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Journal articles on the topic "658.408 BOU"

1

Madhavi, Dr C. "A Study on the Effect of Temperature in Effluent Treatment Process." Cross Current International Journal of Medical and Biosciences 1, no. 6 (December 28, 2019): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijmb.2019.v01i06.004.

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An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the suitable temperature for efficient functioning of Effluent treatment plant. For this purpose different temperatures were maintained to reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biological Oxygen Demand during anaerobic process. Experiments were carried out by maintaining the pH 6.8- 7.2 at laboratory level for 5 days. Different temperature ranges i.e. 250C, 300C, 350 C and 400 C were maintained throughout the experiments. Among these four temperatures 400 C had given good results in reducing the COD and BOD levels.
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DeMarie, Ernie, Molly Weimer, and K. W. Mudge. "IN VITRO GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHOWY LADY SLIPPER ORCHID (CYPREPEDIUM REGINAE Walt.) SEEDS." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 727D—727. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.727d.

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Green pods of the C. reginae orchid were collected from a bog near Ithaca, NY. Pods were surface sterilized, and seeds were plated on agar media. The 8 germination treatments were arrange in a complete 3 way factorial consisting of 2 basal media (fish emulsion, FE vs. yeast extract, YE), 2 media pHs (4.8, 6.8), and 2 temperature regimes (constant 24 C vs. 6 wks. at 5 C prior to transfer to 24 C). Sequential stages of development included embryo enlargement and rupture of the testa (l), root elongation (2), leaf primordium development (3) and finally rhizoid development with or without protocorm greening (4). After 4 months post sowing, germination (stage 1 or beyond) was 56% and 0% on FE at pH 4.8 and 6.8 respectively, and 45% and 78% on YE at pH 4.8 and 6.8 respectively. Protocorm development from unchilled seeds after 4 months was greatest on YE at the lower pH, with 14% reaching stage 3 or 4, as contrasted to only 5% reaching stage 2 (none beyond), for the other germinated treatments. Chilled seeds had higher germination for all treatments but no development beyond stage 1 at 4 months post sowing.
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3

Rahmi, Azimatur. "Formulasi Dan Uji Fisik Sediaan Sabun Mandi Cair Dari Ekstrak Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica [L] Urb) Kombinasi Minyak Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)." SITAWA : Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Obat Tradisional 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.62018/sitawa.v2i2.43.

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Pegagan merupakan bahan alami yang sudah sering digunakan sebagai bahan dasar kosmetik, salah satunya dalam memformulasikan sabun mandi cair sebagai bahan dasar ekstrak daun pegagan, tanaman ini megandung senyawa fitokimia alkaloid, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, triterpenoid, glikosida asiatikosida. Senyawa tannin dan flavonoid yang berpotensi sebagai anti oksidan yang dapat menangkap radikal bebas sehingga sangat bermanfaat bagi kulit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memformulasikan serta percobaan pada bentuk asli pada bukan sabun batangan berbahan dasar inti sari daun pegagan dengan penambahan minyak lavender sebagai pemberi aromaterapi. Tahapan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dimana untuk setiap formula di variasikan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 5%, 7,5%, 10% kemudian dilanjutkan dengan ukuran rukunnya daam parameter uji bentuk sabun langsung mandi ngalir. Pengujian bentuknya terdiri dari empat formula dalam waktu 4 minggu yang lewat pengawasan uji organileptis, homogenitas, berat macam, uji pH, viskositas, naiknya busa, uji hedonik serta uji iritasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat Sabun cair memiliki bentuk, warna, bau yang stabil, tidak berubah dan tak ada percikan dalam hal ini bisa ditafsiri formulasi pada sabun mandi cair adalah homogen, bobot jenis dengan hasil sesuai yang disyaratkan SNI 06-4085 (1996), pH yang dihasilkan 6,8 ;6,7 ;6,4 ;6,5 memenuhi SNI 4085:2017,viskositas sesuai dengan SNI 06-4085 (1996) yang berkisar 400-4000 cps, tinggi busa yang memperlihatkan sabun paling bagus pada formula 3 dengan tinggi 15 cm, sedangkan pada uji hedonik sediaan sabun mandi cair dengan ekstrak 5 % lebih banyak di sukai oleh panelis, dan tidak mengalami iritasi pada kulit. Berdasarkan SNI 06-4085 (1996), adalah uji sensori, penelitian ini dapat menyimpulkan bahwa mutu sabun cair yang mengandung ekstrak pegagan memenuhi persyaratan sabun cair bermutu tinggi., homogenitas, bobot jenis, viskositas, tinggi busa dan uji pH dengan standart SNI 4085:2017.
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Hyn, Choe Sung, Kim Han Jong, and Choe Un Chol. "A report on the clinical efficacy of a new Bougie-internal urethrectomy." Canadian Urological Association Journal 9, no. 7-8 (July 17, 2015): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.2751.

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Introduction: We compare the clinical efficacy of the new bougieinternal urethrectomy (BIU) with internal urethrotomy and urethroplasty to treat urethral stricture disease. Methods: We prospectively studied 186 people with urethral stricture disease. Of these, 84 were identified for urethroplasty and 102 for internal urethrotomy (endoscopic urethrotomy). Among the 84 identified for urethroplasty, 52 received BIU (Group 1) and the remaining 32 received urethroplasty. Among the 102 identified for internal urethrotomy, 58 received BIU (Group 2) and the remaining 44 received the internal urethrotomy. After surgery, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of the BIU (operative invasions, voiding flow rates, complications, sequelae) compared with the endoscopic treatment and urethroplasty.Results: Patient age ranged from 20 to 70 years. The follow-up period was 2 years. In the BIU Group 1, the BIU Group 2, and the internal urethrotomy (endoscopic treatment), the length of strictures were 2.9 ± 1.5, 2.8 ± 1.3, 1.6 ± 0.7, and 1.5 ± 0.6, respectively. In the BIU Group 1, the urethroplasty, the BIU Group 2, and the internal urethrotomy (endoscopic treatment), the amount of bleeding was 34.1 ± 17.1, 172.2 ± 29.8, 28.5 ± 9.8, and 49.7 ± 13.6 mL, respectively. In the BIU Group 1, the urethroplasty, the BIU Group 2, and the internal urethrotomy, the recurrence rates were 5.8%, 86%, 6.8% and 25%, and the average flow rates were 18.1 ± 4.8, 13.1 ± 3.9, 18.2 ± 3.6, 10.1 ± 3.1 mL/s, respectively. There was no sequealae (sexual dysfunction, penile change) in both BIU groups.Conclusions: The new BIU could be considered first-line treatment in all patients with indications for visual internal urethrotomy and urethroplasty.
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Jeujanan, Samuel, Frans G. Ijong, Hens Onibala, and Feny Mentang. "Organoleptic quality and TPC of smoked skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis, L) in Jayapura, Papua." AQUATIC SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jasm.3.1.2015.12435.

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Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Mutu organoleptik dan TPC ikan cakalang [Katsuwonus pelamis, L] asap di Kota Jayapura, Papua. This study was aimed at knowing the smoked skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis, L) marketed in JayapuraMunicipality. Sampling sites were Youtefa market and Hamadi market. The organoleptic paramters observed were appearance,smell, taste, texture, and Total Plate Count (TPC). The TPC analysis used a quantitative dispersion method. Results showed that different smoking duration and temperature, and the use of poor-quality used wood caused differences in organoleptic value. The highest organoleptic value was smell, (6.8) from Youtefa marketand the lowest was appearance (6) from Hamadi market). The TPC analysis revealed that the highest TPC was the samples from Youtefa market in February and March (4.1 x 105 and 3 x 105) followed by those from Hamadi market in February (4.8 x 105). The lowest TPC was recorded in April (3.7 x 103) in samples from Youtefa market and Hamadi market in March and April (4.7 x 104and 7.8 x 104). High contamination occurred at each processing phase to marketing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian mutu ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis, L) asap yang dipasarkan di Kota Jayapura. Lokasi pengambilan sampel adalah Pasar Youtefa dan Pasar Hamadi. Mutu organoleptik yang diamati adalah kenampakan, bau, rasa, tekstur, dan mutu Total Plate Count (TPC). Analisis TPC menggunakan metode sebar yang bersifat kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan lama waktu pengasapan, suhu, dan penggunaan kayu bekas yang kurang baik menyebabkan perbedaan nilai organoleptik. Nilai organoleptik tertinggi adalah bau dengan nilai 6,8 (Pasar Youtefa) dan terendah adalah kenampakan dengan nilai 6 (Pasar Hamadi). Hasil analisis TPC menunjukkan bahwa jumlah nilai TPC tertinggi adalah sampel dari Pasar Youtefa pada bulan Februari dan Maret, (4,1x105 dan 3x105) diikuti Pasar Hamadi pada bulan Februari (4,8x105). Kemudian perolehan nilai TPC terendah pada bulan April (3,7x103) di Pasar Youtefa dan Pasar Hamadi bulan Maret dan April (4,7x104 dan 7,8x104). Tingginya kontaminasi terjadi pada setiap tahapan pengolahan sampai pada pemasaran.
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Ou, Sin-Liang, Kuo-Sheng Kao, Han-Feng Chang, Tsung-Shine Ko, and Chin-Yen Yeh. "Microstructures and Recording Mechanism of Mo/Si Bilayer Applied for Write-Once Blue Laser Optical Recording." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/862928.

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Mo/Si bilayer thin films were grown by magnetron sputtering and applied to write-once blu-ray disc (BD-R). The microstructures and optical storage properties of Mo/Si bilayer were investigated. From the temperature dependence of reflectivity measurement, it was revealed that a phase change occurred in the range of 255–425°C. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the as-deposited film possessed Mo polycrystalline phase. The hexagonal MoSi2and cubic Mo3Si phases appeared after annealing at 300 and 450°C, respectively. By measuring the optical reflectivity at a wavelength of 405 nm, the optical contrast of Mo/Si bilayer between as-deposited and 450°C-annealed states was evaluated to 25.8%. The optimum jitter value of 6.8% was obtained at 10.65 mW for 4× recording speed. The dynamic tests show that the Mo/Si bilayer has high potential in BD-R applications.
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7

Chimbo Acuña, Emily Gabriela, Karen Gabriela Valverde Zambrano, and Iván Altamirano. "Factores de riesgo asociados a metástasis en pacientes con cáncer de próstata." Oncología (Ecuador) 32, no. 3 (December 2, 2022): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33821/658.

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Introducción: El cáncer de próstata (CP) el segundo cáncer diagnosticado en hombres, con mayor incidencia a los 66 años. La obesidad, el tabaquismo, alcoholismo y antecedentes familiares de CP se han encontrado asociados al riesgo de metástasis. El objetivo del presente estudio fue medir la asociación entre factores y el estado metastásico en pacientes con CP en un centro único de referencia en Ecuador. Metodología: El presente estudio analítico, se realizó en el Hospital “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo”, en Guayaquil-Ecuador, en el período enero-diciembre del 2019. El cálculo muestral fue no probabilístico, tipo censo. Se incluyeron casos con CP. Las variables fueron: edad, PSA, escala de Gleason, presencia de metástasis, sintomatología, tabaquismo, obesidad y antecedentes. Se presenta Odds Ratio como medida de asociación con intervalo de confianza del 95% y valor P. Resultados: El estudio incluyó 363 pacientes, con edad promedio de 75.2 ± 9.6 años. El grupo con metástasis fue de 202 casos (55.65%). Metástasis ósea 32.5%, pulmonar 9.6%, ganglionar 8.8% y hepático 4.75%. En la sintomatología la más frecuente fue, disuria (44.4%); el 33.6% con polaquiuria, un 13.2% hematuria y 8.8% tenesmo. El estadio Gleason-9 OR=24.85 (IC 95% 1.47-419.8) P=0.0259. El nivel de PSA >19 ng/ml OR= 6.996 (IC 95% 2.68-18.29) P=0.0001. El tabaquismo OR=2.34 (IC 95% 1.52-3.60) P=0.0001. Fueron factores protectores el valor de PSA <19 ng/ml OR=0.082 (IC 95% 0.043-0.157) P<0.0001, acudir a consulta de Hipertensión arterial OR=0.33 (IC 95% 0.161-0.691) P=0.0032 y el estadío Gleason-6 OR=0.108 (IC 95% 0.0665-9.1736) P<0.0001. Conclusión: Los niveles de PSA >19 ng/ml y el estadio Gleason >9 se asocian a la presencia de metástasis en pacientes con CP. Recibido: Julio 14, 2022 Aceptado: Octubre 27, 2022 Publicado: Diciembre 2, 2022 Editor: Dra. Evelyn Valencia Espinoza. Introducción El cáncer de próstata es el segundo cáncer más diagnosticado en hombres alrededor del mundo, con mayor incidencia promedio a los 66 años [1]. En países desarrollados, el cáncer de próstata se diagnostica a edades más tempranas cuando este se confina a la glándula prostática, debido al uso del antígeno prostático específico (PSA) [2]. El antígeno prostático específico es proteína creada por el epitelio prostático, el cual, es específico de órgano, más no de cáncer, debido a que el mismo puede estar elevado en patologías como prostatitis, hiperplasia prostática benigna, entre otras. Sin embargo, es el mejor biomarcador hasta ahora para el diagnóstico temprano del cáncer de próstata. Según la American Academy of Family Physicians, se ha determinado que 3 de cada 10 hombres con elevado PSA, tienen un alto riesgo de sufrir de cáncer de próstata que va a depender de la edad y el nivel del PSA que se encuentre. Algunos estudios demuestran que las pruebas de rutina de PSA en hombres entre 55 a 66 años disminuyen la mortalidad por cáncer de próstata, de manera significativa. Sin embargo, la baja especificidad para Cáncer de Próstata de la prueba, hace que la interpretación de ella no sea concluyente [3]. La Escala de Gleason es un sistema de graduación que sirve, una vez establecido el diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de próstata, para medir la agresividad histopatológica de la neoplasia [4]. Está plenamente establecido que la escala de Gleason, de acuerdo a los hallazgos histopatológicos del tumor, nos permite categorizar a los pacientes de una manera más precisa y de esta manera tener una idea clara del pronóstico de dicho paciente. Con estos antecedentes se estableció el objetivo de determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a metástasis en pacientes con cáncer de próstata en un centro de referencia regional en Guayaquil-Ecuador. Materiales y métodos Diseño del estudio El presente estudio es observacional-analítica. La fuente es retrospectiva. Área de estudio El estudio se realizó en el servicio de urología del Hospital de Especialidades “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo”, del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social, en Guayaquil-Ecuador. El período de estudio fue del 1ro de Enero del 2019 hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2019. Universo y muestra El universo fue conformado por todos los pacientes registrados en la institución. El cálculo del tamaño muestral fue no probabilístico, tipo censo, en donde se incluyeron todos los casos incidentes en el período de estudio. Participantes Se incluyeron casos de pacientes adultos diagnosticados con cáncer de próstata en quienes se contó con valoración de PSA y la escala de Gleason. Se excluyeron registros incompletos para el análisis. Variables Las variables fueron edad, PSA, escala de Gleason, presencia de metástasis, sintomatología, métodos diagnósticos. Procedimientos, técnicas e instrumentos. Los datos fueron recogidos de la historia clínica en un formulario diseñado exclusivamente para tal propósito. Los diagnósticos de CP se realizaron por punción aspiración por aguja fina (PAAF) guiada por ecografía. Las placas fueron leídas por Patólogos distintos. Se usó el sistema AS400 para la pesquisa de casos usando los diagnósticos codificados: C61. Evitación de sesgos Para garantizar la confiabilidad de la información los investigadores fueron entrenados sobre la recolección de los datos. Se usó una lista de doble chequeo para incluir los casos. Los datos fueron validados y curados por el investigador principal. Análisis estadístico Recopilada la información en una hoja electrónica Excel, se ingresó en una matriz de datos del software SPSS™ 22.0 (IBM, Chicago, USA). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva en base a frecuencias y porcentajes para las variables cualitativas y para las cuantitativas medidas de tendencia central. Se presenta Odds Ratio como medida de asociación con intervalo de confianza del 95% y valor P. Resultados El estudio incluyó 363 pacientes. Caracterización clínica Fueron 363 pacientes, con edad promedio de 75.2 ± 9.6 años. La edad mínima fue de 49 años, y la máxima de 98 años. Los pacientes con metástasis fueron 202 casos (55.65%). Con respecto al lugar de diseminación metastásica, se encontró mayor predilección a desarrollar metástasis ósea en el 32.5% de los pacientes, seguido de metástasis pulmonar con el 9.6%, metástasis ganglionar con el 8.8% y a nivel hepático 4.75% de los casos. En la sintomatología la más frecuente fue, disuria con el 44.4%; el 33.6% con polaquiuria, un 13.2% hematuria y 8.8% tenesmo. El estudio más frecuente utilizado, fue el eco prostático, con un 42.7%; la tomografía 20.4%), gammagrafía prostática 25.6%, la resonancia magnética con el 11.3%. Factores clínicos El 44.4% de los pacientes padecía alcoholismo, el 27.5% presentaba tabaquismo, el 23.1% eran consumidores de carnes y lácteos; otros hábitos poco frecuentes se relacionaron con el 4.7%; 0.3% no refería ningún hábito de importancia. Dentro de los antecedentes patológicos se evidenció que, 54.5% de los pacientes tenían antecedentes familiares de Cáncer de próstata, 29.2% presentaba obesidad y sobrepeso, en tercer lugar, con 9.9% de los pacientes padecía de hipertensión arterial y entre otros antecedentes asociados tenían un porcentaje del 5.5% (Tabla 1). De la totalidad de los evaluados, el 45.2% tuvieron Gleason 6, mientras que aquellos con valores en la Escala de Gleason de 10, alcanzaban el 1.4%. La medición del riesgo se presenta en la tabla 1. Se constituyeron factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de metástasis el tabaquismo, y el estadío clínico Gleason 7, 8 y 9, los valores de PSA en rangos de 19-49 ng/ml, de 50 a 99 ng/ml y 100-299 ng/ml. Se establecieron como factores de protección estadísticamente significativos al antecedente personal de Hiperplasia prostática benigna, a la condición de hipertensión arterial, al estadio clínico Gleason 6, al valor de PSA <19 ng/ml (Tabla 1). Discusión Al comparar el presente estudio con investigaciones previas se constató que la edad constituye un factor de riesgo no modificable para padecer cáncer prostático, según el Instituto Nacional de Cáncer en Estados Unidos, en su programa estadístico de Vigilancia, Epidemiología y Resultados (SEER) entre los años 2015-2019 se encontró una mayor incidencia de casos en los pacientes que tenían entre 70-74 años de edad [5], así también lo describió el trabajo de Leitzmann et al, en los años correspondientes a 2000-2008 donde la incidencia comienza a aumentar desde los 40-44 años de edad para llegar a su pico máximo de 984.8 pacientes por cada 100.000 hombres con edades entre 70-74 años [6], similarmente en este estudio el mínimo de edad fue 49 años en la población con un máximo de 98 y un media de 75.15 respectivamente. En cuanto a la distribución de regiones anatómicas donde se suele presentar la metástasis en el cáncer prostático; en primer lugar se determinó a los huesos (84%) en segundo lugar a nódulos linfáticos distantes (10.6%) y hepático (10.2%) [7] según un estudio conducido por Gandaglia et al. lo cual en similitud a este estudio el sitio más frecuente fue a nivel óseo con un 32.5% de todos los pacientes, seguido de la metástasis pulmonar con 9.6% y ganglionar 8.8%. A su vez Auz y Brito (2018) encontraron en su investigación realizada en el Hospital Solca Núcleo de Quito-Ecuador que incluyó a 1713 pacientes donde el sitio más frecuente de metástasis fue el óseo en un 82.25%, seguido del ganglionar linfático con 7.05% y luego 2.8% a nivel pulmonar [8]. En lo que corresponde a los hábitos de los pacientes, un 44.4% de pacientes en este estudio consumía de alcohol regularmente, mientras que el 27.5% consumía tabaco y el 23.1% eran consumidores de carnes y lácteos, lo cual se contrasta con el estudio de Auz y Brito (2018) detallado anteriormente donde 31.1% de los pacientes consumían alcohol regularmente y el 28.3% de los pacientes consumían tabaco al momento de diagnóstico, no se midieron datos en relación al consumo de lácteos y carnes rojas [8]. Un factor de riesgo no modificable muy importante fue la presencia de antecedentes familiares de cáncer de próstata en este estudio con un 54.5% de los pacientes lo cual en el trabajo de Auz y Brito (2018) solamente 9% tuvieron antecedentes familiares de cáncer prostático y un 23.2% de otros tipos de cánceres [23]. Según Barber et al. en su estudio se identificó que pacientes con historia familiar de cáncer prostático únicamente, tienen un riesgo aumentado del 68% de padecer lo mismo (95% CI 1.53-1.83) y un 72% de enfermedad letal [9]. Así también lo describió Powell IJ (2011) en su publicación que dice que hombres con relativos de primer grado (Padre, hermano, hijo) tienen un riesgo de desarrollar cáncer prostático que es aproximadamente del doble a la población general [10]. En el presente estudio 29.2% de los pacientes presentaba sobrepeso y 9.9% de los pacientes padecía hipertensión arterial, así mismo en el estudio de Möller et al. se encontró que un IMC alto (26) en comparación a 20-22 a la edad de 21 años fue asociada con riesgo menor de cáncer prostático letal o avanzado y Gleason 7 [11], también se habla sobre que de los componentes del síndrome metabólico incluyendo la hipertensión arterial ninguno tiene relación con el desarrollo de cáncer prostático [10]. Dentro de los síntomas más frecuentes en esta investigación se encontraron la disuria con un 44.4% de todos los pacientes, le siguió la polaquiuria (33.6%) y finalmente la hematuria (13.2%). De manera similar el estudio de Birtle et al. llevado a cabo entre los años 2000-2001 con bases de datos de la Asociación Británica de Cirujano Urológicos determinó que de 33 pacientes con cáncer metastásico de próstata con PSA <10 ng/ml 51% se presentó con síntomas urinarios y/o dolor pélvico, 21% presentó dolor óseo, 18% retención urinaria y 10% caquexia y malasia [12]. En el presente estudio de la totalidad de pacientes, 45.2% de ellos tuvieron puntajes de Gleason de 6 y en menor medida con 1.4% de los pacientes puntajes de Gleason 10, esto se puede comparar con el estudio de Thomsen et al. donde se encontró que altos puntajes en la escala de Gleason se relacionaron a la presencia de metástasis, así en ese estudio los pacientes que presentaron metástasis a distancia según la escala TNM (M1), 41% tenía un puntaje de Gleason 5, mientras que solo el 3% tenía Gleason 1 [13]. El método de imagen más utilizado en este estudio fue el de la ecografía prostática con un 42.7% y en menor medida la resonancia magnética con el 11.3%. En la investigación de Huang et al. se encontró que el uso de la Resonancia Magnética con el sistema PI-RADS v2 fue el sistema más preciso para predecir la metástasis a nódulos linfáticos en la zona pélvica, los pacientes con PI-RADs <5 fueron asociados con un riesgo muy bajo de metástasis ganglionar [14]. La ecografía prostática 3D se demostró un 84% de sensibilidad y 96% de especificidad para identificar extensión tumoral extra capsular macroscópica y fue capaz de identificar a 14/16 diseminaciones a la vesícula seminal según Mitterberger et al. en el año 2008 [15]. Finalmente con respecto a valoraciones de PSA que se presentaron en los pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de próstata, se pudo evidenciar, que el 100% de los pacientes con PSA mayor de 500 ng/ml tuvo metástasis, así como el grupo de pacientes con 300-499 ng/ml PSA, a diferencia del grupo con menos de 19 ng/ml PSA donde solo el 40.6% tuvo metástasis, lo cual se puede comparar al estudio de Thomsen et al. donde de los pacientes con más de 400 ng/ml, el 64.9% presentó metástasis, le sigue el grupo con valores de 200-399 ng/ml donde el 54% desarrolló metástasis y al final el grupo con menos de 19 ng/ml tuvo solo al 1.45% de pacientes con metástasis, podemos así deducir que el valor de PSA es directamente proporcional al riesgo de metástasis, sin embargo, recomendamos tomar en cuenta más factores de riesgos de manera conjunta para una evaluación integral del paciente [13]. Conclusiones En orden de importancia estadística los factores asociados a metástasis en cáncer prostático son el estadio clínico Gleason 9 y 8, Los niveles de PSA entre 50 a 299 ng/ml, y el tabaquismo. Fueron factores protectivos el antecedente clínico de Hiperplasia Prostática benigna, hipertensión y el nivel de PSA <19 ng/ml. Nota del Editor La Revista Oncología Ecu permanece neutral con respecto a los reclamos jurisdiccionales en mapas publicados y afiliaciones institucionales. Agradecimientos Los autores agradecen a todas las personas de la Institución que colaboraron en el desarrollo de esta investigación. Información administrativa Abreviaturas APP: antecedentes patológicos personales. APF: Antecedentes patológicos familiares. HPB: hiperplasia prostática benigna. Ca: Cáncer. PSA: Antígeno prostático específico. OR: Odds ratio. IC: intervalo de confianza Archivos Adicionales Ninguno declarado por los autores. Fondos Los autores no recibieron ningún tipo de reconocimiento económico por este trabajo de investigación. Disponibilidad de datos y materiales Existe la disponibilidad de datos bajo solicitud al autor de correspondencia. No se reportan otros materiales. Contribuciones de los autores Emily Gabriela Chimbo Acuña: conceptualización, validación, visualización, metodología, administración de proyecto, escritura: revisión y edición. Karen Gabriela Valverde Zambrano: conceptualización, curación de datos, análisis formal, adquisición de fondos, investigación, recursos, software, redacción - borrador original. Iván Altamirano: conceptualización, curación de datos, análisis formal, adquisición de fondos, investigación, recursos, software. Todos los autores leyeron y aprobaron la versión final del manuscrito. Aprobación del comité de ética No aplica a estudios de bases de datos o historias clínicas. Consentimiento para publicación El presente estudio es un análisis de base de datos, no aplica para este tipo de estudio. Referencias Professionals S-O. EAU Guidelines: Prostate Cancer [Internet]. [citado 20 de octubre de 2021]. Disponible en: https://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/#note_11 Barry MJ, Nelson JB. Patients Present with More Advanced Prostate Cancer since the USPSTF Screening Recommendations. J Urol. diciembre de 2015;194(6):1534-6. DOI: 1016/j.juro.2015.09.033 PMid: 26384450 Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Flanigan RC, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol. mayo de 1994;151(5):1283-90. DOI: 1016/S0022-5347(17)35233-3 PMid: 7512659 Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, Ciatto S, Nelen V, Kwiatkowski M, Lujan M, Lilja H, Zappa M, Denis LJ, Recker F, Berenguer A, Määttänen L, Bangma CH, Aus G, Villers A, Rebillard X, van der Kwast T, Blijenberg BG, Moss SM, de Koning HJ, Auvinen A; ERSPC Investigators. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1320-8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0810084. Epub 2009 Mar 18. PMID: 19297566. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) of the National Cancer Institute. Fast Stats: An interactive tool for access to SEER cancer statistics. Bethesda, MD: SEER, National Cancer Institute; nd. Available from: www.seer.cancer.gov/faststats. Leitzmann MF, Rohrmann S. Risk factors for the onset of prostatic cancer: age, location, and behavioral correlates. Clin Epidemiol. 5 de enero de 2012;4:1 DOI: 2147/CLEP.S16747 PMid: 22291478 PMCid: PMC3490374 Gandaglia G, Abdollah F, Schiffmann J, Trudeau V, Shariat SF, Kim SP, et al. Distribution of metastatic sites in patients with prostate cancer: A population-based analysis. Prostate. febrero de 2014;74(2):210-6. DOI: 1002/pros.22742. PMid:24132735 Auz Fierro E, Brito Chasiluisa H. Factores relacionados con la supervivencia de pacientes con cancer de prostata en el hospital solca nucleo de quito durante el periodo 2003 - 2018. [Internet]. [Hospital Solca Nucleo de Quito]: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; 2018. Disponible en: 22000 Barber L, Gerke T, Markt SC, Peisch SF, Wilson KM, Ahearn T, et al. Family History of Breast or Prostate Cancer and Prostate Cancer Risk. Clinical Cancer Research. 1 de diciembre de 2018;24(23):5910-7. DOI: 1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0370. PMid: 30082473 PMCid: PMC6279573 Powell IJ. The precise role of ethnicity and family history on aggressive prostate cancer: a review analysis. Arch Esp Urol. 2011 Oct;64(8):711-9. PMID: 22052754; PMCID: PMC3859428. Möller E, Wilson KM, Batista JL, Mucci LA, Bälter K, Giovannucci E. Body size across the life course and prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study: Body size and prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 15 de febrero de 2016;138(4):853-65. DOI: 1002/ijc.29842 PMid: 26355806 PMCid: PMC5042346 Birtle AJ, Freeman A, Masters JRW, Payne HA, Harland SJ, BAUS Section of Oncology Cancer Registry. Clinical features of patients who present with metastatic prostate carcinoma and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels < 10 ng/mL: the «PSA negative» patients. Cancer. 1 de diciembre de 2003;98(11):2362-7. DOI: 1002/cncr.11821 PMid: 14635070 Thomsen FB, Westerberg M, Garmo H, Robinson D, Holmberg L, Ulmert HD, et al. Prediction of metastatic prostate cancer by prostate-specific antigen in combination with T stage and Gleason Grade: Nationwide, population-based register study. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0228447. DOI: 1371/journal.pone.0228447 PMid: 31995611 PMCid: PMC6988964 Huang C, Song G, Wang H, Lin Z, Wang H, Ji G, et al. Preoperative PI-RADS Version 2 scores helps improve accuracy of clinical nomograms for predicting pelvic lymph node metastasis at radical prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. marzo de 2020;23(1):116-26 DOI: 1038/s41391-019-0164-z PMid: 31383954 Mitterberger M, Pinggera GM, Pallwein L, Gradl J, Frauscher F, Bartsch G, et al. The value of three-dimensional transrectal ultrasonography in staging prostate cancer. BJU Int. julio de 2007;100(1):47-50. DOI: 1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06845.x PMid: 17433033.
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Adeleye, Adeniyi Olarewaju, Amoo Afeez Oladeji, Bate Garba Barde, Sadiq Ismaila Shina, and Ugba Samuel. "Physicochemical and bacteriological assessment of ricemill wastewater discharged into river Benue, Nigeria." Biological Environment and Pollution 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/bioenvipo.v1i1.381.

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Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways through indiscriminate disposal of large amount of wastewater into the surrounding water bodies thereby causing serious problems to the environment. This study was conducted to assess the suitability of the ricemill wastewater being discharged into River Benue. Wastewater was sampled from point of discharge (sampling point A) and 20 meters away from the final entry into river Benue (sampling point B). Standardized methods were employed to analyze biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total heterotrophic count (THC), nitrate, phosphate, sulphate and pH in the sampled wastewater. Results were generated and compared with permissible standards Results generated from the analyses indicate that in sampling point A, pH ranged from 4.28 to 5.23, TDS ranged from 1478 - 1615 mg/L while THC ranged from1540 - 1600 cfu/ml. In point B, (BOD) ranged from 4.8 - 3.6 mg/L, (COD) ranged from 4.1 - 3.1mg/L, (TDS) 586 - 348mg/L, (THC) 608 - 512 cfu/ml and pH 7.32 - 6.43. Considering these results, (TDS), (THC), nitrate and THC were above permissible limits of World Health Organisation (WHO) and National Environmental standards and regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) respectively. Owing to these results, treatment measures and regulatory policies are suggested with a view to checkmating the abuse of river Benue through indiscriminate disposal of wastewater so as to avert imminent dangers it might likely pose to aquatic ecological system.
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Safin, Rushan Gareevich, and Victor Georgievich Sotnikov. "THERMAL PROCESSING OF OIL FLAX BONES INTO ACTIVATED CARBON." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 4, 2024): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20240112026.

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Flax shives – waste generated during the primary processing of flax in the textile industry, make up 70% of the total mass of oil flax stalks. The results of an experimental study of the thermal processing of oil flax bonfires by the method of slow conductive pyrolysis in the temperature range of 400–650 °C are presented. An experimental bench for thermal decomposition of flax fire and activation of carbon residue by superheated water vapor is presented. The required temperature regimes of pyrogenetic decomposition were established, which are in the range of 500–600 °C. An analysis of the physicochemical properties of experimental samples of biochar obtained by pyrogenetic decomposition of flax fires has been carried out. At low temperatures of 400–430 °C, the specific gravity of carbon is in the range of 80–82%. Under temperature conditions of 500–600 °C, the specific gravity of carbon was 91–93%. At higher temperature conditions, the yield of gaseous products increases, and the ash content in the solid carbonaceous residue increases. The modes of steam activation of biochar from flax fires have been established, so to achieve the best sorption values, water vapor should be at a temperature of 900 °C. A comparative analysis of the sorption abilities of experimentally obtained activated carbon with BAU-A activated carbon is given. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the activated carbon from the fire of flax corresponds to the parameters of GOST 6217-74.
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Kroh, Paweł, Daniel Okupny, Tomasz Bryndal, Marta Kondracka, and Piotr Cybul. "Holoceńskie okresy intensyfikacji procesów stokowych w Gorcach – porównanie najnowszych wyników badań = Periods of intensified hillslope processes in Poland’s Gorce Mountains during the Holocene – a comparison based on new data." Przegląd Geograficzny 93, no. 1 (2021): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2021.1.5.

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This paper presents selected results from efforts to date organic matter taken from deposits of three landslides in Poland’s Gorce Mts. i.e. the ones located below the Jaworzyna Kamienicka, Kudłoń and Góra Gębowa peaks. The material for dating was taken from two landslide peat bogs and one closed depression filled with mineral deposits. The ranges of the individual landslides were analysed by reference to a detailed terrain model as well as geophysical tests, while the organic samples collected were 14C radiocarbon-dated. The borehole drilled in the landslide below Jaworzyna Kamienicka reaches a depth of 2.2 m. It was from that profile that samples for 14C radiocarbon-dating, as well as palaeobotanical and geochemical study, were taken. The oldest deposits on the floor part of the peatland were dated to 8060±100 BP (8949 cal BP). The first level of gravels mixed with so-called organic chaff was dated to 7950±80 BP (8802 cal BP) and is deposited directly beneath a layer of peats dated to 75600±100 BP (8366 cal BP). Another important layer is of gravel and fragments of wood, 9 cm thick, deposited at a level dated to 3999±60 BP (4517 cal BP). Three boreholes were drilled in the peat bog below Kudłoń, with the oldest peat deposits at this site are dated to 5430±70 BP (6002 cal BP), and situated at a depth of 100‑80 cm. In the other two places deposits in the floor profile were dated to 3010±60 BP and 400±60 BP. No mineral levels nor levels with a high share of mineral parts were found. Into the landslide below Góra Gębowa eight boreholes were made within a closed depression filled with mineral deposits. A fragment of wood taken from borehole 5 at a depth of 2.2 m was dated to 8850±100 BP (9739 cal BP), while one from a depth of 1 m is associated with a date of 8070±100 BP (8959 cal BP). In turn, the floor of borehole 6, at a depth of 2.1 m was the source for a wood sample of determined age equal to 8440±110 BP (9329 cal BP). The oldest deposits in the Gorce Mts. are of a fen character and area aged 9500 ± 90 BP (11 143‑10 653 cal BP). They come from the Turbacz Range. The next landslide phase is confirmed by wood fragments from the landslide below Góra Gębowa (8850±100 BP, 9739 cal BP), and could also be linked with rise of C. avellana within forest structure, as well as with the period of intense mineral-material deposition reported from four places in Makowski Beskid Mts. A following phase of landslide formation is confirmed by data from Jaworzyna Kamienicka (8060±100 BP, 8949 cal BP) and Lake Zawadowskie (7947‑7685 cal BP, Buczek, 2019), and represents the effect of the increased humidity and cooling of the climate reported from the Western Carpathians by many researchers. The oldest deposits from the peat bog below Kudłoń date to 5430±70 BP (6002 cal BP). Such a result is consistent with the increase in organic matter in Lake Zawadowskie in this period (5420± 60 BP). The traces from that period recorded by Buczek (2019), and the dating of deposits beneath Kudłoń, may both indicate that a period 6.0‑5.5 ka cal BP was the next one in which morphogenetic activity in the Gorce Mts. increased. The formation of the Lelonek landslide (401 ±70 BP) could be treated as evidence of a next landslide-creation phase (Buczek, 2019) also gaining confirmation from Margielewski (2018). There is also a gravel-wood level in the core from Jaworzyna Kamiecka dated at 3999±60 BP; 4517 cal BP. Kołaczek et al. (2020) noted a major change of forest structure with increases of A. alba, F. sylvatica and C. betulus at ~4.0 ka BP (~4.5 ka cal BP). This attests to the period in question being one characterized by a high level of landslide activity. Comparison of all the latest data from the region in question sustains the conclusion that ~11.1 ka cal BP, ~9.7 cal BP, 8.6‑8.0 cal BP, ~6,0 cal BP and ~4.5 ka cal BP, 3.3‑2.5 cal BP and 1.75‑1.35 cal BP are all periods associated with intensified Holocene landslide movements in the Gorce Mountains.
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Books on the topic "658.408 BOU"

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Alvarez, Ana Maria. Niña Cozinha. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-057-1.

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A boa culinária pode ser definida como a arte de fazer as pessoas se sentirem bem à mesa. Este livro possibilita que o leitor, por meio da execução de qualquer uma das suas 335 receitas, atinja essa agradável sensação. Para isso, todas as receitas foram testadas repetidas vezes pela autora. O cardápio exibido no livro é bastante amplo, variado de carnes, peixes, massas, entradas e lanches, passando também por uma rica diversidade de doces, bolos e pudins, incluindo uma linha diet. A autora, que tem a culinária como hobby há mais de 40 anos, explora, com a intimidade que a prática lhe confere, não só a diversidade de pratos tradicionais e regionais da cozinha brasileira, mas também ampla gama de iguarias internacionais típicas de alguns países da Europa, onde viveu por algum tempo. Sempre que aplicável, a autora faz pequenas notas referenciando a origem ou fatos curiosos sobre os pratos. Ana Maria não é uma profissional da cozinha, e é esse o seu melhor predicado: a qualidade das receitas aqui encontradas encontram aprovação dos amigos e familiares, justamente aqueles a quem mais nos importa agradar quando cozinhamos. É dessa mistura do aconchego do lar com o cosmopolitismo de quem viaja há décadas que nasce este livro. Por isso, é impossível saborear os pratos aqui ensinados sem a impressão de que se está viajando. Boa viagem e bom apetite!
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Souza, Claudio Alexandre de. CAS Versos. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-418-0.

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Sempre acreditei no poder das palavras: palavras cantadas, faladas, pensadas, enfim, acredito na potência com que elas podem tocar os corações, acolher, emocionar, motivar, incentivar e materializar os sentimentos mais íntimos de cada ser humano. Às vezes, as palavras mais fascinantes aparecerão em uma boa conversa, em uma música ou em um livro como este que reúne as reflexões de um pensador que ousa dar asas à imaginação e colocar em versos, de uma forma leve e cativante, os seus sentimentos em relação ao amor, à vida, à amizade e à existência humana. Em relação ao fazer poético, o próprio autor menciona: “Poeta? Talvez. Ou apenas alguém que permite ao universo se manifestar por meio das palavras”. E que boas palavras! As palavras aqui contidas propiciam momentos de deleite e de reflexão que emocionam e acariciam o coração daqueles que permitem se levar pelo toque invisível e inebriante das palavras poéticas! Boa leitura! Wilma Maria Pereira
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Vasconcelos, Maria. Machado de Assis e a educação. Editorial Casa, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55371/978-65-89999-40-9.

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Os textos literários podem ser lidos e relidos inúmeras vezes, e a cada nova leitura iremos encontrar novos elementos a serem repensados; uma análise será sempre inacabada. Este livro tem como objetivo analisar alguns textos da vasta obra de Machado de Assis, dentre eles, textos críticos, ensaios, crônicas, contos e romances, a fim de entender a presença da Educação, da formação intelectual e da instrução possivelmente revelada em sua obra, na segunda metade do século XIX e início do século XX, bem como perceber seus reflexos. As citações que Machado faz acerca da escola e instrução e suas impressões e, do mesmo modo, a construção de personagens intelectuais, caricaturescas ou não, revelam-se importantes para o conhecimento do período, partindo do princípio de que os textos estudados foram escritos no período entre 1858 a 1908 e ressaltam a visão educacional em voga na segunda metade do século. Esta pesquisa não objetiva buscar comprovações, mesmo tendo sido traçado um estudo concomitante à história escrita e Literatura, mas busca perceber como são expostos os fatos históricos, a instrução e a escola na Literatura, lado a lado com a História. Os textos machadianos refletem costumes e linguagem, e é possível recortar de seus textos opiniões sobre a Educação, a instrução, o bom comportamento, dentre inúmeros outros temas. Machado foi um homem de seu tempo preocupado com a formação de uma nacionalidade brasileira.
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Conference papers on the topic "658.408 BOU"

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Gandiglio, M., A. Lanzini, P. Leone, and M. Santarelli. "Design and Balance-of-Plant of a Demonstration Plant With a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fed by Biogas From Waste-Water and Exhaust Carbon Recycling for Algae Growth." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2013-18082.

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The design and balance-of-plant of an integrated anaerobic digestion (AD) biogas solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) demonstration plant is presented. A notable feature of the plant is the CO2 capture from the SOFC anode exhaust via an oxy-combustion reactor. The captured CO2 is fed to a photobioreactor installation downstream of the SOFC where C is fixed in an algae bio-fuel. The main plant sections are described in detail including the gas cleaning unit, fuel processing, SOFC ‘hot-box’, oxy-combustor, CO2/H2O condensation unit and finally algae bioreactor. The demonstration plant is fed with biogas from AD of the by-product sludge of the greatest waste-water treatment plant in Italy, serving over 2 million population equivalents in the Torino metropolitan area. In this work, the main BoP components and engineering issues concerning the design of the SOFC plant are detailed. The as-produced biogas is firstly treated to remove moisture and then filtered to remove sulfur, halogens and siloxanes. Dry clean biogas (roughly 60–65% CH4, 35–40% CO2) is sent to a steam-reformer. The reformate gas is thus used to feed a 2 kWe SOFC module (operated at ∼ 800 °C). The cathode off-gas is kept separated from the anode and is used to pre-heat inlet fresh air; the anode outlet stream is sent first to an oxy-combustor to yield an almost pure H2O-CO2 mixture that is eventually cooled down to 300–400 °C. Steam is condensed and separated in a dedicated condenser unit. The resulting pure CO2 is thus pressurized (8 bar) and available for sequestration or other uses. Due to the limited size of the demo plant, the choice was to feed it to bioreactors with algae, where the latter are grown with sunlight and CO2 indeed. A tubular photo-bioreactor has been chosen with a productivity of 20 g/day/m2 of dry algae. The outlet stream will be an algae purge that, due to its low mass flow, could be re-sent to the biogas digesters. A system analysis of a scaled-up version of the biogas fed SOFC power plant, with heat integration included, is also carried out with a calculated overall electrical efficiency exceeding 55% (LHV basis).
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Reports on the topic "658.408 BOU"

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Machado, Luis Severino, and Luiz Ferraz de Sampaio Neto. Manual de Orientação de Atividades Físicas para a Mulher na Menopausa. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/ripucsp/40722.

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Considerando-se a relevância das atividades esportivas para a boa manutenção de diversas dimensões da saúde e de seu impacto na qualidade de vida de mulheres, especialmente no climatério e no processo de envelhecimento, esse trabalho é voltado às mulheres no climatério, entre 40 a 65 anos. É apresentado em folha tamanho A4 (paisagem), em linguagem para leigos, com textos, tabelas e ilustrações explicativas. Como material educativo aborda o que é climatério, a idade em que acontece, o que muda no corpo feminino, os sintomas, doenças mais prevalentes, estilo de vida no climatério, Pentáculo de Nahas, pirâmide alimentar, princípios para a boa prática de atividade física em mulheres, orientação sobre controle de intensidade da caminhada, como monitorar a frequência cardíaca, exercícios de fortalecimento, informações sobre hidratação, outras dicas preventivas e teste PAR-Q1. O público-alvo serão as mulheres que queiram fazer atividade física e não tenham suporte técnico personalizado.
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Pavlovic, Noel, Barbara Plampin, Gayle Tonkovich, and David Hamilla. Special flora and vegetation of Indiana Dunes National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302417.

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The Indiana Dunes (comprised of 15 geographic units (see Figure 1) which include Indiana Dunes National Park, Dunes State Park, and adjacent Shirley Heinze Land Trust properties) are remarkable in the Midwest and Great Lakes region for the vascular plant diversity, with an astounding 1,212 native plant species in an area of approximately 16,000 acres! This high plant diversity is the result of the interactions among postglacial migrations, the variety of soil substrates, moisture conditions, topography, successional gradients, ?re regimes, proximity to Lake Michigan, and light levels. This richness is all the more signi?cant given the past human alterations of the landscape resulting from logging; conversion to agriculture; construction of transportation corridors, industrial sites, and residential communities; ?re suppression; land abandonment; and exotic species invasions. Despite these impacts, multiple natural areas supporting native vegetation persist. Thus, each of the 15 units of the Indiana Dunes presents up to eight subunits varying in human disturbance and consequently in ?oristic richness. Of the most signi?cant units of the park in terms of number of native species, Cowles Dunes and the Dunes State Park stand out from all the other units, with 786 and 686 native species, respectively. The next highest ranked units for numbers of native species include Keiser (630), Furnessville (574), Miller Woods (551), and Hoosier Prairie (542). The unit with lowest plant richness is Heron Rookery (220), with increasing richness in progression from Calumet Prairie (320), Hobart Prairie Grove (368), to Pinhook Bog (380). Signi?cant natural areas, retaining native vegetation composition and structure, include Cowles Bog (Cowles Dunes Unit), Howes Prairie (Cowles Dunes), Dunes Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Dunes Prairie Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Pinhook Bog, Furnessville Woods (Furnessville), Miller Woods, Inland Marsh, and Mnoke Prairie (Bailly). Wilhelm (1990) recorded a total of 1,131 native plant species for the ?ora of the Indiana Dunes. This was similar to the 1,132 species recorded by the National Park Service (2014) for the Indiana Dunes. Based on the nomenclature of Swink and Wilhelm (1994), Indiana Dunes National Park has 1,206 native plant species. If we include native varieties and hybrids, the total increases to 1,244 taxa. Based on the nomenclature used for this report?the Flora of North America (FNA 2022), and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS 2022)?Indiana Dunes National Park houses 1,206 native vascular plant species. As of this writing (2020), the Indiana Dunes is home to 37% of the species of conservation concern in Indiana (241 out of 624 Indiana-listed species): state extirpated = 10 species, state endangered = 75, and state threatened = 100. Thus, 4% of the state-listed species in the Indiana Dunes are extirpated, 31% endangered, and 41% threatened. Watch list and rare categories have been eliminated. Twenty-nine species once documented from the Indiana Dunes may be extirpated because they have not been seen since 2001. Eleven have not been seen since 1930 and 15 since 1978. If we exclude these species, then there would be a total of 1,183 species native to the Indiana Dunes. Many of these are cryptic in their life history or diminutive, and thus are di?cult to ?nd. Looking at the growth form of native plants, <1% (nine species) are clubmosses, 3% (37) are ferns, 8% (297) are grasses and sedges, 56% (682) are forbs or herbs, 1% (16) are herbaceous vines, <1% (7) are subshrubs (woody plants of herbaceous stature), 5% (60) are shrubs, 1% (11) are lianas (woody vines), and 8% (93) are trees. Of the 332 exotic species (species introduced from outside North America), 65% (219 species) are forbs such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), 15% (50 species) are graminoids such as phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), 2% (seven species) are vines such as ?eld bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis), <1% (two species) are subshrubs such as Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), 8% (28 species) are shrubs such as Asian bush honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), 1% (three species) are lianas such as oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and 8% (23 species) are trees such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissimus). Of the 85 adventive species, native species that have invaded from elsewhere in North America, 14% (11 species) are graminoids such as broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), 57% (48 species) are forbs such as fall phlox (Phlox paniculata), 5% (six species) are shrubs such as Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), 3% (two species) are subshrubs such as holly leaved barberry (Berberis repens), 1% (one species) is a liana (trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), 3% two species) are herbaceous vines such as tall morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), and 17% (15 species) are trees such as American holly (Ilex opaca). A total of 436 species were found to be ?special? based on political rankings (federal and state-listed threatened and endangered species), species with charismatic ?owers, and those that are locally rare.
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