Academic literature on the topic '629.254 2'
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Journal articles on the topic "629.254 2"
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Magalhães, Lana Cynthia Silva, Ricardo Cesar Correa Cabral, Daniel Praia Portela de Aguiar, Cecilia Veronica Nunez, Jair Max Furtunato Maia, and Maria Clara Silva-Forsberg. "Distribution of invasive exotic species Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. in a forest fragment in the Amazon." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): e59011326734. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26734.
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Artocarpus heterophyllus is an invasive exotic species known for its negative impacts on Brazilian ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and population structure of A. heterophyllus in the plant community of a forest fragment in the Amazon. Individuals of this species were subject to active search at Sumaúma State Park, in Manaus, and two plots were delimited, where these individuals were counted. In each plot, the jackfruit tree individual with the largest Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) was centralized, and from it, native species were inventoried. The parameters of relative density, relative dominance and the importance value index were estimated. Jackfruit tree individuals in the plots had grouped distribution and their number in plots 1 and 2 was 308 and 872 individuals, respectively. In quadrant 1, 254 jackfruit trees and 118 native individuals were recorded, and in quadrant 2, 629 jackfruit and 130 native individuals. The jackfruit tree reached indices higher than the sum of the phytosociological indices of all native species. Jackfruit tree distribution was considered similar to that occurring in other already invaded areas of Brazil, which may indicate that the same impacts may occur in Amazonian ecosystems.
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Testori, Alessandro, Zalman Vaksman, Sharon J. Diskin, Hakon Hakonarson, Mario Capasso, Achille Iolascon, John M. Maris, and Marcella Devoto. "Genetic Analysis in African American Children Supports Ancestry-Specific Neuroblastoma Susceptibility." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 31, no. 4 (February 7, 2022): 870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0782.
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Abstract Background: Neuroblastoma is rarer in African American (AA) children compared with American children of European descent. AA children affected with neuroblastoma, however, more frequently develop the high-risk form of the disease. Methods: We have genotyped an AA cohort of 629 neuroblastoma cases (254 high-risk) and 2,990 controls to investigate genetic susceptibility to neuroblastoma in AAs. Results: We confirmed the known neuroblastoma susceptibility gene BARD1 at genome-wide significance in the subset of high-risk cases. We also estimated local admixture across the autosomal genome in the AA cases and controls and detected a signal at 4q31.22 where cases show an increase in European ancestry. A region at 17p13.1 showed increased African ancestry in the subgroup of high-risk cases with respect to intermediate- and low-risk cases. Using results from our published European American (EA) genome-wide association study (GWAS), we found that a polygenic score that included all independent SNPs showed a highly significant association (P value = 1.8 × 10−73) and explained 19% of disease risk variance in an independent EA cohort. In contrast, the best fit polygenic score (P value = 3.2 × 10−11) in AAs included only 22 independent SNPs with association P value < 2.75 × 10−6 in the EA GWAS, and explained 2% of neuroblastoma risk variance. The significance of the polygenic score dropped rapidly with inclusion of additional SNPs. Conclusions: These findings suggest that several common variants contribute to risk of neuroblastoma in an ancestry-specific fashion. Impact: This work supports the need for GWAS to be performed in populations of all races and ethnicities.
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Yu, Hongfan, Qingsong Yu, Yuxian Nie, Wei Xu, Yang Pu, Wei Dai, Xing Wei, and Qiuling Shi. "Data Quality of Longitudinally Collected Patient-Reported Outcomes After Thoracic Surgery: Comparison of Paper- and Web-Based Assessments." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): e28915. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/28915.
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Background High-frequency patient-reported outcome (PRO) assessments are used to measure patients' symptoms after surgery for surgical research; however, the quality of those longitudinal PRO data has seldom been discussed. Objective The aim of this study was to determine data quality-influencing factors and to profile error trajectories of data longitudinally collected via paper-and-pencil (P&P) or web-based assessment (electronic PRO [ePRO]) after thoracic surgery. Methods We extracted longitudinal PRO data with 678 patients scheduled for lung surgery from an observational study (n=512) and a randomized clinical trial (n=166) on the evaluation of different perioperative care strategies. PROs were assessed by the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory Lung Cancer Module and single-item Quality of Life Scale before surgery and then daily after surgery until discharge or up to 14 days of hospitalization. Patient compliance and data error were identified and compared between P&P and ePRO. Generalized estimating equations model and 2-piecewise model were used to describe trajectories of error incidence over time and to identify the risk factors. Results Among 678 patients, 629 with at least 2 PRO assessments, 440 completed 3347 P&P assessments and 189 completed 1291 ePRO assessments. In total, 49.4% of patients had at least one error, including (1) missing items (64.69%, 1070/1654), (2) modifications without signatures (27.99%, 463/1654), (3) selection of multiple options (3.02%, 50/1654), (4) missing patient signatures (2.54%, 42/1654), (5) missing researcher signatures (1.45%, 24/1654), and (6) missing completion dates (0.30%, 5/1654). Patients who completed ePRO had fewer errors than those who completed P&P assessments (ePRO: 30.2% [57/189] vs. P&P: 57.7% [254/440]; P<.001). Compared with ePRO patients, those using P&P were older, less educated, and sicker. Common risk factors of having errors were a lower education level (P&P: odds ratio [OR] 1.39, 95% CI 1.20-1.62; P<.001; ePRO: OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.22-2.72; P=.003), treated in a provincial hospital (P&P: OR 3.34, 95% CI 2.10-5.33; P<.001; ePRO: OR 4.73, 95% CI 2.18-10.25; P<.001), and with severe disease (P&P: OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.33-1.99; P<.001; ePRO: OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.53-4.75; P<.001). Errors peaked on postoperative day (POD) 1 for P&P, and on POD 2 for ePRO. Conclusions It is possible to improve data quality of longitudinally collected PRO through ePRO, compared with P&P. However, ePRO-related sampling bias needs to be considered when designing clinical research using longitudinal PROs as major outcomes.
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Parthiban, P., V. Ramkumar, Min Sung Kim, Se Mo Son, and Yeon Tae Jeong. "2,4-Bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, no. 6 (May 23, 2009): o1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536809018686.
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In the title compound, C22H25NO3, the molecule has a pseudo-mirror plane. The structure is a positional isomer of 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one [Cox, McCabe, Milne & Sim (1985).J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.pp. 626–628]. The 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one moiety adopts a double chair conformation with equatorial orientations of both 2-methoxyphenyl substituents on either side of the secondary amino group. The benzene rings are oriented at an angle of 33.86 (4)° with respect to each other and the methoxy groups point towards the carbonyl group. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...π interactions.
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Dörfler, U., T. D. McGrath, P. A. Cooke, J. D. Kennedy, and M. Thornton-Pett. "2,4-Cl2-6,9-exo,endo-(PMe2Ph)2-arachno-B10H10." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 54, no. 11 (November 15, 1998): 1703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270198005666.
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Lai, Byron, Jeffer E. Sasaki, Brenda Jeng, Katie L. Cederberg, Marcas M. Bamman, and Robert W. Motl. "Accuracy and Precision of Three Consumer-Grade Motion Sensors During Overground and Treadmill Walking in People With Parkinson Disease: Cross-Sectional Comparative Study." JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): e14059. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14059.
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Background Wearable motion sensors are gaining popularity for monitoring free-living physical activity among people with Parkinson disease (PD), but more evidence supporting the accuracy and precision of motion sensors for capturing step counts is required in people with PD. Objective This study aimed to examine the accuracy and precision of 3 common consumer-grade motion sensors for measuring actual steps taken during prolonged periods of overground and treadmill walking in people with PD. Methods A total of 31 ambulatory participants with PD underwent 6-min bouts of overground and treadmill walking at a comfortable speed. Participants wore 3 devices (Garmin Vivosmart 3, Fitbit One, and Fitbit Charge 2 HR), and a single researcher manually counted the actual steps taken. Accuracy and precision were based on absolute and relative metrics, including intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots. Results Participants walked 628 steps over ground based on manual counting, and Garmin Vivosmart, Fitbit One, and Fitbit Charge 2 HR devices had absolute (relative) error values of 6 (6/628, 1.0%), 8 (8/628, 1.3%), and 30 (30/628, 4.8%) steps, respectively. ICC values demonstrated excellent agreement between manually counted steps and steps counted by both Garmin Vivosmart (0.97) and Fitbit One (0.98) but poor agreement for Fitbit Charge 2 HR (0.47). The absolute (relative) precision values for Garmin Vivosmart, Fitbit One, and Fitbit Charge 2 HR were 11.1 (11.1/625, 1.8%), 14.7 (14.7/620, 2.4%), and 74.4 (74.4/598, 12.4%) steps, respectively. ICC confidence intervals demonstrated low variability for Garmin Vivosmart (0.96 to 0.99) and Fitbit One (0.93 to 0.99) but high variability for Fitbit Charge 2 HR (–0.57 to 0.74). The Fitbit One device maintained high accuracy and precision values for treadmill walking, but both Garmin Vivosmart and Fitbit Charge 2 HR (the wrist-worn devices) had worse accuracy and precision for treadmill walking. Conclusions The waist-worn sensor (Fitbit One) was accurate and precise in measuring steps with overground and treadmill walking. The wrist-worn sensors were accurate and precise only during overground walking. Similar research should inform the application of these devices in clinical research and practice involving patients with PD.
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Derunova, E. A. "Methodical Approaches to the Estimation of Influence of Factors of External and Internal Environment on Consumer Behavior when Selecting High-tech Products." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law 13, no. 4(2) (2013): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2013-13-4-2-623-629.
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Winarno, Ermin Katrin, and Nikola Getoff. "Photo-Induced Decomposition of 2-Chloroaniline in Aqueous Solution." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 57, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2002): 512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2002-5-619.
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A study was performed on the oxidizing degradation of 2-chloroaniline (used as a model pollutant in water) by photolysis (λ = 254 nm). The change of spectrum and substrate concentration of treated solutions was measured spectrophotometrically as well as by HPLC. The yields of the degradation products (chloride ions, ammonium ions, formaldehyde, etc.) were studied as a function of UV-dose. Their initial quantumyields (Qi) were determined by specific analysis. It was shown that the substrate photolysis in the presence of N2O is most efficient, followed by degradation in media saturated with pure oxygen and air. A probable reaction mechanism for the photo-induced degradation of 2-ClA is presented.
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Azenha, M. E. D. G., H. D. Burrows, M. Canle L., R. Coimbra, M. I. Fernández, M. V. García, M. A. Peiteado, and J. A. Santaballa. "Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the direct photodegradation of atrazine, atraton, ametryn and 2-hydroxyatrazine by 254 nm light in aqueous solution." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 16, no. 8 (August 2003): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.624.
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He, Ling, Wei Min Sun, Yu Tian Ding, and Yu Hua Wang. "Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of the Novel Red Phosphor Gd2MoB2O9: Eu." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1327.
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A novel phosphor, Gd2MoB2O9:Eu3+ has been synthesized by solid-state reaction and its photoluminescence in UV-VUV range are investigated. A sharp excitation band is observed in the region of 120–135 nm, which is related to the charge-transfer (CT) band of Gd3+. The broad band around 135–160 nm can be assigned to the BO3 host absorption. The broad bands around 248 nm are assigned to the CT band of Eu3+-O2-. The phosphors emit strong red luminescence centered at about 591 nm, 614 nm and 626 nm due to the5D0–7F1 and 5D0–7F2 transitions of Eu3+. The main emission peak under 254 and 147 nm excitations also shows different shifts with increasing Eu3+ concentration. This could be due to the different luminescence sites selected at high doping concentrations of Eu3+. Gd2MoB2O9:Eu3+ shows the pure red emission under both 254 and 147 nm excitations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "629.254 2"
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Soto, Daniel. "Techniques to accelerate the transition to a new generation of terrestrial digital TV." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671364.
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This thesis explores the problem of compatibility between generations in the field of
Digital Television, and proposes solutions to this problem. Since its inception, the DTV
has been under development without taking into account the ability to continue
receiving broadcasts with legacy equipment when a new generation is introduced.
Therefore, when it comes time to introduce a new technology, a simulcast solution is
usually used.
The study carried out in this thesis explains the reasons why a traditional simulcast is a
problem. As a concrete study example, the case of the transition from SD MPEG-2 to
HD H.264 broadcasts according to the DVB-T standard is analyzed. And how this
problem unnecessarily extends the transition periods between generations. In this way it
postulates that one way to promote the development of new generations of Digital
Television is precisely to shorten transition times.
In order to facilitate the transition to a new generation, different technical solutions have
been studied and developed that provide a certain degree of compatibility between
generations. The results obtained conclude that it is not only feasible, but also desirable,
to incorporate inter-generational compatibility solutions in Digital Television standards.
Using the techniques described here, and others listed as future work, it would be
possible for new standards and generations to incorporate this necessary capability.Esta tesis explora el problema de la compatibilidad entre generaciones en el área de la Televisión Digital, y propone soluciones a ese problema. Desde su inicio, la TVD se ha ido desarrollando sin tener en cuenta la capacidad de seguir recibiendo emisiones con equipos antiguos cuando se introduce una nueva generación. Por lo tanto, cuando llega el momento de introducir una nueva tecnología, se suele utilizar una solución de emisión simultánea o simulcast. El estudio realizado en esta tesis explica las razones por las que un simulcast tradicional es un problema. Como ejemplo de estudio específico, se analiza el caso de la transición desde emisiones SD MPEG-2 a HD H.264 utilizando el estándar DVB-T. Y cómo esta dificultad alarga innecesariamente los períodos de transición entre generaciones. En esta línea se postula que una forma de promover la implantación de nuevas generaciones de Televisión Digital es precisamente acortando los tiempos de transición. Para facilitar la transición a una nueva generación, se han estudiado y desarrollado diferentes soluciones técnicas que proporcionan un cierto grado de compatibilidad entre generaciones. Los resultados obtenidos concluyen que no sólo es factible, sino también deseable, incorporar soluciones de compatibilidad intergeneracional en los estándares de Televisión Digital. Utilizando las técnicas aquí descritas, y otras enumeradas como trabajos futuros, sería posible que los nuevos estándares y generaciones incorporaren esta característica necesaria.
Books on the topic "629.254 2"
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Vavrus, Frances, and Lesley Bartlett. Teaching in Tension. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-224-2.
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van Holten, Theo. The Atomic World Spooky? It Ain't Necessarily So! Paris: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-234-2.
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Clinton), United States President (1993-2001 :. Request for fiscal year 1996 supplemental appropriations: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting his request to make available appropriations totaling $620 million in budgetary authority for DoD operations associated with the NATO-led Bosnia Peace Implementation Force (IFOR) and Operation Deny Flight, and $200 million for civilian implementation of the Dayton Peace Accord and to designate the amounts made available as an emergency requirement pursuant to section 251(b)(2)(D)(i) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, as amended, pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 1107. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.
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Історія української школи і педагогіки. Київ: Знання, 2003.
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На системній основі подається аналіз становлення і розвітку автентичної педагогічної думки, українського шкільництва, національної освіти, народних традицій родинно-шкільного і громодського виховання дітей та молоді на теренах України з найдавніших ч
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Keum, NaNa, Mingyang Song, Edward L. Giovannucci, and A. Heather Eliassen. Obesity and Body Composition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0020.
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In 2014, an estimated 1.9 billion adults worldwide were either overweight (BMI 25–29.9) or obese (BMI ≥30). The so-called obesity epidemic began in high-income, English-speaking countries in the early 1970s, but soon spread globally; more than one-third (38%) of all adults and 600,000 children under age five are overweight or obese, as are two-thirds (69%) of adults in the United States. Excessive body fat is a major cause of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and liver disease, among other disorders, and has been designated a definite cause of at least fourteen cancer sites: breast (postmenopausal), colorectum, endometrium, esophagus (adenocarcinoma), gallbladder, kidney (renal cell), pancreas, gastric cardia, liver, ovary, prostate (advanced tumors), multiple myeloma, thyroid, and meningioma. Mechanisms by which adipose tissue are thought to promote tumor growth include the endocrine and metabolic effects of fat on sex hormones, growth factors, and inflammation, as well as local chemical or mechanical injury of gastrointestinal organs.
Book chapters on the topic "629.254 2"
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Boening, John. "LITERARY MAGAZINE, 2 (1789), 241–255. M/H No. 609." In The Reception of Classical German Literature in England, 1760-1860, 372–78. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003010821-72.
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Haldar, Chandana, and Jayita Pal Chowdhury. "Chronodisruption and Loss of Female Reproductive Potential Due to Shift Work." In Research Anthology on Advancements in Women's Health and Reproductive Rights, 606–34. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6299-7.ch032.
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Entrainment of 24 hrs light/dark cycle is nowadays getting altered in corporate sector and even at home due to over exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) and is commonly denoted as chronodisruption. Chronodisruption interferes with the daily physiology that is regulated by SCN/pineal-melatonin/Hypothalamo-Pituitary axis. In females, reduction in sleep due to shift work desynchronizes HPG-HPA axis induces a stress like condition, accompanied by increased free radical generation in ovary leading to polycystic ovaries, depletion of ovarian reserve, luteal phase defects, endometriosis, implantation failure, etc. Evidence suggest that there is remedial rescue by management of circulatory melatonin due to its chronobiotic/antioxidant/anti-inflamatory/antiapoptotic potentials and its role in ovarian folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Advancement in melatonin research suggests that it could be beneficial for commercial use, that is, (1) as an endogenous synchronizer, (2) to improve the quality of oocyte, and (3) for promoting success in the frequency of IVF.
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Taber, Douglass F. "The Li Synthesis of Daphenylline." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0088.
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The genus Daphniphyllum consists of 25–30 species of evergreen trees and shrubs of south Asia. The leaves and roots are widely used in Chinese herbal medicine. About 250 alkaloids, many with complex polycyclic structures, have been isolated from these species. Of these, daphenylline 3 is unique in incorporating a benzene ring. Ang Li of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry envisioned (Nature Chem. 2013, 5, 679) a route to 3 based on the diastereoselective intramolecular Michael cyclization of 1 to 2. Following the work of Piers (J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8439), the preparation of 1 began with the Birch reduction of 4, followed by hydrolysis. Epoxidation followed by elimination and acetylation led to the racemic acetate 5. Hydrolysis with pig liver esterase left one enantiomer of the acetate, that was transesterified with methoxide to give 6 in high ee. Mitsunobu coupling of 6 with the o-nitrobenzenesulfonamide 7 gave 8. After some experimentation, selective α¢-silylation was effected with TBDPSOTf, setting the stage for gold-catalyzed Conia cyclization to 9. Deprotection of the amine followed by acylation with 10 gave 1, that cyclized smoothly to 2 as a 10:1 ratio of diastereomers. The arene of 3 was constructed by converting 2 into the corresponding vinyl triflate. Pd-mediated coupling with 11 gave 12. Under irradiation with strict exclusion of oxygen, 12 cyclized to the dihydro aromatic, that on warming with DBU in the presence of air was oxidized to 13. To close the last ring of 3, the ketone 13 was further oxidized to the enone 14. Desilylation of 14 followed by exposure to Ph3P/I2 gave the iodide 15, that was cyclized under reductive free radical conditions to 16. The hydrogenation of 16 under Pd catalysis delivered the incorrect diastereomer, perhaps because migration to the endocyclic alkene preceded reduction. This problem was solved by using the Crabtree Ir catalyst. Modified Krapcho decarbomethoxylation then gave 17, that was reduced to daphenylline 3.
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Fatima, Saneem. "Role of MOOCs for Technology and Business Education." In Handbook of Research on Future Opportunities for Technology Management Education, 102–21. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8327-2.ch007.
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Education with the help of technology is deliberated as an encouraging development and means of transforming the teaching-learning model. The significant changes in use of the technology in online education has seen the emergence of the concept of massive open online courses (MOOCs). India has the world's largest youth population of about 500 million in the age bracket of 5-24 years. According to the statistics offered by Deloitte, 69% of jobs will be impacted by automation and analytical skills. Critical thinking and emotional intelligence will have a higher demand as against reading and writing by 2022. The World Economic Forum's ‘Future of Jobs 2018' report states that more than one-half of India's workforce will have to be reskilled by 2022. There is a need to make the Indian educational system globally more relevant and competitive. In this context, this chapter attempts to bring out the various aspects related to the challenges and opportunities through usage of MOOCs in technology and business education, especially in the context of the new education policy of the Government of India in 2020.
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Mustanski, Brian, David A. Moskowitz, Kevirj O. Moran, H. Jonathon Rendina, Michael E. Newcomb, and Kathryn Macapagal. "Factors Associated With HIV Testing in Teenage Men Who Have Sex With Men." In Pediatric Collections: LGBTQ+: Support and Care (Part 2: Health Concerns and Disparities), 31–39. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610025409-factors.
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BACKGROUND Adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) have a high rate of HIV diagnoses. An estimated 14.5% of HIV infections in the United States are undiagnosed; but among 13- to 24-year-olds, the rate is 51.4%. We describe HIV testing rates and identifies salient individual, family, school, and health care influences among AMSM. METHODS Data were collected as part of SMART, an ongoing pragmatic trial of an online HIV prevention intervention for AMSM (N = 699). Measures included lifetime HIV testing, demographics, sexual behaviors, condom use, HIV education from school and family, sexual health communication with doctors, HIV knowledge, and risk attitudes. RESULTS Only 23.2% of participants had ever had an HIV test. Rates of testing increased with age (5.6% in 13- to 14-year-olds; 15.8% in 15- to 16-year-olds; 37.8% in 17- to 18-year-olds), and sexual experience was a strong predictor of testing (odds ratio: 6.54; 95% confidence interval: 3.95–11.49; P < .001). Most participants had a regular doctor (67.5%), but few had conversations about same-sex sexual behaviors (21.3%), HIV testing (19.2%), or sexual orientation (29.2%). Speaking to a doctor about HIV testing had a large effect (odds ratio: 25.29; confidence interval: 15.91–41.16; P < .001), with 75.4% who had such conversations having been tested, compared to only 10.8% of those who had not had such conversations. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher risk, few participants reported ever having received an HIV test. Data indicate pediatricians are an important, but largely untapped, source of testing and could be integral to achieving testing rates needed to end the epidemic.
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Sharma, Renee, Jai K. Das, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "Positive Strategies in Achieving Health for All Children: An Equity Framework and Its Effect on Research Design and Education." In Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research, 43–60. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part01-ch03.
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The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by world leaders in 2000 aimed to address some of the most pressing global issues of our times: extreme poverty, unequal health, and inequities in development. The MDGs, a set of interrelated targets to be met by 2015, catalyzed political commitment toward improving child survival and maternal health. Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 called for a two-thirds reduction in the younger-than-5 child mortality rate and a three-quarters reduction in the maternal mortality ratio, respectively, from 1990 base figures.1 Although concerted global efforts have led to substantial reductions in maternal and child mortality over the past 25 years, MDG 4 and 5 targets have not been fully realized. Only 62 of the 195 countries with available estimates achieved the MDG 4 target, of which 24 were low-income and lower-middle–income countries.2 Only 2 regions, East Asia and the Pacific (69% reduction) and Latin America and the Caribbean (67% reduction), met the target at a regional level.2 For MDG 5, of the 95 countries that had a maternal mortality ratio of more than 100 in 1990, only 9 achieved the target for reduction in maternal mortality: Bhutan, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Iran, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia, Rwanda, and Timor-Leste.3 As we celebrate the fact that the global younger-than-5 mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio have fallen by 53% and 43.9%, respectively, since 1990, we also face the sobering reality that high numbers of women and children are still dying every year, largely due to conditions that could have been prevented or treated if existing cost-effective interventions were universally available.2–4 The burden of mortality also remains unevenly distributed, with the largest numbers and highest rates of maternal and younger-than-5 deaths concentrated in countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in lower-income countries and among fragile states, especially those with ongoing conflict.2,3,5 2015 marked the end of the MDG era and the beginning of a new global framework, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This new framework presents an opportunity to leverage the momentum built over recent decades to tackle global inequities in maternal and child health. Of these SDGs, goal 3 also calls for an end to preventable deaths of newborns and children younger than 5 years, as well as a reduction in maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, by 2030.6 Achieving this target would require overcoming barriers and inequities in access to quality health services and, thus, implementing strategies to reach all mothers and children, including those who are most vulnerable, remote, and at risk. In this chapter, we discuss the current burden of younger-than-5 and maternal mortality, barriers contributing to health inequities, and, finally, evidence-based strategies to bridge these gaps.
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Carter, Patrick M., Maureen A. Walton, Manya F. Newton, Michael Clery, Lauren K. Whiteside, Marc A. Zimmerman, and Rebecca M. Cunningham. "Firearm Possession Among Adolescents Presenting to an Urban Emergency Department for Assault." In Firearm-Related Injuries and Preventions, 90–98. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022750-firearm_possession.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Firearm violence is a leading cause of death among youth. The objectives of this study were (1) determine firearm possession rates and associated correlates among youth seeking care for assault in an emergency department (ED); (2) understand differences in risk factors for youth with firearm possession; and (3) identify firearm possession characteristics in this population: type, reason for possession, and source of firearms. METHODS Youth (14 to 24 years old) presenting to a Level 1 ED with assault were administered a computerized screening survey. Validated instruments were administered, measuring demographics, firearm rates and characteristics, attitudes toward aggression, substance use, and previous violence history. RESULTS Among 689 assault-injured youth, 23% reported firearm possession in the past 6 months. Only 17% of those reporting firearm possession obtained the gun from a legal source; 22% reported ownership of highly lethal automatic/semiautomatic weapons and 37.1% reported having a firearm for protection. Logistic regression analysis identified significant correlates of firearm possession, including male gender, higher socioeconomic status, illicit drug use, recent serious fight, and retaliatory attitudes. CONCLUSIONS ED assault-injured youth had high rates of firearm possession (23.1%), most of which were not obtained from legal sources. Youth with firearm possession were more likely to have been in a recent serious fight, and to endorse aggressive attitudes that increase their risk for retaliatory violence. Future prevention efforts should focus on minimizing illegal firearm access among high-risk youth, nonviolent alternatives to retaliatory violence, and substance use prevention.
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"Red Snapper: Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico." In Red Snapper: Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, edited by JOANNE LYCZKOWSKI-SHULTZ and DAVID S. HANISKO. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569971.ch2.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Eleven taxa of snappers were found among the 20,301 snapper larvae examined from over 14,000 bongo and neuston samples collected during SEAMAP surveys, 1982 to 2003. During that time series, a total of 639 red snapper <em>Lutjanus campechanus </em>larvae were identified in bongo samples and 1053 larvae in neuston samples. Red snapper larvae first appeared in May and were present as late as November. Months of highest occurrence and abundance were July and September when larvae were taken in 12.7% and 11.0% of bongo samples, and in 7.6% and 8.4% of neuston samples. Mean abundance in those months was 1.18 and 0.82 larvae under 10 m<sup>2</sup> of sea surface for bongo samples and 0.36 larvae per 10 min for neuston samples. By November, percent occurrence was less than or equal to 0.2% and mean abundance was less than 0.01 larvae in samples from either gear. Larvae identifiable as red snapper ranged in body length from 2.4 to 19.2 mm (mean = 5.12, median = 4.60) in bongo net samples; and 2.7–24.0 mm (mean = 4.37, median = 4.00) in neuston net samples. Over 95% of larvae in bongo samples were less than or equal to 8.3 mm and in neuston samples were less than or equal to 5.6 mm. Larvae were captured throughout the survey area but were consistently observed in greatest abundance at stations on the mid-continental shelf west of the Mississippi River, especially off western Louisiana and central Texas. This time series of observations is the data set from which annual estimates of larval red snapper abundance were derived for use as a fishery independent index of adult stock size.
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Sarı, Ali. "Fossil Fuels." In Energy: Concepts and Applications, 131–84. Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-00-9.ch03.
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Fossil fuels are protected from rapid degradation and extinction as a result of phytoplankton and zooplankton living in seas and lakes and terrestrial plant residues accumulating in H2S-rich, oxygen-free environments, rapidly covering them with sediments and sinking into the ground. These organic-origin residues begin to decompose and be transformed by first aerobic bacteria at shallow depths and then anaerobic bacteria that use oxygen to a minimum. As a result, organic residues remain underground for millions of years and undergo various chemical and biochemical transformations and turn into fossil energy sources. Fossil fuels can be divided into two main groups as conventional (petroleum, coal, and natural gas) and non-conventional (bituminous shale, asphalt, asphaltite, gas hydrate, shale/rock gas, and coal gases). Although fossil fuels have many disadvantages, such as air pollution, it is thought that their importance will continue in the next 50 years. For example, according to the international energy Agency (IEA) data, the share of fossil fuels, which constitute 81% of the world’s primary energy resources, in 2040 will decrease to 79% if current energy policies are continued. According to recent projections of IEA, in2040, the share of coal in the primary energy demand will be 28.6% with the continuation of the current energy policies. Although there are significant differences in oil and natural gas share in 2040, it is estimated that the share of oil will be 27%, and the share of natural gas will be 24%. Again, expectations show that the share of nuclear energy in energy resources will increase. While the share of nuclear energy in primary energy resources is 4.8%in the current situation, it is expected to increase to 5.3% in 2040 according to the current energy policies and the continuation scenario. It is predicted that the share of renewable energy sources in 2040 will be 12.8%. The amount of energy used for electricity generation is expected to increase by 70%, with an annual average of 2%, until 2040, which corresponds to 42% of the global primary energy growth rate. An increase of 81% is predicted in the primary energy consumption used in industry; this ratio accounts for 50% of the world’s primary energy growth rate. Population growth, urban development, and industrialization can be cited as the reasons for increasingworld primary energy resource consumption.
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Cieślak-Kopyt, Małgorzata. "Elementy obrządku pogrzebowego." In Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne, 83–87. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo; Muzeum im. Jacka Malczewskiego w Radomiu, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/oda-sah.10.zn.04.
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A total of 65 Przeworsk culture features were discovered in the Żelazna Nowa cemetery. This number included a rectangular groove feature, urned cremations (6), alleged/damaged urned cremations (14), unurned cremations (14), alleged/fully or partly damaged unurned cremations (27), pits containing no bone material (4), undtermined cremations (2), pits containing no archeological material (1). All of the explored burials are cremations. However, a more detailed analysis encounters problems due to the state of preservation of the graves. Features 3, 19A and 19B, 30, 33, 37, 39 have been confidently identified as urned cremations. In many other features fragments of ceramic vessels were found, which may be remains of damaged urns: 18, 21, 23, 25, 31, 35, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, and 58. Certain unurned cremations are 4, 6, 7, 8, 11–13, 15–17, 22, 24, 32, and 34. The interpretation of the remaining features is uncertain. Among the features uncovered in the cemetery were pits containing no bones: 5, 60, 61, 62, as well as pits containing no archaeological material at all: 55. The majority of unurned cremations contained pyre debris, while no such remains were observed in the following damaged unurned cremations: 15, 40–42, 45, 61, 62. There were a few cases of double burials identified. Three unurned cremations (6, 13, 15) and one urned cremation (39) contained bones of Infans I and an undetermined individual, while feature 19 contained two urns with individual burials: Infans II and an undetermined individual. Urned cremations, and one alleged unurned cremation (56), are distinguished by a higher standard of furnishing and a considerably larger amount of bone remains. This can be given two interpretations: a higher status of those buried there, or different rituals used for urned and unurned cremations. In two graves the urn was covered with an upturned vessel (features 33 and 37). In one case, an apotropaic behaviour characteristic of the Przeworsk culture was recorded, involving driving sharp objects into the pit’s bottom: in grave 41 these were two spearheads.
Conference papers on the topic "629.254 2"
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de Jong, Steven, Gerda de Vries, Gert Jan Meersma, Albert J. H. Suurmeijer, Marcel A. T. M. van Vugt, and Jourik A. Gietema. "Abstract 6229: MDM2 inhibitors sensitize testicular cancer models to mTORC1/2 inhibitors and cisplatin." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-6229.
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Woods, A. I., and M. A. Lazzari. "ASPIRIN FAILURE TO INHIBIT THE RELEASE OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS-INHIBITORS BY HUMAN PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643126.
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Platelet-PA-Inhibitors can be released by thrombin, Col laaen( Col) and others.If they are physiologically important,inhibition of their release might facilitate thrombolysis.Intrinsic PA were tested in euclobulins (eug)of PPP and PPP+Washed platelets(WP) ,with and without aspirinf ASA) .treated with UK,SK and Col(20 atfd l2uo/ml) Results(mm2)were:euaPPP:232+78;+3×106WP/ul:217+71;+10%7ul:188+/5 +2×106MP/ul: 157+69:With UK:eugPPP:283+76;+3×l0517P/ul :234+69;+106 WP/ul :172+55;+2×l(PWP/ul :154+48; With SK:euoPPP:303+99;+3×l05WP/ul 252+65;+1067P/ul:203+68;+2×106UP/ul: 174+85;Wi th Col (20ug/ml) :eur PPP:234+97;+3×105WP/ul:160+63;+106WP/ul:141+73;+2×l06WP/ul:129+81; +2×106WP/ul+ASA: 105+31;Wi th Col uc/ml) :euaPPP:230+56;+3×l05NP/ul: 160+52;+106WP/ul:139+44;+2×106wp/ul:126+21;+2×106WP/ul+ASA:118+28. EugPPP+l/P showed lower lysis area.Col induced more decrease of lysis area in euc with WP.ASA did not modify this effect.UK and SK produced higher lysis area only in euoPPP.No difference was observed between high and low doses of Col-effect upon WP.Combined treatment of eucPPP+WP+Col, with UK and SK showed:(mm2):UK-treated eugPPP+2×106WP/ul+Col(29ug/ml):134+25;+ASA and Col(20ug/ml):115+65;+Col(2uc/ml):157+50;+ASA and Col(2uo/ml):133+49; SK-treated eupPPP+2×106WP/ul:+Col(20uo/ml):144+49;+ASA and Col(20ug/ml):128+ 60;+Co1(2ug/ml):173+66;+ASA and Col(2ug/ml):142+36.Col (20ug/ml) produced slight lower lysis area of UK and SK-treated eugPPP+WP. (p:ns). ASA did not modify this effect.Col (2uc/ml) did not produce changes in lysis area of UK and SK-treated eupPPP +WP. ASA produced slight lower lysis area(p:ns).Conclusion: high dosis of Col could release anti UK,anti SK and intrinsic PA-inhibitors from platelets;low dosis of Col could only release fntrinsic PA-inhibi tors. It suggests that anti UK and anti SK release might be triggered by stronger stimuli than intrinsic PA inhibitors.ASA could not inhibit any inhibitors release.We must consider that PA-inhibi tors could be released by different metabolic pathways other than cyclooxygenase pathway.
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Ganapathy, Harish, Amir Shooshtari, Serguei Dessiatoun, Mohamed Alshehhi, and Michael M. Ohadi. "Experimental Investigation of Advanced Microscale Reactors for Enhanced Carbon Capture and Natural Gas Sweetening Applications." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18394.
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There is an active need to develop compact mass transfer systems for high efficiency gas-liquid absorption applications, such as solvent-based carbon capture and natural gas sweetening processes. The present paper focuses on the absorption of carbon dioxide in aqueous diethanolamine using microreactors having hydraulic diameters of 762, 508 and 254 μm. The mass transfer phenomenon was studied and characterized with respect to absorption efficiency and mass transfer coefficient. Parametric studies were conducted varying the liquid and gas phase concentrations. Liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficients as high as 620 s−1 were achieved, which is between 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than that reported for most conventional gas-liquid absorption systems. High levels of absorption efficiency, close to 100%, were observed under certain operating conditions. The presently observed process intensification was attributed to an increase in the specific interfacial area with reduction in the channel diameter.
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Hale, Emily, Joel Bowen, Jonathon Sheen, and Kirk Bowling. "Endoloops in Laparoscopic Appendicectomy: a Cost Effectiveness Analysis." In VIRTUAL ACADEMIC SURGERY CONFERENCE 2021. Cambridge Medicine Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7244/cmj.2021.04.001.5.
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Introduction Over 50,000 appendicectomies are performed in the UK annually with significant associated costs to the healthcare system.The aim of this study was to investigate whether a significant difference in complication rate exists where different numbers of endoloop ligatures have been applied to the appendiceal base during laparoscopic appendicectomy, and to analyse for potential cost saving. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of appendicectomies at our centre in one year, providing a sample of 254 patients. Cases were analysed against exclusion criteria, operative method, and histological findings. Each was followed up for complications in the 30 days post discharge and graded using the Clavien-Dindo system. Our null hypothesis of no difference in complication rate was tested using Fisher’s exact test. Results Of 254 patients, 59 were excluded due to open approach, non-endoloop method, or lack of available record, leaving a population of 195. The result of the two-tailed P value equalled 1.000, indicating no statistically significant difference in complication rate whether one or two endoloops were used. Regarding cost effectiveness, an endoloop costs £13.59. If the 62 cases in which 2 endoloops were used to secure the base had utilised a single endoloop, this would amount to a saving of £842.58. Conclusion Our study set out to assess whether the complication rate differs in cases where one or two endoloops have been applied. Retrospective statistical analysis found no significant difference between groups. Based on these findings, we recommend use of one endoloop to secure the base in laparoscopic appendicectomy.
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Norrbin, Clay S., and Adolfo Delgado. "A Novel Controlled-Motion Test Rig to Evaluate Effect of Synchronous and Subsynchronous Lateral Vibration on Reliability and Performance of Mechanical Seals in Pumps." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15749.
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Abstract Mechanical seals are commonly used in rotating machinery to contain liquid leakage past a rotating shaft. Pumps vibration often exhibit both synchronous and sub-synchronous whirling, which may lead to premature failure of mechanical seals. A test rig was developed to simulate a running pump environment for the mechanical seal. The controlled-motion test rig comprises a flexibly-mounted-rotor connected to a pair of electrohydraulic shakers. This configuration allows imposing whirl orbits to a flexibly-mounted-rotor (FMR) mechanical seal at any prescribed frequency independent of rotor speed. A 6-axis load cell provides direct measurements of the reaction forces at the mechanical seal stationary component. Five Eddy current sensors and capacity probes track the 5 DOFs of the mechanical seal dynamic face. The flow loop is a modified plan 54 with an external pump capable of delivering 32 lpm at 14 bar using VG 2 mineral oil, and an external heat exchanger to regulate oil temperature. Tests were performed on a 3-inch (76.2 mm) FMR seal. Input rotor whirl vibration was increased to 10 mils pk-pk (254 microns), while cooling flow (VG2 mineral oil) was set to 8 lpm and pressure was varied from 1.7–6.9 lpm. The measurements include steady state values of temperature, power loss, clearance and leakage; and dynamic measurements of seal face wobble, wobble-imposed torque, relative lateral movement and fluid film shear.
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Anderson, Jacob P., and M. Cengiz Altan. "Properties of Composite Cylinders Fabricated by Bladder Assisted Composite Manufacturing (BACM)." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65285.
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An innovative manufacturing method, BACM (Bladder Assisted Composite Manufacturing), to fabricate geometrically complex, hollow parts made of polymeric composite materials is presented. BACM uses an internally heated bladder to provide the consolidation pressure at the required cure temperature, and thus produces high quality components. The feasibility of this manufacturing method is demonstrated by fabricating laminated composite cylinders using multiple cure pressures and wall thicknesses. The mechanical properties, energy consumed during the curing, and void content of the composite cylinders, are investigated in detail. The curing of composite cylinders was carried out by circulating heated air inside the bladder. Using the described heating method a number of 2-, 4-, and 6-ply composite cylinders made of E-glass/epoxy prepreg (Newport 321/7781) were prepared as test samples. Cylinders were cured at 121°C (250°F) for 2 hours using bladder pressures of 207 kPa (30 psi), 345 kPa (50 psi), 483 kPa (70 psi), and 621 kPa (90 psi). The mechanical behavior of the cylinders were characterized by compressing sample rings and loading ring segments in three-point bending. The fiber volume fraction and the void content of the cylinders were determined from resin burn-off experiments and density measurements. The cylinders produced using the BACM process were found to exhibit excellent surface quality. The elastic moduli, failure strength, and void contents of the cylinders were comparable to the values obtained from flat laminates produced by hot plate molding. Compared to conventional bladder manufacturing methods, the BACM process reduced the energy required to cure the cylinder by more than 50%.
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Schutz, Ronald W., Gabriel Rombado, David A. Baker, Heath W. Walker, and Christopher S. Caldwell. "Qualification Testing of Titanium Stress Joints Designed for Galvanic Hydrogen Mitigation Conveying Hot, Sour Well Fluids." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78105.
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A three-phase laboratory test qualification program for Titanium Stress Joint (TSJ) use in an offshore steel catenary riser (SCR) system handling hot, marginally sour well brine fluid offers guidance for expanded, safe TSJ use in hot sour well service. Phase 1 results indicated a reasonable concern and risk for long-term excessive hydrogen uptake and damage to the TSJ when directly coupled with the steel riser and steel topside piping. An alternative TSJ design, incorporating an Alloy 625 cathode buffer transition between adjoining steel tubulars, was proposed for mitigation of galvanic hydrogen charging uptake and damage prevention for hot sour fluid service. This “Tri-Metal couple” design was modeled in Phase 2 using polarization curves as input, and simulations projected insignificant hydrogen charging on TSJ bore surfaces exposed to “Worst-Case Sour” brine fluid at 250°F (121°C). Phase 3 aimed at qualifying the TSJ welds for even more severe and acidic sour well fluid service conditions up to 275°F (135°C), via fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) and J-R fracture toughness testing of weld metal, and S-N fatigue and slow strain rate (SSR) tensile testing of cross-welds. These tests confirmed the high degree of hot sour environmental resistance for Grade 29 Titanium welded joints, and reasonable compatibility with TSJ design requirements.
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Maas, David M., and Nathan M. McCown. "Turbine Inlet Ice Related Failures and Predicting Inlet Ice Formation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28351.
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Ice ingestion has caused damage and subsequent failures of a Solar Mars 100 natural gas pipeline gas turbine on two separate occasions in Seligman Arizona. Understanding this phenomenon and the required ambient conditions is key to preventing ice related failures in the future. This paper investigates the required ambient temperature and relative humidity for inlet ice formation. It presents the data collected from an on site ambient temperature and relative humidity meter as well as a real time bell-mouth inlet camera. An ambient temperature and relative humidity meter was installed on site and used to protect the turbine by shutting it down (trip) based on high relative humidity and low ambient temperatures. The initial criteria of relative humidity greater then 95% and ambient temperature less then 35.5°F (1.9°C) used to trip and protect the unit were a combination of an educated guess and values cited in General Electric document Gas Turbine Inlet Air Treatment. [1] To further refine these trip parameters and better understand the inlet icing process, a camera was installed in the turbine inlet housing with a view of the bell-mouth and inlet guide vanes (IGV). This provided real time images of the inlet icing phenomena that was then correlated with the ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH). Also, the camera images showed, after a significant icing event, that pieces of ice sloughed off the IGVs and were ingested by the turbine. Weather Radar data collected from www.weather.com showed that this can occur without precipitation. The theory of inlet ice formation was investigated using the Magnus equation for dew-point calculations and the “Ideal Gas Law” with an assumption of constant specific heat for the flowing inlet temperature depression. Using a temperature recovery factor of 0.8 (this has been supported by numerical modeling in previous research by Stewart [2]) the inlet guide vane temperature depression was predicted to be 6.9°F (3.8°C). With this IGV temperature depression, icing was predicted for ambient temperatures less then 38.9°F (32+6.9°F) (3.8°C) and RH above 74 to 76%. Evidence is also given for inlet ice formation on a General Electric model Frame 3 turbine at the same location. The collected RH, ambient temperature data and inlet camera images suggest condensate and not precipitate icing could be the root cause of the past ice ingestion failures. With the ambient temperature, RH data and bell-mouth camera images, the temperature depression at the inlet guide vanes was measured to be about 9.5°F (5.3°C). The temperature recovery factor (RF) was shown to be 0.73. A 9.5°F (5.3°C) IGV temperature drop will result in IGV ice when ambient temperatures are below 41.5°F (32+9.5°F) (5.3°C) and RH above 67 to 69%. Setting the trip criteria to guarantee ice free operation will negatively impact the reliability and drop it to unacceptable levels. The original trip criteria of relative humidity greater then 95% and ambient temperature less then 35.5°F (1.9°C) remain and are now seen as an acceptable compromise. Inlet air heating as a method of preventing inlet ice formation will be discussed. The amount of heat added to the inlet air to guarantee ice free operation is determined to be greater than 250 hp (186 kW). Finally, options for the inlet air heating energy source are suggested.
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Souza, Izabel Cristina de, Gilmara de Lucena Beserra, Weslley Monteiro Amora, Tainan Maria Cruz Lopes Tavares, Cícero Mendes Siqueira, Paula Renata Amorim Lessa Soares, Samila Gomes Ribeiro, and Ana Karina Bezerra Pinheiro. "Comportamentos sexuais e infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em minorias sexuais." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p222.
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Introdução: As minorias sexuais, comumente representadas por lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, transexuais/travestis, intersexuais e outras expressões ou identidades de gênero (LGBTI+) apresentam vulnerabilidades específicas, tornando-se foco de estudos para melhor compreensão de suas necessidades. Objetivo: Identificar comportamentos sexuais na população LGBTI+ e vulnerabilidades para aquisição de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Métodos: Pesquisa do tipo observacional com delineamento transversal realizada em espaços de sociabilização LGBTI+ em Fortaleza (CE) nos meses outubro a dezembro de 2019. A amostra foi obtida por conveniência, sendo entrevistadas pessoas autodeclaradas LGBTI+ por meio de instrumento contendo dados sociodemográficos e comportamento sexual. Pesquisa aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Ceará sob parecer 3.921.161. Resultados: Participaram 254 pessoas com idade entre 18 a 40 anos (mediana de 22 anos). Dessas, 144 (56,6%) haviam realizado testagem para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis no último ano, que indicou que nove (3,5%) apresentaram as seguintes infecções sexualmente transmissíveis: clamídia (1), herpes (1), vírus da imunodeficiência humana (1), papilomavírus humano (2) e sífilis (4). Apenas quatro relataram terem sido tratadas. Quanto ao uso do preservativo no último trimestre, 58 (36,2%) daqueles com parceria fixa relataram nunca usar, do total de 53 (49%) daqueles com parcerias casuais. No tocante à prática de sexo químico, dos que possuíam parceria fixa, 84 (52,8%) já o tinham praticado pelo menos uma vez, e 56 (51,3%) entre os que tinham parceria casual. Na penetração anal receptiva, 69 (50,7%) nunca usavam preservativo em suas parcerias fixas e 23 (25,8%) nunca o utilizava em parcerias casuais. Conclusão: Os achados apontam para uma baixa taxa de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, prevalecendo a sífilis, com menos da metade dos diagnosticados tendo sido tratada. Aqueles com parcerias fixas relataram usar menos preservativo durante sexo anal receptivo e aqueles com parcerias casuais usaram menos preservativo no último trimestre. Salienta-se a importância da qualificação profissional para o atendimento e condução de grupos e suas especificidades.
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Souza, Letícia Passos, Sabrina Santos Alves, and Ícaro García Viana. "BRAZILIAN OUTLOOK OF BREAST CANCER MORTALITY IN VALIDITY OF MAMMOGRAPHIC SCREENING - A TIME REVIEW." In Scientifc papers of XXIII Brazilian Breast Congress - 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s1044.
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Introduction: Breast Cancer is the cancer with the highest incidence among the female population at national and worldwide levels, except for non-melanoma skin cancer. It is also the main cause of cancer deaths in women, representing an important public health problem. This scenario justifies the implementation of strategies that aim to reduce mortality and morbidity rates in its target population. Based on this demand, the document “Breast Cancer Control - Consensus Document” was prepared in 2004 by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) and the Brazilian Department of Health, with an improvement in 2015 through the “Guidelines for Early Detection of Breast Cancer in Brazil”. Objectives: The objective of the present work is to evaluate the outlook of breast cancer mortality in women in Brazil between the years 2009 and 2018, considering the mammographic screening implementation. Methods: A retrospective and descriptive epidemiological study was carried out using the last ten years of Brazilian data available on INCA’s Online Mortality Atlas (from 2009 to 2018). In addition, documents released by INCA and the Department of Health that contemplate breast cancer issues in women and mammographic screening were selected, as they reflect the reality of the country. The age group primarily observed was between 50 and 69 years, which correspond to that indicated for mammographic screening in the current legislation. Results: Deaths due to breast cancer rose from 11,968 to 17,572 between 2009 and 2018, which represents an increase of 46.82%, as shown in Table 1. Considering the same time frame, the values in percentage show an increase of 0.48% when compared to the total number of deaths (from 2.54% to 3.02% - as shown in Table 2). The mortality rate by age group increased: from 32.54 to 35.63 for the group aged 50 to 59 and from 41.78 to 53.63 for the group aged 60 to 69 years. The data show the persistent increase in the mortality rate due to the disease, despite the implementation of mammographic screening. The significant reduction in mortality predicted in the literature for the age group 50 to 69 years depends on factors such as high coverage and quality of screening, in addition to adequate treatment. Globalization and industrialization increased exposure to risk factors. The increase in life expectancy is expected to interfere with incidence and prevalence. Conclusions: Conditions mentioned above may justify the increase in mortality. Therefore, the relevance of screening in cancer’s pre-clinical identification still justifies its indication and implantation.
Reports on the topic "629.254 2"
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Sink, Ken, Shamay Izhar, and Abraham Nachmias. Asymmetric Somatic Hybridization: Developing a Gene Transfer System for Solanaceous Vegetable Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613010.bard.
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Highly asymmetric somatic hybrid plants were obtained by PEG/DMSO fusion of gamma irradiated (100, 250, 7500 and 1000 Gy) protoplasts of a (KmR-) interspecific hybrid Lycopersicon esculentum x L. pennellii (EP) with protoplasts of eggplant (E). Somatic hybrid calli were selected based on kanamycin resistance and verified by PCR of the NptII gene, RAPD's and Southern's using potato rDNA pTHG2 probes. Flow cytometry indicated all hybrid calli that did not regenerate shoots were 5-9n. Three asymmetric plants regenerated only from callus close to 4n and such calli oly occurred when EP received 100 Gy. The asymmetric plants had eggplant morphology and regenerated from one hybrid callus with 6.29 average size tomato chromosomes. Limited amounts of EP DNA were found in the three somatic hybrid plants H18-1 to -3 by dot-blot hybridization with probe pTHG2, to be equivalent to 6.23, 5.41, and 5.95 % EP, respectively. RFLP analysis of Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii specific chromosomes revealed that only fragments of 8 to 10 out of the 24 EP chromosomes are present in the asymmetric plants. Transgenic plants 2-3, 2-4 and 10-3 were found resistant to verticillium; suggesting successful transfer of the Ve complex from S. torvum to eggplant.
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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Наталія Вікторівна Товстоляк, and Катерина Михайлівна Домшина. Сучасний стан вікових екземплярів дубу звичайного парку ім. Федора Мершавцева (м. Кривий Ріг). Одеський націоналний університет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3630.
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За дендрометричними і санітарними характеристиками та показника- ми декоративності з’ясовували сучасний стан вікових екземплярів дубу звичайного на території парку культури та відпочинку ім. Федора Мер- шавцева (м. Кривий Ріг). В межах території парку виявлено 64 екземп- ляри вікових дерев дубу звичайного. Вони згруповані у чотири локації: Фундатори Криворіжжя (чотири дерева), Криворізька діброва (46 дерев), Криворізький квартет (п’ять дерев), Гданцівські дуби (дев’ять дерев). Ві- кові дерева парку характеризуються: 1) унікальними дендрометричними показниками висоти дерева (від 14 м до 38 м, в середньому 25 м) та ді- аметру стовбуру (від 37 см до 102 см, в середньому 62 см); 2) задовіль- ним санітарним станом та високою естетичністю; 3) наявністю вікових (100–200 років) та багатовікових (200–1000 років) екземплярів (вік двох дерев перевищує 300 р., вік восьми дерев перевищує офіційний вік на- шого міста – 245 р.). Рекомендовано створення ботанічної пам’ятки природи «Вікові дерева дубу звичайного парку імені Федора Мершавцева (м. Кривий Ріг)».
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Naim, Michael, Gary R. Takeoka, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Ron G. Buttery. Identification of Impact Aroma Compounds in Tomato: Implications to New Hybrids with Improved Acceptance through Sensory, Chemical, Breeding and Agrotechnical Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585204.bard.
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The tomato, a profitable vegetable crop in both the USA and Israel, has benefited significantly from intensive breeding efforts in both countries, and elsewhere (esp. Holland). : Modem hybrids are highly prolific and resistant to a variety of major pests. They produce attractive, firm fruit for both processing and fresh-marketing. In all cases, however, reduction in flavor and aroma have occurred concomitantly with the increase in yield. Sugars-acids ratio dominate fruit taste, whereas aroma volatiles (potent at minute ppb and ppt levels) contribute to the total characteristic tomato flavor. An increase in sugars (1-2%) contributes significantly to tomato fruit taste. However, because of energy reasons, an increase in fruit sugars is immediately compensated for by a decrease in yield. Our main objectives were to: (a) pinpoint and identify the major impact aroma components of fresh tomato; (b) study the genetic and environmental effects on fruit aroma; (c) determine precursors of appealing (flavors) and repelling (off-flavors) aroma compounds in tomato. Addition of saturated salts blocked all enzymatic activities prior to isolation of volatiles by dynamic and static headspace, using solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) from highly favored (FA-612 and FA-624) and less preferred (R 144 and R 175) tomato genotypes. Impact aroma components were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The potent odorant (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, was identified for the first time in fresh tomato. From the ca. 400 volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh tomato, the following compounds are proposed to be impact aroma compounds: (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-2-hexenal, phenyl acetaldehyde, b-ionone, b-damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2H)-furanone (FuraneolR), (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one, methional, 1-octen-3-one, guaiacol, (E,E)- and (E,Z)- 2,4-decadienal and trans- and cis-4,5-EPOXY -(E)-2-decenal. This confirms the initial hypothesis that only a small number of volatiles actually contribute to the sensation of fruit aroma. Tomato matrix significantly affected the volatility of certain impact aroma components and thus led to the conclusion that direct analysis of molecules in the headspace . may best represent access of tomato volatiles to the olfactory receptors. Significant differences in certain odorants were found between preferred and less-preferred cultivars. Higher consumer preference was correlated with higher concentrations of the following odorants: l-penten-3-one, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and especially Furaneol, whereas lower consumer preference was associated with higher concentrations of methional, 3-methylbutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. Among environmental factors (salinity, N source, growth temperature), temperature had significant effects on the content of selected aroma compounds (e.g., 3-methylbutanal, 1- penten-3-one, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2-phenylethanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol) in fresh tomatoes. Salt stress (20 mM NaCl) increased the content of odorants such as (Z)-3-hexenal, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methylbutanal in the R-144 cultivar whereas salinity had minor effects on 1-pentene-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole and b-ionone. This fundamental knowledge obtained by comprehensive investigation, using modem chemical, sensory and agrotechnical methodology will assist future attempts to genetically modify the concentrations of key odorants in fresh tomatoes, and thus keep the tomato production of Israel and the USA competitive on the world market.
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Perkins, Dustin. Invasive exotic plant monitoring in Capitol Reef National Park: 2020 and 2021 field seasons. National Park Service, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294094.
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Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity. Controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 moni-toring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. From June 5 to July 29, 2020, and May 30 to June 2, 2021, network staff conducted surveys for priority IEP species along the Oak Creek, Pleasant Creek, and State Route 24 monitoring routes at Capitol Reef National Park. We detected 834 patches of 11 priority IEP species along 67.9 kilometers (42.2 miles) of three monitoring routes. There were more patches of tamarisk along State Route 24, and a higher percentage of large patches, than in previous years. This indicates that previously identified IEP patches have expanded and grown. Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) along State Route 24 have both increased in prevalence since monitoring began. Tamarisk (Tamarix sp.) was the most prevalent prior-ity IEP species on all three routes. On Oak and Pleasant creeks, there were fewer than three patches of all other IEPs. On State Route 24, there were 30 or more patches of Russian olive, quackgrass (Elymus repens), field bindweed, and blue mustard (Chorispora tenella). IEP prior-ity species were found on 71%, 47%, and 62% of transects along Oak Creek, Pleasant Creek, and State Route 24, respectively. Yellow sweet-clover (Melilotus officinalis) was the most fre-quently observed IEP on Oak Creek and Pleasant Creek. Percent cover was highest for yellow sweet-clover, Russian thistle (Salsola sp.), and tamarisk on Oak Creek, Pleasant Creek, and State Route 24, respectively. The NCPN plans to return to Capitol Reef in 2023 to continue the fourth rotation of invasive plant monitoring.
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Bernales, Rona P., and Ilene S. Basitan. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Dog Owners Regarding Rabies and Dog Bites in Bicol Region. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2790.
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This study was conducted in selected provinces of Bicol Region from April 2015 to May 2015 to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of dog owners regarding rabies and dog bites. A purposive sampling was used in selecting the respondents of the study. Frequencies were tabulated for all variables. Of the 1,200 respondents, 2,193 dogs were recorded making a 2:1 ratio of dogs to householders in this particular study. Among these dogs 58% were vaccinated against rabies. The majority of the ones taking care of the dogs were female (57.3%) but the primary owner (62.9%) was the head of the family. Only 34.7% of the respondents knew that it is their duty to get their pets vaccinated against rabies. Around one-fourth (20.7%) admitted that someone in their household had been bitten by a dog but most respondents (62.5%) did nothing to the dog. The majority (57.7%) of the bite victims were youths (1-14 years old) and almost all (82.7%) of the wound bites were washed with soap and water. Television (44.9%) was the primary source of knowledge about rabies. The majority of participants (67.3%) said that humans are the main end-hosts that can be infected with rabies. Salivation or drooling (42.7%) and craziness (34.2%) were the main signs cited as behaviour of rabid dogs while craziness (40.2%) and hydrophobia or fear of water (25.4%) were cited for rabid humans. Most (33.9%) do not know the source of rabies but the majority (61.8%) believe that vaccination is the main preventive measure against rabies. The majority of participants (63%) reported that the local ordinances regarding rabies in their locality is about the Local Anti-Rabies Act and almost all (93.2%) admitted that vaccination is the most common anti-rabies program of the government.
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Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.
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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
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Rine, Kristin, Roger Christopherson, and Jason Ransom. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) occurrence and habitat selection in North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington. National Park Service, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293127.
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Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) are sea ducks that migrate inland each spring to nest along fast-flowing mountain streams. They are considered one of the most imperiled duck species in North America and occur in two distinct populations on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The Pacific coast population includes Washington State, where harlequin ducks breed in the Olympic, Cascade, and Selkirk Mountains. This species is designated as a Management Priority Species by the National Park Service within North Cascades National Park Service Complex (NOCA). This report summarizes harlequin duck surveys conducted during 15 years across a 27-year period (1990 and 2017) on major streams within NOCA, and incidental observations collected from 1968–2021. The primary objectives of these surveys were to 1) document the distribution and abundance of harlequin duck observations within NOCA boundaries, 2) describe productivity (number of broods and brood size), 3) describe breeding chronology of harlequin ducks, and 4) describe habitat characteristics of breeding streams. Sixty-eight stream surveys over 15 years resulted in observations of 623 individual harlequin ducks comprising various demographics, including single adults, pairs, and broods. In addition, we collected 184 incidental observations of harlequin ducks from visitors and staff between 1968–2021. Harlequin ducks were observed on 22 separate second- to sixth-order streams throughout NOCA across the entire 53-year span of data, both incidentally and during harlequin duck surveys by Park staff. Harlequin ducks were detected on 8 of the 13 streams that were actively surveyed. Excluding recounts, 88.7% (n = 330) of individual harlequin duck observations during surveys occurred in the Stehekin River drainage. Between all surveys and incidental observations, 135 unpaired females without broods were sighted across all NOCA waterways. Thirty-nine broods were recorded between NOCA surveys and incidental observations, with a mean brood size of 3.61 (± 1.44 SD; range = 2–10). Breeding pairs were recorded as early as April 5 and were seen on streams until June 15, a period of less than seven weeks (median: May 2), but most pairs were observed within a 3-week span, between April 26 and May 17. Single females (unpaired with a male, with (an)other female(s), or with a brood) were observed on streams between April 26 and August 25 (median: July 3), though most observations were made within a 5-week period between June 12 and July 19. Habitat data collected at adult harlequin duck observation sites indicate that the birds often used stream reaches with features that are characteristic of high-energy running water. While adults occupied all instream habitat types identified, non-braided rapids and riffles were used most frequently, followed by pools and backwaters. Larger instream substrate sizes (cobbles and boulders) were present at most observation sites. Adult harlequin ducks were more often found at locations that lacked visible drifting or lodged woody debris, but drift debris was a slightly more abundant debris type. The presence of gravel bars and at least one loafing site was common. Adult harlequin ducks were more often observed in association with vegetation that offered some cover over the channel, but not where banks were undercut. The average channel width at adult observation sites was 34.0 m (range: 6-80 m; n = 114) and 27.6 m (± 15.7 m; range: 10-60 m; n = 12) at brood observation sites. Compared to adult harlequin duck sites, broods were observed more frequently in low velocity habitat (pools, backwaters), but rarely in rapids. Cobble and boulder substrates were still the most dominant substrate type. Contrary to adult ducks, broods were observed most often observed in meandering stream channels, a morphology indicative of low gradient, low velocity stream reaches. Most broods were observed in stream reaches with gravel bars, loafing sites, and...
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.