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Journal articles on the topic '6xxx series aluminium alloys'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Mrówka-Nowotnik, G., J. Sieniawski, S. Kotowski, A. Nowotnik, and M. Motyka. "Hot Deformation Of 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloys." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0263.

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Abstract The hot deformation behavior of the 6xxx aluminum alloys was investigated by compression tests in the temperature range 100°C-375°C and strain rate range 10−4s−1 and 4×10−4s−1 using dilatometer DIL 805 BÄHR Thermoanalyse equipped with accessory attachment deformation allows the process to execute thermoplastic in vacuum and inert gas atmosphere. Associated microstructural changes of characteristic states of examined alloys were studied by using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and deformation rate. And was also found that the activation energy Q strongly depends on both, the temperature and rate of deformation. The results of TEM observation showing that the dynamic flow softening is mainly as the result of dynamic recovery and recrystallization of 6xxx aluminium alloys.

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2

Strobel, Katharina, Elizabeth Sweet, Mark Easton, Jian Feng Nie, and Malcolm Couper. "Dispersoid Phases in 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.926.

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In high strength AlMgSi alloys additions of Mn and Cr lead to the formation of dispersoid phases whose primary functions are to improve fracture toughness and control grain structure. Whether or not dispersoid phases form during heating to the homogenisation temperature and which dispersoid forms is strongly dependent on the alloy composition. By correlating dispersoid features after different homogenisation heat treatments to TEM investigations into the crystal structure, it is proposed that the crystal structure and chemical composition of the dispersoids changes as the dispersoids coarsen at increased temperatures and times.

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3

Daswa, Pfarelo, Heinrich Möller, Madeleine du Toit, and Gonasagren Govender. "The Solution Heat Treatment of Rheo-High Pressure Die Cast Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) 6xxx Series Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 217-218 (September 2014): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.259.

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The 6xxx series alloys are well known for desirable combinations of high strength, weldability, corrosion resistance and formability. This paper investigates the influence of chemical composition on the solution heat treatment parameters of rheo-high pressure die cast (R-HPDC) 6xxx series aluminium alloys. The presence of copper in the 6xxx series aluminium alloys affects the solution heat treatment by promoting incipient melting. The incidence of incipient melting is investigated for the R-HPDC alloys using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy. R-HPDC is known to produce surface liquid segregation and centre-line liquid segregation when processing the alloys and these areas are the most susceptible to incipient melting. The applicability of single and multiple step solution heat treatments are investigated. The alloys used for this study include the Cu-free alloy 6082, as well as the Cu-containing alloys 6013 and 6111.

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4

Rometsch, Paul A., Zhou Xu, Hao Zhong, Huai Yang, Lin Ju, and Xin Hua Wu. "Strength and Electrical Conductivity Relationships in Al-Mg-Si and Al-Sc Alloys." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.827.

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Aluminium alloys play an important role in overhead power transmission applications. All-aluminium alloy conductor cables require increasingly hard-to-achieve combinations of high tensile strength and high electrical conductivity. The problem is that a high strength is normally associated with a reduced electrical conductivity. Both heat-treatable 6xxx series aluminium alloys and work-hardening 1xxx series aluminium alloys are important contenders for these applications. By contrast, the addition of rare earths and/or transition metals to aluminium may provide further opportunities to achieve improved combinations of precipitation hardening, substructural hardening and elevated temperature stability. In this work, strength and electrical conductivity relationships are investigated for a range of 6xxx series aluminium alloys and an Al-Sc alloy. The Al-Sc alloy was produced by means of a direct laser metal deposition process that allowed more Sc to be placed into solid solution than by conventional casting or solution treatment. The paper explores the relative effects of composition, cold working and age hardening on the balance of strength and electrical conductivity, including examples of how improved combinations of both strength and conductivity can be achieved.

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5

Braun, Reinhold. "Investigation on Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of 6XXX Series Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.735.

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Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of 6061 and 6013 sheet material were investigated in the naturally aged and peak-aged heat treatment conditions. Transmission electron microscopy did not reveal strengthening phases in the naturally aged sheet. In the peak-aged temper, β’’ precipitates were observed in alloy 6061, whereas both β’’ and Q’ phases were present in 6013- T6 sheet. Marked grain boundary precipitation was not found. Corrosion potentials of the alloys 6061 and 6013 shifted to more active values with increasing aging. For the copper containing 6013 sheet, the potential difference between the tempers T4 and T6 was more pronounced. When immersed in an aqueous chloride-peroxide solution, alloy 6061 suffered predominantly intergranular corrosion and pitting in the tempers T4 and T6, respectively. On the contrary, 6013 sheet was sensitive to pitting in the naturally aged condition, and intergranular corrosion was the prevailing attack in the peak-aged material. Both alloys 6061 and 6013 were resistant to stress corrosion cracking in the tempers T4 and T6.

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6

Hasting, Håkon S., John Walmsley, Calin D. Marioara, ATJ van Helvoort, Randi Holmestad, Frederic Danoix, and Williams Lefebvre. "Characterisation of early precipitation stages in 6xxx series aluminium alloys." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 26 (February 22, 2006): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/26/1/023.

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7

Baldoukas, A. K., G. A. Demosthenous, and D. E. Manolakos. "524 Experimental evaluation of the 6xxx series aluminium alloys extrudability." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 10.2 (2002): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.10.2.168.

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8

Bhat, Kuruveri Udaya, Devadas Bhat Panemangalore, Spandana Bhat Kuruveri, Merbin John, and Pradeep L. Menezes. "Surface Modification of 6xxx Series Aluminum Alloys." Coatings 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020180.

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Due to their superior mechanical properties, formability, corrosion resistance, and lightweight nature, 6xxx series aluminum (Al) alloys are considered as a promising structural material. Nevertheless, the successful application of these materials depends on their response to the external environment. Recently, designers considered the surface properties an equally important aspect of the component design. Due to this concern, these alloys are subjected to varieties of surface modification methodologies. Many methodologies are explored to modify the 6xxx series Al alloys surfaces effectively. These methods are anodizing, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), cladding, friction stir processing, friction surfacing, melting, alloying, and resolidification using high energy beams, etc. This review work discusses some of these methods, recent research activities on them, important process variables, and their role on the final properties of the surfaces.

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9

Baruah, Monoj, and Anil Borah. "Processing and precipitation strengthening of 6xxx series aluminium alloys: A review." International Journal of Materials Science 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/27078221.2020.v1.i1a.10.

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10

Braun, Reinhold. "On the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 6XXX series aluminium alloys." International Journal of Materials Research 101, no. 5 (May 2010): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.110314.

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11

Afaf M. Abd El-Hameed and Y. A. Abdel-Aziz. "Aluminium Alloys in Space Applications: A Short Report." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 22, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.22.1.17.

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Because of the unique combination of light weight, high strength, and ease of fabrication, aluminum alloys have the mainstay of the aerospace industry. This report provides a brief overview of the types and series of aluminum alloys “AA” used for space industries and aerospace applications such as spacecraft surface structures and both of aircraft construction and satellite subsystems. The alloy compositions, manufacturing processes, and treatment classify the alloy properties and characteristics. According to these characteristics alloy compositions, the report outlines how to identify the suitable and optimum one to meet specific application needs and mission requirements. Also, the report clarifies how these alloys can be improved by a suitable tailoring of the composition through the addition of some of the alloying elements, which considerably are useful to refine the microstructure, thus improving the mechanical properties. Different types of aluminum alloys such as the series AA 2XXX, AA 5XXX, AA 6XXX, and AA7XXX are outlined. The discussion is performed to give view point on the alloy series with the emphasis on the improved of the alloy type AA6061, as example, with the heat treatment T6 “AA6061-T6” that is significantly more suitable alloy for spacecraft and satellite’ surface structures.

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12

Kumar, Mukesh, Muhammad Moazam Baloch, Muhammad Ishaque Abro, Sikandar Ali Memon, and Ali Dad Chandio. "Effect of Artificial Aging Temperature on Mechanical Properties of 6061 Aluminum Alloy." January 2019 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1901.03.

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Aluminum alloys have been attracted by several engineering sectors due to their excellent strengthweight ratio and corrosion resistant properties. These are categorized into 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7and 8xxx on the basis of alloying elements. Among these 6xxx series contains aluminum–magnesium–silicon as alloying elements and are widely used in extruded products and automotive body panels. The major advantages of these alloys are good corrosion resistance, medium strength, low cost, age hardening response no yield point phenomenon and Ludering. 6xxx series alloys generally have lower formability than other aluminum alloys which restrict their utilization for wide applications. Keeping in view of the shortcomings in the set of mechanical properties of 6xxx series the efforts were made to improve the tensile strength and toughness properties through age hardening. In present study heat treatment cycles were studied for 6061 aluminum alloy. Three different age hardening temperatures 160, 200 and 240oC were selected. The obtained results showed that 17.26, 7.69, and 10.51% improvement in tensile strength, toughness and hardness respectively was achieved with solution treatment at 380oC followed by an aging 240oC. Microstructural study revealed that substantial improvements in the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy under heat treatment were achieved due to precipitation of Mg2Si secondary phase.

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13

Ivanov, Dmitry, Alexander Gradoboev, Dmitry Ryabov, and Roman Vakhromov. "Development of a New Aluminium Alloy for Drill Pipes." E3S Web of Conferences 225 (2021): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122503004.

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The new aluminium alloy for drill pipes is one of the 6xxx-series alloys. The alloy has high strength properties at room and elevated temperatures, as well as high corrosion resistance and workability. Semi-finished extruded products from the new alloy have the following properties: UTS = 420 MPa, YTS = 380 MPa, elongation = 10% and YTS150 = 345 MPa, corrosion rate in solution (pH 11) = 0.09 g/m2 h. Based on the obtained properties, the new alloy can be used as a replacement for D16 alloy.

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14

Zhu, Han Liang, Xin Quan Zhang, Malcolm J. Couper, and Arne K. Dahle. "Classification of Streaking Defects on Anodized Aluminium Extrusions." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.349.

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Streaking is a common problem on anodised extrusions of 6xxx series soft alloys. This paper presents various types of streaking defects on the basis of industry practice and experimental results. The streaking defects are classified according to their root causes. This provides a basis for developing effective methods for preventing the formation of these defects for the extrusion.

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15

Dubova, I. V., T. R. Gilmanshina, N. V. Vasyunina, G. S. Sanacheva, and O. V. Chupriy. "Electrochemical behavior of 6xxx series aluminium alloys in electrolytes containing chloride ions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1679 (November 2020): 042095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1679/4/042095.

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16

Zhang, Qun Li, Saksham Dhawan, Xi Luan, Qiang Du, Jun Liu, and Li Liang Wang. "Investigation and Constitutive Modelling of High Strength 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloy: Precipitation Hardening Responses to FAST (Fast Light Alloys Stamping Technology) and Artificial Ageing." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.814.

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FAST (Fast light Alloys Stamping Technology) has recently been developed to efficiently and economically manufacture lightweight, high strength structural components from aluminium alloys sheet. Post-form strength prediction of 6xxx series aluminium alloy (AA6xxx) after FAST and multiple stage heat treatments has been a challenge. This is due to the effect of pre-existing dislocations induced via high temperature plastic deformation in the forming process. In the present research, a new PFS (post-form strength) model has been proposed to predict the age-hardening response of AA6xxx alloys undergoing FAST and subsequent thermal cycles. The model incorporates two sub-models, for simulating viscoplastic flow and predicting strength evolution respectively. The first sub-model incorporates a set of constitutive equations, developed to model the stress-strain curve of AA6xxx during FAST. The second sub-model employs precipitation-hardening and dislocation-hardening theories to simulate the evolution of microstructure and, as a consequence, strength of alloys undergoing artificial ageing cycles. This is calculated by considering the intrinsic resistance of the alloy to dislocation movement due to solute atoms and precipitates. The strength was computed accurately via the internal state variables method, in which dislocation density, volume fraction of precipitates, solute concentration and radii of precipitates were correlated. Furthermore, the model was validated by comparing results with transmission electron microscope (TEM) images as well as hardness measurements. Hence, the model performs as a powerful and comprehensive tool to simulate post-form strength of 6xxx series aluminium alloys that undergo complicated thermomechanical processes including high temperature deformation and post-form heat treatment, with less than 5% deviation between measured and predicted values.

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17

Moreira, Pedro Miguel Guimarães Pires, T. Santos, Sérgio M. O. Tavares, Valentin Richter-Trummer, Pedro Vilaça, and Paulo Manuel Salgado Tavares de Castro. "Mechanical Characterization of Friction Stir Welds of Two Dissimilar Aluminium Alloys of the 6xxx Series." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.430.

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A study on the mechanical characterization of friction stir welds between aluminium alloys 6061-T6 and 6082-T6 was carried out. For comparison, single alloy joints made from each one of the two alloys were also performed. The work included microstructure examination, microhardness tests, tensile tests and bending tests of all joint types. An approximate finite element model of the joint, taking into account the spatial dependence of the tensile strength properties, was made, modelling a bending test of the weldments.

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18

Daswa, Pfarelo, Heinrich Möller, and Gonasagren Govender. "The Effects of Natural Pre-Ageing Time on T6 Peak Hardness of R-HPDC 6xxx Series Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1019 (October 2014): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.55.

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<span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;" face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </span> <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">This paper investigates the influence of natural pre-ageing time on T6 peak hardness of rheo-high pressure die cast (R-HPDC) 6xxx series aluminium alloys. Natural pre-ageing has a negative effect on the 6xxx series Al-Mg-Si alloys that contain higher quantities of Mg</span><span style="font-size: small;" size="2">2</span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Si (typically > 0.90%). However, a positive effect is observed in alloys with lower quantities of Mg</span><span style="font-size: small;" size="2">2</span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Si. The negative effect can be attributed to the clustering of solute atoms that form at room temperature because the precipitates which develop directly from clusters formed at room temperature are coarser than those developed in alloys artificially aged immediately after quenching. The opposite occurs in alloys where a positive effect of natural pre-ageing is found. The effects of the duration of natural pre-ageing on the subsequent T6 properties are of importance. In this study the T6 (190</span><span style="font-size: small;" size="2">o</span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">C-4h) hardness values of various R-HPDC 6xxx series alloys were determined after natural pre-ageing times ranging from 0h to 3240 hours. Alloys that show either the positive or the negative effect of natural pre-ageing are used. This paper also compares the influence of natural pre-ageing time on Cu-containing and Cu-free alloys.</span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">The addition of copper to the 6xxx series aluminium alloys lessens the negative effect of natural pre-ageing in the higher strength alloys. </span></span></p> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;" face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </span>

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19

Clinch, M. R., S. J. Harris, W. Hepples, N. J. H. Holroyd, and John V. Wood. "Microstructural Modelling of a Commercially Processed 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 396-402 (July 2002): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.396-402.521.

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20

Möller, Heinrich, Pfarelo Daswa, and Gonasagren Govender. "The Mechanical Properties of Rheo-High Pressure Die Cast Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) 6xxx Series Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 217-218 (September 2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.61.

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Near-net shape casting of wrought aluminium alloys has proven to be difficult due to a tendency towards hot tearing during cooling. Rheo-high pressure die casting (R-HPDC), has been shown to be an effective method of producing near-net shape wrought aluminium alloy castings. Limited information is available regarding the mechanical properties of age-hardenable wrought Al-castings produced by semi-solid metal forming. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of chemical composition and natural pre-ageing on the hardness and mechanical properties of rheo-HPDC 6xxx series Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) alloys in the T6 temper condition. The effects of the addition of Cu, as well as the (Mg+Si) content and Mg:Si ratio of the alloys are quantified. Alloys that are included are Cu-free 6004 and 6082, as well as Cu-containing 6013, 6111 and 6066. It is shown that the addition of Cu and excess Si result in higher hardness and strength. Natural pre-ageing has a significant effect (positive for 6004 and negative for the others) on the T6 properties. Good strength values can be achieved, but ductility is dependent on factors such as hot tearing during casting and incipient melting during solution heat treatment.

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21

Nowak, M., M. Lech-Grega, A. Kozik, M. Mitka, M. Gawlik, and A. Kłyszewski. "Composite Nickel Coatings Produced on 6XXX Series Aluminium Alloys with the Addition of Vanadium / Kompozytowe Powłoki Niklowe Wytwarzane Na Stopach Aluminum Serii 6XXX Z Dodatkiem Wanadu." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 3051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0487.

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Studies of composite nickel coatings electrolytically deposited on aluminium alloys with different content of vanadium were described. Composite coatings were deposited from a Watts bath containing fine-dispersed SiC powder particles in an amount of 20 g/l and organic matters such as saccharin and sodium laurate. The morphology, structure and thickness of the obtained composite coatings were presented. The corrosion resistance of produced coatings was examined by electrochemical method. Basing on the results of studies it was found that coatings obtained with the sole addition of saccharin were characterized by numerous surface defects. The addition of sodium laurate eliminated the occurrence of defects caused by hydrogen evolution and the resulting coatings were continuous with good adhesion to the substrate. The distribution of the ceramic SiC phase in coatings was fairly uniform for all the examined variants of aluminium alloys. SEM examinations did not reveal the phenomenon of the ceramic particles agglomeration.

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22

Myhr, Ole Runar, Rune Østhus, and Trond Furu. "A Novel Methodology for Optimisation of Product Properties and Production Costs in Fabrication of Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.676.

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The present paper describes a novel methodology for optimization of product properties and production costs in fabrication of aluminium alloys. The main idea is to represent each operation along the process chain by predictive tools, which include material-, mechanical-, cost-and logistics models. An optimisation tool is used to collect the simulation models into a common software environment, which allows fully automatic simulations to be carried out. When this coupling is established, the models are run in sequence using different types of optimisation strategies. The methodology has been applied for optimisation of strength, grain structure and costs of 6xxx series aluminium extrusions. The results indicate that the present methodology is sufficiently relevant and comprehensive to be used as a tool in fabrication of various aluminium products, for instance in optimisation of end-user properties and production costs of extruded, rolled or foundry based alloys.

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23

Agboola, Joseph, Emmanuel Anyoku, and Atinuke Oladoye. "Effects of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of 6xxx Aluminium Alloy." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.01.2021.04.

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The applicability of materials is highly dependent on its microstructure and mechanical properties. Aluminium alloy is being used extensively under diverse conditions. This study investigates the effects of cooling rate on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 6xxx-series aluminium alloy. Aluminium ingot was melted in a muffle furnace and cast into rods. The cooling rate was controlled by holding the moulds at different temperatures. Microstructural characteristics were examined by optical microscopy. Mechanical properties such as impact strength, hardness, and tensile strength were analysed using standard methods. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization. It was found that microstructures are dominated by ferrite and pearlite phases with different morphologies and grain sizes depending on the cooling rate. Increasing the cooling rate resulted in microstructural refinement and chemical homogeneity, improvement in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the 6xxx alloy.

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24

ITO, Tsutomu. "Reduced ductility of 6XXX series aluminium alloys at high-temperatures and intermediate strain rates." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2020 (2020): J03105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2020.j03105.

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25

Ringdalen, Inga G., Ingvild J. T. Jensen, Calin D. Marioara, and Jesper Friis. "The Role of Grain Boundary Precipitates during Intergranular Fracture in 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloys." Metals 11, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060894.

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During ageing, 6xxx aluminium alloys will develop a microstructure characterised by needle-shaped Mg/Si-rich precipitates in the bulk, precipitate-free zones along the grain boundaries and larger Mg/Si-rich precipitates on the grain boundary. Depending on, among other things, the size of the precipitate-free zone, these alloys are prone to intergranular fracture. The role of the grain boundary precipitates during the initiation and propagation of the intergranular fracture is still not fully understood. Transmission Electron Microscopy has been used to characterise the grain boundaries and grain boundary precipitates. The precipitates were found to be of the β′ type surrounded by a layer of U2 structure. The atomic details of relevant interfaces of Al-β′ were characterised for further investigation. Density Functional Theory simulations were performed on the bulk precipitate structures and on the interfaces obtained experimentally. The decohesion energy of these interfaces was calculated and compared to bulk values. In addition, simulated tensile tests were performed in order to find values for the tensile strength σt. The dependence of the interfacial energy and tensile strength of β′ grain boundary precipitates were found to depend on the orientation and type of interface in addition to the amount of defects on the interface.

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26

Bhattacharya, R., M. Stanton, I. Dargue, G. Williams, and R. Aylmore. "Forming limit studies on different thickness aluminium 6xxx series alloys used in automotive applications." International Journal of Material Forming 3, S1 (April 2010): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0758-4.

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27

Grabner, Florian, Belinda Gruber, Carina Schlögl, and Christian Chimani. "Cryogenic Sheet Metal Forming - An Overview." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1397.

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Despite extensive efforts to improve energy efficiency in the automotive sector, the use of light-weight aluminium alloys for car bodies is impeded by formability limitations. Although it is a known phenomenon that Al alloys increase their strength and ductility at very low temperatures, it has not been attempted to exploit this effect to increase their overall formability at an industrial scale. Over the last four years, the cryogenic sheet metal forming behaviour of Al-alloys was extensively investigated to establish a process robust enough for manufacturing automotive parts at an industrial level. Initial experiments include tensile tests at temperatures down to –196 °C for characterisation of 5xxx and 6xxx series Al alloys, providing the mechanical material data for numerical design simulations of sheet metal forming processes at cryogenic temperatures. Numerical simulations will not be discussed in this publication. Furthermore, the necessary hardware for cryogenic sheet metal forming was developed and finally resulted in a semi-automated small scale industrial production site. The production of a miniaturized B-Pillar was demonstrated for 5xxx and 6xxx alloys. Due to the part’s demanding geometry, defect-free deep drawing process is possible at cryogenic temperature only. These results demonstrate that the use of Al alloys could be extended beyond their current applications in cars components. For example, the overall formability of 5xxx series alloys nearly doubles compared to room temperature. This paper shall give an overview over our work in the field of cryogenic aluminium sheet metal forming within the last couple of years.

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28

Regensburger, Jochen, Leticia Mendes de Lima, Christoph Albiez, Patricia Weigel, and Welf Guntram Drossel. "Creep Behaviour of AA6016 during Automotive Paint Drying Processes." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.443.

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Modern car-bodies consist of different types of metals in order to gain the best crash performance at minimal weight. After the press and body shop, the bodies in white run through several paint drying processes, where also alloys of the 6xxx series become heat-treated. Consequently, the different thermal expansion behaviour of joined aluminium-steel components leads to high bending stress conditions within the car body structure while they heat up to 200 °C. In order to describe the process deformations numerical simulations were developed, where appropriate material models are necessary. Especially aluminium alloys with a melting point of about 600 °C can exhibit viscoplastic behaviour at 200 °C under stress. In this work, creep characteristics of the aluminium alloy AA6016 are investigated using a bending test. Based on these results an adequate model for finite element (FE-) simulations of creep strains is pointed out, which can be used for novel analyses of the whole car body in the automotive e-coat drying process.

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29

Berneder, Josef, Ramona Prillhofer, Josef Enser, Gunther Rank, and Torsten Grohmann. "Characterization of AMAG AL6-CHA Sheet Material for Chassis Application in the Automotive Industry." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.437.

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Aluminium is already extensively used in car production to reduce the CO2 emissions by weight reduction. A further beneficial effect of lightweight design can be generated in components of the chassis by reducing the weight of unsprung mass thereby enhancing the driving comfort and reducing the noise level. The medium strength alloys of the type AlMg3Mn (EN AW-5754) and AlMg3.5Mn (EN AW-5454) are currently the aluminium sheet material choice for application in chassis components. The newly developed alloy AMAG AL6-CHA was optimized with regard to chassis applications and shows the potential of significant increase of the mechanical properties compared to state-of-the-art 5xxx series alloys. AMAG AL6-CHA, which is a 6xxx series alloy with balanced Mg/Si-ratio, is characterized with regard to mechanical properties and intergranular corrosion resistance in delivery temper T4 and after artificial aging with the typical heat treatment cycle 205 °C/60 min in peak aged temper T6. Furthermore we will show the results of the Charpy-V-notch impact test and the formability is described per bend test and grain size analysis.

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Fan, Shitong, Mingyang Chen, Keda Jiang, Yanquan Lan, and Guofu Rong. "The effects of Cu and Mg contents on the thermal stability of 6XXX-series aluminum alloy." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 15, no. 1 (January 2023): 168781322211489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221148909.

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The effects of Cu and Mg contents on the thermal stability of 6XXX-series aluminum alloys was investigated using tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the thermal stability of 6XXX-series aluminum alloys improved with increasing Cu and Mg contents, and that the precipitate was the most important factor for thermal stability. In the alloy without Cu, the strengthening precipitates are mainly β″ phases. After heat holding at 150°C for 1000 hours, part of the β″ phases transformed into β′ phases and the number density of the β″/β′ phases decreased, leading to a major strength reduction. In addition to β″ phases, Q′ and L phases are the main strengthening precipitates for the alloys containing Cu. Q′ and L phases have higher thermal stability than the β″ phase, and the number density of the Q′ phases decreased slightly after heat holding, while that of the L phases barely changed. This resulted in Cu-containing alloys with higher thermal stability than Cu-free alloys. The L phase number density increases with increasing Mg content. Compared with the Q′ phase, the L phase has higher thermal stability, resulting in higher thermal stability for alloys with higher Mg content.

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ÖZCAN, MERVE, BİLGEHAN TUNCA, IPEK BILTAŞ, and TUNÇ TUKEN. "The Effect of Different Pre-Surface Finishing Method on the Aluminium Anodization of the 6XXX Series Alloy." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 27, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.27.4.1109.

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In this study, the effect of different pre-surface finishing method on the aluminium anodization was investigated for AA 6063 alloy. Within the scope of pre-surface finishing method which is acidic solution concentrations and process time were determined. Acidic solution was determined by using hydrofluoric acid (HF) and nitric acid (HNO3). Also Gresoff LIM-5 LV chemical was used with different concentrations and process time for degreasing process. The etching effect of acidic solution on aluminium samples was investigated. The optimal etching behaviour was obtained with 1.0% concentration of HF and 3.2% concentration of HNO3 at 10 minutes process time. Also optimal surface properties were observed with 1.0% concentration of Gresoff LIM-5 LV at 12 minutes process time. Then anodic oxidation was performed by using 180 g / L sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 18 volt (V). Surface morphology of the final aluminium profiles were examined with SEM analysis, Roughness, Gloss and Thickness tests.

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Adamiec, Janusz, Tomasz Pfeifer, and Janusz Rykała. "CMT and MIG-Pulse Robotized Welding of Thin-Walled Elements Made of 6xxx and 2xxx Series Aluminium Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 191 (August 2012): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.191.45.

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The article presents the course and the results of research on material and technological welding conditions of different aluminium alloys using standard (MIG-Pulse) and low energy welding method (CMT) as well as discusses the properties of welded joints and the application fields of modern low energy welding devices for joining thin aluminium sheets.

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Hasting, H. S., J. C. Walmsley, A. T. J. Van Helvoort, C. D. Marioara, S. J. Andersen, and R. Holmestad. "Z-contrast imaging of the arrangement of Cu in precipitates in 6XXX-series aluminium alloys." Philosophical Magazine Letters 86, no. 9 (September 2006): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500830600938340.

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Sotirov, Nikolay, Peter Simon, Christian Chimani, Dirk Uffelmann, and Carsten Melzer. "Warm Deep Drawability of Peak-Aged 7075 Aluminium Sheet Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.955.

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Aluminium has become the material of choice for lightweight design. Today medium strength 5xxx and 6xxx-series alloys are widely used in automotive sheet components, substituting conventional steel because of their superior strength to density ratios. The use of these alloys results in a reasonable ratio of cost per weight saving and a good compatibility with existing production techniques in terms of forming and joining. High-strength 7xxx-series (AlZnMgCu) alloys offer the potential for further light weighting, but formability at ambient temperature is severely limited without the employment of pre- and post- forming heat treatment processes. A promising approach to improve the formability of the peak-aged 7xxx aluminium alloys is to utilize warm forming at process temperatures below the material’s recrystallization temperature. Extensive research on formability is required to develop useful components of complex shapes out of this material. This study describes the material behaviour of a high-strength EN AW-7075 T6 aluminium alloy (e.g. AMAG TopForm® UHS) in the temperature range of the warm forming. For the isothermal simulation of a cross die shape part the material parameters such as flow curves, Lankford parameters and forming limit curves were obtained by experimental testing in the relevant temperature range. A comparison of the numerical simulation with the experimental results for the critical drawing depths for the heated cross die tool at three different temperatures shows good agreement. The results presented in this study demonstrate the potential of warm forming for the manufacturing of complex components made of peak-aged 7075 aluminium sheet alloy.

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Essa, Meshal, and Fahad Salem Alhajri. "A Survey of the Parameters of the Friction Stir Welding Process of Aluminum Alloys 6xxx Series." Engineering International 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ei.v9i1.548.

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Friction stir welding is a modern innovation in the welding processes technology, there are ‎several ways in which this technology has to be investigated in order to refine and make it ‎economically responsible. Aluminum alloys have strong mechanical properties when they are ‎welded by using the Friction Stir welding. Therefore, certain parameters of the welding ‎process need to be examined to achieve the required mechanical properties. In this project, a ‎literature survey has been performed about the friction stir welding process and its parameters ‎for 6xxx series aluminum alloys‎.

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Skejić, Davor, Tihomir Dokšanović, Ivan Čudina, and Federico M. Mazzolani. "The Basis for Reliability-Based Mechanical Properties of Structural Aluminium Alloys." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 4485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104485.

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Adequate knowledge of mechanical properties and their statistical description is the basis for performing reliable verification of design methods and design of structures in general. The probabilistic design approach implemented in Eurocodes requires statistical data on all variables used in the design procedure. Although aluminium was introduced in structural Eurocodes more than four decades ago (ENV), the statistical database of mechanical properties is still inadequate. To provide a reliable statistical background, data collection was performed concerning aluminium products mainly found in the European market, within the last 20 years regarding certificates from the aluminium industry and 30 years regarding data from the research community. The collected data include aluminium alloy series 1xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx, mainly extruded, and relevant mechanical properties such as 0.2% proof strength, ultimate strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. They were fit to distributions, and relevant fractiles were determined, along with an analysis of nominal to characteristic and design value ratios. Variation of ratios obtained shows that that the majority of nominal values are economical and reliable. However, certain adjustments to nominal values are required to achieve a uniform reliability level in terms of the choice of alloy and temper.

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Furu, Trond, Rune Østhus, Jostein Søreide, and Ole Runar Myhr. "A Novel Methodology for Optimization of Properties, Costs and Sustainability of Aluminium Extrusions." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.625.

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The present paper describes an innovative methodology that has been developed for optimization of product properties, production costs, and environmental impact in fabrication of aluminium alloys. The main idea is to represent each operation along the process chain by predictive models, which include material, mechanical, cost, and sustainability models. A multi-objective optimization platform is used to combine the models into a common software environment, which allows fully automatic simulations. The optimization tool runs the models in iterations until user-defined acceptance levels on properties, costs, and sustainability indices are obtained. In this paper, the methodology has been applied for fabrication of 6xxx-series aluminium extrusions. As a demonstration of practical relevance, the software tool was used to optimize mechanical properties and electrical conductivity by manipulation of alloy chemistry, processing parameters, and microstructure characteristics like grain structure, precipitates, dispersoids, and solid solution concentrations. At the same time material and production costs, as well as CO2 emissions along the value chain were attempted to be kept at minimum levels.

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Granum, Henrik, Ole Runar Myhr, Tore Børvik, and Odd Sture Hopperstad. "Effect of pre-stretching on the mechanical behaviour of three artificially aged 6xxx series aluminium alloys." Materials Today Communications 27 (June 2021): 102408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102408.

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Schäfer, Carmen, Henk Jan Brinkman, Olaf Engler, Gernot Nitzsche, and Stefan Keller. "Methodology for Quantification of the Roping Phenomena in 6xxx Automotive Car Body Sheet Alloys." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.45.

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An important aspect when Al sheets are to be used for visible outer car body panels is surface appearance. Some age-hardenable Al-Mg-Si alloys of the AA 6xxx series can suffer from a phenomenon called roping. Roping appears on a macroscopic scale and manifests itself as the development of ridges and valleys 90° to the original rolling direction with a wavelength ranging from 1 to 10 mm when the sheet is formed to typical parts like doors or hoods. In the past years Al industry has developed means to minimise roping by careful control of alloy composition and through appropriate thermo-mechanical processing schedule. The increasing use of aluminium for outer skin applications gives proof that these efforts were successful. However, the extent of roping, and further the judgment of the quality of the surface appearance has up to now been done on a qualitative basis with comparisons against reference samples, as there are no established experimental techniques and no established analysis procedures for the quantification of this phenomenon. The goal of such a methodologyis to be able to quantify the extent of roping in 6xxx automotive carbody sheet alloys andto correlate it to a visual appearance rankingof roping. In the present study, a novel combination of a characterisation technique with an evaluation method is used to characterize and evaluate the roping behavior in aluminum alloys. This approach combines these already individually existing methods to a powerful tool: the measurement of a 3D surface topography with a subsequent analysis by means of Fourier analysis. The analysis of various car body sheet grades by means of this technique for uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions is presented in this paper.

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Vanko, Branislav, Ladislav Stanček, Michal Čeretka, Eduard Sedláček, and Roman Moravčík. "Properties of EN AW-2024 Wrought Aluminum Alloy after Casting with Crystallization under Pressure." Scientific Proceedings Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stu-2015-0009.

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Abstract Establishing of wrought aluminum alloys casting to manufacture is now a global trend, for example due to lower production costs compare to forging or due to the ability to produce parts with thinner sections and more complex shapes. The aim of using these alloys in the foundry industry is in particular the creation of castings with higher mechanical properties than achieve castings made of standard casting aluminum alloys. Most often are cast wrought aluminum alloys of the 2xxx, 6xxx and 7xxx series. In the experiment, an alloy EN AW-2024 has been cast by modified technology of casting with crystallization under pressure. They were measured basic mechanical properties of the castings in the as-cast state and after heat treatment.

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Alexopoulos, Nikolaos D., Vangelis Migklis, Stavros K. Kourkoulis, and Zaira Marioli-Riga. "Fatigue Behavior of Aerospace Al-Cu, Al-Li and Al-Mg-Si Sheet Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1099 (April 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1099.1.

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In the present work, an experimental study was performed to characterize and analyze the tensile and constant amplitude fatigue mechanical behavior of several aluminum alloys, namely 2024 (Al-Cu), 2198 (Al-Li) and 6156 (Al-Mg-Si). Al-Li alloy was found to be superior of 2024 in the high cycle fatigue and fatigue endurance limit regimes, especially when considering specific mechanical properties. Alloy 6156 was found to have superior constant amplitude fatigue performance that the respective 6xxx series alloys; more than 15% higher endurance limit was noticed against 6061 and almost 30% higher than 6082. Alloy 6156 presented only a marginal increase in fatigue life for the HCF regime.

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AU, KA KI (KATIE), MICHAEL HODGSON, TIMOTIUS PASANG, and YU LUNG CHIU. "STUDIES ON AGE HARDENING FOR IMPROVEMENT OF 6261 AND 6060 EXTRUDED ALUMINIUM ALLOYS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210064757.

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The magnesium silicide precipitates in the 6XXX series alloy are the main components contributing to the heat treatable properties and T6 strength of the alloy, which is influenced by the size, morphology and distribution of this phase. During the extrusion process, the strength contributing phase, magnesium silicide is supposed to dissolve and form again in a controlled state during age hardening. Whereas the intermetallic AlFeSi phase has little if any influence on the strength, the β phase of this intermetallic is known to cause brittle fracture of this alloy, as opposed to the less detrimental, more equiaxed α phase formed during homogenisation. This study investigates the as-extruded 6060 and the more heavily alloyed 6261 aluminium alloys, as well as the subsequent heat treated forms to investigate the ageing conditions to optimise hardening and shorten age hardening times for higher cost effectiveness. The microstructure, texture and precipitate size and distributions were studied using optical microscopy, SEM, EBSD and DSC. SEM and EDAX results have indicated signs of evenly distributed α AlFeSi and β Magnesium Silicide precipitates. The phase responsible for hardening is believed to be the much smaller scaled β" magnesium silicide, requiring much higher resolution studies.

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Engler, Olaf, and Ole Runar Myhr. "Effect of Natural Ageing on Strength and Anisotropy in Aluminium Alloy AA 6005C." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 688–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.688.

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During processing of age-hardenable AA 6xxx series alloys for automotive applications the sheets may experience significant time spans between solution heat treatment at the aluminium supplier and age hardening upon the final paint bake cycle at the carmaker. Natural ageing during these pause times is known to greatly affect materials properties of autobody sheet. In the present study we explore the impact of natural ageing on the tensile properties and the in-plane anisotropy of alloy AA 6005C. Materials properties at various degrees of natural ageing are modelled with the help of a nanoscale material model NaMo, which consists of a precipitation model simulating the formation of clusters and phases upon natural ageing as input to a mechanical model simulating the evolution of yield strength and work hardening. Plastic anisotropy is modelled from the materials crystallographic texture by a visco-plastic self-consistent polycrystal-plasticity code VPSC.

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Lech-Grega, Marzena, and Sonia Boczkal. "Iron Phases in Model Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloys." Materials Science Forum 674 (February 2011): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.674.135.

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Iron phases present in alloys from the 6xxx series affect the workability behaviour of these alloys. Iron in these alloys occurs in the form of intermetallic phases and AlFe, α-AlFeSi, β- AlFeSi eutectics. The homogenisation treatment is carried out to induce the transformation of  phase into phase The aim of the studies was EDX and EBSD analysis by scanning microscopy of iron phases present in model alloys based on 6061 system, characterised by the silicon-iron ratio Si/Fe=0,5 and 1, examined in as-cast condition and after homogenisation, followed by a comparison of the detected phases with phases present in industrial ingots. In 6061 alloy, copper in the amount of 0,4wt.% occurred in the solid solution of aluminium. The EDX analysis proved that copper atoms were embedded also in iron precipitates, and scarce phases of an AlxCuy type were being formed. Different content of magnesium in the examined alloys (0,8 and 1,2wt.%) affected not only the quantitative content of Mg2Si phases, but also the presence of AlFe phases in alloy with small content of Si (0,4wt.%) and high content of Mg (1,2wt.%).

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Bajor, Teresa, Anna Kawałek, Szymon Berski, Henryk Jurczak, and Jacek Borowski. "Analysis of the Extrusion Process of Aluminium Alloy Profiles." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 8311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238311.

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The paper presents an analysis of the results of numerical tests of the extrusion process of structural panels made of the 5xxx and 6xxx series aluminium alloys in a designed split die. The obtained products are intended for innovative superstructures of special car bodies. The main purpose of the research was the designed split die and numerical simulations and analysis of test results to determine the parameters of the extrusion process. The distribution of stress intensity, strain, strain rate, and temperature in the extruded metal was analysed for two different speeds of the punch movement. On the basis of the analysis of the distribution of stress values occurring in the extrusion process, the conditions enabling the real process of extrusion of the panel profile in industrial conditions in the designed split die were determined. It was shown that panel sections can be produced from ingots with a length of 770 mm on a press with a pressure of 35 MN (12”).

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Ferenc, Justyna. "The experimental research on the random variability in the local strength of the selected aluminum alloys." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2013): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2010.

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This paper presents the results of the experimental research on mechanical properties of selected aluminum alloys, representative of the heat treated alloys (6xxx series) and the strengthened one from cold working only alloys (5xxx series). Results of laboratory tests, which describe the local changes of the strength characteristics of Re, Rm and Young’s modulus E, indicate that variability in the local characteristics of the bars are oscillations around the average values along the axis of the bars. A mathematical model for describing this type of variation is random noise, or random fluctuations around a central value.

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Samuel R., Wagstaff. "The Impact of Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of 6XXX Series Aluminum Alloys." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering & Technologies 11, no. 4 (June 2018): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1999-494x-0063.

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Sunde, Jonas K., Duncan N. Johnstone, Calin D. Marioara, Antonius T. J. van Helvoort, Paul A. Midgley, and Randi Holmestad. "Scanning Precession Electron Diffraction Study of Hybrid Precipitates in a 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617001258.

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Alexopoulos, Nikolaos D., Evangelos Migklis, and Dimitrios Myriounis. "Experimental analysis of constant-amplitude fatigue properties in 6156 (Al-Mg-Si) sheet aluminum alloy." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 53, no. 8 (May 21, 2018): 676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324718775565.

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Fatigue mechanical behavior of wrought aluminum alloy (Al-Mg-Si) 6156 at T4 temper is experimentally investigated. Constant-amplitude fatigue tests, at fixed stress ratio R = 0.1, were carried out, and the respective stress–life diagram was constructed and compared against the competitive 6xxx aluminum alloys, for example, 6082 and 6061. Fatigue endurance limit of AA6156 was found to be approximately 155 ± 5 MPa, that is, almost 30% below yield stress Rp of the material. AA6156 presents almost 50% higher fatigue life in the high-cycle fatigue area and approximately 20% higher fatigue endurance limit, when compared with other 6xxx series aluminum alloys. Significant work hardening was induced due to fatigue and was experimentally validated by the measurements of residual stiffness of fatigue loops as well as of absorbed energy per fatigue loop. Work-hardening exponent was essentially decreased by almost 25% from the first fatigue cycles and up to 10% of fatigue life. Fracture surfaces of specimens loaded at applied stresses close to fatigue endurance limit exhibited signs of coarse voids due to the formed precipitates at the matrix. The fracture mechanism was a mixture of transgranunal and intergranular fracture for the fatigue specimens tested at higher applied fatigue loadings.

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Chauke, Levy, Heinrich Möller, Ulyate Andries Curle, and Gonasagren Govender. "Anodising of Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) Alloys Produced by R-HPDC." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.658.

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Anodising of aluminium alloys can be used to improve corrosion resistance during application or it can be simply for decorative purposes. In this research, anodising of 6111 (Cu containing) and 6082 (without Cu) alloys produced by Rheo-High Pressure Die Casting (R-HPDC) was studied. R-HPDC components suffer from surface liquid segregation (SLS), the surface layer of the casting is enriched in alloying elements and it is expected to have different properties than the bulk material. An advantage of R-HPDC is that traditional wrought alloys such as the 6xxx series can be cast into near-net shape. Therefore, in order to commercialise R-HPDC of certain wrought alloy components, the anodisibility of the SLS is of importance. The two alloys, in the T6 condition, were anodised in a 250 g/l sulphuric acid solution. The anodisability of the alloys with and without SLS was studied by using a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The thickness of the sample with SLS and without the SLS was measured. The intermetallic phases in the alloys and their influence on anodising were analysed using SEM/EDS.

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