Academic literature on the topic '[628.16'
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Journal articles on the topic "[628.16"
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Zhou, Long, Li Ping Ma, Ze Cheng Zi, Jun Ma, and Jian Tao Chen. "Study on Ni Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide for Methane." Applied Mechanics and Materials 628 (September 2014): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.628.16.
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Catalyst by different carriers prepared of carbon dioxide conversion sequence is: Ni/TiO2> Ni/γ-Al2O3> Ni/MgO > Ni/SiO2. Second metal, Co, Mn, Cu, La and Ce, was significantly enhanced the activity of methanation nickel-based catalysts in the carbon dioxide methanation reaction, but second metal of Cu was bad for the activity of methanation. The 10%Ni/Al2O3 and 2.5%Ce-10%Ni/Al2O3 catalysts were characterized by TG and H2-TPR，it was revealed to Ce which is benefit for reduce NiO reduction temperature and the optimal reduction temperature of the catalysts in between 400°C and 500 °C
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Rozen, Jerome G. "The Solitary Bee Calliopsis zebrata: Biological and Distributional Notes and Description of Its Larva (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae: Panurginae)." American Museum Novitates 3632, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/628.1.
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Daam, Michiel A., Steven J. H. Crum, Paul J. Van den Brink, and António J. A. Nogueira. "Fate and effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in outdoor plankton‐dominated microcosms in Thailand." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27, no. 12 (December 2008): 2530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/07-628.1.
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Zhang, Zhendong, Jiachang Zhao, Hongxia Wang, Yanmei Gong, and Jing Li Xu. "Facile synthesis of Sb/CNT nanocomposite as anode material for sodium-ion batteries." Functional Materials Letters 11, no. 05 (October 2018): 1850004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604718500042.
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Sb/carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile chemical refluxing method. Investigation of the electrochemical performance of the composite which was used as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries shows that the Sb/CNT nanocomposite possessed an initial capacity of 628.6[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text]. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent rate performance with 90.8% capacity retention after 50 cycles, which is superior to that of Sb nanoparticles that were made under the same condition.
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Watanabe, Takayuki, Manabu Tanaka, Tasuku Shimizu, and Feng Liang. "Metal Nanoparticle Production by Anode Jet of Argon-Hydrogen DC Arc." Advanced Materials Research 628 (December 2012): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.628.11.
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The purpose of this paper is to prepare nickel particles by arc plasma method with hydrogen addition. The effect of anode jet formation on the nanoparticle production was investigated by high-speed camera observations. The high-speed camera system with appropriate band-pass filters successfully provides the observation of anode jet image without cathode jet image. The areas of the anode jet and the cathode jet were separately estimated from the high-speed images. From these observations, the periodical fluctuation of the anode jet was confirmed. Higher hydrogen concentration leads to larger anode jet area, resulting from the enhanced evaporation of the anode material.
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Bakkal, Mustafa, and Mehmet Savas. "Development of Natural Fiber Reinforced Laminated Hybrid Composites." Advanced Materials Research 628 (December 2012): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.628.15.
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In this study, mechanical properties of composite laminates reinforced with various forms of glass fibers have been investigated. Tensile testing, impact testing and optical microscopy and SEM analysis results were discussed. The results of glass fiber reinforced novel composite material have been compared with the results of a commercial car front bumper material tests performed in same conditions. Study concluds that glass fiber has positive hybridization effect and increased tensile strengths, elastic modules and impact strengths in laminar hybrid composites.
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Kwon, In Kyu, Hyung Jun Kim, Heung Youl Kim, Bum Yean Cho, and Kyung Suk Cho. "Study on the Data-Bases for Fire Engineering Design of Structural Steels Members." Advanced Materials Research 628 (December 2012): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.628.156.
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Structural steel has been used since the early 1970’s in Korea as primary structural members such as columns, beams, and trusses. The materials have much higher strength such as fast construction, high load bearing capacity, high construction quality but those have a fatal weakness as well. Load-bearing capacity is going down when the structural members are contained in fire condition. Therefore, to protect the structural members made of steels from the heat energy the fire resistance performance required. Generally, the fire resistance performance have evaluated from the exact fire tests in fire furnaces. But the evaluation method takes much more time and higher expenses so, the engineering method requires. The engineering method not only adopts a science but also an engineering experience. In this paper, to make various data-bases for evaluation of structural members such as columns(H-section, RHS), beams, loaded fire tests were conducted and derived not only each limiting temperature but also fire resistance respectively.
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Zhang, Yun, Jing Shan Zhao, and Yu Yue Wang. "Perpendicular Axis Magnetorheological Finishing of Spherical Optics." Advanced Materials Research 628 (December 2012): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.628.161.
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Magnetorheological Finishing, MRF can achieve deterministic results on different surface shapes such as flat surfaces, spherical surfaces and aspheric surfaces. MRF can also overcome many drawbacks of the conventional polishing process. The schedule uncertainties driven by edge roll and edge control are virtually eliminated with the MRF process. This paper presents a polishing wheel that combines rotation motion with revolution motion while renewing the MR fluid. Stable removal characteristic can be obtained by using the composite-rotation wheel. This paper also presents some recent results of the deterministic finishing typified by the tool and its MR fluid circulation system. An example of finishing a square optical workpiece with spherical surface will be reviewed.
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Junek, Lubomír, Vladimir Divis, Milan Jary, and Petr Klaska. "The New Effective Methodology for Prediction and Optimization of Distortion of Large Welded Structures." Advanced Materials Research 628 (December 2012): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.628.166.
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This paper deals with the new numerical methodology for prediction and optimization distortion of large welded structures. The methodology is presented on the example of fusion vacuum vessel of ITER which will be manufactured by welding. All necessary steps of methodology have been verified and now the methodology is ready for practical application. Application of our methodology leads to improve of knowledge about complex behavior and save time and budget.
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Zampieri, Paolo, Mariano Angelo Zanini, and Rocco Zurlo. "Seismic Behaviour Analysis of Classes of Masonry Arch Bridges." Key Engineering Materials 628 (August 2014): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.628.136.
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The paper describes a simplified methodology for the evaluation of the seismic retrofit intervention types to be performed on clusters of multi-span masonry arch bridges, on the basis of the main bridges’ geometrical characteristics. The structural behaviour of the analysed sample bridges has been evaluated in their main directions highlighting the potential local and global vulnerabilities and the related retrofit intervention typologies that need to be selected. The main aim of this study is to take the form of an useful tool for the identification of the best retrofit strategies for each masonry bridge structure in function of its geometrical characteristics and thus planning rationally the management of these bridges belonging to railway networks.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "[628.16"
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Matthews, Robert. "Use of phase change material for microbiological incubators : designing for low resource settings." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616870.
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A novel incubator, which utilises latent heat energy storage, has been researched, designed and developed. Without the need to rely on an electricity supply, the new incubator will enable reliable microbiological testing to be conducted in low resource settings, as found in many developing countries. Microbiological contamination of drinking water is a significant cause of death and disease in developing countries. Water quality monitoring is an important aspect of water safety. There is a need for more widespread usage of microbiological testing, and the lack of a reliable method for incubating tests is a barrier where infrastructure and resources are limited. This thesis documents research to develop an incubator that is appropriate for use in low resource settings. This utilises a phase change material (PCM), which enables latent heat energy storage in order to maintain incubation temperature. It has been demonstrated experimentally that such an incubator can be used to perform microbial water quality monitoring using an enzyme substrate test, without compromising performance of the test. It delivers reliable operation across a range of environmental conditions that are likely to be encountered in developing countries, including protecting the test against overheating in hot climates. It does not require an electricity supply for operation. Research in several fields has been undertaken to inform and evaluate the development of the PCM incubator. Key original contributions of this research include: 1) Evaluation of incubation temperature standards for E. coli testing using enzyme substrate tests; 2) Investigation into the effect of temperature on growth characteristics of individual E. coli organisms in a water test; 3) Development of a model to predict test result at variable incubation temperature; 4) Examination of PCMs suitable for incubation of microbiological tests; 5) Analysis of ambient temperature incubation as a means of conducting microbiological analysis; 6) Design, development and evaluation of a PCM incubator suitable for use in low resource settings. The PCM incubator described herein has the potential to enable water quality monitoring to be performed in low resource areas where water is largely untested and which also suffer from the greatest impact on health due to contaminated water. This technology also has the potential to be applied in other fields, such as clinical microbiology or environmental monitoring. Ultimately, by enabling microbiological testing, latent heat incubation by means of a PCM incubator has the potential to improve human health in low resource areas of developing countries. Keywords: Incubator; phase change material (PCM); latent heat energy storage; water testing; drinking water quality; developing countries; low resource settings; Escherichia coli; growth rate; lag phase; relative lag time; Colilert®, Aquatest
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Suja, Fatihah. "Effect of full- and partial-bed configuration on the performance characteristics of the biological aerated filter." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402409.
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MacAdam, Jitka. "Calcium carbonate scale formation and control." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10544.
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Scale formation in domestic
appliances is a widespread problem in the UK. This project
has focussed on calcium carbonate scale formation in electric showers. A literature
survey identified that CaCO; deposition on heated surfaces could be controlled by
chemical or non chemical methods, each with various degrees of effectiveness. One of
the most effective control methods was the addition of chemicals, although this may not
be the most suitable
option for the domestic environment. So here the chemical
inhibitors tested were used for a benchmark for all the other studies. Two
laboratory
tests were involved t allow u to
study CaCO; precipitation and scale formation. The
effect of chemical additives on CaCO; precipitation was investigated using a jar tester.
The
longest delay to precipitation was obtained by polyacrylic acid dosing, closely
followed
by zinc. To study CaCO; formation on a heated surface, a rapid scaling test
was
developed. This test was conducted at 42°C and 70°C to examine and compare a
range of treatment options, including chemical dosing, electrolytic, magnetic and
electronic water
conditioning and low fouling surfaces. From the options examined, the
most successful was
electrolytic dosing of zinc/copper media with over 95% reduction
in
scaling at both temperatures. Further, the use of low fouling surfaces, such as
Diamond - like carbon
coating could also potentially be used in electric showers.
Reduction in
scaling achieved on this surface was on average 68%. Surface properties
of the materials were
analysed using an atomic force microscope and their relationship
with the
scaling behaviour of the surfaces examined. The scaling rates at both
temperatures typically increased with increasing adhesion force but no clear relationship
was found between the
roughness of the surfaces and their scaling behaviour. The
relationship between CaCO3 precipitation and scale formation in synthetic solution and
natural hard water was also
explored here. The induction period in natural hard water
was 55 minutes
longer and the scaling rate 40% lower than i synthetic hard solution of
similar
composition. In addition, two shower test rigs, one based at Cranfield University
and the other in
Attleborough were used in this study. These were used primarily to
enable the
compilation of background data on scale formation in electric showers,
where it was found that the
design of the unit has a significant influence on the scale
formation. The test
rig was also used t test the strategies identified during the
laboratory phase of the work. It was found that electrolytic zinc dosing reduced scaling
by up to 54%, depending on the shower unit design.
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Martinod, Aurelie Charlotte. "An integrated study of CaCO3 formation and inhibition." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4411/.
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The management of mineral scale is a challenge in many industrial fields and environmental issues relating to eutrophication are leading industry to develop environmentally-friendly solutions to scale control. The determination of the strategy of inhibition is a real challenge as many factors influence the formation of calcium carbonate formation and affect the performance of scale inhibitors. The processes of CaC03 formation on a surface have been studied. The mechanisms of inhibition of three green (Carboxymethyl Inulin, CMI, Polymaleic acid, PMA and Polyaspartic acid, PA) and one conventional (Polyphosphinocarboxylic acid, PPCA) scale inhibitors of calcium carbonate nucleation and growth have been investigated. The interactions between the chemicals and the surface have been studied by chronoamperometry. The use of surface analysis enabled these interactions to be characterised. The in-situ electrochemical flow cell permitted the characterisation of the crystals formed (size, number and surface coverage of the electrode) and the affinity of the chemicals to inhibit the nucleation and/or the growth to be determined. Important information on the different effects of scale inhibitors on CaC03 polymorphs has been found by use of Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction (SXRD) as an in-situ method for crystal characterisation. The inhibitors partly inhibit the deposition of CaC03 by forming a film on the deposition surface. The interactions between the inhibitors and the metal surface occur via the cations Ca2+ and/or Mg2+. The adsorption of the chemicals on the crystals ofCaC03 has been investigated and it appears that the PPCA, PMA and PA act by blocking the growth sites of the crystals. Each inhibitor exhibits an affinity to the surface of deposition and with the CaC03 crystals but to a different extent resulting in different inhibition efficiencies. The PPCA affected greatly the deposition of CaC03 and PA and PMA exhibited similar effects. Nevertheless the PA is more efficient when it is present during the nucleation step or early crystallisation whereas PMA acts more during the growth process. The SXRD permitted three steps of growth to be detected in the non-inhibited case and PMA, PA, CMI act by reducing the growth of the different planes whereas the PPCA totally inhibited two main crystal planes (the aragonite (032) and the vaterite (300» and an acceleration of the growth of the calcite C(006)) and of the aragonite A( Ill) was observed.
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Chang, Tao. "Robust model predictive control of water quality in drinking water distribution systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398894.
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This thesis develops online feedback control of chlorine residuals performing at the lower level of a hierarchical structure of integrated quantity and quality control in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), which provides a practical solution for online water quality control in DWDS. Input-output and state-space models of the chlorine residuals are developed from mathematical models of chlorine residual dynamics. The existing path analysis algorithm is extended and utilized to obtain the parameter structure. Joint parameter and model structure error estimation is developed using bounding approach based on a point-parametric model. The uncertainty radius of the system is outlined through robust output prediction, through which requirements for model accuracy from robust model predictive control (MFC) are explicitly imposed on model estimation. Hence, an integrated design of controller and model estimation is achieved. MFC is applied for chlorine residual control based on the set-bounded model. To fulfil output constraints under system uncertainties, safety zones are employed, which are designed from an online evaluation of the uncertainty scenarios of the system, to restrict the output constraints. The safety zones can be obtained by solving a nonlinear constrained optimization problem using a significantly simplified relaxation-gain algorithm. The resulting robust MFC (RMPC) is decentralized assuming communication among the decentralized RMPCs is available. The proposed methodology is verified by applying it to a simulated benchmark DWDS. Simulation study of model estimation and RMPC operation is presented and discussed.
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Benabderraziq, Hind. "Modalités et processus de la contamination des eaux souterraines : application à la présence du sélénium dans la nappe de la craie (Nord de la France)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10018/document.
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Dans le Nord de la France, les eaux de la nappe de la craie sénoturonienne situées au sud de Lille (Emmerin, Houplin-Ancoisne, les Ansereuilles et Salomé) sont confrontées à l'augmentation du sélénium dépassant la limite de potabilité (10 μg.L-1) avec une variabilité spatiale et locale qui atteint parfois 60 μg.L-1. Les différents niveaux lithologiques, à l'exception de la craie sénonienne, contiennent du sélénium naturel. Les valeurs maximales mesurées se singularisent dans les niveaux argileux de l'Yprésien (4.87 mg/kg), les argiles alluvionnaires (4.8 mg/kg) et les sédiments des cours d'eau avec une part importante d'origine anthropique (entre 2.1 à 15.8 mg/kg). Le sélénium a une grande affinité à la matière organique. Parmi ses phases porteuses, la fraction soluble/échangeable est la fraction de sélénium la plus mobile. Les isotopes du strontium couplés avec Ca/Sr et Mg/Sr ainsi que les rapports isotopiques de strontium 87Sr/86 Sr ont été utilisés pour identifier les principales masses d'eau souterraines et leurs mélanges. Les conditions du milieu oxydantes ou réductrices sont contrôlées par les variations du niveau piézométrique qui est sous influence des variations inter-annuelles et saisonnières de la nappe et les pompages. Néanmoins, chaque champ captant se distingue par ses conditions géologiques et hydro-géochimiques. La mobilisation du sélénium peut se faire par le biais des eaux d'infiltration (par le haut), les fluctuations de la nappe (par le bas), les transferts latéraux (interconnexions entre forages par effet des gradients hydrauliques) et les mélanges des eaux provenant des secteurs avoisinantsIn north France, the concentration of selenium in the groundwater of the Turonian-Senonian chalk layers located in the south of Lille (Emmerin, Houplin -Ancoisne , the Ansereuilles and Salome) exceeds drinking-water limit of 10 µg/L and reaches 60 μg/L in some located small areas. The various lithological levels, except the Senonian chalk, contain natural selenium. The maximum measured values stand out in the Ypresian clay layer (4.87 mg/kg), alluvial clays (4.8 mg/kg) and sediments of rivers with important influence of anthropogenic origin (between 2.1 to 15.8 mg/kg). Selenium has a high affinity to the organic material. The soluble/exchangeable fraction is the most mobile selenium one. Strontium isotopes coupled with Ca/Sr and Mg/Sr and strontium isotopes ratios 87Sr/86Sr were used to identify the main groundwater bodies and theirs mixtures. Oxidizing or reducing environment conditions are controlled by the variations in the groundwater level which is influenced by the inter-annual and seasonal changes in the water and pumping process. However, each well field is characterized by its geological and hydro–geochemical conditions. The selenium may be mobilized through seepage (from the top), water levels variations (from the bottom), lateral transfers (interconnections between boreholes due to hydraulic gradients) and mixtures of water from surrounding areas
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Barthelemy, Kévin. "Adsorption des anions phosphate par des composés ferriques en vue du traitement des eaux usées : approche en réacteur homogène et en mode hydrodynamique contrôlé." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0237.
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Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire sont consacrés à l'étude des processus d'adsorption des anions phosphate par la rouille verte ferrique carbonatée et la ferrihydrite. L'objectif final vise une application au traitement des eaux usées en milieu rural. La synthèse des deux oxydes de fer a été réalisée et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques caractérisées. Un intérêt particulier a été consacré à comparer les propriétés structurales de la rouille verte ferrique en fonction de différents paramètres de synthèse. Une étude approfondie des propriétés physico-chimiques de surface de la ferrihydrite par spectroscopie de photoélectrons X a quant à elle été réalisée. La réactivité de ces deux oxydes a ensuite été abordée en mode discontinu où l'équation cinétique du pseudo-second ordre et le modèle d'isotherme de Freundlich offrent les meilleurs ajustements. L'influence de divers paramètres a été prise en compte comme le pH, la force ionique, etc. Le mode continu a été envisagé sur un matériau de filtration constitué de l'oxyde de fer déposé sur de la pouzzolane. La méthode de fabrication ainsi que les conditions optimales de préparation du matériau de filtration ont été déterminées. Les mécanismes d'adsorption en condition de flux hydrodynamique ont alors mis en évidence des phénomènes advectifs, diffusifs et une régionalisation de l'eau régissant l'adsorption au sein de la colonne. Des informations telles que les capacités d'adsorption ou l'influence du débit sur le processus d'adsorption ont pu être également obtenues. Une expérience préliminaire sur une eau usée prétraitée met finalement en évidence une quantité adsorbée particulièrement intéressante pour une application industrielle potentielleThe Ph.D. work, presented in this manuscript, is devoted to evaluating phosphate adsorption process on carbonate ferric green rust and ferrihydrite. The main objective concerns an application for the treatment of waste water in rural areas. Both iron oxides are first synthesized and their physico-chemical properties characterized. The ferric green rust structural properties differences as a function of synthesis parameters such as aging period and addition of hydrogen peroxide solution is of particular interest. A detailed study of surface physico-chemical properties by X Photoelectron Spectroscopy is carried out in the case of ferrihydrite. The reactivity of these two iron oxides is then evaluated in batch experiments. Adsorption process follows the pseudo-second order kinetic equation and Freundlich isotherm model which give the best adjustments of experimental data. The influence of various parameters such as pH, ionic strength, etc on phosphate adsorption is also taken into account. Column experiments are afterwards carried out by using filtration material constituted of iron oxide deposited onto pozzolana. The optimal conditions to prepare this filtration material are naturally predetermined. Phosphate adsorption in hydrodynamic mode is characterized by advective and diffusive mechanisms and water regionalization which govern the adsorption process in the column. Moreover, phosphate adsorption capacity and flow rate influence on adsorption process are obtained. Finally, a preliminary experiment on a pre-treated waste water finally shows that the filtration material is potentially interesting for an industrial application
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Pelleïeux, Sandra. "Intéraction de bactériophages avec des surfaces colonisées par des biofilms d'eau potable et évaluation de protocoles de nettoyage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0082/document.
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Bien que les microorganismes pathogènes soient rarement détectés au sein de réseaux de distribution d'eau potable, ils peuvent constituer un danger pour la santé humaine en cas de contamination accidentelle. Le devenir des virus entériques au sein d'un système de distribution d'eau est largement méconnu, alors que de telles informations sont nécessaires pour améliorer les procédures de prise en charge en cas d'incidents. Dans ce contexte, trois bactériophages ARN F-spécifiques, MS2, GA et Q[bêta], ont été utilisés comme modèles des virus entériques pathogènes, dans des conditions expérimentales mimant un système de distribution d'eau. Ce travail visait d'une part à comparer l'accumulation des phages sur des surfaces en polyéthylène haute densité (PEHD) colonisées ou non par des biofilms d'eau potable et d'autre part à évaluer, sur les bactériophages adhérés, l'efficacité de protocoles de nettoyage basés sur une chloration ainsi qu'une augmentation des contraintes hydrodynamiques. En résumé, les différentes vitesses d'eau étudiées n'ont pas conduit à des différences significatives dans l'accumulation des bactéries et des phages sur les surfaces, mais ont toutefois abouti à des concentrations surfaciques en phages significativement supérieures à celles observées en conditions hydrostatiques. Quelles que soient les conditions expérimentales (vitesses d'eau à la surface, présence ou absence d'un biofilm), le bactériophage MS2 présente systématiquement les plus faibles concentrations sur les surfaces. La séquence d'adhésion des trois bactériophages sur biofilms est en accord avec leur séquence d'hydrophobicité. Le protocole de chloration (4 à 5 mg Cl2.L-1) évalué dans cette étude peut être ponctuellement appliqué en cas de contamination de l'eau. Après 60 minutes de chloration, l'abattement est de 0,7 log10 pour les bactéries et il est compris entre 2 et 3 log10 pour les phages adsorbés sur les surfaces, alors qu'aucun phage infectieux n'est plus détecté dans l'eau dès 5 minutes de chloration. Ces résultats soulignent l'effet protecteur du biofilm, même jeune. Enfin, la chloration apparaît être plus efficace que l'augmentation des contraintes hydrodynamiques pour éliminer les bactériophages adhérés aux surfacesAlthough pathogens remain widely uncommon in water distribution networks, they may constitute a real threat for human health when accidentally introduced in the system. There is a lack of knowledge about virus behaviour into water distribution systems whereas such information is critical for a better viral risk management. In this context, three F-specific RNA bacteriophages -MS2, GA and Qbeta- were used as models, in experimental conditions mimicking water distribution systems. The purpose of the present work was at first to compare the viral accumulation of bacteriophages on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) colonised or not with drinking water biofilms. The second objective was to evaluate, on phages adsorbed in the biofilm, the efficiency of a cleaning protocol, based on chlorination and increase in the hydrodynamic strengths. To sum up, the water velocities tested in this work had little influence on both the bacterial and virus accumulation on surfaces, but applying a water flow led to an increase in the number of adsorbed phages in comparison with hydrostatic conditions. Whatever the conditions (water velocity, colonisation or not with a biofilm) MS2 phage was found to be the less adherent one. On HDPE colonised with a two-month old biofilm, the adhesion sequence was consistent with the sequence of hydrophobicity of the phages. The chlorination protocol tested in our study (4 to 5 mg CL2/L) can be applied punctually in distribution networks. After 60 minutes of chlorination the log-reduction was about 0.7 log10 for bacteria and between 2 and 3 log10 for bacteriophages, while no more infectious phages were detected in water after 5 minutes. Those results highlight that even two-month-old biofilms provide to viruses a protection against disinfection protocol. At last, the chlorination appears to be more efficient to inactivate viruses adsorbed on surfaces than an increase in the water flow velocity
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Halwani, Bouchra. "Recyclage des eaux grises : Etude de nouvelles filières de traitement." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R066.
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Le recyclage des eaux constitue une bonne option pour une majeure partie des eaux usées résiduaires urbaines rejetées dans le milieu naturel. L'eau grise compose 61% du flux total des eaux usées, elle provient essentiellement de l’usage en salle de bain, en cuisine et lavage de linge (machines à laver). Une fois traitée, cette eau peut être facilement réutilisée à l'exclusion de l'office comme eau potable. Ce travail de recherche explore les possibilités de traitement des eaux grises et de choisir les techniques de traitement les plus efficaces et les moins coûteuses. Nous avons identifié les différents types de procédés de traitement, puis nous avons choisi les systèmes qui peuvent fournir à la fois de l'efficacité et la faisabilité pour le traitement des eaux grises à faible charge. Après avoir sélectionné deux systèmes de traitement, nous les avons fusionnés en un seul système. Ces deux systèmes s'appuient fortement sur les procédés d'adsorption. Différents types d'adsorbants, à faible coût et adapté aux pays en voie de développement ont été testés : résidus de briques, du charbon actif et différentes granulométries de sable. La demande chimique en oxygène, la turbidité et le pourcentage d'élimination des agents actifs ont été utilisés pour juger l’efficacité de chaque adsorbant. Après avoir sélectionné le support de filtration, nous nous sommes concentrés sur le concept de phytoremédiation en utilisant différents types de plantes. Le choix s’est porté sur la Lavande pour réaliser les expérimentations. Deux paramètres ont été suivis, la demande chimique en oxygène et la turbidité, pour juger l’efficacité du traitement sur un système pilote.Les résultats obtenus montrent que le pilote est opérationnel et permet de récupérer une grande quantité d'eau qui pourrait être réutilisée dans les toilettes ou l'irrigation. La dimension sociétale est un élément très important dans le succès de tout nouveau système de traitement destiné à une large utilisation par la population ou la collectivité. En fonction de l'option choisie, des enquêtes ont été réalisées pour percevoir la volonté d’engagement dans une telle voie de traitementGreywater constitutes 61% of the total wastewater stream that includes bathroom waters, kitchen water and washing machines. When treated, this source can be easily reused in wide options excluding potable uses. This study explores the opportunities to treat greywater and try to choose the most efficient yet cheap treatment systems.An overall view of different types of treatment systems was conducted, and then we chose which systems could deliver both efficiency and feasibility for low load greywater. After selecting two types of treatment systems, we needed to merge both of them into one system that will enhance the treatment efficiency. These two systems rely tightly on adsorption that is why we wanted to identify which adsorbent can offer the best percentage of pollutants elimination but still fit in the low budget of low income countries. Different types of adsorbent were tested: different bricks residues, activated carbons and different grain size of sand. Chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and the percentage of elimination of active agents were used to judge their effectiveness. After selecting fine sand and coarse sand, a phytoremediation concept was used, this require testing different type of plants. Lavender was then selected to be part of our system. Chemical oxygen demand and turbidity were used to judge whether or not our system could deliver good results. After running these two tests, our pilot showed great results and recovered great amount of water that could be then used in different reuse options like toilet flushing or irrigation. Because user’s opinion and social acceptance is a threat to any new treatment system, we visited some of the nearest hotels and resorts to see their willingness to engage in such treatment path. In addition, cost is always a major throwback to any new treatment system; therefore, cost benefit analysis was used to ensure the feasibility of our pilot
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Ben, Sghaier Rafika. "Perturbateurs endocriniens dans le milieu aquatique : développement analytique et faisabilité de traitement." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10126/document.
Full textAbstract:
La présence des perturbateurs endocriniens dans le milieu aquatique a suscité des préoccupations croissantes en raison de leurs effets néfastes potentiels sur les écosystèmes et les humains. Celles-ci sont généralement présents à l’état de trace (ng/L), dans des matrices aqueuses complexes, telles que les eaux de surfaces ce qui rend l’analyse difficile. Dans ce travail, on a mis au point une méthode analytique pour la détermination simultanée de 13 substances perturbatrices endocriniennes (PEs) dans l’eau, dont 5 estrogènes stéroïdes, 1 progestérone, 1 androgène et 6 composées phénoliques, , par la chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS). La méthode a été validée. Les limites de quantification étaient respectivement de 1 ng/L et de 5 à 50 ng/L pour les composés phénoliques et les hormones. La méthode mise au point a été appliquée pour évaluer le niveau de contamination des PEs ciblées dans de nombreux sites du Nord de la France et de la Tunisie. La majorité des composés considérés ont été détectés dans les sites d'échantillonnage. La dernière partie de ce travail est consacrée à l'étude de faisabilité d'élimination du PEs par des techniques d'adsorption sur les résidus d’une brique modifiée et la bio-rémédiation par l’algue bleu-vert (Spiruline)The occurrence of endocrine-disrupting compounds in the aquatic environment has brought increasing concern due to their potential adverse impacts on ecosystems and humans. These compounds are generally present in complex water matrices, such as surface waters at trace levels (ng/L) making their analysis difficult. In this work, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including 5 steroid estrogens, 1 progestogen, 1 androgen and 6 endocrine-disrupting phenols in water was developed using solid phase extraction (SPE), derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The method was validated by spiking the 13 EDCs to the interest matrix. The limits of quantification were 1 ng/L and 5-50 ng/L for phenolic compounds and hormones respectively. The validated method was applied to assess the contamination level of the targeted EDCs in many sites in Northern France and in Tunisia. The majority of the considered compounds were detected in the different sampling sites. The last part of this work is the feasibility study for the elimination of PE by adsorption techniques on modified brick residues and bio-remediation by blue-green algae (SPIRULINA)
Book chapters on the topic "[628.16"
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"Chapter 12. Rights of Refugees and Asylum Seekers." In Human Rights Monitoring, 431–90. Brill | Nijhoff, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004165175.i-628.164.
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"Chapter 2. Human Rights Lawan Introduction." In Human Rights Monitoring, 39–62. Brill | Nijhoff, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004165175.i-628.19.
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"Chapter 6. Part B - RIGHT to an EFFECTIVE REMEDY." In Human Rights Monitoring, 221–44. Brill | Nijhoff, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004165175.i-628.86.
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"Chapter 7. Freedom of Expression." In Human Rights Monitoring, 245–81. Brill | Nijhoff, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004165175.i-628.96.
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"Chapter Thirteen. War." In Fulfilling God’s Mission, 452–89. BRILL, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162112.i-628.106.
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"Chapter One. A Child Without Parents." In Fulfilling God’s Mission, 39–75. BRILL, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162112.i-628.11.
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"Chapter Sixteen. Taking Stock." In Fulfilling God’s Mission, 558–68. BRILL, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162112.i-628.126.
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"Index." In Fulfilling God’s Mission, 605–28. BRILL, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162112.i-628.136.
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"Chapter Twenty-Five. Afterword: Between History And Its Redemption." In Legal Fictions, 577–81. BRILL, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004201095.i-628.146.
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"Index Of Modern Authors." In Legal Fictions, 614–21. BRILL, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004201095.i-628.160.
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