Academic literature on the topic '+685.9'

Single crystals of Cu(pz)Br2 and Cu(pz)Cl2 were grown by using gel methods with tetramethoxysilane as the gel-forming reagent. Thermal decomposition is interpreted. Crystal data for the bromo complex: monoclinic, space group C2/m with a = 1239.2(3) pm, b = 685.9(2) pm, c = 390.7(3) pm, β = 96,23(5)°. Crystal data for the chloro-complex: monoclinic, space group C2/m with a = 1197.1(3) pm, b = 684.9(3) pm, c = 370.1(3) pm, β = 95.96(5)°. Crystal structure analyses reveal that CuHal2 molecules are bonded by pyrazine to form linear chains. These chains are cross-linked by bridging halogen atoms.

Although GaN is one of the important electronic materials of this decade, thermodynamic data for this compound are not known with sufficient reliability. The limited information available is not internally consistent. Measured in this study are high-temperature heat capacities using a differential scanning calorimeter and Gibbs energies of formation employing a solid-state electrochemical technique. The solid-state cell was based on single-crystal CaF2 as the electrolyte and Ca3N2 as the auxiliary electrode to convert the nitrogen chemical potential established by the equilibrium between Ga and GaN into an equivalent fluorine potential. The heat capacity of GaN at ambient pressure can be represented by the equation: CoP / J mol−1 K−1 = 74.424 − 0.00106T + (46720/T2) − (685.9/T0.5), in the temperature range from 350 to 1075 K. The standard Gibbs energy of formation of GaN in the range from 875 to 1125 K can be expressed as: ΔfGo/ J mol−1 (±465) = −128,749 + 115.029 T. This corresponds to a decomposition temperature of 1119 ± 4 K for GaN in pure nitrogen at standard pressure. On the basis of these new measurements and a critical assessment of information that is available in the literature, a refined set of data for GaN in the temperature range from 298.15 to 1400 K is presented.

Factors controlling the spatial distribution and temporal trend of groundwater quality at a national scale are important to investigate for sustaining livelihood and ecological balance. This study evaluated groundwater quality data for 12 parameters (n = 6405 for each parameter), collected from 97 groundwater monitoring stations (=289 monitoring wells) for ten years. Spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters varied through the regional scale. Six parameters: T, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, and Cl− were having dominant increasing trend, remaining pH, Eh, Na+, K+, SO42−, and NO3− showed a dominant decreasing trend over time. Among land use types, the upland fields had the highest mean of groundwater NO3− (22.2 mg/L), confirming plenty of application of fertilizers (5–10 kg/a more than standard) to upland fields. Means of groundwater Cl− and Na+ (705.3 and 298.4 mg/L, respectively) in the residential areas are greater than those in other land use types by 408–685.9, 154.3–274.2 mg/L, respectively. Agricultural activities were the main controlling factor of groundwater NO3− contamination in rural areas, domestic activities were responsible for groundwater Cl− and Na+ in urban areas, and seawater intrusion was controlling groundwater Cl− in coastal areas (within 10 km from sea). Groundwater hydrochemistry was controlled by the mechanism of geogenic rock and evaporation dominance. The rock dominance mechanism indicated that groundwater was interacting with rocks and resulted in groundwater chemistry. The findings of this study showed that groundwater was mainly contaminated by anthropogenic factors in some rural and residential areas. Effective measures by government authorities are needed to improve the groundwater quality.

AbstractMaletoyvayamite, Au3Se4Te6, is a new mineral discovered in a heavy-mineral concentrate from the Gaching occurrence of the Maletoyvayam deposit, Kamchatka, Russia (60°19′51.87″N, 164°46′25.65″E). It forms anhedral grains (10 to 50 μm in size) and is found in intergrowths with native gold (Au–Ag), Au tellurides (calaverite), unnamed phases (AuSe, Au2TeSe and Au oxide), native tellurium, sulfosalts (tennantite, tetrahedrite, goldfieldite and watanabeite) and supergene tripuhyite. Maletoyvayamite has a good cleavage on {010} and {001}. In plane-polarised light, maletoyvayamite is grey, has strong bireflectance (grey to bluish grey), and strong anisotropy; it exhibits no internal reflections. Reflectance values for maletoyvayamite in air (Rmin,Rmax in %) are: 38.9, 39.1 at 470 nm; 39.3, 39.5 at 546 nm; 39.3, 39.6 at 589 nm; and 39.4, 39.7 at 650 nm. Sixteen electron-microprobe analyses of maletoyvayamite gave an average composition: Au 34.46, Se 16.76, Te 47.23 and S 0.84, total 99.29 wt.%, corresponding to the formula Au2.90(Se3.52S0.44)Σ3.96Te6.14 based on 13 atoms; the average of eleven analyses on synthetic analogue is: Au 34.20, Se 19.68 and Te 45.42, total 99.30 wt.%, corresponding to Au2.90Se4.16Te5.94. The calculated density is 7.98 g/cm3. The mineral is triclinic, space group P1, with a = 8.901(2), b = 9.0451(14), c = 9.265(4) Å, α = 97.66(3), β = 106.70(2), γ = 101.399(14)°, V = 685.9(4) Å3 and Z = 2. The crystal structure of maletoyvayamite represents a unique structure type resembling a molecular structure. There are cube-like [Au6Se8Te12] clusters linked via van der Waals interactions. The structural identity of maletoyvayamite with the synthetic Au3Se4Te6 was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.

Objective To investigate the mechanism underlying systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-related bone loss by evaluating the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTMs) in premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE without any treatment. Methods BMD and BTMs of 106 premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE and 64 gender-, age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls were analyzed. BMD was determined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum BTMs were measured. Results Hip and lumbar spine BMD in premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE was significantly decreased compared with healthy controls. Higher rate of osteoporosis was observed in new-onset SLE patients (25% vs. 1%). Moreover, uncoupled bone remodeling evidenced by an increase in bone resorption marker β-CTX (685.9 ± 709.6 pg/mL vs. 395.4 ± 326.0 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and decrease in bone formation markers PINP (37.4 ± 33.0 ng/mL vs. 46.1 ± 20.9 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and OC (11.4 ± 9.8 ng/mL vs. 18.2 ± 8.6 ng/mL, P < 0.05) was observed in premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE compared with healthy controls. Univariate correlation analyses showed negative correlations between OC and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), and positive correlations between β-CTX and SLEDAI. SLE patients positive for dsDNA, nucleosome showed lower OC and higher β-CTX. Conclusion Premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE had decreased BMD and abnormal bone metabolism with increased β-CTX and decreased OC and P1NP levels, indicating uncoupled bone remodeling in new-onset SLE patients. Disease activity and abnormal immunity, especially the amount of antibodies in SLE patients, were strongly associated with abnormality of bone metabolism.

5.1 Module Structure 685.2 Export Lists 695.3 Import Declarations 715.4 Importing and Exporting Instance Declarations 745.5 Name Clashes and Closure 745.6 Standard Prelude 775.7 Separate Compilation 785.8 Abstract Datatypes 78

The title crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined anisotropically to R = 0.082 for 1 612 unique observed reflections. The compound crystallizes in P 212121 space group with the lattice parameters a = 8.317(1), b = 8.412(1), c = 24.091(3) Å, V = 1 685.3(3) Å3, Z = 4.

VAN OPSTALL, EMILIE M. (ed.) (2018). Sacred Thresholds. The Door to the Sanctuary in Late Antiquity. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World, 185. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 376 pp., 252,00€ [ISBN 978- 9-0043-6859-0] [Reseña]

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13.06 – інформаційні технології (12 – Інформаційні технології). – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут» Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2019 р. Об’єкт дослідження – процеси управління складними динамічними системами. Предмет дослідження – методи, моделі та інформаційна технологія оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами. Докторська дисертація є завершеною науково-дослідною роботою, що містить розв’язання важливої науково-прикладної проблеми розробки методів, моделей та інформаційної технології оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами, які характеризуються високим порядком моделей і великою кількістю параметрів та нелінійностей, на основі об’єднання програмних блоків моделей систем і методів оптимізації, критеріїв систем, подання інформації про динамічні процеси і процеси оптимізації, модулів методів інтегрування та структур даних на прикладі оптимізації систем управління енергоблоку АЕС з реактором ВВЕР-1000. У вступі обґрунтовано актуальність теми дисертаційної роботи, сформульовано мету та задачі дослідження, викладено наукову новизну і практичну цінність отриманих результатів, особистий внесок здобувача в розробку теми дисертаційної роботи. Наведено дані щодо впровадження результатів дисертаційних досліджень, їх апробацію та публікації. Перший розділ містить аналіз проблем інформаційних технологій управління складними динамічними системами, обґрунтування напрямку досліджень. Проведено аналіз сучасних інформаційних технологій управління та оптимізації з метою їх використання для оптимізації процесів управління складними динамічними системами. Як приклад складної динамічної системи розглянуто енергоблок АЕС з ядерним реактором ВВЕР-1000. Проаналізовані методи моделювання процесів в складних динамічних системах та аналізу інформаційних управляючих систем, показники якості інформаційно-управляючих систем і можливості їх застосування до процесів управління складними динамічними системами, існуючі підходи та методи синтезу інформаційно-управляючих систем, розглянуті обчислювальні методи оптимізації та можливості їх використання для оптимізації показників якості інформаційно-управляючих систем. Другий розділ присвячений розробці елементів інформаційної технології оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами. Розроблено наукові та методологічні основи створення та застосування інформаційної технології для управління складними динамічними системами, яка включає шість основних функціональних елементів – блок моделей систем, модуль методів інтегрування, блок обчислення критеріїв якості систем, блок методів оптимізації, блок представлення інформації та модуль структур даних з формуванням структур даних задач та процесів оптимізації та функціональну модель процесу оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами, що дозволяє записувати структури даних в файл з можливістю продовження процесу оптимізації складної динамічної системи та представлення його результатів в текстовій та графічній формах. У третьому розділі узагальнено принципи моделювання динамічних систем та розроблені конкретні моделі динамічних систем для інформаційної технології оптимізації управління на прикладі енергоблоку АЕС з реактором ВВЕР-1000 серії В-320. Запропоновані загальні моделі динамічних систем з відносними змінними стану, на основі яких побудовані нелінійні математичні моделі для об’єктів управління енергоблоку АЕС як складних динамічних систем. На підставі нейтронної кінетики реактора, поступового тепловиділення, теплових процесів в паливі, оболонках і теплоносії, зміні концентрацій ксенону і бору розроблені зосереджена та вертикально розподілена моделі ядерного реактора ВВЕР-1000 серії В-320. За рівняннями теплопередачі, матеріального і теплового балансу пароутворення, циркуляції, головного парового колектору, приводу клапана парової турбіни і виконавчого механізму регулюючого живильного клапана побудована модель парогенератора ПГВ-1000. За рівняннями тиску в постійних об’ємах парової турбіни, які включають витрату пари, рівняння частоти обертання ротора з використанням змінної потужності турбіни побудована модель парової турбіни К-1000-60/1500-2. Четвертий розділ присвячений узагальненню методів аналізу складних динамічних систем та аналізу процесів в реакторі ВВЕР-1000 серії В-320, парогенераторі ПГВ-1000, паровій турбіні К-1000-60/1500-2 на основі нелінійних математичних моделей цих об’єктів управління. Удосконалено методи аналізу математичних моделей динамічних систем з використанням матричних методів інтегрування систем диференціальних рівнянь – методу матричної експоненти та її інтегралу для інтегрування лінійних систем, системні методи першого, другого і третього ступенів для інтегрування нелінійних систем, що забезпечує підвищення точності та надійності побудови перехідних процесів в порівнянні з іншими методами. Виконано аналіз перехідних процесів в нелінійних зосередженої та вертикально розподіленої моделях реактора ВВЕР-1000 серії В-320, моделі парогенератора ПГВ-1000 та парової турбіни К-1000-60/1500-2. Для вертикально розподіленої моделі реактора обчислено аксіальний офсет. У п’ятому розділі розроблено моделі інформаційних управляючих систем для складних динамічних об’єктів на прикладі інформаційних управляючих систем енергоблоку з реактором ВВЕР-1000. Узагальнені моделі інформаційно-управляючих систем для ідентифікації параметрів інформаційних управляючих систем, а також для оптимізації параметрів регуляторів. Побудовані моделі інформаційних управляючих систем енергоблоку АЕС – нейтронної потужності ядерного реактора, рівня води в парогенераторі, частоти обертання ротора парової турбіни, усього енергоблоку для підтримки нейронної потужності реактора та підтримки тиску в головному паровому колекторі у вигляді систем диференціальних рівнянь, що включають вектори змінних стану, змінних та постійних параметрів, зовнішніх дій, що включені до блоку моделей систем інформаційної технології. Шостий розділ присвячений узагальненню моделей інформаційно-управляючих систем для ідентифікації її параметрів та використанню інформаційної технології для ідентифікації параметрів динамічних систем на прикладі інформаційно-управляючої системи парогенератора ПГВ-1000 та інформаційно-управляючих систем інших елементів другого контуру енергоблоку АЕС. Розроблені критерії та методи ідентифікації динамічних систем, сформована векторна цільова функція ідентифікації, розроблений метод її обчислення та для її оптимізації реалізовані методи безумовної оптимізації скалярних функцій з перезавантаженням операції порівняння. Побудовані загальні математичні моделі систем управління з ПІ регуляторами для ідентифікації параметрів об’єктів управління. Розв’язана задача ідентифікації параметрів моделі системи управління рівнем води в парогенераторі ПГВ-1000 за експериментальними даними. За результатами налагоджувальних випробувань систем управління дру- гого контуру енергоблоків АЕС з реакторами ВВЕР-1000 проведена ідентифікація параметрів для деаераторів, конденсаторів, головних парових колекторів, колекторів власних потреб, турбоживильних насосів, сепараторів пароперегрівачів, підігрівачів низького і високого тиску. Аналіз ступеня стійкості та меж області стійкості для цих систем управління обґрунтовує їх стійкість. Сьомий розділ присвячений узагальненню обчислення критеріїв якості інформаційно-управляючих систем – прямих показників якості і покращених інтегральних оцінок, формуванні на їх основі векторних цільових функцій та методів їх оптимізації, а також прикладам використання інформаційної технології оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами. Розроблені методи обчислення прямих показників якості динамічних систем та покращених інтегральних квадратичних оцінок, задачі оптимізації параметрів динамічних систем зведені до оптимізації векторних цільових функцій,що враховують вимоги реалізації системи, її стійкості, покращення показників якості. Для оптимізації векторних цільових функцій наведені методи оптимізації з одновимірним пошуком. З використанням інформаційної технології оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами на основі моделей інформаційних управляючих систем ядерного реактора ВВЕР-1000 серії В-320, парогенератора ПГВ-1000, парової турбіни К-1000-60/1500-2, систем другого контуру енергоблоку, всього енергоблоку АЕС з реактором ВВЕР-1000 в нормальних умовах експлуатації з частковим зниженням навантаження виконана оптимізація параметрів регуляторів за прямими показниками якості. Наведене техніко-економічне обґрунтування отриманих результатів використання інформаційної технології оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами підтверджує, що вона має суттєві технічні переваги, а її використання дозволяє зменшити витрати часових, апаратних, програмних та людських ресурсів при розробці та вдосконаленні складних динамічних систем за рахунок підвищення рівня автоматизації цих процесів.
Thesis for scientific degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences in specialty 05.13.06 “Information Technologies” (12 – Information Technologies). – National Technical University “Kharkіv Polytechnic Institute”, Ministry of education and science of Ukraine, Kharkіv, 2019. The object of research is the processes of control of complex dynamic systems. The subject of research is the methods, models and information technology of optimization of control of complex dynamic systems. The doctoral dissertation is a completed research work which contains the solution of an important scientific and applied problem of development of methods, models and information technology of optimization of control of complex dynamic systems characterized by high order of models and a large number of parameters and nonlinearities on the basis of combining program blocks of systems models and optimization methods, system criteria, information on dynamic and optimization processes, modules of integration methods and data structures as an example of optimizing the control of NPPs with WWER-1000. The introduction validates the relevance of the subject of the dissertation, formulates the purpose and objectives of the research, outlines the scientific novelty and practical value of the results obtained, the personal contribution of the applicant to the development of the subject of the dissertation. The data of the implementation of the results of the dissertation research, their validation and publications are provided. The first section contains the analysis of the problems of information technology control of complex dynamic systems, substantiation of the direction of research. The research analyzes modern information technologies of control and optimization with the purpose of their use for optimization of processes of complex dynamic systems control. As an example of a complex dynamic system the NPP unit with the WWER-1000 nuclear reactor is considered. The thesis analyzes methods of process modeling in complex dynamic systems and information control systems, quality indicators of information and control systems and possibilities of their application to the processes of control of complex dynamic systems, existing approaches and methods of synthesis of information control systems, computational optimization methods and possibilities of their use for optimization of quality indicators of information and control systems. The second section is devoted to the development of information technology elements of optimization of control of complex dynamic systems. The scientific and methodological foundations of creation and application of information technology for control of complex dynamic systems are developed which includes six basic functional elements, namely a block of systems models, a module of methods of integration, a block of calculation of criteria of quality of systems, a block of methods of optimization, a block of presentation of information and a module of data structures with the formation of data structures of tasks and processes of optimization and a functional model of process of optimization of control of complex dynamic systems that allows filing data structures with the ability to continue the process of optimizing the complex dynamic system and presenting the results in text and graphical forms. The third section summarizes the principles of dynamic systems modeling and develops specific models of dynamic systems for information technology control optimization, using the example of a B-320 series WWER-1000 reactor. General models of dynamic systems with relative state changes are proposed, on the basis of which nonlinear mathematical models for the control units of NPP units as complex dynamic systems are constructed. Based on the neutron kinetics of the reactor, gradual heat dissipation, thermal processes in the fuel, shells and coolant, changes in xenon and boron concentrations, concentrated and vertically distributed models of the WWER-1000 nuclear reactor of the B-320 series have been developed. According to the equations of heat transfer, material and thermal balance of steam generation, circulation, the main steam collector, the drive of steam turbine valve and the actuator of regulating feed valve, the model of PGV-1000 steam generator has been built. The K-1000-60 / 1500-2 steam turbine model is built based on the pressure equations in constant volumes of a steam turbine which include steam flow, the rotor speed equation using the turbine variable power. The fourth section is devoted to the generalization of methods of analysis of complex dynamic systems and analysis of processes in WWER-1000 reactor of B-320series, PGV-1000steam generator, K-1000-60 / 1500-2 steam turbine on the basis of nonlinear mathematical models of these objects of control. Methods of analysis of mathematical models of dynamic systems are improved with the use of matrix methods of integration of systems of differential equations that is the method of the matrix exponent and its integral for integration of linear systems, system methods of the first, second and third degrees for integration of nonlinear systems, which ensures the improvement of accuracy processes compared to other methods. The analysis of transients in nonlinear concentrated and vertically distributed models of the WWER-1000 reactor of the B-320 series, the model of the PGV-1000 steam generator and the K-1000-60 / 1500-2 steam turbine has been made. For the vertically distributed reactor model, the axial offset is calculated. In the fifth section models of information control systems for complex dynamic objects are developed, for example, information control systems of a power unit with WWER-1000 reactor. Models of information control systems for identification of parameters of information control systems and for optimization of parameters of regulators have been generalized. The thesis develops models of information control systems of NPP unit, namely the models of Neutron power of nuclear reactor, the model of water level in steam generator, the model of rotation speed of steam turbine rotor, the model of a whole power unit to maintain neural power of the reactor and to maintain the pressure in the main steam collector in the form of differential equations, systems of differential equations, variable and permanent parameters, external actions included in the block of models of systems of information technology. The sixth section is devoted to the generalization of models of information control systems for identification of their parameters and use of information technology for identification of parameters of dynamic systems exemplified by information control system of the PGV-1000 steam generator and information control systems of other elements of the second circuit of the NPP unit. Criteria and methods for the identification of dynamic systems have been developed, a vector target identification function has been formed, a method for its calculation has been developed, and methods for unconditional optimization of scalar functions with the restart of the comparison operation have been implemented for its optimization. Mathematical models of control systems with PI regulators to identify the parameters of control objects have been generalized. The task of identifying the parameters of the model of the water level control system in the PGV-1000 steam generator according to the experimental data has been done. The thesis carries out the identification of parameters for deaerators, condensers, main steam collectors, auxiliary collectors, turbo-feed pumps, separators of superheaters, low and high heaters according to the results of adjustment tests of control systems of the second circuit of NPP units with WWER-1000 reactors. The analysis of the degree of stability and the boundaries of the area of stability for these control systems substantiates their stability The seventh section is devoted to the generalization of the quality criteria for information control systems, namely, direct quality indicators and improved integral estimates, the formation of vector target functions and methods of their optimization based on them, as well as examples of use of information technology to optimize the control of complex dynamic systems. Methods of calculation of direct quality indicators of dynamic systems and improved integral quadratic estimations are developed, problems of optimization of parameters of dynamic systems are reduced to optimization of vector target functions that take into account the requirements of implementation of the system, its stability, improvement of quality indicators. One-way search optimization methods are provided to optimize vector target functions. Using information technology to optimize the control of complex dynamic systems based on models of information control systems of the WWER-1000 nuclear reactor of the B-320 series, the PGV-1000 steam generator, the K-1000-60 / 1500-2 steam turbine, the systems of the second circuit of the power unit, the entire NPP unit with the WWER-1000 reactor under normal operating conditions with partial load reduction, the parameters of the regulators have been optimized according to the direct quality indicators. The above feasibility study of the obtained results of the use of information technology optimization control of complex dynamic systems confirms that it has significant technical advantages, and its use allows reducing the time, hardware, software and human resources in the development and improvement of complex dynamic systems by increasing the level of automation of these processes.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13.06 – інформаційні технології. – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут» Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2019 р. Дисертацію присвячено розробці й обґрунтуванню методів, моделей та інформаційної технології оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами та їх дослідження для на прикладі енергоблоку АЕС. Проведено аналіз сучасних інформаційних технологій управління склад- ними динамічними системами. Розроблено наукові та методологічні основи створення та застосування інформаційної технології для управління складними динамічними системами. Запропоновано загальні моделі динамічних систем з відносними змінними стану, на основі яких побудовано нелінійні математичні моделі для об’єктів управління енергоблоку АЕС як складних динамічних систем. Удосконалено методи аналізу математичних моделей складних динамічних систем та виконано аналіз процесів в нелінійних моделях основних елементів енергоблоку АЕС. Узагальнено моделі інформаційно-управляючих систем для ідентифікації параметрів систем, а також для оптимізації параметрів регуляторів. Розроблено критерії оцінювання якості математичних моделей складних динамічних систем та виконано ідентифікацію параметрів моделей за експериментальними процесами в елементах енергоблоку АЕС. Розроблено інформаційну технологію оптимізації управління складними динамічними системами та приведено приклади її використання для оптимізації інформаційних управляючих систем енергоблоку АЕС. Результати досліджень дозволяють підвищити якість проектування систем управління складними динамічними об’єктами, підвищити ступінь наукової обґрунтованості технічних проектів з удосконалення систем управління енергоблоків АЕС.
Thesis for scientific degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences in specialty 05.13.06 – Information Technologies. – National Technical University "Kharkіv Polytechnic Institute", Ministry of education and science of Ukraine, Kharkіv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to the development and justification of methods, models and information technology for optimizing control of complex dynamic systems and their study using the example of information and control systems of a nuclear power unit. The research analyzes modern information technologies of control and optimization with the purpose of their use for optimization of processes of complex dynamic systems control. As an example of a complex dynamic system the NPP unit with the WWER-1000 nuclear reactor is considered. The thesis analyzes methods of process modeling in complex dynamic systems and information control systems, quality indicators of information and control systems and possibilities of their application to the processes of control of complex dynamic systems, existing approaches and methods of synthesis of information control systems, computational optimization methods and possibilities of their use for optimization of quality indicators of information and control systems. The scientific and methodological foundations of creation and application of information technology for control of complex dynamic systems are developed which includes six basic functional elements, namely a block of systems models, a module of methods of integration, a block of calculation of criteria of quality of systems, a block of methods of optimization, a block of presentation of information and a module of data structures with the formation of data structures of tasks and processes of optimization and a functional model of process of optimization of control of complex dynamic systems that allows filing data structures with the ability to continue the process of optimizing the complex dynamic system and presenting the results in text and graphical forms. General models of dynamic systems with relative state changes are proposed, on the basis of which nonlinear mathematical models for the control units of NPP units as complex dynamic systems are constructed. Based on the neutron kinetics of the reactor, gradual heat dissipation, thermal processes in the fuel, shells and coolant, changes in xenon and boron concentrations, concentrated and vertically distributed models of the WWER-1000 nuclear reactor have been developed. According to the equations of heat transfer, material and thermal balance of steam generation, circulation, the main steam collector, the drive of steam turbine valve and the actuator of regulating feed valve, the model of PGV-1000 steam generator has been built. The K-1000-60/1500-2 steam turbine model is built based on the pressure equations in constant volumes of a steam turbine which include steam flow, the rotor speed equation using the turbine variable power. Methods of analysis of mathematical models of dynamic systems are improved with the use of matrix methods of integration of systems of differential equations that is the method of the matrix exponent and its integral for integration of linear systems, system methods of the first, second and third degrees for integration of nonlinear systems, which ensures the improvement of accuracy processes compared to other methods. The analysis of transients in nonlinear concentrated and vertically distributed models of the WWER-1000 reactor, the model of the PGV-1000 steam generator and the K-1000-60/1500-2 steam turbine has been made. For the vertically distributed reactor model, the axial offset is calculated. Models of information control systems for identification of parameters of information control systems and for optimization of parameters of regulators have been generalized. The thesis develops models of information control systems of NPP unit, namely the models of Neutron power of nuclear reactor, the model of water level in steam generator, the model of rotation speed of steam turbine rotor, the model of a whole power unit to maintain neural power of the reactor and to maintain the pressure in the main steam collector in the form of differential equations, systems of differential equations, variable and permanent parameters, external actions included in the block of models of systems of information technology. Criteria and methods for the identification of dynamic systems have been developed, a vector target identification function has been formed, a method for its calculation has been developed, and methods for unconditional optimization of scalar functions with the restart of the comparison operation have been implemented for its optimization. Mathematical models of control systems with PI regulators to identify the parameters of control objects have been generalized. The task of identifying the parameters of the model of the water level control system in the PGV-1000 steam generator according to the experimental data has been done. The thesis carries out the identification of parameters for deaerators, condensers, main steam collectors, auxiliary collectors, turbo-feed pumps, separators of superheaters, low and high heaters according to the results of adjustment tests of control systems of the second circuit of NPP units with WWER-1000 reactors. The analysis of the degree of stability and the boundaries of the area of stability for these control systems substantiates their stability. Methods of calculation of direct quality indicators of dynamic systems and improved integral quadratic estimations are developed, problems of optimization of parameters of dynamic systems are reduced to optimization of vector target functions that take into account the requirements of implementation of the system, its stability, improvement of quality indicators. One-way search optimization methods are provided to optimize vector target functions. Using information technology to optimize the control of complex dynamic systems based on models of information control systems of the WWER-1000 nuclear reactor, the PGV-1000 steam generator, the K-1000-60/1500-2 steam turbine, the systems of the second circuit of the power unit, the entire NPP unit with the WWER-1000 reactor under normal operating conditions with partial load reduction, the parameters of the regulators have been optimized according to the direct quality indicators.

In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis to treat patients with parenteral nutrition (PN) at home in an attempt to reduce costs and improve clinical outcomes. This increased interest in home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has stimulated researchers to investigate potential sources of instability. One of the more unstable groups in PN is micronutrients, which can be divided into two groups: vitamins and trace elements. This thesis investigates the effects of artificial light sources (cool white, warm white and UVA) on the physicoP chemical stability of vitamins. Vitamins were chemically analysed using a novel stability indicating HPLC assay that could quantify five waterPsoluble and three fatPsoluble vitamins simultaneously in one run. Samples were physically analysed by visual analysis, microscope analysis, laser diffraction, pH and osmolality. Initial experiments investigated the physicoPchemical stability of vitamins exposed to artificial light sources over a period of 24 hours. In cool and warm white light there was approximately a 20% loss of riboflavin and 10% loss of retinol. In UVA light there was approximately a 20% loss of retinol. All other analysed vitamins were stable over the time period to these artificial light sources. Further experiments investigated these conditions following 6 days of storage between 2P8 C. These experiments revealed similar results in the three types of artificial light source. v The protective effects of lipid emulsions on retinol were then investigated in containers and administration sets. Samples containing lipid emulsions in syringes and administration sets had a statistically significant increase in retinol stability. Nevertheless, degradation in excess of 10% still occurred in these groups. The protective mechanism of lipid emulsions was primarily though to be a result of light obscuration. However, soybean oil (SBO), a clear liquid, provided unexpected obscuration of UVA light suggesting it may reflect or absorb damaging rays thereby improving retinol stability.

La sempre maggiore importanza data al luogo, soprattutto dalla normativa attraverso il codice dei Beni Culturali e del Paesaggio, obbliga i progettisti a prestare maggiore attenzione al contesto in cui operano. I luoghi non possono più essere concepiti come spazi neutri capaci di accogliere qualsiasi forma di progetto, ma devono essere studiati e compresi nella loro essenza più profonda. In aiuto viene il concetto di Genius loci che fin dall'epoca romana soprassedeva i luoghi obbligando l'uomo a scendere a patti con esso prima di qualsiasi pratica progettuale. Nel tempo questo concetto si è trasformato ed ha mutato di senso, andando a coincidere con l'identità propria di un determinato luogo. Per luogo si intende una somma complessa di più elementi non scindibili e in rapporto tra loro nel costruirne l'identità specifica. Capire e rispettare l'identità di un luogo significa capire e rispettare il Genius loci. Filo conduttore di questa disamina è il saggio di Christian Norberg-Schulz “Genius loci. Paesaggio ambiente architettura”, in cui i temi del luogo e dell‟identità vengono trattati principalmente in chiave architettonica. Partendo da questo ho cercato di mettere in evidenza questi concetti in tre progetti sviluppati a scale diverse, evidenziandone l‟applicazione e le problematiche in tre ambiti differenti. I progetti presi in esame sono: in ambito rurale, l‟ecovillaggio sviluppato a San Biagio; in ambito urbano, la riqualificazione di un‟area industriale a Forlimpopoli; in ambito metropolitano, il progetto di abitazioni collettive a Bogotá.

The compound helicopter is a high speed design concept that is once again being explored due to the emerging requirements for rotorcraft to obtain speeds that significantly surpass the conventional helicopter. The speed of the conventional helicopter is limited by retreating blade stall, however the introduction of compounding delays the onset of this aerodynamic limitation until greater flight speeds. There are two common types of compounding known as lift and thrust compounding. Lift compounding, provided by the addition of a wing offloads the main rotor of its lifting responsibilities in high speed flight. Thrust compounding, provided by the addition of a propulsive source such as a propeller, provides additional axial force divorcing the main rotor of its propulsive duties at high speeds. The addition of compounding to the helicopter design can therefore increase the maximum speed of the aircraft. This increase in speed, provided that efficient hover capability is maintained, would make the compound helicopter suitable for various roles and missions in both military and civil markets. The compound helicopter is not a novel idea with many compound helicopter configurations flight tested in the 1960's. Due to these test programmes, as well as other studies, there is some material relating to the compound helicopter in the literature. However, the majority of the compound helicopter work describes flight tests of experimental aircraft or focuses on the design of the aircraft configuration. There are no systematic studies of the flight dynamics of compound helicopters which have been published. This Thesis targets this gap in the literature. Consequently, the aim of this Thesis is to investigate the effects of compounding on the conventional helicopter and how this addition to the helicopter design influences the flight mechanics of this aircraft class. With the renewed interest in the compound helicopter design this work is both original and timely. To investigate the flight dynamics of this aircraft class, two mathematical models of compound helicopter configurations are developed and compared with a conventional helicopter. The first compound helicopter configuration features a coaxial rotor with a pusher propeller providing additional axial thrust, and is referred to as the coaxial compound helicopter. The second configuration, known as the hybrid compound helicopter, features two wings each with a tip mounted propeller providing thrust compounding. The conventional helicopter features a standard helicopter design with a main rotor providing the propulsive and lifting forces, whereas a tail rotor, mounted at the rear of the aircraft, provides the yaw control. Other authors have focused on design considerations and have quantified all of the benefits of compounding but to date, a comprehensive study of the effect of compounding on the flight dynamics of a helicopter has not been published. The strategy of the work is to take the three aircraft configurations, the two compound helicopter configurations and the conventional helicopter, and determine their flight mechanics characteristics. Subsequently, the compound helicopter results can be compared with the baseline configuration, thereby isolating the effects of compounding. The flight mechanics characteristics that are determined in this Thesis include: trim, performance, stability and manoeuvrability attributes of the three helicopter configurations. These attributes are assessed by calculating the control angles which result in a steady flight condition and by the use of numerical linearisation and inverse simulation algorithms. All of these flight mechanics characteristics were assessed with the results, in some aspects, reinforcing the potential of the compound helicopter as well as highlighting some possible difficulties that will have to be addressed in the design of a compound helicopter.

For mm-waves, two types of low-loss waveguide are analysed, designed and measured. One is the hollow substrate integrated waveguide (HSIW) in which the inner dielectric of a traditional substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is removed to resemble the propagation characteristics of a standard rectangular waveguide (RWG). The measured attenuation of a WR28-like HSIW is 2 Np/m or 17 dB/m throughout the Ka band. The second is the dielectric insular image guide (DIIG) in which an insular layer is added between the dielectric and the metallic ground to further reduce the conductor loss. The measured attenuation of a Ka band DIIG is 26 dB/m at 35 GHz. Based on the two waveguides, two high-gain antenna arrays operating in the Ka band are designed and measured. One is a 6 x 6 slot antenna array, centrefed by the HSIW. The Taylor-distribution technique is applied in two orthogonal directions to suppress the sidelobe level. The measured gain of this antenna array is 17.1 dBi at the centre frequency of 35.5 GHz. The other is a double-sided 10- element dielectric insular resonator antenna (DIRA) array, end-fed by the DIIG. The Taylor-distribution technique is also applied here to achieve a gain of 15.8 dBi at the centre frequency of 36 GHz. The great potential of these high-performance antennas is that they can be integrated with other microwave components (filters, power amplifiers, etc.) to form a complete front-end or transceiver in multi-chip module (MCM) technology.

The temporospatial controlled delivery of growth factors is crucial to trigger the desired healing mechanisms in target tissues. The uncontrolled release of growth factors has been demonstrated to cause severe side effects in its surrounding tissues. Thus, the first working hypothesis was to tune and optimize a newly developed multiscale delivery platform based on a nanostructured silicon particle core (pSi) and a poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) outer shell. In a murine subcutaneous model, the platform was demonstrated to be fully tunable for the temporal and spatial control release of the payload. Secondly, a multiscale approach was followed in a multicompartment collagen scaffold, to selectively integrate different sets of PLGA-pSi loaded with different reporter proteins. The spatial confinement of the microspheres allowed the release of the reporter proteins in each of the layers of the scaffold. Finally, the staged and zero-order release kinetics enabled the temporal biochemical patterning of the scaffold. The last step of this PhD project was to test if by fully embedding PLGA microspheres in a highly structured and fibrous collagen-based scaffold (camouflaging), it was possible to prevent their early detection and clearance by macrophages. It was further studied whether such a camouflaging strategy was efficient in reducing the production of key inflammatory molecules, while preserving the release kinetics of the payload of the PLGA microspheres. Results demonstrated that the camouflaging allowed for a 10-fold decrease in the number of PLGA microspheres internalized by macrophages, suggesting that the 3D scaffold operated by cloaking the PLGA microspheres. When the production of key inflammatory cytokines induced by the scaffold was assessed, macrophages' response to the PLGA microspheres-integrated scaffolds resulted in a response similar to that observed in the control (not functionalized scaffold) and the release kinetic of a reporter protein was preserved.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-109).
This dissertation is about whether and how non-representational attitudes could play a role in our theories of rationality. In Chapter 1 ('Negation, expressivism, and intentionality') I argue that the best explanation for why two mental states are inconsistent need not presuppose that such states are representational-that they have, in the jargon, truth-conditions. I use this to provide a solution to the 'negation problem' for metaethical expressivism. In Chapter 2 ('Structuring logical space') I sketch an account of mathematical practice along non-representational lines. I show how it can do justice to the applicability of mathematics, and propose ways in which one's epistemic goals can impose substantial constraints on which mathematical theories to accept. Chapter 3 ('Good questions') provides a general account of the way in which rationality constrains changes in our hypothesis space. In particular, I show how some such changes can be better than others by placing the discussion within a general framework of rational dynamics, on which rational epistemic change involves maximizing expected epistemic utility.
by Alejandro Perez Carballo.
Ph.D.

The problem of accurately predicting the flow and heat transfer in the ribbed internal cooling duct of a rotating gas turbine blade is addressed with the use of large eddy simulations (LES). Four calculations of the developing flow region of a rotating duct with ribs on opposite walls are used to study changes in the buoyancy parameter at a constant rotation rate. The Reynolds number is 20,000, the rotation number is 0.3, and the buoyancy parameter is varied between 0.00, 0.25, 0.45, and 0.65. Previous experimental studies have noted that leading wall heat transfer augmentation decreases as the buoyancy parameter increases with low buoyancy, but heat transfer then increases with high buoyancy. However, no consistent physical explanation has been given in the literature. The LES results from this study show that the initial decrease in augmentation with buoyancy is a result of larger separated regions at the leading wall. However, as the separated region spans the full pitch between ribs with an increase in buoyancy parameter, it leads to increased turbulence and increased entrainment of mainstream fluid which is redirected toward the leading wall by the presence of a rib. The impinging mainstream fluid results in heat transfer augmentation in the region immediately upstream of a rib. The results obtained from this study are in very good agreement with previous experimental results.

The need to make a priori decisions about the level of approximation that can be accepted — and subsequently justified — in flows of industrial complexity is a perennial problem for CFD analysts. This problem is particularly acute in the simulation of rotating cavity flows, where the stiffness of the equation set results in protracted convergence times, making any simplification extremely attractive. For example, it is common practice, in applications where the geometry and boundary conditions are axisymmetric, to assume that the flow solution will also be axisymmetric. It is known, however, that inappropriate imposition of this assumption can lead to significant errors. Similarly, where the geometry or boundary conditions exhibit cyclic symmetry, it is quite common for analysts to constrain the solutions to satisfy this symmetry through boundary condition definition. Examples of inappropriate use of these approximating assumptions are frequently encountered in rotating machinery applications — such as the ventilation of rotating cavities within aero-engines. Objective criteria are required to provide guidance regarding the level of approximation that is appropriate in such applications. In the present work, a study has been carried out into: • The extent to which local 3-D features influence solutions in a generally 2-D problem. Criteria are proposed to aid in decisions about when a 2-D axisymmetric model is likely to deliver an acceptable solution. • The influence of flow features which may have a cyclic symmetry that differs from the bounding geometry or imposed boundary conditions (or indeed have no cyclic symmetry). • The influence of unsteady flow features and the extent to which their effects can be represented by mixing plane or multiple reference frame approximations.

An experimental and numerical study was performed on an optimized compressor stator cascade designed to operate efficiently at high inlet Mach numbers (M1) ranging from 0.83 to 0.93 (higher supercritical flow conditions). Linear cascade tests confirmed that low losses and high turning were achieved at normal supercritical flow conditions (0.7 &lt; M1 &lt; 0.8), as well as higher supercritical flow conditions (0.83 &lt; M1 &lt; 0.93), both at design and off-design incidences. The performance of this optimized stator cascade is better than those reported in the literature based on Double Circular Arc (DCA) and Controlled Diffusion Airfoil (CDA) blades, where losses increase rapidly for M1 &gt; 0.83. A 2-D Navier-Stokes solver was applied to the cascade to characterize the performance and flow behavior. Good agreement was obtained between the CFD and the experiment. Experimental loss characteristics, blade surface Mach numbers, shadowgraphs, along with CFD flowfield simulations, were presented to elucidate the flow physics. It is found that low losses are due to the well-controlled boundary layer, which is attributed to an optimum flow structure associated with the blade profile. The multi-shock pattern and the advantageous pressure gradient distribution on the blade are the key reasons of keeping the boundary layer from separating, which in turn accounts for the low losses at the higher supercritical flow conditions.

The current paper presents a time-resolved experimental flow investigation in a highly loaded transonic gas turbine stage operating continuously under engine representative conditions. The measurement was performed with a two-component Laser-Doppler-Velocimeter (LDV) and a three-component stereoscopic Particle-Image-Velocimeter (3C-PIV). Unsteady velocity data were obtained in axis perpendicular planes (LDV) and tangential planes (3C-PIV) between stator and rotor as well as downstream of the rotor. The results of the time-resolved investigation at several radii show the vortex shedding process from the trailing edges of nozzle guide vanes and rotor blades. This vortex shedding was found to be phase locked to higher harmonics of the blade passing frequency. Pressure waves evoked by reflection of the trailing edge shocks of the vanes on the passing rotor blades interact with the boundary layers on the rear suction side of the vanes and on the rotor blade surfaces while running upstream and downstream the flow. They are responsible for this phase-locking phenomenon of the shedding vortices. At midspan, the vortices shedding from stator and rotor blades were also observed by PIV. The in-plane vorticity distribution was used to discuss the wake-wake interaction indicating that wake segments from the nozzle guide vanes were chopped by the rotor blades. These chopped segments are still visible in the distributions as a pair of counter rotating vortices. The nozzle wake segments are transported through the rotor passages by the flow, influencing the vortex street of the rotor blades as they pass by with the higher velocity of the main flow. A comparison with a numerical simulation is also given.

This paper describes a method for efficiently detecting and preventing lean blow out (LBO) in a premixed, swirl stabilized combustor. The acoustic signal is processed to determine the real time LBO probability. This requires detection of localized extinction ‘events’ and rapid calculation of event frequency. As LBO probability increases, a proportional derivative controller actuates valves to redirect a fraction of the total fuel into a central, premixed pilot. The actuation increases the equivalence ratio in the stabilization region at a constant power setting and counters the flame lift associated with LBO. It is shown that the developed controller can prevent LBO even during rapid transients in equivalence ratio, φ.

Tube spinning process is considered to be a very effective way for fabricating a long thick-walled part. In this research, the influences of major parameters of the thermomechanical tube spinning process such as preform thickness, percent of thickness reduction, rotational speed, feed rate, solution and aging treatment time on the external surface roughness and changes of the external diameter for fabricating of 2024 aluminum spun tubes using design of experiments is studied. The effect of the basic input parameters on the external surface roughness and changes of the external diameter was investigated synchronically by designing the experiments. After conducting the experiments, results are analyzed by variance analysis and by obtaining predicted mathematic models. Finally, by using these models and multivariate optimization, input parameters for optimum production are achieved.