruginous low-sand clays were used as the raw ductile material. The main artificial admixture is represented by broken stone, while chamotte and organic substance are found in the clay paste only alongside the broken stone. It has been found that the principal recipe of the clay paste is clay + broken stone (64 %). The second most common recipe of the clay paste is clay + broken stone + chamotte (28 %). It is possible that the raw materials for the grus were imported from areas with stone outcrops, and/or unknown sources of stone from Barsova Gora and the surroun-ding area were used. The bottom and hollow body of the vessels were formed from laterally overlapping bands. External and internal surface treatments vary, and include 29 different combinations. A comparison of the pottery technology of the ceramics from the settlement of Barsova Gora III/2 with the pottery from the fortress of Barsov Goro-dok III/6 showed their similarity. Differences appear in particular adaptive skills of the potters. These differences can be explained by active two-way contacts of the population of Barsova Gora III/2 with the representatives of other ar-chaeological cultures who lived in this territory, and by the started processes of mingling of the pottery technology.
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KOTLYAR, A. V. "Characteristics of Stone-Like Clay Rocks as Raw Materials for the Production of Building Ceramics." Stroitel'nye Materialy, no. 4 (2022): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2022-801-4-31-37.
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Xavier, Gustavo de Castro, Jonas Alexandre, Paulo César de Almeida Maia, Fernando Saboya Albuquerque, Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Resistance to Synthetic Seawater Aggression of Clay Ceramics Incorporated with an Ornamental Stone Residue." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.269.
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Clay ceramic materials exposed to a marine environment may be subjected to complete degradation due to the presence of chloride salts in the air. The exposition allows the chloride to penetrate in structural pores causing an internal expansion, which eventually split the ceramic apart. In open air, the solar radiation as well as the rain and wind contribute to accelerate the degradation process. In the present work the laboratory assisted degradation of clay ceramics incorporated with a granite residue from ornamental stone processing was evaluated by synthetic seawater aggression according to standard procedure. The amount of incorporated residues, up to 10 wt % and the ceramic firing temperature, up to 900°C, were variable conditions statistically analyzed by factorial planning. Degradation wetting-drying tests were conducted up to 6 months. The results showed that the linear shrinkage of the residue-free ceramics do not stabilize during the test period for any firing temperature. By contrast, the residue-incorporated ceramics tend to stabilize after 4 months. In addition, a decrease in water absorption and flexural strength was observed in same speciemens.
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Alexandre, Jonas, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, Gustavo de Castro Xavier, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Fabio de Oliveira Braga, Neila Gondim de Azeredo, and Carla Bozzi Piazzarollo. "Influence of Weather Exposure on Dimensional Changes in Clay Ceramics Incorporated with Granite Residue." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.131.
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Ceramic materials such as bricks and tiles used in civil construction, may eventually be exposed to weather conditions and undergo degradation with time. Although this degradation has been studied in common plain ceramics, it has not yet been investigated in clay ceramics incorporated with ornamental stone residues. In the present work the degradation suffered by clay ceramics incorporated with 5 and 10 wt % of a granite residue under weathering for 6, 8 and 10 months was evaluated. The incorporated and plain ceramics were fired at temperatures of 500, 700 and 900°C. The linear dimensional changes were measured just after firing as well as after 180, 240 and 300 days, respectively, 6, 8 and 10 months. In general, the linear dimensions tend to increase with time and firing temperature. The role of absorbed water on these changes is discussed.
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Vlasova, Marina, Aguilar Márquez, Veronica González-Molina, Ariadna Trujillo-Estrada, and Mykola Kakazey. "Development of an energy- and water-saving manufacturing technology of brick products." Science of Sintering 50, no. 3 (2018): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1803275v.
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In the work, the carrying of realizing three problems in the manufacture of brick products, namely, energy saving, water saving, and processing of large-scale waste (ecological problem), are considered. Four types of bricks have been obtained and investigated: red clay, red clay-milled cullet mixture, red clay-milled basalt (tezontle) mixture, and red clay-milled glass-milled tezontle mixture. To form the semi-finished products, water or wet waste of activated sludge were added to the dry mixtures. It is established that the presence of low-melting glass into double and triple compositions reduces the sintering temperature of ceramic products down to 900-1000 ?C and sintering time to 8-12 h while maintaining good strength properties of ceramics. This means that the energy-saving technology is provided. The use of waste activated sludge (biowaste) with high water content allows us to exclude the introduction of water into dry mixtures at the stage of molding. This means that the water-saving technology is achieved. The introduction of a different content of burnt out bio waste contributes to the formation of brick products of different porosity. Variations on mixtures compositions and sintering modes make possible to synthesize ceramics of different applications: as a stone products, bricks for external and internal walls, porous bricks, and a filtering ceramics.
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Mohamad Fauzi, Nor Asmidayu, Ismail Ibrahim, and Sazmal Effendi Arshad. "EXPERIMENTATION COLOUR OF GLAZE USING A VARIOUS STONE IN SABAH." International Journal of Creative Industries 3, no. 7 (September 13, 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijcrei.37001.
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Ceramics are the oldest art objects ever produced by humans since prehistoric times. Ceramics are made from clay and will change character when exposed to high temperatures above 1200 degrees celsius. Ceramic product is covered with a layer of glass which is a glaze and has a high resistance to temperature or heat. This research aims to document the production of glaze color systematically using various types of stone in Sabah such as Sungai Moyog stone, Lombong Mamut stone, and stone in Sports Complex, Ranau on the surface of the specimen body produced using by kaolin. In addition, this research also aims to identify the response of experimental samples using a mixture of different percentages using the formula Triaxial Line Blend on the surface of kaolin involving aspects of the material, type of combustion, and decoration techniques. The production of glaze color using natural materials which is a Sungai Moyog stone, Lombong Mamut stone, and Sports Complex stone found around Ranau and Kota Kinabalu, Sabah is an innovation in the production of color sourced from natural materials as well as efforts to develop the ceramic industry in Malaysia. It is more to the production of natural materials that have undergone the production process to produce a new glaze color. Preliminary studies using samples from color agents which are Sungai Moyog stone, Lombong Mamut stone, and Ranau Sports Complex stone were conducted experimentally. The research includes the preparation and formulation of glaze using the material until it successfully produces color pigments according to the temperature reaction and the type of combustion that has been implemented. This research also aims to study the suitability of glaze color on the surface of ceramic products such as kaolin. In conclusion, through this research, we will better understand the processes and ways how to produce glaze color in the ceramic industry by using natural materials found in the environment. Through this research as well, it is possible to identify the minerals present in the experimental materials that influence the reaction in the production of ceramic glaze color.
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Stepanova, N. F., and D. Yu Rybakov. "Preliminary Results of Studying Ceramics from the Karbinskoye I Settlement of Early Iron Age in Priketye." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0662-0668.
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The article discusses the results of studying ceramics of the early Iron Age from the Karbinskoye I settlement in Priketye, located in the eastern part of the Narym Ob region. Within the framework of the historical and cultural approach, samples of 47 vessels from this site were studied. It was found that the ceramics were made from qualitatively different clays: ferruginous and non-ferruginous, mostly low-plastic. Six recipes for the preparation of molding materials were revealed. The main tradition in the use of mineral admixtures is the addition of chamotte, and the recipe for clay + chamotte + organic (73 %). The second place is taken by the clay + organic recipe (19 %). An unusual skill is the addition of slag to molding materials. The use of a large number of clay sources, the presence of several recipes indicate different skills in making ceramics and several groups of potters. A comparative analysis of the data obtained with the results of a technical and technological analysis of ceramics from other sites from the Narym and Tomsk Ob regions is carried out. The similarities and differences in the skills of selection of raw materials and the preparation of molding masses were revealed. Common features include the use of non-ferruginous and low-ferruginous clays, which distinguishes these collections from the sites of the Early Iron Age in the adjacent territories. Ceramics from the Narym and Tomsk Ob regions are distinguished by traditions in the use ofmineral impurities: in the Narym Ob region chamotte was added to the molding mass, in the Tomsk Ob region—crushed stone. In both regions, a clay + organics recipe was identified, possibly associated with a special group of population, which is not numerous at all the studied sites.
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Vasilyeva, Tatyana Anatolyevna. "Signs of gathering and fishing on the monuments of the Late Neolithic - Early Eneolithic of Karelia (based on the settlement of Vigainavolok I)." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983207.
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The paper presents the study results of Vigainavolok I materials. This settlement is located on the west of Lake Onega in Karelia. The monument was investigated by G.A. Pankrushev in 1963-1966. Its area was 8,000 m. 26 buildings remains were revealed. The area of 2748 m was studied. The inventory collection includes more than 25 thousand pieces of ceramics and about 7 thousand pieces of stone, clay and metal. The buildings served as dwellings and workshops. The collection includes sinkers that are marked as direct signs of fishing. Favorable climatic conditions for the development in the forest zone, confined to the coast of a large body of water, settlement equipment, osteological materials of the Stone Age monuments characterize fishing as one of the determining factors in the life of the population.
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Плетнёва, Людмила Михайловна, Дмитрий Юрьевич Рыбаков, and Надежда Фёдоровна Степанова. "THE CERAMICS OF TOMSK LOCAL OPTION KULAI CULTURAL-HISTORICAL COMMUNITY (ACCORDING TO THE SETTLEMENTS KIZHIROVO II AND SHELOMOK III)." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 4(30) (December 30, 2020): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-4-107-119.
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В статье представлены результаты исследований керамики двух поселений локального варианта кулайской культурно-исторической общности из Томского Приобья. Первый памятник отражает появление в Томском Приобье населения кулайской культуры и его взаимодействие с автохтонным населением шеломокской (кижировской) культуры, в результате которого формируется томский локальный вариант кулайской КИО. Второй относится к заключительному этапу ее существования в Томском Приобье. Основная задача технико-технологического анализа заключалась в выявлении специфики культурных традиций в отборе исходного сырья и подготовке формовочных масс и сравнительном анализе полученных результатов. В результате исследований установлено, что гончары с Кижирово II предпочитали слабоожелезненные и неожелезненные пластичные глины, использовали несколько источников исходного сырья, отмечена устойчивая традиция в выборе минеральных примесей (добавление дробленого камня). Зафиксировано смешение культурных традиций и взаимодействие населения. Одной из причин наличия сосудов из других по ожелезненности глин может быть связано с новым населением на памятнике. К основным культурным традициям на Шеломке III относится использование пластичной среднеожелезненной глины и добавление дресвы. Отмечено смешение культурных традиций: местных (добавление дробленого камня) с принесенной (добавление шамота). Сравнительный анализ выявил общее и различное для керамики Кижирово II и Шеломок III. Общее — использование пластичных глин, преобладание традиции добавлять в формовочные массы дробленый камень, наличие контактов с населением с навыками, сложившимися в местности, где не были доступны выходы камня. Отличие керамики с Шеломка III от других памятников Томского Приобья в других навыках в выборе сырья – применении среднеожелезненных глин, не характерных для региона. Керамика из Шеломка III отличается и от керамики с памятников, расположенных рядом. Для поселения Кижирово II характерны те же традиции, что и с других памятников Томского Приобья. The article presents the results of research on the ceramics of two settlements of a local variant of the kulai cultural and historical community from the Tomsk Ob region. The first monument reflects the appearance in Tomsk Ob region population kulai culture and its interaction with the indigenous population shelomok (kizhirovo) culture, which is formed in Tomsk local option kulai KIO. The second relates to the final stage of its existence in the Tomsk Ob region. The main task of technical and technological analysis was to identify the specifics of cultural traditions in the selection of raw materials and the preparation of pottery paste and a comparative analysis of the results obtained. As a result of research, it was found that the potters from Kizhirovo II preferred weak ferruginous and non iron raw plastic clay, used several sources of raw materials, and noted a stable tradition in the selection of mineral impurities (the addition of crushed stone). There is a mix of cultural traditions and interaction of the population. One of the reasons for the presence of vessels from other clays may be due to the new population on the monument. The main cultural traditions on Shelomok III include the use of plastic medium- iron clay and the crushed stone. There is a mix of cultural traditions: local (adding crushed stone) with brought (adding chamotte). Comparative analysis revealed common and different of Kizhirovo II and Shelomok III ceramics. General — the use of plastic clays, the predominance of the tradition of adding crushed stone to the pottery paste, the presence of contacts with the population with skills developed in areas where stone outputs were not available. The difference between ceramics from Shelomok III and other monuments of the Tomsk Ob region is in other skills in the choice of raw materials — the use of medium ferruginous clays that are not typical for the region. The pottery from Shelomok III differs from the ceramics from the monuments located nearby. For settlement Kizhirovo II are characterized by the same tradition, as with other monuments in Tomsk Ob river area.
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Степанова, Надежда Фёдоровна, Юрий Федорович Кирюшин, and Дмитрий Юрьевич Рыбаков. "THE RESULTS OF THE TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF KULAI CULTURE CERAMICS FROM THE NOVOVASYUGAN SETTLEMENT AND THE SETTLEMENT FROM THE NARYM OB REGION." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 2(36) (November 25, 2022): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2022-2-160-172.
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Представлены результаты исследований керамики с двух памятников (Нововасаюганского поселения и городища) кулайской культуры из Нарымского Приобья, расположенных в непосредственной близости – на расстоянии 60 м, что представляет особый интерес для выявления традиций в изготовлении глиняной посуды. Технико-технологический анализ керамики проведен в рамках историко-культурного подхода. Основная задача исследований заключалась в выявлении специфики культурных традиций в отборе исходного сырья и подготовке формовочных масс и сравнительном анализе полученных результатов. В результате изучения исходного сырья установлено, что использовались ожелезненные глины (средне- и слабоожелезненные) с большим количеством мелкого песка. В формовочные массы практически не вводили искусственные минеральные примеси, лишь в нескольких случаях зафиксирован шамот, как правило, в низкой концентрации, что не влияло на качество сосудов. Навыки в выборе исходного сырья и подготовки формовочных масс с этих двух памятников очень похожи, но сосудов, изготовленных из одной глины, не обнаружено. Установлено, что гончары с поселения и городища использовали разные залежи глин, которые различались размерами песка. Особенности обжига, обработки поверхности сосудов, нанесения орнамента свидетельствуют о разных традициях изготовления керамики, о разных гончарах и группах населения. Возможно, выявленные особенности связаны с хронологическими причинами, о чем свидетельствуют различия в орнаментации сосудов. Сравнительный анализ с изученными ранее коллекциями кулайской культуры выявил отличия. Для кулайских памятников из Томского Приобья характерно использование слабо- и неожелезненных глин с добавлением в формовочные массы дресвы (дробленного камня), для Прикетья – добавление шамота. На Нововасюганских поселении и городище неожелезненные глины и добавление дресвы не выявлены, а минеральные примеси вводились редко. Наличие на Нововасюганских памятниках рецептов с шамотом может свидетельствовать о небольшом притоке населения с другими навыками подготовки формовочных масс, характерными для Прикетья. The article presents the results of studies of ceramics from two sites (Novovasyugan settlement and settlement) of the Kulai culture from the Narym Ob region, located in close proximity – at a distance of 60 m, which is of particular interest for identifying traditions in the manufacture of pottery. The technical and technological analysis of ceramics was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach. The main objective of the research was to identify the specifics of cultural traditions in the selection of raw materials and the preparation of pottery paste and a comparative analysis of the results obtained. As a result of the study of the raw materials, it was found that ferruginous clays (medium and slightly degree of iron content in clay) with a large amount of fine sand were used. Artificial mineral impurities were practically not introduced into the pottery paste, only in a few cases chamotte was recorded, as a rule, in a low concentration, which did not affect the quality of the vessels. Skills in the selection of raw materials and preparation of pottery paste from these two sites are very similar, but vessels made of the same clay were not found. It was found that the potters from the settlement and the settlement used different clay deposits, which differed in the size of the sand. The peculiarities of firing of vessels, surface treatment of vessels, and the application of ornaments indicate different traditions of pottery making, different potters and groups of the population. Perhaps the identified features are related to chronological reasons, as evidenced by differences in the ornamentation of vessels. A comparative analysis with the previously studied collections of the Kulai culture revealed differences. The Kulai monuments from the Tomsk Ob region are characterized by the use of weak – and non iron clay with the addition of crushed stone (broken stone) to the pottery paste, and the addition of chamotte for the Priketye. At the Novovasyugan settlement and the settlement site, non iron clay and the broken stone were not detected, and mineral impurities were rarely introduced. The presence of recipes with chamotte on the Novovasyugan sites may indicate a small influx of people with other skills in preparing pottery paste characteristic of the Tomsk region.
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Selin, Dmitrii V. "Ceramic Production of the Kulai Culture in the Novosibirsk Ob Region: Based on Materials from the Kamenny Mys Burial Ground." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 7 (2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-86-96.
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Purpose. The Kulay Cultural-Historical Community was one of the largest formations in Western Siberia in the early Iron Age. The Kamenny Mys burial ground is located in the Kolyvan district of the Novosibirsk region. The study is devoted to the technical and technological analysis of 49 vessels of Kulay ceramics (Novosibirsk variant) of the Kamenny Mys burial ground. Results. It was determined that natural clays of medium plasticity, possibly pretreated, were used as the initial plastic raw material. The dominant recipe for the clay paste is clay + broken stone (68 %). The construction was carried out according to the tank-bottom program with the help of flaps. The hollow body was constructed using patchwork molding. Mainly mechanical smoothing processed the surfaces of the vessels. The firing of dishes could be carried out in fireplaces or hearths. Conclusion. Ceramic technology reflects the initial mixing of different pottery skills. Stability is retained by the substrate skills of the selection of the initial plastic raw material, the design of the beginning and the hollow body. Mixing is manifested at the level of adaptive skills – methods of composing molding materials and machining surfaces. Such a situation may be a consequence of the interaction of groups of the Kulay population with the carriers of the Bolsherechenskaya culture and the beginning of their mixing, which led to the fusion of technological pottery skills.
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Sodnompilova, Marina M. "Природные материалы в соматических представлениях тюркских и монгольских народов Внутренней Азии." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-2-290-302.
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The aim of this article is to analyze traditional somatic ideas of the Turkic-Mongolians of Inner Asia that they formed as a part of their “theories” on the origin of the world and man. Data and methods. An important part of the studies of man as a social and biological being is the investigation of the human body conceptualizations of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples. When explored, the ideas that traditional societies had on the human body and its constituent parts, such as organs, muscles, and blood may give an important clue to understanding traditional medicine methods, attitudes towards the body, and the body potentialities. In this respect, one cannot overestimate the relevance of the nomads’ folklore texts dealing with the origin of the world and man as a research source. A variety of such stories relating how man was made of clay, wood, metal, bone, and stone may shed light on the invention and development of new materials by man, as well as on the technologies they used for their processing. The study is based on a comparative historical method that helps to identify commonalities characteristic of the Turkic-Mongolian world in understanding the human body; as well as the method of cultural and historical reconstruction, which gives an insight into the logic of archaic views. Conclusions. In the somatic conceptualizations of the Turkic-Mongolians, the key and stable correspondences of the natural and the human are such series as bone – wood, flesh – clay/earth /stone form. The associations of the human body and its parts with metals manifest to a lesser degree. The processes of maturing and aging of the human body were conceptualized by traditional societies in terms of both natural and cultural phenomena, such as the life cycles of a tree and ceramics making of raw/soft clay hardened in the process of its firing.
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Aguiar, Mariane Costalonga de, Mônica Castoldi Borlini Gadioli, Maria Angelica Kramer Sant’Ana, Kayrone Marvila de Almeida, Francisco Wilson Hollanda Vidal, and Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira. "Red Ceramics Produced with Primary Processing Fine Waste of Ornamental Stones According to the Circular Economy Model." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 12887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912887.
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The ornamental stone industry is growing and has a large production in Brazil, mainly in Espírito Santo, where the largest production in the country is concentrated. Brazil is part of the group of countries that produce the most ornamental stones in the world; however, the generation of waste in this sector is very large. These ornamental stone wastes when used for the manufacture of new materials, such as red ceramics, contribute to the reduction in the raw material clay and to the reduction in the environmental impact. The objective of this work was to incorporate fine wastes from the processing of ornamental stones called FIBRO in red ceramics and later, to contribute to the standardization of the use of these wastes in the ceramic industry, contributing to the manufacture of more economical and sustainable products. Wastes were incorporated in the proportion of 0 to 50% by mass that were prepared by extrusion and fired at 900 °C, 950 °C, and 1000 °C. After firing, the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic material were evaluated. Specific mass apparent, water absorption, porosity, and flexural strength by three points tests were carried out. The results showed that from 30% at the lowest temperature, tile is already fabricated within the values stipulated by the standards, thus saving energy. The analyzed waste is a material with excellent chemical characteristics to be used in the ceramic mass, in addition to having improved the technological properties of the material, such as less water absorption and greater flexural strength.
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Kardash, Oleg V., Nataliia M. Chairkina, Ekaterina N. Dubovtseva, and Henny Piezonka. "New Research on the Early Neolithic Enclosed Settlement Kayukovo-2 in the North of Western Siberia." Archaeology and Ethnography 19, no. 7 (2020): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-109-124.
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Purpose. The article presents results of new research at one of the most prominent Early Neolithic enclosed settlements in the North of Western Siberia – the stronghold of Kayukovo-2, which is characterized by a regular architectural plan with one central and five surrounding buildings, pottery of a specific shape and type, including flat as well as conical bases and complex ornamentation, and an original complex of stone artefacts. Results. In 2018, the investigation of building structure no. 4 was continued; for the reconstruction of the paleo-landscape, soil samples were investigated in the adjacent peatland, new radiocarbon dates were obtained, and analyses of the material complex represented by fragments of ceramics, products from clay-like raw materials and clay, stone artefacts, and clusters of small bone fragments was carried out. Building no. 4 was identified as a semi-sunken dwelling structure with a hearth in the centre, a small connecting corridor to building no. 7, and a link to the large central building no. 6. In 2019, new trenches confirmed the existence of a ditch circumscribing the settlement complex. Palaeoenvironmental research shows that during the period of use of the site, the closest water body was located c. 100 m from the terrace shore. The radiocarbon dates available up to now indicate a time of functioning of the ancient settlement in the first centuries of the 6th millennium cal BC. The ceramic material belongs to the complex of early flat-based hunter-gatherer pottery of Western Siberia, a tradition which probably spread from the Baraba forest-steppe and the Ishim region to the Northern Trans-Urals around 6000 cal BC. Conclusion. The reasons for the emergence of the northernmost fortified settlements in Eurasia among hunter-gatherer communities with complex architecture and specific ceramics, the role of internal socio-cultural mechanisms and external influences, and environmental factors in their formation continue to be under discussion and require further research.
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Loman, Valeriy Grigoryevich. "The results of the technical-technological analysis of Grenada camp ceramics (Central Kazakhstan)." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20163202.
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One of the problems in archaeology of Kazakhstan is the uneven study of the sites belonging to different epochs. For example, in Central Kazakhstan there is a clear bias towards the study of antiquities of the middle and late Bronze Ages, Early Iron Age and Middle Ages. The study of the Stone Age stopped since the 90-es of XX century, the Early Bronze Age is practically not investigated. This article publishes the results of technical-technological analysis of the ceramics of the Grenada camp (Karaganda, Kazakhstan) dated from the late Chalcolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. Author studied raw materials (three kinds), the clay paste composition (six recipes), the features of the design of the beginning (two programs) and the hollow body. The diversity of pottery traditions, marked for all levels of ceramic production, speaks of the heterogeneous composition of the camp population. The vessels belonged at least to two groups of different origin. Mixed recipes with gruss and grog in the presence of pure demonstrate this process of cultural mixing that took place within the camp. The conclusion is made that the materials of the Grenada camp, including the features of pottery traditions, reflect the complexity of the cultural-historical processes that have taken place in the territory of the Central Kazakhstan in the end of Chalcolithic - in the beginning of Early Bronze Age.
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Shevnina, I. V., and A. V. Logvin. "On the problem of identifying the Belkaragai type of the Neolithic ceramics in Turgai." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3(58) (September 15, 2022): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-58-3-1.
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The settlement of Belkaragai 1 is located on the shore of a dry lake, 160 km south-west of the city of Kostanay (Kostanay Region, Northern Kazakhstan), at an altitude of 6 m from its bottom. The paper examines the materials of the settlement of Belkaragai 1, where it was possible to identify a new type of ceramics — Belkaragai. The purpose of this work is to determine the cultural and chronological affiliation of all archaeological materials obtained from site B of the settlement of Belkaragai 1. The settlement covers an area of about 15 hectares. Seve-ral accumulations of finds were recorded; one of them, designated as site B, attracted attention due to significant quantity of plates. An exploratory dig was set up; the total area of the excavation was 144 m². The analysis, synthesis, generalization, description, comparison, statistical methods, comparative typological method, and the method of analogies were used to distinguish the Belkaragai type of the Neolithic ceramics in Turgai. The raw feedstock and molding masses of the ceramic products were studied using binocular microscopy and petrographic analysis. The main feature of the Belkaragai type ceramics is the combination of the Eneolithic exterior of the vessels with the typical Mahanjar admixture of wool and animal hair in the composition of the clay dough. The Belkaragai type of ceramics accompanied a lamellar complex of stone tools, which is commensurable with the Mahanjar complex but has its own characteristics manifested in the width of the plates and composition of the tools. The peculiarities of the ceramics and flint industry allows placing chronologically the Belkaragai type of ceramics between the Mahanjar (Neolithic) and Tersek (Late Neolithic) antiquities. Besides, it should not go unnoticed that the Belkargai type may be genetically related to the Mahanjar Neolithic antiquities. As the result of the search for analogies to the Belkaragai type in the materials of other Turgai sites (the sites of Duzbay 3, Svetly Dzharkul, and the settlements of Bestamak and Buruktal 1), it was possible to identify pottery which, in terms of its main features, correlates well with the Belkaragai type. It is possible that the Belkaragai-type materials are not a local phenomenon, but have a wider character (at least within the Turgai trough). Most likely, this is a cultural phenomenon that reflects the processes that took place in Turgai at the end of the Neolithic period.
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Gnezdilova, Irina, Anastasiya Nesterkina, Elena Solovieva, and Aleksander Soloviev. "Korean Peninsula and Japanese Islands: Forming Features and Borrowing Cultural Traditions during the Paleometall Epoch (Materials for Educational Course “Archaeology of Foreign Asia”)." Archaeology and Ethnography 17, no. 7 (2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-7-9-17.
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Purpose. The period of the most intensive contacts of the ancient population of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese Islands (3rd – 7th centuries AD) is of special interest for study. The period witnessed a wide spread of the tradition of building burial mounds (kurgans). Due to the artifacts found in the kurgans, it becomes possible to study various aspects of the people’s social life, including cultural contacts. We aimed at studying territorial alliances based on the cultural and historical background, such as the spread of agriculture based on wet rice cultivation, bronze and iron production, the emergence of states. Results. The kurgan tradition on the Korean peninsula is associated with the era of the Three Kingdoms (3rd – 7th centuries AD). The tradition of erecting mounds started in Koguryo state in the 1st century BC, then from the 3rd century AD it continued in Baekje, Silla and Kaya, and disappeared in the middle of the 6th century AD because of adopting Buddhism. Common barrows had stone embankments, but they are also found with earthen mounds. Burial chambers were first constructed vertically, then horizontal ones appeared. On the Japanese Islands, kurgans first appeared during the Yayoi period (3rd century BC – 3rd century AD) and were widely constructed during the Kofun period (3rd – 7th centuries AD). The barrows had earthen embankments with burial chambers inside. The barrows differed in the form of their embankment and size. The burials of the Kofun period in Japan continued the Yayoi period traditions to a certain extent. They had earthen embankments and were decorated with bronze mirrors and stone ornaments in the burial chambers. In addition, their feature is clay haniva figurines around the perimeter of the embankment. Starting from approximately the 5th century AD, there began to appear a certain homogeneity in the funerary structures of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Sueci ceramics became a typical element of the funeral rite, as well as bronze and iron objects, gold jewelry and luxury items which appeared in burial chambers. The construction of kurgans acquired some new features, such as stone chambers with side corridors. Both on the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Islands, we observe similar types of embankments, such as round (embun), square (ho:fun), double round (so:embun), double square (so:ho:fun) and in the form of a “Japanese sea scallop” (hatategaishikikofun). Conclusion. The study of the structural features of the kurgans on the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Islands allows us to conclude that there are similarities in the forms and materials of embankments and the forms of burial chamber construction. The main difference is the larger size of Japanese kurgans. The similarities we revealed can be explained by the mutual influence of the population of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese islands.
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Grushin, S. P., I. V. Merts, V. K. Merts, V. V. Ilyushina, and A. V. Fribus. "Semiyarka IV burial complex of the Middle Bronze Age (Eastern Kazakhstan)." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2(53) (May 28, 2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-53-2-5.
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The paper is aimed at the analysis of the Middle Bronze Age materials from the Semiyarka IV burial ground in East Kazakhstan. In 2016–2018, two stone fences on the site were investigated by a joint expedition of the Altai and Pavlodar State Universities. The two fences contained human burials, inhumed in a wooden structure and in a composite stone cist box. The purpose of this work is to determine regional features and chronology of the Semiyarka IV funerary complex, as well as details of the ethnocultural development of the local population in the Middle Bronze Age. The research methodology includes analyses of the planigraphy and stratigraphy, compara-tive and typological study of the artifacts, anthropological investigation, examination of the pottery manufacturing technology, and radiocarbon dating. The technical and technological analysis of the pottery production was car-ried out using the method of A.A. Bobrinsky. Radiocarbon dates from wood and human bone samples were ob-tained by the liquid scintillation method in the archaeological technology laboratory of the Institute for the History of the Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The dates were then calibrated using CALIB 8.2 program and IntCal 20 calibration curve. The body of collected data allows us to conclude that the Andronovo burial ground of Semiyarka IV is distinguished by its syncretism which is manifested in two different cultural com-ponents. The first component, ‘Central Kazakhstan’, is represented by the architectural traditions of building stone fences and graves cemented with a clay mortar, as well as by the presence of chamotte in the pottery containing additives traditional for the population of Central Kazakhstan. The second component, ‘Siberian’, is represented by the tradition of building wooden crypts, and in the ceramics complex, by some peculiar ornamental patterns typical of the eastern Ob River valley. The site is dated to the turn of the 18th/17th –16th c. BC. The architectural similarities of the Semiyarka IV burial ground structures with the Yenisei sites suggest that their origin is associ-ated with the Irtysh River region. The migration period of the mobile Andronovo communities to the northeast is dated to the 17th c. BC.
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Vybornov, A. A., F. F. Gilyazov, N. S. Doga, A. S. Popov, A. I. Yudin, I. N. Vasilyeva, M. A. Kulkova, N. V. Roslyakova, and P. A. Kosintsev. "RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS AT THE ALGAY SITE IN THE STEPPE VOLGA REGION IN 2020." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 2 (2021): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-2-100-121.
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The paper presents the results of the Algay site study undertaken in 2020 in the steppe Volga region (Aleksandorovo-Gaisky district of the Saratov region) on the right bank of the Bolshoy Uzen river. During the excavations archaeologists discovered three cultural layers, separated from each other by sterile layers. The upper layer contains finds belonged to the Khvalynskaya Eneolithic culture, the middle layer contains finds from the Caspian one, and the lower layer - from the Orlovskaya culture. The ceramics are made of silty clay with an admixture of mollusk shells. The stone tools differ in raw materials: the Khvalynskaya and Caspian artifacts are made mainly of quartzite, and the Orlovskaya ones are made of flint. The range of objects is dominated by various types of scrapers, knives and cutting points. The flat-bottomed vessels of the Orlovskaya culture are ornamented using the technique of a receding lines with oval and triangular pricks. Patterns are represented by horizontal rows and zigzags. Aurochs, tarpan, saiga and onager were identified among the bones of animals. Bones of a domestic dog were found in the Orlovskaya culture layer, and bones of sheep and goats in the Caspian layer. The bone tools and a shell pendant were also found. The radiocarbon dates indicate the existence of the Caspian layer in the V millennium BC, and the Orlovskaya layer in the VII -VI millennium BC.
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Medvedev, V. E., I. V. Filatova, and E. А. Girchenko. "Southern Boundaries of Osipovka Cultural Area." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0188-0194.
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The article concentrates on the Early Neolithic Osipovka culture of the Lower Amur and its southern boundaries. Due to the resumption of excavations at the Xiaonanshan site in the left bank of Ussuri River, Heilongjiang province, China, recently, it has become possible to conduct a comparative study of technical and typological characteristics of the ceramic material of these two territories. The following features were revealed: 1. Ceramics in both cases is loose, the composition of clay molding masses demonstrate the presence of additives: grus, sand, plant fibers, and crushed shell. 2. Prolonged low-temperature firing is typical of both territories. 3. Most common ceramic types are flat-bottomed vessels with a wide mouth of a truncated-conical shape. 4. The surface of the vessel was first covered with a reddish clay engobe, then with an ornament, and the authors also recorded the traces of smoothing the surface with grass. 5. Vessels were ornamented by narrow parallel grooves or grooves with a flat path between the edges made with a hard comb instrument. 6. The rim was ornamented with dissected narrow depressions or through holes. Among the investigated stone tools, bifacial spearheads and arrows as well as sinkers of various shapes prevail, which indicates that the economy of both Osipovka culture bearers and the inhabitants of the Xiaonanshan site were based on a combination of fishing and hunting. The revealed similarities probably indicate that these materials represent a complex of cultures of a single areal. Moreover, the artifacts found at the Xiaonanshan site show definite differences from other materials found in northern China and differ significantly from the traditions typical for the Middle Yellow River or the Yangtze Valley. Probably, the south-west of the Lower Priamurye, the wide-known autochthonous center of ancient pottery, could be a zone of contacts of this region and both more southern and more eastern territories. The Osipovka influence went beyond the Amur region, which is very important for understanding the processes of Neolithization in the North East Asia.
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Rudenko, Konstantin A., and Evgeniy P. Kazakov. "Komintern III Settlement of the Golden Horde Epoch in Tatarstan." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 42 (December 23, 2022): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.4.42.101.112.
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The paper deals with the materials of one of the settlements of the Golden Horde epoch – the III Komintern settlement, located in the Spassky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The settlement occupies the edge of the above-meadow terrace of the Aktay River. Together with the II Komintern settlement it was a large rural center associated with handicrafts and trade. Unfortunately, a large part of the settlement was destroyed by waters of the Kuibyshev reservoir and all artefacts collected in the 1960s – early 2000s and published in this paper were found on eroded cultural layer. As the analysis of the material has shown, the III Komintern settlement was a craft part of this settlement and a pier where goods were unloaded. The peculiarity of its material culture is in a large number of fragments of cast-iron cauldrons. They are represented by standard forms (types Ч-3 m Ч-4), as well as a rare type – Ч-9, with three legs, having analogies in Chinese and Far Eastern materials of the 12th – 14th centuries. Pottery is represented by fragments of jugs, pots, bowls. Hand-made and corrected on a wheel pottery (bowls, pots, etc.) contains additives to clay: sand, crushed stone and dry clay. There is a group of so-called "Slavonic type" ceramics, typical for the sites of the second half of the 14th century. In other respects, the finds are characteristic of settlements that existed during the late 13th – early 15th centuries. The Komintern archaeological complex is interesting because it demonstrates the dynamics of the development of flood-plain settlements on the Lower Kama and their material culture throughout the Golden Horde period. It evolved from the Peschany Ostrov type settlement that appeared at the end of 13th – beginning of the 15th century to a trade and craft settlement during the middle – second half of the 14th – beginning of the 15th century.
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Nechytaylo, Pavlo, and Olena Onohda. "Pottery Complex of the Second Half 13th – First Half 15th Centuries from Excavations in Kamianets-Podilskyi." Ukraina Lithuanica. Studìï z ìstorìï Velikogo knâzìvstva Litovsʹkogo 2021, no. 6 (October 12, 2021): 136–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ul2021.06.136.
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The paper analyses ceramics and buildings remains of the second half 13th – first half 15th centuries, coming from excavations in Kamianets-Podilskyi. It aims to introduce materials into scientific circulation, to compare the collection with synchronous objects from adjacent territories, to trace interactions in the material culture development in late medieval towns. Ceramics of the Golden Horde and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania times began to be systematically researched relatively recently in Ukraine. Thus, the materials from Kamianets-Podilskyi contribute to deepening our knowledge of less-known periods in the history of Ukraine and Eastern Europe. Materials analyzed were obtained during rescue archaeological research on the Polish Market square in Kamianets. These were fragmented parts of underground and aboveground building structures, as well as a collection of various household items. Building materials were mostly local clays and loam, less often wood and stone were used. A set of clay ‘roll’ blocks set in one of the pits allows us to assume similarity with the Golden Horde building technologies. Finds of coins and Crimean polychrome bowls fragments also indicate the complex emerged during the Golden Horde period. However, certain groups of pottery and coins of European minting define the complex upper date within the first half 15th century. Diverse ceramic types range from the complex is an interesting local typological phenomenon. It reflects mutual influences of the pottery traditions development both in time and space. After processing artefacts collection, the main groups of pottery were identified according to technological features. Some of them are rooted in the local ancient Rus’ traditions, others were formed under the influence of Western trends, while samples of a ‘specific’ group were common for almost the entire territory of modern Ukraine during Late Middle Ages. Pots collection was preliminary systematized up to 5 most common types selection, based on rim profiles. Many of them have a wide range of analogies, locally from Kamianets, as well as from the Western Ukraine, in Poland, Moldova and Romania. In addition to pots, the collection includes other types of kitchen and tableware, such as makitras, lids, jars and other single samples of ceramics. The typological diversity correlates with the multi-layered processes which took place in Kamianets-Podilskyi life during the Golden Horde and the Lithuanian periods. Materials from the complex, as well as other finds from synchronous objects within the city, deepen our understanding of the city’s development large-scale picture, which, however, requires further research.
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Sukhanov, Evgeny V. "CLAY VESSELS’ SHAPES AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY OF THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF ALANS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE DON REGION." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 1037–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch1841037-1060.
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Alans are one of the ethnic components of the Saltovo-Mayatsk archaeological culture. Antiquities associated with this group are found in the Middle Don basin. The article studies the cultural characteristics of the Alanian groups that left behind the burial sites of this region, on the example of pottery. The object of study are the shapes of clay vessels. The study was carried out according to the methodology developed within the framework of the historical-and-cultural approach to the study of ancient pottery, proposed by A.A. Bobrinsky. The article considers the quantitative composition of unmixed traditions of shaping forms of pottery on sites associated with the Alan component of the Saltovo-Mayatsk culture. The three most numerous categories of ware are analyzed: jugs, mugs and pots. The communities that left behind the catacomb burial grounds of the eastern regions of the Don forest-steppe were culturally more heterogeneous than the communities from the western part. The materials of the Mayatsky complex, Yutanovsky and Podgorovsky burial grounds present unique and inherently mixed sets of morphological traditions. Based on the data of the study of ceramics and their comparison with burial traditions, we consider the Yutanovsky, Podgorovsky, Mayatsky burial grounds as cemeteries of communities that included settlers from the western part of the Don forest-steppe, whose traditions mixed up in new places of residence. The most probable reason for the resettlement of a certain part of the Alanian population to the eastern regions of the forest-steppe Don region can be considered the construction of a series of stone and brick fortresses on the Tikhaya Sosna River, as well as the need to control this section of the Slavic-Khazar frontier. In accordance with the concept, proposed by G.E. Afansiyev, these fortifications were built in the 30-40s of the 9th century. The author suggests that it is these events that can explain the influx of the Alanian population into the eastern regions of the forest-steppe Don region and the formation of more culturally heterogeneous groups in the new places of residence of these people than among the “neighbors” from the western regions of the Don forest-steppe.
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Vailati, Marco, Micaela Mercuri, Michele Angiolilli, and Amedeo Gregori. "Natural-Fibrous Lime-Based Mortar for the Rapid Retrofitting of Heritage Masonry Buildings." Fibers 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9110068.
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The present work aims to define the mechanical behavior of a new composite material for the preservation and enhancement of the vast historical and architectural heritage particularly vulnerable to environmental and seismic actions. The new composite represents a novelty in the landscape of the fibrous mortars and consists of natural hydraulic lime (NHL)-based mortar, strengthened by Sisal short fibers randomly oriented in the mortar matrix. The developed mortar ensures the chemical-physical compatibility with the original features of the historical masonry structures (especially in stone and clay) aiming to pursue the effectiveness and durability of the intervention. The use of vegetal fibers (i.e., the Sisal one) is an exciting challenge for the construction industry considering that they require a lower level of industrialization for their processing, and therefore, their costs are considerably lower, as compared to the most common synthetic/metal fibers. Samples of Sisal-composite are tested in three-point bending, aiming to estimate both their bending stress and fracture energy. Tensile and compressive tests were also performed on the composite samples, while water retention and slump test were performed on the fresh mix. At last, the tensile tests on the Sisal strand were performed to evaluate the tensile stress of both strand and wire. An original mechanical interpretation is proposed to explain two interesting phenomena that arose from the analysis of experimental data. The comparison among the performances of unreinforced and reinforced mortar suggests that the use of short fibers is recommendable as coating in the retrofitting interventions alternatively to the long uni or bi-directional fiber strands adopted in the classic fibrous reinforcement (i.e., FRCM). The proposed composite also ensures mix-independent great workability, excellent ductility, and strength, and it can be considered a promising alternative to the classic fiber-reinforcing systems. As final remarks, the use of fiber F1 (length of 24 mm) with respect to fiber F2 (length of 13 mm) is more recommendable in the retrofitting interventions of historical buildings, ensuring higher strength and/or ductility for the composite.
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Kessener, Paul M. "Roman Water Transport: Pressure Lines." Water 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010028.
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In Roman times long distance water transport was realized by means of aqueducts. Water was conveyed in mortared open channels with a downward slope from spring to destination. Also wooden channels and clay pipelines were applied. The Aqua Appia, the oldest aqueduct of Rome, was constructed in the third Century BCE. During the Pax Romana (second Century CE), a time of little political turmoil, prosperity greatly increased, almost every town acquiring one or more aqueducts to meet the rising demand from the growth of population, the increasing number of public and private bath buildings, and the higher luxury level in general. Until today over 1600 aqueducts have been described, Gallia (France) alone counting more than 300. Whenever a valley was judged to be too wide or too deep to be crossed by a bridge, pressure lines known as ‘inverted siphons’ or simply ‘siphons’ were employed. These closed conduits transported water across a valley according the principle of communicating vessels. About 80 classical siphons are presently known with one out of twenty aqueducts being equipped with a siphon. After an introductory note about aqueducts in general, this report treats the ancient pressure conduit systems with the technical problems encountered in design and function, the techniques that the ancient engineers applied to cope with these problems, and the texts of the Roman author Vitruvius on the subject. Reviewers noted that the report is rather long, and it is. Yet to understand the difficulties that the engineers of those days encountered in view of the materials available for their siphons (stone, ceramics, lead), many a hydraulic aspect will be discussed. Aspects that for the modern hydraulic engineer may be common knowledge and of minor importance when constructing pressure lines, in view of modern construction materials. It was different in Vitruvius’s days.
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Karmanov, V. N. "KAMSKAYA NEOLITHIC CULTURE IN NORTHEASTERN EUROPE." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 2, no. 3 (2020): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2020-2-3-70-83.
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The author summarizes and systematizes the data on the Kamskaya Neolithic culture in the northeast of Europe (the territory of the modern Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk Oblast and the northern part of the Perm kray). At present 18 sites belonged to this culture have been identified in the basins of the rivers Vychegda, Pinega and Vishera. They represent its northern province of distribution, the length of which in the region is more than 1000 km (from southeast to northwest). The data of geochronometry and comparison of analogies from the territories of the East European and West Siberian plains determine that the most probable time of existence of this culture in the region was the VI millennium BC. A stable feature of the Kamskaya culture is ceramic ware made of clay with an admixture of chamotte and decorated with comb ornament. Its peculiarities in the basin of the Vychegda River are a small number of pots in complexes (from 1 to 5) and typological homogeneity. It indicates the short-term duration of this tradition and the lack of links with the population of other cultures. Ceramics in the basin of the Vyshera River are characterized by a great variety of decoration and provide an evidence of the connections between the population of different cultures. Flint knapping is situational and selective. The special and most stable feature of toolkit is the bifacial diamond-shaped or leaf-shaped arrowheads of short proportions. The tools made of other rocks are relatively well represented with chopping tools, abrasives, and fishing weights. In the assemblages of the Vishera river basin the signs of correction of traditions of stone processing to the peculiarities of raw materials of the region are revealed. It can indicate their more significant metamorphoses as they moved away from the original territory of culture. The complex data such as topography of monuments, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of stone tools, indicate a signifi cant role of fi shing in the Kamskaya culture’s economy. As a result of the research the peculiarities of this culture in the northeast of Europe and possible transformations of its elements in different habitats of the Vychegda and Vishera rivers basin were revealed. The main factors that influenced this difference were natural and climatic conditions and different population densities.
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Ochir-Goryaeva, Maria A. "Городища Башанта-I и Башанта-II эпохи Хазарского каганата." Oriental Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 830–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-50-4-830-842.
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Introduction. In 2008 and 2015, two settlements of the Khazar era — referred to as Bashanta-I and Bashanta-II by the name of the locality respectively — were discovered. The joint archaeological expedition of Kalmyk Scientific Center (Russian Academy of Sciences) and Khalikov Institute of Archaeology (Tatarstan Academy of Sciences) headed by Dr. M. Ochir-Goryaeva is systematically exploring the monuments. The comprehensive research efforts involve the use of GIS methods. Analysis of animal bones resulted in five radiocarbon dates that may attest to that Bashanta-I and Bashanta-II are the earliest available sites of the Khazar domain. Further analysis of archaeological materials — Black Sea amphorae — confirms the mentioned radiocarbon-based conclusion. Goals. The paper seeks to review the newly discovered monuments comparing them to each other and other hillforts of the Khazar Khaganate. There have been a few excavation seasons only, and the observations are essentially preliminary. Results. In both the sites, large areas of cultural layers were opened. In Bashanta-I, this revealed remains of a stone building and a 189 meter long wall base composed of massive shell limestone blocks. The wall delineates the outer border of the once inhabited area. The eastern hill of Bashanta-II contains a similar fragmented wall base that served to separate the central part from the rest of the settlement. The wall encircled a number of round half dugout clay-and-wattle buildings and multiple middens. In Bashanta-II, the cultural layer contains (along with amphorae) numerous Saltovo-Mayaki pottery fragments and no traces of roof tiles. While ceramics of Bashanta-I is represented exclusively by amphorae fragments, and no samples of pottery or molded ceramics have been discovered. However, many fragments of roof tiles are observed along the wall base and the building area of Bashanta-I. It is noteworthy that all the roof tiles were brought in from offsite, and are distinguished by high quality, while other Khazar hillforts contain only scarce samples of locally-made tiles. Conclusion. According to G. Afanasiev’s typology, the obtained data make it possible to classify Bashanta-I as a fortress, and Bashanta-II as a fortified settlement.
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Olenych, A. M., M. S. Serhieieva, Yu K. Kutsokon, and S. A. Gorbanenko. "EARLY SLAVIC DWELLING OF A FISHER IN THE TERRITORY OF KYIV PODIL: COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.19.
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In 2016, the Architectural and archaeological expedition of the IA NAS of Ukraine under the guidance of G. Yu. Iwakin conducted scientific and rescue excavations at the foot of the Yurkovitsa Hill on the Kyiv Podil. During this work, the dwelling of the Prague culture was discovered (fig. 1; 2).
Only a part of semi-dugout dwelling was found within the dig. Its shape was probably close to square. It was oriented northwest — southeast. In the northern corner, a furnace of clay and stone on sandy bedding was found. Two broken hand-made pots and separate fragments of ceramics were in its filling. (fig. 3; 4). Impurities of burnt organic matter were clearly visible in the clay solution. According to microsection of the ceramic fragment, a red clay with a high content of ore minerals fragments was used for the manufacture of vessels. A furnace has similar mineral characteristics. Such clays are common on the for the right-bank part of the Kyiv region. The most likely dating of this type of vessels is from the end of the sixth to the beginning of the seventh century AD.
A selective soil filtering from filling the object was conducted. As a result, paleobotanical and ichthyological materials were obtained. A wood is represented by pine-tree (Pinus sylvestris) and oak (Quercus sp.). These species were generally preferred in the Middle Dnipro region both as a working wood and as a fuel. (table 1). Paleoethnobotanical samples (table 2) are represented by one grain of yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca). Given the safety of other small biological residues, the absence of agricultural products is not accidental.
Ichthyological materials (fig. 5; table 3) are represented by the remains of a common roach (Rutilus rutilus), wels catfish (Silurus glanis), northern pike (Esox lucius) and common perch (Perca fluviatilis). These species are known from previous ichthyological studies of the Slavic sites in this part of the Dnipro River basin. They are still typical representatives of the local ichthyofauna always actively used for fishing.
According to the relief analysis (fig. 6), we can conclude that there were no plots attractive for farming near the place where the object of the Prague culture was discovered. Around predominantly uneven terrain lay, unsuitable for plowing. The largest part was the floodplain of the Dnieper, which was flooded. The absence of birch, as a typical representative of anthropochores, can serve as a «proof of the opposite», that in the immediate environment of the object there were no such sites. The absence of finds of grains of cultivated plants is also indirect evidence that a resident of this dwelling was not engaged in farming.
The remains of fish belong to species common for this region both in archaeological materials of earlier and later times and in the modern ichthyofauna of the Dnipro. Four identified species; such as roach, wels catfish, pike and perch are typical fishing objects, so we can assume that the remains found in the dwelling belonged to fish caught nearby.
Thus, based on a set of obvious and indirect evidence, we can reconstruct occupation of the ancient inhabitant of a semi-dugout dwelling as a fisher, who lived mainly due to fishing.
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Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Igor A. Durakov, and Liudmila N. Mylnikova. "THE SEIMA-TURBINO PHENOMENON INFLUENCE ON TECHNOLOGIES OF BRONZE-CASTING PRODUCTION OF THE BRONZE AGE SIBERIA POPULATION." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-29-40.
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On the materials of the Odinovskaya and the Krotovskaya cultures the article considers the influence of the Seima-Turbino innovations on bronze casting production of the Western Siberia forest-steppe regions population. The finds of the Seima-Turbino artifacts were recorded in the Odinovskaya culture burials of the Tartas-1, Preobrazhenka-6, Markovo-2 sites and such Krotovskaya culture sites as Chernoozerie-VI, Vengerovo-2, Abramovo-10, Sopka-2/4B, V, Rostovka. The basis of the Seima-Turbino casting set is made up of crucibles and molds. The Odinovskaya and Krotovskaya cultures masters used two main types of crucibles. The first one is composite, a clay rim fixed on a fragment of ceramics, forming an oval or drop-shaped container. The second is a thick-walled flatbottomed drop-shaped cup made from a single lump of clay. A stable correlation of the first type crucibles with forms and products made in the Seima-Turbino style was revealed. Distribution of composite crucibles occurred as part of the Seima-Turbino goods complex to the north into the habitat of the Samuskaya culture tradition bearers, and to the west — in Pritobolye and Trans-Urals. A special role in ancient production is played by the methods of making molds for thin-walled hollow casting. Common features characteristic of the entire Seima-Turbino tradition were identified. The main production technique is the molding according to a model on a molding plate, with the overlap of molding masses from above with large lumps. The main configuration of the working chamber was formed by the print of a specially manufactured model, the connector — by the flat area of the model slab. The appearance of the foundry form with a semicircular back becomes the standard of the Seima-Turbino style, as a result of which it was given even to stone specimens. The period of developed Bronze Age in Western Siberia is characterized by significant changes caused by the Andronovskaya culture influence. Srubno-Andronovskaya metalworking tradition combines casting and shaping forging. Forms with a horizontal arrangement of working chambers are widely used. Previously, two types of the Andronovskaya culture melting tanks were distinguished, and a third was proposed: 1 — small vessel on a pallet, 2 — round-bottomed cup with side vertical handle, 3 — round thick-walled vessel. The second type of crucible was recorded among the carriers of the Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya) culture of the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe. As a result of the Andronovskaya culture expansion in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, the syncretic metalworking was formed — the Late Krotovskaya (Chernoozerskaya) tradition, which combined the techniques of smelting of newcomers and a formal mold of this territory.
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Kolomiiets, Oleksandra. "Constructive Solution of the Roof in Byzantine Temples of the Middle and Late Byzantine Periods." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 66 (2022): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.11.
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In this article, based on archaeological and hagiographic sources, the features of constructive solutions (techniques of construction and use of building materials) in the temples of the capital and provincial architectural schools of the middle and late Byzantine period were studied. The author focuses on the two main types of roofs of Byzantine temples – tiles and metal plates, the technology of their construction, roof shapes, the use of certain types of building materials and the specifics of using certain types of roofs in different regions of the Byzantine Empire. Each case of application of a certain technique / building material / type of roof is illustrated by the example of archeological finds or preserved mentions in the hagiographic literature. The study found that the most common version of the roof was ceramic tile, due to the cheapness of the material. A popular type for Byzantine roofs was a tile of weakly conical semi-cylindrical, sometimes flattened, shape; trapezoidal tile provided in the design of a wedge-shaped gutter for water drainage on the outside of the tile. It was found that the process of «assembling» the roof took place by connecting the tiles from the top elements (semi-cylindrical shape with a tooth-shaped end), which were driven between the already connected two tiles. During a study of the manufacture of ceramic tiles, it was found that the process was probably similar to the production of plinths (bricks) in the same kilns; instead, the main difference was that at the time of formation, trapezoidal, flat thin frames were used (so that the tile was formed on one side wider and narrower on the other – to overlap each other), and in the drying process these frames with clay were not placed on sand, and on a wooden board. The author also considered other variations of the tile – depending on the building material and shape. Thus, it was found that the material of the tile could not be limited to ceramics: in areas of construction, where there were no resources for the manufacture of ceramic tiles, stone was made and used. The most expensive and strongest variant of a material for a tile – metal – was chosen also because it was easy in processing. Particular emphasis in the study was placed on the use of metal plates for the roof. So the most popular material for this was lead – it melted at low temperatures, easily rolled into sheets (usually rectangular, but there were exceptions). The technique of construction of a roof with lead plates was that when superimposing plates, one overlapped another, for this purpose in places of seams they were bent and rolled. Lead for Byzantine construction was found to have been mined in several regions, including the northern Balkans, Pontus, and Macedonia. It is also noted that the use of lead plates for the roof contributed to the emergence and development of various forms of the roof (for example, the capital’s architectural school preferred a wavy surface).
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Klassen, Lutz. "Refshøjgård – Et bemærkelsesværdigt gravfund fra enkeltgravskulturen." Kuml 54, no. 54 (October 20, 2005): 17–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v54i54.97310.
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Refshøjgård. An extraordinary burial-find from the Single Grave Culture Towards the end of 2000, Moesgård Museum excavated a grave mound at Refshøjgård in Folby parish, approx. 15 km NW of Århus in Eastern Jutland (Fig. 1). After the topsoil was removed, it became obvious that the original grave mound had been destroyed completely by ploughing. The mound had been placed on a natural circular elevation consisting of clay. In the periphery of this elevation, seven secondary burials from the Late Roman Iron Age were discovered, while the centre of the mound contained two superimposed burials of the Single Grave Culture (SGC) (Figs. 2-3). These burials are described in the following.The plough had already destroyed most traces of the upper grave. Due to the collapse of the coffin in the grave underneath, part of the fill of the burial mound had sunk down into the resulting depression. Due to this, the grave goods – a typical thick-butted flint axe of SGC type (Fig. 9) and a battle axe of Glob’s type B1 (Fig. 8) – had been preserved in the depression (Figs. 4-5). The remnants of the original mound fill also held eight small pieces of SGC settlement ceramics (Fig. 14), all undecorated belly sherds. Twenty centimetres below, the primary burial showed up. It consisted of a coffin that was open in the eastern end. It was approx. 2 metres long, 85 centimetres wide, orientated E-W and built of planks approx. seven centimetres wide. In the southern side, an upper plank had fallen down and now rested next to a lower plank. The whole construction was obviously made in a provisional way. It was supported by a foundation made from stones up to the size of a human head, which had survived to a height of approx. 30 centimetres (Fig. 6-7). One of the stones turned out to be a quern stone, which had been deliberately placed in the southeastern corner (Fig. 13). There were no supporting stones in the open eastern side of the coffin. Within the coffin, traces of the deceased were clearly visible as dark marks in the earth. It was possible to recognize feet, legs, stomach, back, and part of the head, whereas the arms could not be determined with certainty. The legs were strongly bent under the dead, who was thus resting in a hocker-position. The body was lying on its right side, with the head towards the west and facing south – the typical position of men in burials from the SGC. It was closely surrounded by a thin line of greasy material, probably the remains of a cow hide or the likes. The dead therefore seemed to have been buried in some sort of leather bag. At the back and top of the head, the form of the greasy line suggested that the deceased was buried with some kind of hat. The grave goods consisted of a thick-butted flint axe placed front of the face (Fig. 10), a beaker in the southwest corner of the coffin (Fig. 11) and a rather large, symmetrically formed object of organic material, probably wood, that had only survived as a dark trace in the earth between the beaker and the head of the dead. Both grave finds can be dated to the very early SGC. In the upper grave, this dating is further indicated by the battle axe of type B1, which is characteristic of the very early SGC. It is unusual to find an SGC grave in a stratigraphic position underneath a battle-axe of this type. The lower grave must therefore be considered one of the very earliest finds known from the SGC. Two 14C-dates, obtained from charcoal, confirm this assumption (AAR- 7028, 4140 ± 50 BP = 2855-2680 BC cal and AAR-7029, 4175 ± 50 BP = 2865- 2705 BC cal).The flint axe from the lower burial is of a special nature as it shows typological traits similar to both the A-axes of the Late Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) and the thick-butted flint axes of the SGC. It thus confirms the dating of the grave to the very early SGC. The beaker from the lower grave is clearly of local origin. It does, however, have some unusual traits, especially regarding the neck, which is higher and more cylindrical than usual. Parallels are known from the Corded Ware Culture south of the Harz in Eastern Germany. The person who manufactured the beaker in Jutland had probably seen beakers in this area of central Europe. Maybe it was someone who had traveled there, or a woman from that region who had moved up north. A thin brown crust was preserved inside the beaker (Fig. 12). It was investigated using both pollen analysis and microscopy. The crust turned out to not contain any pollen, although a pollen analysis of the sand contained in the beaker when it was found (mound fill that fell down) showed pollen in abundance and thus revealed good preservation conditions. The contents of the beaker thus probably did not consist of any drink made of honey (mead) as known from several Late Neolithic/Bronze Age finds in Scotland and Denmark. Investigation in a microscope with polarized light revealed that the crust contained large amounts of starch grains – a strong indicator of some form of beer. An attempt was made to confirm this theory by investigating the starch grains with a scanning electron microscope. Under good preservation conditions, starch grains from beer remnants can be shown to be affected by amylacous pitting due to the malting of cereal grains. This was done successfully with finds from ancient Egypt, but unfortunately the starch grains from Refshøjgård were too badly preserved (Fig. 15). However, in the best-preserved examples, form and size corresponded to starch grains from barley, which was almost the only type of cereal grown in the SGC. It is therefore concluded that the beaker from the lower grave at Refshøjgård once contained a form of beer brewed from barley. It may well be the oldest beer demonstrated in Europe so far. No traces of possible additives survived due to the insufficient preservation conditions.The pollen analysis of the sand from the beaker showed numerous pollen grains from barley (Table 1). The amount is several times higher than what is normal for barley fields, and it is therefore possibly the result of threshing, rather than of natural pollen dispersal. A review of other pollen analyses from barrows of the SGC and FBC showed that in both cultures, the threshing of cereals may have been part of the rituals performed during the building of the mounds or the burials. This phenomenon might then constitute an example of ritual continuity between the two cultures, which are otherwise clearly different in all aspects of material culture, settlement structure, economic strategy, etc. Another example is constituted by the sherds of settlement ceramic found in the remains of the mound fill. Comparable finds are often noted in the literature on the excavation of SGC mounds. This is even the case with the old excavations, which merely consisted of shafts dug in the center of the mounds. It appears that the sherds were deposited just above the graves. This is unlikely to have been the case if the finds merely represented ordi- nary settlement debris, which would normally include other types of materials, such as flint artifacts, charcoal, etc. Another aspect indicating deliberate deposition is the small size of the sherds, which are obviously fragmented as a result of deliberate destruction. The observed practice thus constitutes an apparent parallel to the deposition and smashing of pots that took place by the megalithic graves of the FBC.Several other finds from the earliest SGC are known from the area surrounding Refshøjgård. A distribution map shows that the Refshøjgård area constitutes an isolated settlement region and the easternmost closed distribution area of the SGC in Jutland (Fig. 16). The classical distribution area of the early SGC, Central and West Jutland, is characterized by poor sandy soils. The subsoil in the Refshøjgård area is also of a rather poor type, especially compared with the heavy clayey soils along the east coast of Jutland, where the settlements of the late FBC are found. The subsoil conditions thus may explain why the Refshøjgård area was settled by the early SGC. The emergence of Neolithic settlements in areas of poor soil indicates a remarkable intensification of farming, probably mainly herding, in South Scandinavia during the Neolithic.The flint axe from the earliest burial at Refshøjgård indicates that the deceased was originally related to the late FBC settlement on the coast. He then moved westward and may have been one of the first settlers in the Refshøjgård region. The agricultural symbolism (quern stone, threshing) connected to his burial may in fact indicate that he was the founder of the new settlement. It is interesting to note that quern stones appear in two other graves of the Corded Ware Culture (one from Jutland, and one from Poland) and that all graves are male burials with the quern stone always placed in the eastern end of the grave. This custom may well indicate founders’ graves, as all the known examples mark the earliest burials in the respective micro regions.The foreign typological traits of the Refshøjgård beaker are an important observation, as influences on the SGC from the area south of the Harz have been noted several times before. The origin of the SGC may in some way be connected to that area. According to older theories, the SGC were the result of massive ethnic migration. However, more recent research, including the study of the Refshøjgård burials, indicates that the local population constituted an important component in the transition from FBC to SGC. Migration from Central Europe may nevertheless have been part of the process, perhaps only in the form of translocation of single individuals or small groups.Lutz KlassenInstitut for Antropologi, Arkæologi ogLingvistik, Aarhus UniversitetTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle
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Шарганова, О. Л. "Medieval Russia Hand -modelled Ceramics in Rostov the Great (technological analysis)." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 251 (June 25, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.251.126-144.
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Для изучения гончарных традиций древнерусского населения Ростова Великого были использованы материалы из двух раскопов на территории города. Технологическое изучение керамики проводилось по методике А. А. Бобринского в рамках историко-культурного подхода. Преобладали традиции отбора сильнозапесоченных глин и составления формовочных масс по рецепту Г + Д + О. Традиция использования шамота фиксируется преимущественно в смешанном виде в рецепте Г + Д + Ш + О. Хронологических особенностей в распространении этих традиций не выявлено. Постепенные изменения касаются только рецепта Г + Д + О: это переход от крупной дресвы к более мелкой и от большей концентрации дресвы к меньшей, что было прослежено по керамике Григорьевского раскопа. Сопоставление материалов двух раскопов выявило некоторые особенности в традициях отбора глин, а также дало возможность предположить перемешанность нижних пластов Конюшенного раскопа. Выяснилось также, что существует определенная связь традиций изготовления орнаментированной посуды и использования шамота в качестве примеси. To study pottery traditions of the Medieval Russia population in Rostov the Great, materials retrieved from two excavation trenches in the city were used. The technological examination of the ceramics was based on A. A. Bobrinsky’s methodology with the use of the historical and cultural approach. Traditions of selecting oversanded clay and using the ’clay + broken stone + organic materials’ formula predominated. The tradition of using grog is recorded mainly in a mixed formula: ’clay + broken stone + grog + organic materials’. No chronological characteristics in the spread of these traditions were identified. Gradual changes occurred only in the ’clay + broken stone + organic materials’ formula and consisted in a shift from coarse-grained broken stone to fine-grained broken stone and from larger broken stone quantities to smaller grit quantities and can be traced in the ceramics from the Grigoryevsky excavation trench. Comparison of the materials from these two excavation pits identified some specific features of clay selection and also suggested that the lower layers of the Konyushenny excavation trench had been dislodged. A certain linkage of traditions of making ornamented vessels and using grog as temper was also established.
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Elert, Kerstin, Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo, Fadwa Jroundi, Maria Teresa Gonzalez-Muñoz, Barbara W. Fash, William L. Fash, Nieves Valentin, Alberto de Tagle, and Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro. "Degradation of ancient Maya carved tuff stone at Copan and its bacterial bioconservation." npj Materials Degradation 5, no. 1 (August 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41529-021-00191-4.
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AbstractMuch stone sculptural and architectural heritage is crumbling, especially in intense tropical environments. This is exemplified by significant losses on carvings made of tuff stone at the Classic Maya site of Copan. Here we demonstrate that Copan stone primarily decays due to stress generated by humidity-related clay swelling resulting in spalling and material loss, a damaging process that appears to be facilitated by the microbial bioweathering of the tuff stone minerals (particularly feldspars). Such a weathering process is not prevented by traditional polymer- and alkoxysilane-based consolidants applied in the past. As an alternative to such unsuccessful conservation treatments, we prove the effectiveness of a bioconservation treatment based on the application of a sterile nutritional solution that selectively activates the stone´s indigenous bacteria able to produce CaCO3 biocement. The treatment generates a bond with the original matrix to significantly strengthen areas of loss, while unexpectedly, bacterial exopolymeric substances (EPS) impart hydrophobicity and reduce clay swelling. This environmentally-friendly bioconservation treatment is able to effectively and safely preserve fragile stones in tropical conditions, opening the possibility for its widespread application in the Maya area, and elsewhere.
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Kumar, Ashwani. "Welcome to International Journal of Materials, Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies: A Journal Focussing on the advanced Materials, Manufacturing Processes and Sustainable Technologies." International Journal of Materials, Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies, September 30, 2022, 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.56896/ijmmst.2022.1.1.001.
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Materials are important in the development of human civilization. In present era materials are of the utmost importance for researcher, scientist and engineers because usage of the right materials is very important when designing different systems. In human history they have used stone, clay, skin and wood for making weapons, instruments and shelter etc. Need for better quality weapons brought Bronze Age followed by Iron Age. In continuation Iron and steel have advantage of stronger materials for different applications [1]. Iron was available in abundant and this commonness of the material affected human kind in every aspect. We are presently in space age marked by many stronger and light materials like high strength iron and steel materials [2], composites, electronic materials like semiconductors, smart materials for space voyage like high temperature ceramics, biomaterials, high strength coating materials etc. [3]. In conclusion, materials constitute foundation of modern technology era.
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Dajnowski, Andrzej, Eugene Farrell, and Pamela Vandiver. "The Technical Examination of Some Neolithic Chinese Liangzhu Ceramics in the Harvard University Art Museums Collection." MRS Proceedings 267 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-267-609.
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ABSTRACTAt the Neolithic archaeological site at Liangzhu in China, located 16 kilometers northwest of Hangchou in Cheking province, many objects of stone, jade, and black pottery were discovered between 1936 and 1939. While the exact date of the Liangzhu culture is uncertain, it is considered to be between 3500 and 2000 BC. A characteristic feature of the Liangzhu-culture pottery is a thin black finish and a layered structure of the body consisting of a black core sharply changing to a gray or red band ending in the black surface.The focus of this paper is to explain why the cores of the vessels are black and why the colored bands occur and what they indicate about the firing conditions of the pottery. Analyses were ca rried out using SEM, electron-beam microprobe, X-ray diffraction, photo-electron spectroscopy, and polarizing microscopy. From this evidence, it is clear thait a clay vessel containing abundant charcoal was thrown on the wheel and then fired under reducing conditions so that charcoal was retained and iron reduced. Just before completion of the firing or during the cooling phase, air was allowed to enter the kiln and a limited thickness of the outer core was oxidized. Then, for decorative purposes, the surface was heavily smoked, and/or a thin iron-containing slip layer was reduced in smoke and burnished.
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Разуваев, Ю. Д. "THE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT OF THE HUN PERIOD NEAR THE VERKHNEYE KAZACHYE VILLAGEAT THE DON OSTRAYA LUKA BEND." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 257 (December 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.257.182-195.
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Излучина Верхнего Дона в округе г. Задонска Липецкой области насыщена поселениями второй четверти I тыс. н. э. Статья включает в их число городище у с. Верхнее Казачье, недавно исследованное на площади 1299 кв. м. В ней анализируются стратиграфические данные и результаты радиоуглеродного датирования, рассматриваются фортификационные и бытовые сооружения, характеризуются керамический и вещевой комплексы. Площадку городища с разных сторон ограничивают две линии укреплений, созданных в скифо-сарматскую эпоху. В той и другой имелось, судя по керамике в заполнении, три рва, сооруженных в гуннское время. В раскопах выявлены три наземных жилища (их местоположение указали очаги), 34 столбовые и хозяйственные ямы. Найдено свыше 10 тыс. фрагментов кухонных и столовых глиняных сосудов (как лепных, заглаженных или лощеных, так и, в подавляюще меньшем числе, круговых), а также более 120 орудий труда и предметов быта из металлов, глины, камня и кости. Аналогии найденным материалам дают возможность датировать памятник концом IV - V в. н. э. С его исследованием пополнилось количество городищ, известных ранее в лесостепной части бассейна Дона в числе четырех. The bend of the Upper Don near the town of Zadonsk in the Lipetsk region is rich with settlements dating to the second fourth of I millennium AD. This paper refers a settlement near the Verkhneye Kazachye village where 1299 m2 have been recently excavated to this group. It analyzes stratigraphic data and radiocarbon dating results, examines fortification constructions and household dwellings and characterizes ceramic and artifact assemblages. The settlement site is bound from various sides by two fortification lines built during the Scythian and Sarmatian period. Judging by the ceramics in the fills, both lines had three ditches were made during the Hun period. Three above-ground dwellings (their location was identified on the basis of hearths), 34 postholes and refuse pits were identified in the excavation trenches. More than 10,000 fragments of kitchen and table clay pots (both hand-made, with smoothed and burnished surface and wheel-made, though in smaller quantities) were found. Tools and implements are represented by more than 120 finds made from metal, clay, stone and bone. Analogies to the retrieved materials date the site to the late 4th -5th centuries AD. The excavation of this settlement has enlarged the list of fortified sites discovered earlier in the forest-steppe belt of the Don region to four.