Dissertations / Theses on the topic '850501 Biofuel (Biomass) Energy'
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Thondhlana, Gladman. "Land acquisition for and local livelihood implications of biofuel development in Zimbabwe." Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/49940.
Full textAnfinrud, Robynn Elizabeth. "Nitrogen Uptake and Biomass and Ethanol Yield of Biomass Crops as Feedstock for Biofuel." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26524.
Full textInglesby, Alister Edward. "Biochemical and bioelectrochemical technology for third generation biofuel production." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648335.
Full textAdebayo, Adebola B. "Pretreatments and energy potentials of Appalachian hardwood residues for biofuel production." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10928.
Full textTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 98 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
Kazamia, Elena. "Synthetic ecology : a way forward for sustainable algal biofuel production." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607904.
Full textAdesanya, Victoria Oluwatosin. "Investigation into the sustainability and feasibility of potential algal-based biofuel production." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708126.
Full textMatakala, Litiya. "Biofuel policies : what can Zambia learn from leading biofuel producers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5748.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Price volatility and high dependency on imported petroleum fuel has prompted the Zambian government to look into renewable fuels as part of an energy diversification program. With growing global interest in biofuels as a transportation fuel, the Zambian government intends to introduce bioethanol and biodiesel as renewable fuels in the transportation sector. While it seems feasible to produce both the feedstocks and biofuels to meet local demand, a regulatory framework and industry support mechanisms have not yet been formulated. The policy and regulatory frameworks encompass a multitude of actors, networks and institutions all playing distinct and important roles. Incorporating the differing interests of all these stakeholders is an involving process that requires detailed analysis of agriculture, environmental, energy, socioeconomic and taxation policies. This study attempts to contribute to the biofuels policy formulation process in Zambia. It analyses biofuel policies in leading biofuels producing countries and identifies aspects that the Zambian government should consider incorporating in its own policies to ensure a viable biofuels industry. Biofuel policies in Brazil, Germany and the United States of America were analysed using a detailed case study and extensive literature review. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the Zambian agriculture sector and the demand for petroleum fuel puts into context the potential demand and challenges likely to be faced. By understanding the history and development of biofuels in the case study countries, best practices, problems faced, policy innovations and industry support mechanisms were identified to inform policy formulation in Zambia. This does not only provide valuable insights and lessons but also ensures that time and resources are not wasted by reinventing the wheel. The comparative analysis of policies and support mechanisms in the three case study countries showed that articulating a clear policy objective, government support in the form of subsidies, wide stakeholder involvement and industry regulation have all played a critical role in the development of the industry. However, the extent to which all these factors have helped to shape the industry in Brazil, Germany and the USA is neither equal nor static. Countries are continuously adapting their policies and support mechanisms to environmental, energy and economic conditions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onbestendigheid van pryse en die groot mate van afhanklikheid van ingevoerde petroleumbrandstof het die Zambiese regering aangespoor om ondersoek in te stel na hernubare brandstof as deel van 'n energiediversifiseringsprogram. In die lig van die groeiende globale belangstelling in biobrandstof as vervoerbrandstof, beplan die Zambiese regering om bioetanol en biodiesel as hernubare brandstof in die vervoersektor te begin gebruik. Al lyk dit prakties uitvoerbaar om sowel die voerstof as die biobrandstof te vervaardig om in die plaaslike aanvraag te voorsien, is 'n reguleringsraamwerk en ondersteuningsmeganismes vir die industrie nog nie geskep nie. 'n Menigte rolspelers, netwerke en instellings, wat almal verskillende en belangrike rolle speel, sal betrokke wees by die beleidsformulering en reguleringsraamwerk. Om die uiteenlopende belange van al die betrokke partye in ag te neem is 'n ingewikkelde proses wat sal vereis dat 'n uitvoerige analise gemaak word van landbou-, omgewings-, energie-, sosio-ekonomiese en belastingbeleidsrigtings. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die formuleringsproses van die biobrandstofbeleid in Zambie. Dit analiseer die biobrandstofbeleid van die vooraanstaande lande wat biobrandstof vervaardig, en identifiseer aspekte wat die Zambiese regering in sy beleid behoort in te sluit om 'n lewensvatbare biobrandstofindustrie te verseker. Die biobrandstofbeleid van Brasilie, Duitsland en die Verenigde State van Amerika (VSA) is geanaliseer met behulp van uitvoerige gevallestudies en 'n grondige literatuurstudie. Verder plaas 'n noukeurige analise van die Zambiese landbousektor en die aanvraag na petroleumbrandstof die potensiele aanvraag en uitdagings wat waarskynlik hanteer sal meet word in konteks. Deur insig te verkry in die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van biobrandstof in die lande waar die gevallestudies gedoen is, kon die beste gebruike, moontlike probleme, nuwe beleidsrigtings en ondersteuningsmeganismes in die bedryf geidentifiseer word om die beleid in Zambie te help formuleer. Dit bied nie slegs waardevolle insig en leergeleenthede nie, maar verseker ook dat tyd en hulpbronne nie vermors word deur die wiel van voor af uit te vind nie. Die vergelykende analise van die beleidsrigtings en ondersteuningsmeganismes in die drie lande waar die gevallestudies gedoen is, het getoon dat 'n duidelik geformuleerde beleidsdoelwit, ondersteuning van die regering in die vorm van subsidies, die algemene betrokkenheid van belanghebbendes en die regulering van die industrie alles 'n uiters belangrike rol gespeel het in die ontwikkeling van hierdie industrie. Die mate waarin al hierdie faktore die industrie in Brasilie, Duitsland en die VSA help vorm het, het egter gewissel en was nooit staties nie. Lande pas voortdurend hulle beleid en ondersteuningsmeganismes aan by omgewings-, energie- en ekonomiese toestande.
Görling, Martin. "Turbomachinery in Biofuel Production." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-28901.
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Luo, Dexin. "Design of highly distributed biofuel production systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45878.
Full textGuo, Zhimei. "Economic and policy perspectives of biofuel as an emerging use of forest biomass in Mississippi." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-09072007-125135.
Full textOrr, Kyla Kathleen. "Predicting the ecosystem effects of harvesting beach-cast kelp for biofuel." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2013. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/predicting-the-ecosystem-effects-of-harvesting-beachcast-kelp-for-biofuel(82d8913a-164a-4e21-b61b-9f83b462b079).html.
Full textFischback, Michael Bryant. "Introduction and characterization of an innovative biofuel cell platform with improved stability through novel enzyme immobilization techniques." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2006/m_fischback_121206.pdf.
Full textWong, Ka In. "Machine-learning-based modeling of biofuel engine systems with applications to optimization and control of engine performance." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691886.
Full textChan, Jin Hooi. "Evolution of biofuel value chain governance and government policy : the cases of China, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610635.
Full textBerger, Elena M. "Dynamics of innovation of biofuel ethanol. three decades of experience in the U.S. and in Brazil." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37315.
Full textNdimande, Sandile. "Increasing cellulosic biomass in sugarcane." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86296.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Increased demand of petroleum, declining fossil fuel reserves, geopolitical instability and the environmentally detrimental effects of fossil fuels have stimulated research to search for alternative sources of energy such as plant derived biofuels. The main feedstocks for production of first generation biofuels (bioethanol) are currently sucrose and starch, produced by crops such as sugarcane, sugarbeet, maize, and cassava. The use of food crop carbohydrates to produce biofuels is viewed as competing for limited agronomic resources and jeopardizing food security. Plants are also capable of storing sugars in their cell walls in the form of polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, however those are usually cross-linked with lignin, making their fermentation problematic, and are consequently referred to as lignocellulosics. Current technologies are not sufficient to degrade these cell wall sugars without large energy inputs, therefore making lignocellulosic biomass commercially unviable as a source of sugars for biofuel production. In the present study genes encoding for enzymes for cellulosic, hemicellulosic and starch-like polysaccharides biosynthesis were heterologously expressed to increase the amount of fermentable sugars in sugarcane. Transgenic lines heterologously expressing CsCesA, encoding a cellulose synthase from the marine invertebrate Ciona savignyi showed significant increases in their total cellulose synthase enzyme activity as well as the total cellulose content in internodal tissues. Elevation in cellulose contents was accompanied by a rise in hemicellulosic glucose content and uronic acid amounts, while total lignin was reduced in internodal tissues. Enzymatic saccharification of untreated lignocellulosic biomass of transgenic sugarcane lines had improved glucose release when exposed to cellulose hydrolyzing enzymes. Calli derived from transgenic sugarcane lines ectopically expressing galactomannan biosynthetic sequences ManS and GMGT from the cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) were observed to be capable of producing a galactomannan polysaccharide. However, after regeneration, transgenic sugarcane plants derived from those calli were unable to produce the polymer although the inserted genes were transcribed at the mRNA level. While the ectopic expression of Deinococcus radiodurans amylosucrase protein in the cytosol had a detrimental effect on the growth of transgenic lines (plants showed stunted growth through the 18 months growth period in greenhouse), contrastingly targeting the amylosucrase protein into the vacuole resulted in 3 months old transgenic lines which were having high maltooligosaccharide and soluble sugar (sucrose, glucose and fructose) levels in leaves. After 18 months growing in the greenhouse, the mature transgenic lines were morphologically similar to the untransformed lines and also contained comparable maltooligosaccharide and soluble sugar and starch amounts. The non-biosynthesis of galactomannan and amylose polysaccharides in the matured transgenic plants may be due to post-transcriptional protein processing and or protein instability, possibly explainable by other epigenetic mechanisms taking place to regulate gene expression in the at least allo-octaploid species of sugarcane under investigation in this study.
Von, Maltitz Graham Paul. "Biofuel, land-use tradeoffs and livelihoods in Southern Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021005.
Full textNguyen, Thi Hong Minh, and Van Hanh Vu. "Bioethanol production from marine algae biomass: prospect and troubles." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99282.
Full textSự gia tăng giá nhiên liệu hóa thạch cùng với cảnh báo toàn cầu về biến đổi khí hậu hướng đến việc nghiên cứu tìm ra những nguồn năng lượng có thể tái tạo. Năng lượng sinh học là một trong những nguồn quan trọng được các nhà khoa học và doanh nghiệp quan tâm. Mặc dù ethanol sinh học đã được biết đến như là một trong những dạng năng lượng tái tạo quan trọng nhất để giảm thiểu các khí nhà kính và cảnh báo toàn cầu, nhưng chỉ có một số ít bài báo về nó. Trong bài tổng quan này, chúng tôi giới thiệu vắn tắt việc sản xuất ethanol sinh học từ tảo. Nó đưa ra cái nhìn sâu hơn về những khó khăn và tiềm năng hứa hẹn của sản xuất ethanol sinh học từ tảo
Hu, Zhoujian. "Utilization of switchgrass as a biofuel feedstock." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44088.
Full textArchbold, Brad. "Using algae to capture CO₂ and as a feedstock for biofuel." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Archbold_%20B%20MESThesis%202007.pdf.
Full textBojler, Görling Martin. "Energy system evaluation of thermo-chemical biofuel production : Process development by integration of power cycles and sustainable electricity." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105814.
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Danje, Stephen. "Fast pyrolysis of corn residues for energy production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17822.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Increasing oil prices along with the climate change threat have forced governments, society and the energy sector to consider alternative fuels. Biofuel presents itself as a suitable replacement and has received much attention over recent years. Thermochemical conversion processes such as pyrolysis is a topic of interest for conversion of cheap agricultural wastes into clean energy and valuable products. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of the promising technologies for converting biomass into liquid fuels and regarded as a promising feedstock to replace petroleum fuels. Corn residues, corn cob and corn stover, are some of the largest agricultural waste types in South Africa amounting to 8 900 thousand metric tonnes annually (1.7% of world corn production) (Nation Master, 2005). This study looked at the pyrolysis kinetics, the characterisation and quality of by-products from fast pyrolysis of the corn residues and the upgrading of bio-oil. The first objective was to characterise the physical and chemical properties of corn residues in order to determine the suitability of these feedstocks for pyrolytic purposes. Secondly, a study was carried out to obtain the reaction kinetic information and to characterise the behaviour of corn residues during thermal decomposition. The knowledge of biomass pyrolysis kinetics is of importance in the design and optimisation of pyrolytic reactors. Fast pyrolysis experiments were carried out in 2 different reactors: a Lurgi twin screw reactor and a bubbling fluidised bed reactor. The product yields and quality were compared for different types of reactors and biomasses. Finally, a preliminary study on the upgrading of bio-oil to remove the excess water and organics inorder to improve the quality of this liquid fuel was performed. Corn residues biomass are potential thermochemical feedstocks, with the following properties (carbon 50.2 wt. %, hydrogen 5.9 wt. % and Higher heating value 19.14 MJ/kg) for corn cob and (carbon 48.9 wt. %, hydrogen 6.01 wt. % and Higher heating value 18.06 MJ/kg) for corn stover. Corn cobs and corn stover contained very low amounts of nitrogen (0.41-0.57 wt. %) and sulphur (0.03-0.05 wt. %) compared with coal (nitrogen 0.8-1.9 wt. % and sulphur 0.7-1.2 wt. %), making them emit less sulphur oxides than when burning fossil fuels. The corn residues showed three distinct stages in the thermal decomposition process, with peak temperature of pyrolysis shifting to a higher value as the heating rate increased. The activation energies (E) for corn residues, obtained by the application of an iso-conversional method from thermogravimetric tests were in the range of 220 to 270 kJ/mol. The products obtained from fast pyrolysis of corn residues were bio-oil, biochar, water and gas. Higher bio-oil yields were produced from fast pyrolysis of corn residues in a bubbling fluidised bed reactor (47.8 to 51.2 wt. %, dry ash-free) than in a Lurgi twin screw reactor (35.5 to 37 wt. %, dry ash-free). Corn cobs produced higher bio-oil yields than corn stover in both types of reactors. At the optimised operating temperature of 500-530 °C, higher biochar yields were obtained from corn stover than corn cobs in both types of reactors. There were no major differences in the chemical and physical properties of bio-oil produced from the two types of reactors. The biochar properties showed some variation in heating values, carbon content and ash content for the different biomasses. The fast pyrolysis of corn residues produced energy products, bio-oil (Higher heating value = 18.7-25.3 MJ/kg) and biochar (Higher heating value = 19.8-29.3 MJ/kg) comparable with coal (Higher heating value = 16.2-25.9 MJ/kg). The bio-oils produced had some undesirable properties for its application such as acidic (pH 3.8 to 4.3) and high water content (21.3 to 30.5 wt. %). The bio-oil upgrading method (evaporation) increased the heating value and viscosity by removal of light hydrocarbons and water. The corn residues biochar produced had a BET Brynauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 96.7 to 158.8 m2/g making it suitable for upgrading for the manufacture of adsorbents. The gas products from fast pyrolysis were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) as CO2, CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 and C5+ hydrocarbons. The gases had CO2 and CO of more than 80% (v/V) and low heating values (8.82-8.86 MJ/kg).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die styging in olie pryse asook dreigende klimaatsveranderinge het daartoe gelei dat regerings, die samelewing asook die energie sektor alternatiewe energiebronne oorweeg. Biobrandstof as alternatiewe energiebron het in die afgope paar jaar redelik aftrek gekry. Termochemiese omskakelingsprosesse soos pirolise word oorweeg vir die omskakeling van goedkoop landbou afval na groen energie en waardevolle produkte. Snel piroliese van biomassa is een van die mees belowende tegnologië vir die omskakeling van biomassa na vloeibare brandstof en word tans gereken as ’n belowende kandidaat om petroleum brandstof te vervang. Mielieafval, stronke en strooi vorm ’n reuse deel van die Suid Afrikaanse landbou afval. Ongeveer 8900 duisend metrieke ton afval word jaarliks geproduseer wat optel na ongeveer 1.7% van die wêreld se mielie produksie uitmaak (Nation Master, 2005). Hierdie studie het gekk na die kinetika van piroliese, die karakterisering en kwaliteit van by-produkte van snel piroliese afkomstig van mielie-afval asook die opgradering van biobrandstof. Die eerste mikpunt was om die fisiese en chemiese karakteristieke van mielie-afval te bepaal om sodoende die geskiktheid van hierdie afval vir die gebruik tydens piroliese te bepaal. Tweendens is ’n kinetiese studie onderneem om reaksie parameters te bepaal asook die gedrag tydens termiese ontbinding waar te neem. Kennis van die piroliese kinetika van biomassa is van belang juis tydens die ontwerp en optimering van piroliese reaktore. Snel piroliese ekspermente is uitgevoer met behulp van twee verskillende reaktore: ’n Lurgi twee skroef reaktor en ’n borrelende gefluidiseerde-bed reaktor. Die produk opbrengs en kwaliteit is vergelyk. Eindelik is ’n voorlopige studie oor die opgradering van bio-olie uitgevoer deur te kyk na die verwydering van oortollige water en organiese materiaal om die kwaliteit van hierdie vloeibare brandstof te verbeter. Biomassa afkomstig van mielie-afval is ’n potensiële termochemiese voerbron met die volgende kenmerke: mielie stronke- (C - 50.21 massa %, H – 5.9 massa %, HHV – 19.14 MJ/kg); mielie strooi – (C – 48.9 massa %, H – 6.01 massa %, HHV – 18.06 MJ/kg). Beide van hierdie materiale bevat lae hoeveelhede N (0.41-0.57 massa %) and S (0.03-0.05 massa %) in vergelyking met steenkool N (0.8-1.9 massa %) and S (0.7-1.2 massa %). Dit beteken dat hieride bronne van biomassa laer konsentrasies van swael oksiedes vrystel in vergelyking met fossielbrandstowwe. Drie kenmerkende stadia is waargeneem tydens die termiese afbraak van mielie-afval, met die temperatuur piek van piroliese wat skuif na ’n hoër temperatuur soos die verhittingswaarde toeneem. Die waargenome aktiveringsenergie (E) van mielie-afval bereken met behulp van die iso-omskakelings metode van TGA toetse was in die bestek: 220 tot 270 kJ/mol. Die produkte verkry deur Snel Piroliese van mielie-afval was bio-olie, bio-kool en gas. ’n Hoër opbrengs van bio-olie is behaal tydens Snel Piroliese van mielie-afval in die borrelende gefluidiseerde-bed reakctor (47.8 na 51.2 massa %, droog as-vry) in vergelyking met die Lurgi twee skroef reakctor (35.5 na 37 massa %, droog as-vry). Mielie stronke sorg vir ’n hoër opbrengs van bio-olie as mielie strooi in beide reaktore. By die optimum bedryfskondisies is daar in beide reaktor ’n hoër bio-kool opbrengs verkry van mielie stingels teenoor mielie stronke. Geen aansienlike verskille is gevind in die chemise en fisiese kenmerke van van die bio-olie wat geproduseer is in die twee reaktore nie. Daar is wel variasie getoon in die bio-kool kenmerkte van die verskillende Snel Piroliese prosesse. Snel piroliese van mielie-afval lewer energie produkte, bio-olie (HVW = 18.7-25.3MJ/kg) en bio-kool (HVW = 19.8-29.3 MJ/kg) vergelykbaar met steenkool (HVW = 16.2-25.9 MJ/kg). Die bio-olies geproduseer het sommige ongewenste kenmerke getoon byvoorbeeld suurheid (pH 3.8-4.3) asook hoë water inhoud (21.3 – 30.5 massa %). Die metode (indamping) wat gebruik is vir die opgradering van bio-olie het gelei tot die verbetering van die verhittingswaarde asook die toename in viskositeit deur die verwydering van ligte koolwaterstowwe en water. Die mielie-afval bio-kool toon ’n BET (Brunauer-Emmet-Teller) oppervlakte area van 96.7-158.8 m2/g wat dit toepaslik maak as grondstof vir absorbante. The gas geproduseer tydens Snel Piroliese is geanaliseer met behulp van gas chromotografie (GC) as CO2, CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 and C5+ koolwaterstowwe. Die vlak van CO2 en CO het 80% (v/V) oorskry en met lae verhittingswaardes (8.82-8.86 MJ/kg).
Bartle, Samantha. "Establishing a new biofuel crop using System Thinking." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86519.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The complexity of adopting a new crop-based biodiesel feedstock into South Africa given the prevailing environmental, economic and social concerns facing the country are addressed in this study by utilising a Systems Thinking approach. Solaris is a new variety of Tobacco developed specifically as an energy crop over the last twelve years by Italian companies Plantechno and Sunchem. Small-scale trials have been underway over the last year in the Loskop Valley farming community in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. These trials have been managed by the newly-formed local entity, Toboil (Pty) Ltd. In order to assess the viability of introducing Solaris into Loskop in terms of addressing the current diesel and electricity needs of the community and larger over-arching biofuel goals of South Africa, the full System Dynamic Modelling process was employed. This included significant research, stakeholder engagement, a Systems Thinking workshop as well as model development and simulation using the System Dynamics programming tool, Vensim. Following the simulation of various scenarios, it was determined that in order for Solaris implementation to have the greatest impact on the diesel and electricity independence desires of the community, as well as maximising job creation and avoided greenhouse gas emissions, the first five to ten years of implementation may only achieve low to moderate profitability. It was further concluded that if crop-based biofuels are to help meet the rural development goals of South Africa then significant investment and skills transfer is required. In order to address both of these, a modular development process is advocated and should be aided and mentored by members of the commercial farming industry.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kompleksiteit van die aanvaarding van ‘n nuwe oes-gebaseerde bio diesel roumateriaal in Suid-Afrika in die heersende omgewings-, ekonomiese- en sosiale kommer wat die land ervaar, word in hierdie studie aangespreek deur gebruik te maak van ‘n Sistemiese Denke Benadering (Systems Thinking approach) Solaris is ‘n nuwe variasie Tabak wat deur twee Italiaanse maatskappye Plantechno en Sunchem oor die afgelope twaalf jaar spesifiek as ‘n bron van energie ontwikkel is. Kleinskaalse proewe is gedurende die afgelope jaar in die Loskop Vallei Landbougemeenskap in die Limpopo-provinsie van Suid-Afrika gedoen. Hierdie proewe word onder die toesig van die nuut gevormde plaaslike entiteit, Toboil (Pty) Ltd uitgevoer. Aansienlike navorsing, die aktiewe deelname van die onderskeie belanghebbende partye, ‘n Sistemiese Denke werkswinkel sowel as die ontwerp van ‘n simulasie model deur die gebruik van Sisteem Dinamieke Programerings program, naamlik Vensim, is ingespan om die lewensvatbaarheid van die moontlike aanplanting van Solaris te beoordeel. Die spesifieke gemeenskap se huidige behoeftes aan diesel en elektrisiteit sowel as Suid-Afrika se breër doelwitte aangaande bio-brandstowwe was as die grondslag gebruik waarop die volle Sistemiese Denke Benadering toegepas is. In Loskop omgewing was verskeie moontlike scenarios beproef en daar is op grond daarvan vasgestel dat ten einde die grootste moontlike inpak te maak op die afhanlikheid van diesel en elektrisiteit behoeftes van die gemeenskap, sowel as om die grootste moontlik werkskepping potensiaal te verwesenlik – terwyl die afskeiding van kweekhuis gasse verhoed word - die eerste vyf tot tien jaar van implementering baie lae winsgrens tot gevolg sal hê. Daar is ook verder afgelei dat afsienbare beleggings en opleiding benodig gaan word indien aangeplante bio-brandstowwe aangewend sou word om die landelike ontwikkelingsdoelwitte in Suid-Afrika te verwesenlik. Ten einde beide hierdie doelwitte aan te spreek, word ‘n modulêre ontwikkelings proses aanbeveel waar gevestigde lede van die kommersiële lanbou industrie, bystand en leierskap voorsien.
Pang, Bairen. "Effect of irrigation on grain sorghum ethanol yield and sorghum mutants on biomass composition." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38194.
Full textDepartment of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Donghai Wang
Bioprocessing is widely involved in our daily life and significantly relative to the general public because bio-products are widely used in eating, clothing, and living as well as transportation. Due to the public concern of the environmental deterioration, limited fossil fuel resources, and energy price volatility, biofuel as a clean, safe and sustainable energy needs to be developed in response to this growing concern. Sorghum, an important dryland crop, represents a renewable resource currently grown on 8 million acres throughout the United States. Due to climate variability and the continuous decline of water resources, utilization of dryland to grow sorghum and forage sorghum is critically important in order to ensure available energy resources and sustainable economic development. The objectives of this research were 1) to study the impact of deficit irrigation strategies on sorghum grain attributes and bioethanol production, and 2) to evaluate the potential fermentable sugar yield of pedigreed sorghum mutants. Results showed that average kernel weight and test weight of grain sorghum increased as irrigation capacity increased, whereas kernel hardness index decreased as irrigation capacity increased. Starch content increased as irrigation level increased and protein contents decreased as irrigation level increased. Irrigation also had a significant effect on starch properties and bioethanol yield. Sorghum mutants had a significant effect on chemical composition and physical properties such as glucan content, glucan mass yield, ash content, and high heating value, and also had a significant effect on fermentable sugars yield and enzymatic conversion efficiency.
Veiga, João Paulo Soto. "Biomass to energy: mass and exergy assessment of carbon mitigation and triple bottom line assessment." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-09112016-154413/.
Full textA energia à qual o planeta é exposto é fixada organicamente via fotossíntese e estocado na forma de combustíveis fósseis, atualmente, as maiores fontes energéticas da humanidade. Desde que Arrhenius concluiu que emissões de CO2 decorrentes de combustíveis fósseis, poderiam levar a um aquecimento do clima, até os dias atuais, estudos buscam formas de reduzir os impactos antrópicos de forma a atenuar possíveis problemas climáticos. Os esforços para a redução de emissões de CO2 e outros gases de efeito estufa (GEE) têm como obstáculo uma população mundial crescente, que demanda cada vez mais energia para transporte, eletricidade e calor. Dentre as possibilidades de uso de fontes renováveis de energia, a biomassa é uma que se destaca em alguns países, como no caso do uso de etanol de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. O uso de biomassa para a produção de combustíveis auxilia na redução da pressão para o uso de mais combustíveis fósseis e fixa organicamente o carbono emitido, contribuindo duplamente para a mitigação de problemas com mudanças climáticas e aquecimento global. O presente trabalho analisa os ciclos de carbono em biocombustível, correlacionando-os com sua energia útil (exergia) valorando a equivalência em área para a produção da exergia equivalente de combustíveis fósseis através de uma nova metodologia de avaliação de mitigação. Foram utilizados trabalhos existentes de análise de ciclo de vida em cana-de-açúcar e eucalipto para obtenção dos dados de inventário e fluxos de carbono e energia. Realizaram-se cálculos de exergia disponível ao usuário final com diferentes rotas de produção de biocombustível, abrangendo tecnologias atuais e em desenvolvimento. Na avaliação exergética, reduzir a humidade da palha da cana de 50% a 30% aumentou a exergia disponível em 13,32 GJ ha-1, 0,67 GJ ha-1 para cada 1% de redução na humidade. No caso do eucalipto para combustão, reduzindo-se a umidade de 20% a 15% houve um aumento de 7,52 GJ ha-1, 1,50 GJ ha-1 para cada 1% de umidade. Em média, cada Mg de biomassa produzida aumentou 3,02 GJ em cenários de cana de açúcar e 5,93 GJ em cenários de eucalipto. Este conceito traz uma nova perspectiva na mitigação de carbono, avaliando-o por sua funcionalidade. Também foram estudadas as implicações do uso de biocombustíveis em aspectos ambientais, sociais e econômicos em uma análise híbrida de ciclo de vida e insumo-produto (ACV-IP) evidenciando diferenças entre ocupação do uso de solo e duas maneiras de produção de cana-de-açúcar. A ACV-IP demonstrou que, em áreas de mudança do uso do solo de pastagem para cana de açúcar, o consumo de energia aumenta em 3,7 vezes, o emprego é reduzido em 5,4 vezes, e as emissões de GEE são reduzidas à apenas 2% das emissões originais para cada unidade de R$ de alteração na demanda final. A maior parte do emprego é gerado pelo setor da cadeia de suprimentos de produção de cana. A cana produzida pelas usinas origina mais empregos diretos do que a cana produzida por fornecedores agrícolas. Fornecedores usam menos energia e emitem menos GEE do que a produção de cana por usinas.
Malta, Nuno Vital Serrador. "Plano de negócios - "Bio Wood Energy"." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15208.
Full textAdamovska, Jana. "A larger laboratory scale investigation into the thermal liquefaction of high potential 2nd and 3rd generation biofuel feedstocks." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95783/1/Jana_Adamovska_Thesis.pdf.
Full textMcFadden, Kathrine D. "Reverse-selective zeolite/polymer nanocomposite hollow fiber membranes for pervaporative biofuel/water separation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39538.
Full textWalker, Devin Mason. "Catalytic Tri-reforming of Biomass-Derived Syngas to Produce Desired H2:CO Ratios for Fuel Applications." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4250.
Full textNakashima, Gabriela Tami. "Use of sugarcane trash for solid biofuel production: physicochemical characterization and influence of storage time." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8955.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
In the sugarcane plantation it was common to use fire to facilitate the cutting and harvesting of sugarcane. However, Law 11,241 / 02 in São Paulo State provides the gradual elimination of this straw burning of sugarcane. The largest producer of sugarcane in Brazil is the São Paulo State, which has about 4.7 million hectares of planted area. It is estimated that one hectare produces about 14 tons of trash. Therefore, the mills have been trying to incorporate this trash in burning with the bagasse for power generation. However, high concentrations of mineral impurities are impossible its use for energy purposes. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of storage time and particle size in the physicochemical characterization of the sugarcane trash. It was used the sugarcane trash inside and outside of the bale collected at different storage time (0, 1 and 2 years). The collected material was separated into four different particle sizes (> 0.420mm, 0.250-0.420mm, < 0.250mm and mix). The analyzes involved particle size distribution, proximate analysis, the high heating value (HHV), the chemical analysis of the components of the ashes, the images in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the Klason lignin content, the holocellulose content and extractives. There were variations in the results of the ash content with different particle sizes. It was observed a higher concentration of mineral impurities in smaller particles (< 0.250mm). The HHV varied from 15.9 to 18.3 MJ.kg-1 and showed no statistical difference for the treatments. The results indicate that the sugarcane trash presents problems related to mineral impurities which constrain its use as a solid fuel in the industry. The particle size interferes in their physicochemical characteristics. The trash can be stored in field and the time storage did not affect the quality for use as solid biofuel.
No manejo da cana-de-açúcar era comum a utilização do fogo para facilitar o corte e colheita da cana. No entanto, a Lei 11.241/02 do estado de São Paulo prevê a eliminação gradual da queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar. O maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil é o estado de São Paulo, que possui aproximadamente 4,7 milhões de hectares de área plantada. É estimado que 1 hectare produza cerca de 14 toneladas de palha. Logo, as usinas vêm tentando incorporar esta palha na queima para geração de energia, juntamente com o bagaço. Porém, as altas concentrações de impurezas minerais estão impossibilitando seu uso para fins energéticos. O trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da influência do tempo de estocagem e da granulometria na caracterização físico-química do palhiço da cana-de-açúcar. Foi utilizado o palhiço de canade-açúcar da superfície e do interior do fardo coletados em diferentes períodos de estocagem, 0, 1 e 2 anos. O material coletado foi separado em 4 granulometrias diferentes (> 0,420mm, 0,250-0,420mm, < 0,250mm e mix). As análises realizadas foram a distribuição granulométrica, a análise imediata, o poder calorífico superior (PCS), a análise química dos componentes das cinzas, as imagens no Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV), o teor de lignina Klason, a holocelulose e os extrativos. Houve variações nos resultados do teor de cinzas com as diferentes granulometrias. Observou-se maior concentração de impurezas minerais nas partículas mais finas (< 0,250mm). O PCS variou entre 15,9 a 18,3 MJ.kg-1 e não apresentou diferença estatística para os tratamentos. Os resultados indicam que a palha de cana-de-açúcar apresenta problemas relacionados às impurezas minerais, que dificultam e restringem seu uso como combustível sólido na indústria. A granulometria da palha interferiu nas suas características físico-químicas. O palhiço pode ser estocado no campo e o tempo de estocagem não interferiu na qualidade para o uso como combustível sólido.
Olarte, Mariefel Valenzuela. "Base-catalyzed depolymerization of lignin and hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds for alternative fuel production." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39613.
Full textVadlamani, Agasteswar. "Enhanced Biomass and Lipid Productivities of Outdoor Alkaliphilic Microalgae Cultures through Increased Media Alkalinity." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1481307126330107.
Full textSetter, Cassandra Marie. "Weed Control Effects on Native Species, Soil Seedbank Change, and Biofuel Production." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29318.
Full textLindfeldt, Erik G. "A trinity of sense : Using biomass in the transport sector for climate change mitigation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9292.
Full textQC 20100823
van, Slyke Torry. "Fields of Dreams: Scenarios to Produce Selected Biomass and Renewable Jet Fuels that Fulfill European Union Sustainability Criteria." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385902.
Full textOkwo, Adaora. "Next-generation biofuels: the supply chain approach to estimating potential land-use change." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47603.
Full textSwart, Wessel Johannes. "The economic feasibility of commercial biodiesel production in South Africa including analyses of important production and related parameters." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19998.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the developed and developing world, the use of lipids for the production of alkyl esters, also known as biodiesel, showed phenomenal growth during the ten year period up to the end of 2007. The main sources for these lipids are the oils extracted from oil seeds such as soya-, palm-, and rape seed, but other products in the food chain such as waste cooking oil (yellow grease) and animal fats are also used. In Africa and Asia vast tracks of land not previously tilled, are now being cultivated to yield oils which are not edible and in a number of countries intensive research is focused on lipid producing species such as algae. Meanwhile more evidence is coming to the fore pronouncing biodiesel and other first generation biofuels not to be the panacea for the predicament the world is facing on unbridled population growth, energy security concerns and environmental issues such as indirect land use changes, global warming and climate changes. The acceptance of the National Biofuels Industrial Strategy at Cabinet level has not yet resulted in significant commensurate activity in South Africa. The availability, other uses and volumes of selected feed stocks for biodiesel production invite debate on the choice between food- and energy security and the appropriateness of some identified socio-economical and socio-political drivers for a viable industry. Somehow the unique characteristics of South Africa and its resources seem not to feature in debate and constraints on the production of biodiesel, as described in this dissertation. The conventional process routes for commercial biodiesel production are based on a mature technology which has inherent pollution and economical limitations. This called for a detailed critical evaluation on process routes more environmentally friendly or involving fewer unit processes generating more desirable products, albeit with more severe process conditions. By comparison, the homogeneous alkali catalyst alcoholysis (HACA), the enzymatic catalyst alcoholysis (ECA) and the super critical alcoholysis (SCA) process routes as developed in this study, are found to be competitive on total manucturing costs as assessed, if results emanating from selected sensitivity analyses and optimisation studies, are accepted. The total manufacturing and operating costs in the selected process routes as estimated, assuming the same capacities for commercial biodiesel production, are dominated by feed stock costs. Incentives on depreciation and fuel levies are deemed not effective, if costs are compared to the price of fossil diesel at the retail level – October 2011. It is concluded that using the feed stocks indicated in the Strategy, commercial biodiesel production is not economically feasible in South Africa at present. In this study process routes and feed stocks were identified that can change this position. Note should be taken of the intensive research activities being conducted on second generation technologies and biorefineries in the developed world, as discussed in this dissertation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende wêreld het die gebruik van vette vir die produksie van alkielesters, ook bekend as biodiesel, in die tienjaarperiode tot die einde van 2007 fenomenale groei getoon. Die hoofbronne vir hierdie lipiede is die olies onttrek van oliesade soos soja-, palm-, en raapsaad, maar ander produkte in die voedselketting soos gebruikte kookolie en dierevette word ook gebruik. In Afrika en Asië word uitgestrekte stukke grond voorheen onbewerk, nou bewerk om olies wat nie eetbaar is nie, op te lewer, en in verskeie lande word intensiewe navorsing op vetproduserende spesies soos alge gedoen. Intussen kom meer bewyse na vore wat verklaar dat biodiesel en ander eerste-generasie biobrandstowwe nie die wondermiddel is vir die moeilike posisie wat die wêreld in die gesig staar oor onbeteuelde bevolkingsaanwas, kwellings oor energiesekuriteit en omgewingskwessies soos indirekte grondverbruike, aardverwarming en klimaatsveranderings nie . Die aanvaarding van die Nasionale Biobrandstowwe Industriële Strategie op kabinetsvlak het nog nie verhoogde soortgelyke aktiwiteite in Suid-Afrika tot gevolg gehad nie. Die beskikbaarheid, gebruike en volumes van gekose grondstowwe, lok debatte uit oor die keuse tussen voedsel- en energiesekuriteit en die toepaslikheid van sekere geïndentifiseerde sosio-ekonomiese en sosio-politieke stimulante vir ‘n lewensvatbare nywerheid. Op een of ander manier is die unieke kenmerke van Suid- Afrika en sy bronne nog nie in die debat op die knelpunte van biodiesel nie, soos beskryf in hierdie proefskrif. Die gewone prosesroetes vir kommersiële produksie van biodiesel is gebaseer op ‘n beproefde tegnologie met inherente besoedelings- en ekonomiese beperkings. Dit het gevra vir ‘n uitvoerige kritiese evaluasie van meer omgewingsvriendelike- en minder eenheidsprosesse wat meer gewensde produkte genereer, al is dit met erger prosesbepalings. By vergelyking, is dit bevind dat die homogene alkali-katalisator- alkoholisis (HAKA), ensiem-katalisator-alkoholisis (EKA) en die superkritiese-alkoholisis (SKA) prosesroetes soos in hierdie studie ontwikkel, mededingend is op ‘n totale vervaardigingskoste-vlak, as die resultate wat spruit uit geselekteerde sensiwiteitsanalises en optimiseringsstudies, aanvaar word. Die totale vervaardigings- en bedryfskostes soos beraam vir die gekose prosesroetes vir kommersiële biodieselvervaardiging vir dieselfde deursette, word oorheers deur grondstofkostes. Aansporings op afskrywings en brandstofheffings word gesien as nie effektief nie, as kostes vergelyk word met die prys van fossieldiesel op kleinhandelsvlak – Oktober 2011. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat met die grondstowwe aangedui in die Strategie, kommersiële biodieselvervaardiging tans nie ekonomies gangbaar is vir Suid-Afrika nie. In hierdie studie is prosesroetes en grondstowwe geïdentifiseer wat die posisie kan verander. Kennis moet geneem word van die intensiewe navorsingsaktiwiteite op tweede-geslag tegnologieë en bioraffinaderye in die ontwikkelde wereld, soos in hierdie proefskrif bespreek.
Rismani-Yazdi, Hamid. "Bioconversion of cellulose into electrical energy in microbial fuel cells." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211313869.
Full textVice, President Research Office of the. "Pellet Power." Office of the Vice President Research, The University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9507.
Full textMehlitz, Thomas Hagen. "Temperature Influence and Heat Management Requirements of Microalgae Cultivation in Photobioreactors." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/54.
Full textFogdal, Hanna, and Adrian Baars. "Utilization of Forest Residue through Combined Heat and Power or Biorefinery for Applications in the Swedish Transportation Sector : a comparison in efficiency, emissions, economics and end usage." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215767.
Full textSverige har som mål att skapa en fossiloberoende fordonsflotta till år 2030. Två vägar som pekats ut för att nå målet är att öka användningen av eldrivna fordon eller att producera mer biobränsle. Båda alternativen kan drivas av skogsavfall, en råvara som det finns gott om i Sverige. Elektricitet kan produceras av skogsavfallet i ett kraftvärmeverk, och biobränsle i ett bioraffinaderi genom användning av förgasning och Fischer-Tropschmetoden. I Stockholms län skulle båda systemen dessutom kunna producera värme till Stockholms fjärrvärmesystem. Det är dock viktigt att använda skogsavfallet på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Därför undersöker detta arbete effektiviteten av de två olika systemen tillsammans med en analys av växthusgasutsläpp och ekonomiska förutsättningar. För att kunna utvärdera effektiviteten och klimatpåverkan av de två olika systemen utfördes en ”skog-till-hjul”-analys där produkten undersöktes från ursprunget, till drivandet av ett fordon. För att utföra studien definierades fyra funktionella enheter. De funktionella enheterna var: körsträcka med bil mätt i kilometer, kWh fjärrvärmeproduktion, CO2 ekvivalenter av växthusgasutsläpp och MWh skogsavfall. Studien visade att systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett kraftvärmeverk för att producera elektricitet och ladda elbilar hade bättre resultat i de två första funktionella enheterna. Systemet producerade nästan dubbelt så lång körsträcka och mer än dubbelt så mycket fjärrvärme som systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett bioraffinaderi och biobränslet används i dieselbilar. Studien visade även att båda system kan bidra till att sänka växthusgasutsläppen från transportsektorn. Lönsamheten att investera i ett kraftvärmeverk eller bioraffinaderi beräknades med nuvärdesmetoden. Studien visade att de förväntade framtida energipriserna är för låga för att investeringarna ska bli lönsamma. Kraftvärmeanläggningen hade ett nuvärde på -1.6 miljarder kronor, och bioraffinaderiet ett nuvärde på -4.6 miljarder kronor. Dessutom ansågs investeringen i ett bioraffinaderi vara en hög risk på grund av den höga investeringskostnaden och att tekniken idag inte är kommersialiserad. Det finns även en rad andra barriär för att genomföra de två olika systemen, dessa barriärer har studerats kvalitativt i arbetet.
Alkadee, Dareen. "Techniques de réduction et de traitement des émissions polluantes dans une machine thermique." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005123.
Full textNduli, Mbalenhle B. "Thermophysical properties of biofuel components derived from biomass." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1732.
Full textThe thermophysical properties of the binary mixtures containing biofuel components derived from biomass were determined. Experimental densities, speed of sound, and refractive indices for the binary mixtures (methanol or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM][OAc] + furfural or furfuryl alcohol ) were measured at T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K. From the experimental data, excess molar volume, E m V , isentropic compressibility, s , molar refractions, R, and deviation in refractive index, Δn, were calculated. The excess molar volumes were found to be negative for all systems studied. The isentropic compressibility were found to be both positive for the whole composition and temperature range and increases slightly with increasing temperature. The deviation in refractive index was positive over the whole composition range. The obtained values of excess molar volumes and changes of refractive index on mixing were satisfactorily correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation. The Lorentz–Lorenz equation was applied to predict the density and calculate the excess molar volume of the binary mixtures.
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Singh, Shikhar. "Development of Water Requirement Factors for Biomass Conversion Pathways." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/768.
Full textEngineering Management
Yenerall, Jacqueline Nicole Ready Richard C. "The effects of climate change and biofuel policy on agricultural land use in Pennsylvania." 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4023/index.html.
Full textJames, Gabriel. "Algae and cyanobacteria platforms for engineering biofuel production." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155923.
Full textBeal, Colin McCartney. "Constraints on algal biofuel production." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-2775.
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Obidike, Lawrence Ikechukwu. "Biofuel production from waste animal fat using pyrolysis (thermal cracking)." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21141.
Full textThe main objective of this study is to produce biofuel from waste animal fat (collected from abattoirs) using the pyrolysis (thermal cracking) method. To achieve this goal, the study investigated the effects of temperature and heating rate on the yield and quality of the bio-oil produced. Also investigated was the effect of zeolite nano-catalyst(s) on the quality of the bio-oil produced. Animal waste fat (tallow) was pyrolyzed in a laboratory fixed bed reactor of volume 2200 cm3 at final temperatures (FT), 450oC, 500oC, 530oC and 580oC using heating rates (HR) of 4oC/min, 5oC/min and 6oC/min. The properties of the resultant bio-oils were tested and analyzed. The maximum bio-oil yield of 82.78 % was achieved at 530oC FT and 6oC /min HR while the highest calorific value, 52.41 MJ/kg, was recorded from the bio-oil produced at the FT of 580oC and 6oC/min HR. The molecular components of each of the bio-oil samples was analyzed using the Gas Chromatography – Molecular Spectrograph (GC-MS) which indicated the predominant presence of alkanes, alkenes, carboxylic acids and alkyl esters in the bio-oils produced without a catalyst. The introduction of zeolites in nano-form yielded relatively more cyclo-alkanes and aromatics. A maximum yield of 58% was recorded when 1% of the zeolite nano-catalyst was used to pyrolyse the tallow at 530oC FT and 6oC/min HR but with lots of coking and gas formation. The viscosity improved with a 35% reduction for the samples produced with 1% zeolites (C1 and C2). The viscosity of the bio-oil produced with 2% zeolites improved with a resultant 34% reduction in value. For pyrolysis done at 530oC FT and 6oC/min HR, the bio-oils with 1% (C1) and 2% zeolite (C3) resulted in a reduction in acid value of 32% and 30%, respectively. Acid value is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical substance.
MT2016
"Production of biofuel from microalgae cultivated in treated sewage." 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549306.
Full text本研究項目的目的為透過下述方法,降低藻類生物燃料的生產成本,並提高藻株的脂肪含量: (1) 篩選可以在污水自養培育,並有高產油量的微藻菌株,(2) 以兩階段培養方法,用處理過的污水作培養,從而提高油脂產,(3) 透過微藻毒理測試,和水質化學分析,研究處理後的污水中影響微藻生長的污染物和有毒物質。
這個研究中使用從沙田污水處理廠收集的二級處理污水,其水質亦被研究。幾種微藻菌株分別為小球藻 (Chlorella pyrenoidosa),叢粒藻 (Botryococcus braunii) 和微綠球藻 (Nannochloropsis oculata),從鰂魚池水分離出的小球藻 (Chlorella sp.1),及兩種從處理污水中分離出的小球藻(Chlorella sp. 2, Chlorella sp. 3)。微藻菌株分別在培養基和處理污水中培養,並比較在兩種情況下的脂肪,脂肪酸,碳水化合物,蛋白質含量,生物質量和總有機碳。結果發現,雖然經處理的污水中營養成分非常低 (<0.11 mg / L活性磷,<9.68 mg / L硝酸根,<0.5 mg / L鉀離子),所有研究的微藻菌株都能存活。在兩階段培養法下,首先以「氮含量充足階段」(培養基)提高生物質量,然後以「氮含量不足階段」(經處理污水) 培養,培養成本可以降低,同時提高脂肪生產率。在兩階段培養法下,叢粒藻的脂肪生產率比在人工培養基和經處理污水高2.6倍和7.13倍。
沙田污水處理廠處理的污水水質良好,並無驗出有害重金屬,雙酚A(BPA),四溴雙酚A(TBBPA)和2,3,7,8-四氯二苯並二噁英(TCDD)。從藻類產生的生物燃料將不含有重金屬。
在這個研究中的叢粒藻 (Botryococcus braunii),微綠球藻 (Nannochloropsis oculata)和小球藻 (Chlorella sp.1)都可以容忍雙酚A(BPA),四溴雙酚A(TBBPA),二氯苯氧氯酚 (TCS)和2,3,7,8-四氯二苯並二噁英(TCDD)。他們可以培育在其他來源的經處理污水。
利用經處理污水於兩階段培養法,是一種新的、更經濟的增加微藻油脂產量方法,亦可以配合任何其他方法,以減低藻類生物燃料的製造成本。
Biofuel from microalgae can be an excellent substitute of fossil fuel and other biofuels. Algal biofuel is carbon neutral as microalgae are photoautotrophic. Through photosynthesis, microalgae can capture and convert carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons or lipids which can be used for biofuel production. Besides, microalgae can use pollutants from wastewater as nutrients for growth, which can serve as a wastewater treatment process.
The aims of the project are to lower the cost of algal biofuel production and boost up lipid content of algal strains by (1) screen a microalgal strain that can be cultivated in treated sewage autotrophically and give high oil yield, (2) use two phase cultivation, with treated sewage as medium, to boost up lipid productivity, (3) investigate heavy metals and some organic pollutants that may exist in treated sewage and can affect algal growth by performing algal toxicity test and chemical analysis of treated sewage.
The secondarily treated sewage used in this project was collected from the Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works. The quality of the secondarily treated sewage was monitored. Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Botryococcus braunii and Nannochloropsis oculata from commercial source, and Chlorella sp. 1 isolated from tilapia fish pond water, and two species of algae, Chlorella sp. 2 and Chlorella sp. 3, isolated from treated sewage were investigated. Microalgal strains are compared by investigating the content of lipid, fatty acid, carbohydrate, protein, biomass and total organic carbon when cultivated in culture medium and treated sewage. Results found that although nutrients in treated sewage were very low (<0.11 mg/L reactive phosphorus, <9.68 mg/L nitrate and <0.5 mg/L potassium ion), all the microalgae investigated could grow reasonably well. Using two phase cultivation, with an initial nitrogen sufficient phase (artificial media) for biomass production, followed by nitrogen limitation phase (treated sewage), cost of cultivation could be reduced and the overall lipid productivity could be increased. Under the two phase cultivation, the lipid productivity of Botryococcus braunii was 2.6 and 7.13 fold higher than cultivated in artificial medium and treated sewage respectively.
Treated sewage from the Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works was in good quality without harmful concentrations of heavy metal and BPA, TBBPA and TCDD. The microalgae could not absorb or adsorb significant amount of the harmful substances and the algal biofuel produced would not contain heavy metals. All the microalgae investigated in this project could tolerate BPA, TBBPA, TCS and TCDD. They could be cultivated in treated sewage from other sources.
Two phase cultivation using treated sewage is a new way for increasing lipid productivity from microalgae economically and can be combined with any other means for producing algal biofuel with lowest cost.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Kwan, Ka Ki.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-113).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.iii
摘要 --- p.Vi
Table of Contents --- p.viii
List of Figures --- p.Xii
List of Plates --- p.Xvi
List of Tables --- p.xviii
Abbreviations --- p.xx
Chapter 1. --- General introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Fossil fuel, the major energy source nowadays --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Disadvantages of using fossil fuel --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Biofuel --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- Disadvantages of traditional biofuel production --- p.8
Chapter 1.5 --- Characteristics of microalgae --- p.9
Chapter 1.6 --- Biofuel from microalgae --- p.14
Chapter 1.7 --- Nutrients for microalgae related to lipid production --- p.18
Chapter 1.8 --- Current research on algal biofuel --- p.19
Chapter 1.9 --- Two phase cultivation as a new way for lipid production --- p.24
Chapter 1.10 --- Objectives --- p.24
Chapter 2. --- Biofuel production under two phase cultivation with artificial medium and treated sewage
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.26
Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Algal strains collection and isolation --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Artificial culture media --- p.29
Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Bristol’s Medium (BM) --- p.29
Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Modified Bold 3N medium (MBM) --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- F/2 medium (F/2) --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Water quality of treated sewage --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Chemical and biological condition --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Total organic carbon and total nitrogen (TOC/TN) --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Reactive phosphate --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Nitrate --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Ammonia --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Metal elements --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Cultivation conditions --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Growth monitor of microalgae in artificial medium and treated sewage --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Comparison of microalgae cultivated in artificial media and treated sewage --- p.42
Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Large scale cultivation --- p.42
Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Cell morphology --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Cell harvesting --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- Dried biomass --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.6.5 --- Lipid content --- p.45
Chapter 2.2.6.6 --- Fatty acid profile --- p.46
Chapter 2.2.6.7 --- Extraction of carbohydrates and protein --- p.48
Chapter 2.2.6.8 --- Carbohydrate content --- p.48
Chapter 2.2.6.9 --- Protein content --- p.49
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Two phase cultivation --- p.50
Chapter 2.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.50
Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.51
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Water quality of treated sewage --- p.51
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Nutrient contents in artificial medium --- p.54
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Growth of microalgae in artificial medium and treated sewage --- p.54
Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Cell morphology and cell size --- p.57
Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Biomass --- p.59
Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Lipid content --- p.61
Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Fatty acid profile --- p.63
Chapter 2.3.3.5 --- Carbohydrates content --- p.66
Chapter 2.3.3.6 --- Protein content --- p.67
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Two phase cultivation --- p.69
Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.74
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Water quality of treated sewage and nutrients in artificial medium --- p.74
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Growth of microalgae in artificial medium and filtered treated sewage --- p.75
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Microalgae cultivated in artificial media and treated sewage --- p.76
Chapter 2.4.4 --- Two phase cultivation --- p.81
Chapter 3. --- Possible toxic effect on algal growth from chemicals in sewage
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.84
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Analysis of dissolved metals by ICP --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Organic compounds --- p.86
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Algal bioassay --- p.87
Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.88
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Dissolved metals and metalloids --- p.88
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Organic compounds --- p.88
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Algal bioassay --- p.91
Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.97
Chapter 4. --- Conclusion and future prospectives --- p.99
Chapter 4.1 --- Summary --- p.99
Chapter 4.2 --- Genetic engineering --- p.100
Chapter 4.3 --- Further study --- p.102
Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.102
Chapter 5. --- References --- p.104
Murphy, Thomas Eugene. "Radiant and thermal energy transport in planktonic and benthic algae systems for sustainable biofuel production." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-2756.
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