Academic literature on the topic '612.760 285'

Dykes of calc-alkaline lamprophyre cutting granite of the Hercynian Jebilet Massif of the Moroccan Meseta (western Morocco) contain crustal xenoliths. The xenoliths range in composition from mafic (cognate cumulates) and upper crustal granitic rocks through gneisses to middle crustal felsic granulites. SHRIMP U–Th–Pb zircon analyses of these rocks indicate that the dykes were likely intruded during Middle Triassic times (∼235 Ma), whereas the xenoliths contain zircons with concordant Carboniferous–Early Permian, Neoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic ages (280–328 Ma, c. 540–615 Ma, 700 Ma and ∼2000 Ma). The 280–328 Ma ages appear to record synchronous intrusive and high-grade (up to granulite facies) Variscan metamorphic events, suggesting that high-grade metamorphism may have facilitated the S-type granitic magmatism. On the other hand, the ∼540–615 Ma, 700 Ma and 2000 Ma ages correspond with Pan-African and Eburnian orogenic events recorded in the West African Craton. In a Triassic reconstruction, Morocco is juxtaposed against Nova Scotia (Canada), and some have proposed that the basement of the easternmost terrane (Meguma terrane) is a piece of the West African craton. However, lower crustal xenoliths from Devonian dykes (∼370 Ma) cutting the Meguma terrane have yielded Late Devonian, Neo- and Mesoproterozoic ages (378 Ma, 575–629 Ma, ∼880–1050 Ma and ∼1530 Ma). The presence of ∼1 Ga ages suggests that the basement of the Meguma terrane is Avalonian rather than West African, implying that in a Pangean reconstruction, the Rheic Ocean suture between NW Africa and Maritime Canada coincides with the Atlantic Ocean.

BackgroundThe relationship between corticosteroid (GCs) treatment prior to temporal artery biopsy (TAB) and a negative result in giant cell arteritis (GCA) is controversial.ObjectivesTo assess whether cumulative GCs dose and time of steroid exposure influence in TAB result.MethodsObservational study of 191 patients diagnosed with GCA from a clinical practice of a referral center between January 2016 and December 2022 who underwent TAB. The diagnosis of GCA was made according toa) ACR criteria, and/orb) temporal artery biopsy, and/orc) EULAR/ACR2022 criteria, and/ord) imaging techniques. The biopsies were transversally sectioned into pieces and were cut from paraffin blocks and stained with hematoxilyn-eosin. A comparative study between patients with positive TAB and those with negative TAB was performed.ResultsThe 191 GCA patients were divided into 2 subgroups:a) patients with positive TAB (n=52), andb) patients with negative TAB (n=139)(Table 1) of whom 26 (13.6%) had not received prior corticosteroid therapy versus 165 (86.4%) patients who did. Patients with positive TAB had more frequently visual symptoms and/or jaw/lingual claudication, while polymyalgia rheumatica (PmR) was less frequent.The median dose [interquartile range (IQR) 25th-75th]in the negative TAB group was 40 [25-40] mg/day and also 40 [35-60] mg/day in the positive TAB group. The median duration [IQR] of treatment in the first group was 11 [4-24] days. while in the second group it was 7 [3-13] days. The percentage of positive TAB was higher the shorter the delay between GCs treatment onset and the TAB, decreasing after 15 days from GCs therapy onset(Figure 1). Finally, the cumulative pre-biopsy GCs dose was calculated with a median [IQR 25th-75th]of 484 [225-1295] mg for negative TAB patients while it was 760 [360-2185] mg in positive TAB cases.ConclusionMost patients with GCA were receiving GCs at the time of the TAB. Longer exposure to GCs increases the likelihood of a negative TAB, especially after 15 fays from GCs therapy onset.Table 1.Main characteristics of patients with GCA according to biopsy result.Positive TAB (n=52)Negative TAB (n=139)pAge (years), mean±SD77±874.2±100.11Sex, female/male (% females)28/24(54)92/47(66)0.12Length of TAB (mm), mean±SD17±616.±60.36Number of biopsy slices, mean±SD29±728±70.44Ischemic manifestations, n (%) Headache45(87)107(77)0.15 Scalp tenderness14(27)34(24)0.73 Abnormal examination of TA30(58)59(42)0.06 Visual symptoms32(62)44(32)<0.001 Jaw/lingual claudication21(40)29(21)0.006Systemic manifestations, n (%) PmR20(38)93(67)<0.001 Fever7(13)20(14)0.87Prednisone therapy Dose (mg/day), median [IQR]40± [35-60]40± [25-40]0.053 Cumulative dose (mg), median [IQR]760± [360-2185]484± [225-1295]0.36 Time (days) from GC onset and TAB, median [IQR]7± [3-13]11± [4-24]0.13Abbreviations:GC: glucocorticosteroids, GCA: giant cell arteritis, IQR: interquartile range [25th-75th]PmR: polymyalgia rheumatica, TA: temporal artery, TAB: temporal artery biopsyFigure 1.Positivity of TAB according to time from GC onset and TAB. 164 patients were treated with GCs prior TAB. All data are in % (n).REFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Abstract Introduction Sodium oxybate (SXB) is a standard of care for the treatment of cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. JZP-258 is an oxybate product candidate with 92% less sodium. This analysis evaluated cataplexy-free days/week, as a measure of treatment impact, in a placebo-controlled randomized withdrawal study of JZP-258 treatment in patients with narcolepsy. Methods Treatment for cataplexy at study entry included 1) SXB (SXB-only); 2) SXB plus other anticataplectics (SXB+other); 3) anticataplectics other than SXB (other anticataplectics); or 4) cataplexy treatment-naive (anticataplectic-naive). Participants (aged 18-70 years with narcolepsy with cataplexy) began JZP-258 treatment during a 12-week, open-label, optimized treatment and titration period (OLOTTP), followed by a 2-week stable-dose period (SDP). Participants were randomized to receive placebo or continue JZP-258 treatment during a 2-week, double-blind, randomized withdrawal period (DBRWP). Results Of 201 enrolled participants, 134 comprised the efficacy population (placebo, n=65; JZP-258, n=69). Median (Q1, Q3) cataplexy-free days/week at first week of OLOTTP (while initiating JZP-258) by prior treatment were SXB-only, 5.8 (2.0, 7.0); SXB+other, 6.4 (5.0, 7.0); other anticataplectics, 4.0 (1.8, 6.0); anticataplectic-naive, 3.5 (0, 5.8). At end of SDP (on stable dose of JZP-258), median (Q1, Q3) cataplexy-free days/week were 6.0 (3.5, 7.0), 6.1 (1.4, 7.0), 6.0 (2.6, 7.0), and 6.2 (4.0, 7.0), respectively. Prior to randomization, there was no difference in median cataplexy-free days/week between participants to be randomized to placebo (6.0 [3.5, 7.0]) or JZP-258 treatment (6.0 [3.0, 7.0]); during DBRWP, median cataplexy-free days/week decreased in participants randomized to placebo (3.5 [0, 5.83]) but remained similar in participants randomized to continue JZP-258 treatment (5.6 [2.8, 7.0]). The overall safety profile of JZP-258 was similar to SXB. Conclusion Number of cataplexy-free days/week increased with JZP-258 treatment in participants previously naive to oxybate. Number of cataplexy-free days/week decreased during placebo exposure in participants randomized to placebo. Support Jazz Pharmaceuticals

Using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) derived from the hydrolytic condensation of (3–methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPMS), vinyltrimethoxysilane (VMS), and (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPMS), three hybrid nanofilms, f-MP (film-MPMS-POSS), f-GP and f-VP, were prepared using sol-gel and crosslinking processes. The average transparency (AT) and absorption coefficents (AC) of the films were measured in the ranges of 280-2500 nm. Two film transparency applications are described in this work: 1) The AT values of the POSS films in the range of the ultraviolet B (UV-B) spectrum (280–320 nm) (a skin cancer-causing agent) and 2) the AT values in the visible light (VIS) region (400-750 nm) and the near infrared (NIR) region (750-2500 nm) (providing crops growth energy and the improvement of the photosynthetic process efficiency). The AT values of the POSS films in the UV-B range are only about 13%, indicating these films can provide a physical barrier to block UV-B absorption by the skin, and therefore are possible POSS materials for sunscreen ingredients. The AT values in the VIS region are 95.13%, 89.16% and 91.60%, respectively, and the AT values in the near infrared (NIR) region (750-2500 nm) are 95.39%, 93.11% and 90.50%, respectively. These high AT films are good candidates for greenhouse covers. The AT values among the three films in the 280-2500nm region are different and exhibit varied selectivity for absorbed spectra due to the dissimilar sizes of organic branches covalently bonded to the silica network in the film structure.

AbstractLLAMA (Large Latin America Millimeter/submillimeter Array) is a new radio observatory that is being constructed in a collaboration between Argentina and Brazil. It will consist of a 12 meters diameter antenna that is being installed in Alto Chorrillos at 4850 m of altitude, in the Salta province of Argentina. Alto Chorrillos is a high-quality astronomical site similar to Chajnantor (Chile), where ALMA observatory operates. When completed, LLAMA will allow line, continuum and linear polarization observations between 35 and 700 GHz, approximately. For the first light, LLAMA will be equipped with ALMA-like receivers at bands 5 (163 - 211 GHz), 6 (211 - 275 GHz) and 9 (602 - 720 GHz). LLAMA is being planned to be a versatile astronomical facility that will serve the scientific community for the exploration of scientific topics as diverse as the molecular evolution of the Universe, black holes and their accretion disks, astrophysical jets, stellar formation and evolution, the structure of our galaxy and the Sun, planetary atmospheres and extragalactic astronomy. In this work, I will present the LLAMA project and the perspectives for this new astronomical facility in the context of the investigation of galactic and extragalactic masers.

Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) found in the circulation and body fluids contain biomolecules that could be used as biomarkers for lung and other diseases. EVs from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) might be more informative of lung abnormalities than EVs from blood, where information might be diluted. To compare EVs’ characteristics in BAL and blood in smokers with and without COPD. Same-day BAL and blood samples were obtained in 9 nonsmokers (NS), 11 smokers w/o COPD (S), and 9 with COPD (SCOPD) (FEV1: 59 ± 3% pred). After differential centrifugation, EVs (200–500 nm diameter) were identified by flow cytometry and labeled with cell-type specific antigens: CD14 for macrophage-derived EVs, CD326 for epithelial-derived EVs, CD146 for endothelial-derived EVs, and CD62E for activated-endothelial-derived EVs. In BAL, CD14-EVs were increased in S compared to NS [384 (56–567) vs. 172 (115–282) events/μL; p = 0.007] and further increased in SCOPD [619 (224–888)] compared to both S (p = 0.04) and NS (p < 0.001). CD326-EVs were increased in S [760 (48–2856) events/μL, p < 0.001] and in SCOPD [1055 (194–11,491), p < 0.001] when compared to NS [15 (0–68)]. CD146-EVs and CD62E-EVs were similar in the three groups. In BAL, significant differences in macrophage and epithelial-derived EVs can be clearly detected between NS, S and SCOPD, while these differences were not found in plasma. This suggests that BAL is a better medium than blood to study EVs in lung diseases.

З метою оптимізації системи удобрення озимої пшениці були проведені польові дослідження на темно-сірому опідзоленому ґрунті в умовах Західного Лісостепу України. Ґрунт дослідної ділянки темно-сірий опідзолений легкосуглинковий з вмістом гумусу 2,5–2,6 %. Погодні умови в роки досліджень були досить контрастними і відрізнялися від середньобагаторічних даних як за сумою опадів, так і за рівнем температури. За рік у 2018 році випало 760 мм, у 2019 році – 818 мм, у 2020 році 710 мм за середньобагаторічного показника 615 мм. Кількість опадів у червні 2018 р. та у травні 2019 р. створювали умови надмірного зволоження, що призвело до зниження врожайності. Температура повітря в роки досліджень не була обмежувальним чинником росту врожайності. У 2018 році середньомісячна температура становила 8,8 С, у 2019 році 9,1 С, у 2020 році 9,4 С, за середньобагаторічного показника 7,8 С. Вивчали вплив азотних (N180), фосфорних (P60), калійних (K90), сірчаних (S30), магнієвих (Mg20) добрив та листкове внесення мікродобрива Інтермаг зернові (2 л/га). Під впливом добрив змінилися показники структури врожаю, зокрема кількість колосів зросла з 480 шт./м2 на контролі до 642 шт./м2 за найвищої норми добрив, маса зерна з колоса, відповідно, з 0,78 г до 1,48 г. Урожайність зерна озимої пшениці сорту Кубус зросла з 3,64 т/га у варіанті без добрив до 9,14 т/га за внесення N180P60K90S30Mg20 + Мікродобриво Інтермаг, тобто на 5,50 т/га, або на 151,1 %. Найбільший приріст зерна забезпечили азотні добрива – 2,94 т/га (80,8 %). Фосфорні добрива забезпечили передусім кращий розвиток кореневої системи та збільшили кількість зерен у колосі, внаслідок цього урожайність зросла до 7,41 т/га, або на 0,83 т/га. Приріст урожайності на 0,64 т/га під впливом калійних добрив відбувся також за рахунок кращої озерненості колоса. Від внесення калію, фосфору, сірки, магнію та мікродобрива урожайність зросла на 2,56 т/га (70,3 %).

Gagal Ginjal Kronis adalah kondisi ketidaknormalan penurunan fungsi ginjal. Laporan Kasus ini berfokus pada kondisi pasien yang mengalami gagal ginjal kronis dengan kondisi hiperkalemia. Pasien mengalami hipertensi dengan tekanan darah 180/ 90 mmHg, saturasi oksigen 92%. Pasien mengeluhkan lemas, nyeri ulu hati, mual, tidak mau makan, kulit gatal dan bengkak pada kedua kaki. Hasil laboratorium darah diketahui nilai Leukosit yaitu 6,2×103/µl, Ureum 255 mg/dL, Kreatinin 7,2 mg/dl , Natrium 138 mmol/L , Kalium 7,0 mmol/L, serta Hemoglobin 6,3 g/dl dan diagnosa adalah CKD stage V.

In laboratory experiments with larvae of the shredding caddisfly Clistoronia magnifica, toxicity of nickel chloride hexahydrate was highly pH dependent. Larvae were exposed from first instar until pupation to three nickel concentrations (55, 215, 700 μg Ni2+/L) in soft water adjusted to pH 4.1, 5.5, and 6.2. Nickel reduced the survival of larvae and pupae at all pH levels but toxicity decreased with increasing H+ concentration. In addition, Ni at 215 μg/L temporarily ameliorated H+ toxicity to early instar larvae at pH 4.1. Reduced toxicity with decreasing pH fits the hypothesis that free metal ions compete with H+ for the same binding–uptake sites. Available data suggest that this phenomenon is not restricted to a particular metal or organism but that it applies to pH–metal interactions in general.

The work within this Thesis is concerned with the manufacturing processes associated with the production of blade root mounting slots in aeroengine compressor and turbine discs. Typically slots are of dovetail or fir-tree geometry dependent on specific design requirements. The state of the art process across the industry is broaching however, despite achieving required geometrical tolerances and surface integrity for decades the process is not without its disadvantages. Primarily these include the inflexibility of the process, machine tool cost; size and cutting forces, complexity of tooling and set up and further the limited level of control of the process beyond tooling design. This has led to research into alternative processes across a range of conventional and non-conventional manufacturing techniques. Work presented here focuses on two key technology areas, namely point grinding and electrolytic point grinding. The former applies small diameter single layer grinding wheels on a high speed machining centre with spindle capability in the region of 60,000rpm. Target geometry was a complex fir-tree root form requiring dimensional control to within +/- 5um and a surface integrity in line with critical aerospace components. The later process investigated the unification of point grinding and electrochemical machining on a vertical machining centre to assess process performance across a range of variables.

Robustness and adaptivity are important behavioural properties observed in biological systems, which are still widely absent in artificial intelligence applications. Such static or non-plastic artificial systems are limited to their very specific problem domain. This work introducesa general model for synaptic plasticity in embedded artificial recurrent neural networks, which is related to short-term plasticity by synaptic scaling in biological systems. The model is general in the sense that is does not require trigger mechanisms or artificial limitations and it operates on recurrent neural networks of arbitrary structure. A Self-Regulation Neuron is defined as a homeostatic unit which regulates its activity against external disturbances towards a target value by modulation of its incoming and outgoing synapses. Embedded and situated in the sensori-motor loop, a network of these neurons is permanently driven by external stimuli andwill generally not settle at its asymptotically stable state. The system´s behaviour is determinedby the local interactions of the Self-Regulating Neurons. The neuron model is analysed as a dynamical system with respect to its attractor landscape and its transient dynamics. The latter is conducted based on different control structures for obstacle avoidance with increasing structural complexity derived from literature. The result isa controller that shows first traces of adaptivity. Next, two controllers for different tasks are evolved and their transient dynamics are fully analysed. The results of this work not only show that the proposed neuron model enhances the behavioural properties, but also points out the limitations of short-term plasticity which does not account for learning and memory.

The presented instructional guidelines book is targeted at presenting generalized experience of the EU countries and Ukraine regarding the implementation of measures aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the urgent reformatting of traditional educational process (classroom studies in general secondary schools and lecture-seminar studies at higher education institutions) into distance and/or blended learning formats. The instructional guidelines book consists of four sections (“General Provisions”, “Generalized experience of EU countries in overcoming the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on national systems of education and prospects for its usage in the educational system of Ukraine”, “Measures taken to address the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on national educational systems”, “Recommended sources for obtaining additional information”) and provides comprehensive information on measures that can be recommended for implementing into the educational system of Ukraine within distance and/or blended learning (amid the COVID-19 pandemic and with the prospect of applying the most effective forms, methods and means of education in post-pandemic period). The instructional guidelines book is intended for representatives of administrative bodies in the field of education, university teachers and postgraduate education seekers, scientists, postgraduate students, doctoral students, university teachers and students of higher pedagogical educational institutions and other employees in the field of education.

AbstractThis chapter explores how asylum caseworkers are socialised on the job and thereby acquire an institutional habitus. Decision-makers are disciplined, incentivised, compelled, but also “ideationally conditioned” (Gill in Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34 (2): 215–233, 2009) to think, act and feel in certain ways. The chapter argues that how organisational socialisation works can only be understood by taking three factors into account: what belonging to the office and to different “communities of interpretation” (Affolter, Miaz, and Poertner in Asylum Determination in Europe: Ethnographic Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 263–284, 2019; Wenger in Knowing in Organizations: A Practice-Based Approach. M.E. Sharp, Armonk, pp. 76–99, 2003) within the office means; how decision-makers acquire, and are taught, the necessary Dienstwissen (Weber in Economy and Society. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2013 [1978]) for carrying out their tasks; and the accountability decision-makers feel towards other actors: peers and superiors, but also politicians, the media and “the public”. Together these aspects of organisational socialisation shape what decision-makers come to perceive as “normal” and “appropriate” practices. Through becoming members of the office, they develop a “socialised subjectivity” (Bourdieu and Wacquant in An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Polity Press, Cambridge, pp. 61–215, 1992) which, in turn, shapes their everyday decision-making practices.

Abstract Opponents of the World Trade Organization, the European Union, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have popularized the idea that regulatory competition will lead to a race to the bottom. According to the conventional view of regulatory competition represented by these critics, where capital, finished goods, and services are relatively mobile across national borders, regulators will be induced to lower regulatory standards to compete for scarce investment capital (Paul 1991: 70-4; Batra 1993: 215-30; Daly & Cobb 1989: 5r-61). This paradigm of the relationship between private capital and state regulators describes a regulatory market in which competing states offer infrastructure, labour, and market access to private capital subject to certain regulatory conditions or costs, and private capital is free to select the state that offers the most favourable regulatory regime.

There is growing curiosity in the exploration of novel renewable resources as alternatives for the production of protein hydrolysates (PH). Thus, the undiscovered potential of utilizing residual biomass from Spirulina, particularly after lipid extraction, for food production presents an encouraging avenue for further research. The aim of this study is to examine the technological and antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysates (PH) obtained from the leftover biomass of Spirulina. Around 70% of biomass was obtained as residue after lipid extraction. The yield and protein content of the PH from residual biomass were 48% and 78% respectively. PH had a high solubility at acidic pH-5. The emulsification power and foaming capacity of PH were 56 m2/g and 275% respectively. PH had a higher ratio of α-helix to ß-sheet (3.4) compared with the raw (1.6) and residual biomass (0.7), which indicates a high digestibility of PH. The antioxidant capacity of PH by reducing power assay, DPPH and ABTS were 80, 1746, 618 µM Trolox g-1 respectively. The findings suggest that PH could be used as a potential ingredient in food and pharmaceutical industry, thus providing a sustainable valorization to protein rich residual biomass.

Activated manganese dioxide (MnO2) reliably oxidizes acetylenic, allylic, and benzylic alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Saturated primary and secondary alcohols are also oxidized, albeit more slowly. The two main concerns are the activity of the manganese dioxide and the slow filtration of salts after the reaction. Activated MnO2 is available commercially or may be prepared. To a solution of 15.3 g (37.5 mmol) of the alcohol in 150 mL of hexanes was added 60 g of activated MnO2. The reaction mixture was stirred at 22 °C overnight and filtered, and the solid residue was washed with 30% EtOAc in hexanes solution. The combined filtrates were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on SiO2 (EtOAc:hexanes, 1:10) to give 13.7 g (90%) of the ketone as a colorless oil. Reference: Wipf, P.; Xu, W. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 6556–6562. Chromium-based oxidations are reliable and well established, but the toxicity associated with chromium salts have meant that they are generally considered the second choice. For a review of chromium–amine complex oxidations, see Luzzio, F. A. Org. React. 1998, 53, 1-221. To a mixture of pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC 339 mg, 1.57 mmol), ammonium acetate (215 mg, 2.62 mmol), and 4 Å molecular sieves (610 mg) in CH2Cl2 (33 mL) was added a solution of the alcohol (208 mg, 1.05 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (14 mL) under argon at 0 °C over a period of 10 min. After the mixture had been stirred at room temperature for 3 h, diethyl ether (200 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered through a short pad of Florisil. The filtrate was washed successively with water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane 70%, Et2O 30%) followed by distillation to give the aldehyde as a colorless oil (132 mg, 63%).

Mark Gandelman of the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology devised (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 1438) a protocol for the decarboxylative conversion of an acid 1 to the iodide 3. Doug E. Frantz of the University of Texas, San Antonio effected (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6128) conversion of a β-keto ester 4 to the diene 5 by way of the vinyl triflate. Pei Nian Liu of the East China University of Science and Technology and Chak Po Lau of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 275) and Robert G. Bergman and Kenneth N. Raymond of the University of California, Berkeley (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 11964) described new Ru catalysts for the isomerization of an allylic alcohol 6 to the ketone 7. Xiaodong Shi of West Virginia University optimized (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2584) a gold catalyst for the rearrangement of a propargylic ester 8 to the enone 9. Xue-Yuan Liu of Lanzhou University used (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 3157) a Cu catalyst to add the chloramine 11 to the alkyne 10 to give 12. Kasi Pitchumani of Madurai Kamaraj University converted (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 5728) the alkyne 13 into the α-amino amide 15 by reaction with the nitrone 14. Katsuhiko Tomooka of Kyushu University effected (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 20712) hydrosilylation of the propargylic ether 16 to the alcohol 17. Matthew J. Cook of Queen’s University Belfast (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 11104) and Anna M. Costa and Jaume Vilarrasa of the Universitat de Barcelona (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4934) improved the conversion of an alkenyl silane 18 to the iodide 19. Vinay Girijavallabhan of Merck/Kenilworth developed (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 6442) a Co catalyst for the Markovnikov addition of sulfide to an alkene 20. Hojat Veisi of Payame Noor University oxidized (Synlett 2011, 2315) the thiol 22 directly to the sulfonyl chloride 23. Nicholas M. Leonard of Abbott Laboratories prepared (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 9169) the chromatography-stable O-Su ester 25 from the corresponding acid 24.

The article examines India in Old Russian literature. The purpose of the article is to highlight subject-pictorial motifs in the whole Old Russian texts about India. There are not so many such works of literary significance, and even fewer detailed descriptions. The oldest fantastic motif about India as a dangerous country appeared in Rus’ in the 11th century in historical and geographical monuments: Chronicle by Georgy Amartol and in Christian Topography by Kozma Indikoplov — and was continued in translated in the first third of the 16th century Lucidaris. Conditional India appears in The Tale of Barlaam and Joasaph and The Tale of Eruslan. In the chronographic and Serbian Alexandria, Journey Beyond the Three Seas by Afanasy Nikitin, Cosmography in 76 chapters, a combination of fantastic and realistic descriptions in Indian plots is observed. Listed in the early 16th century The Tales of the Indian Kingdom appear military and defensive motives caused by harsh historical events in Rus’. In general, from the 11th to the 17th centuries in the literary works of Old Rus’ India, from a subject-pictorial point of view, seemed to be an extremely dangerous, unpleasant and uncomfortable country, despite its overwhelming stone, fruit and vegetable wealth. And so it should have been: after all, India was closest to the earthly paradise and, along with other inhuman objects near paradise, blocked the path to it.

The article considers the geological structure of the Tash-Yarsky pyritepolymetallic deposit located in the northern part of the Magnitogorsky megazone near the large (about 300 km2) Akhunovsky granite massif. The petrographic study of the hornfelses made it possible to identify a number of mineral parageneses containing cordierite, garnet, and biotite, which are installed respectively from the massif contact at a distance no further than 0,6–0,8; 1,2–1,5 and 2,3–2,5 km. Based on the temperature dependence of the maximum iron content of sphalerite, high temperatures of metamorphism (500–610 °С) were obtained for ores. According to garnet-biotite and garnet-cordierite thermobarometers for rocks close to the massif, the transformation temperature is 720–750 °С, and the pressure is 8,9–9,1 kbar. With a distance of 700–850 m from the contact of granitoids, the temperature does not exceed 620–640 °C, and the pressure is 5,3–5,4 kbar; at a distance of 1,3 km, respectively — 550–560 °C and 4,6–4,7 kbar.

Although HHT accounts for approximately one third of the ara-chidonic acid (AA) metabolites produced by stimulated platelets, no well defined function has been attributed to this platelet product. We report that HHT stimulates prostacyclin production by endothelial cells, and have identified the mechanism for this effect. In human umbilical venous endothelial cells HHT (0.5 and 1pM) stimulated prostacyclin (RIA for 6KPGF1α) by 32±10% (1 SE) and 42±13% (P<0.05 and (0.01). Similar changes were observed when the effect of HHT on exogenous [1 -14C] AA metabolism in fetal bovine aortic endothelial cells (FBAECs) was studied. 6KPGF1α was stimulated by 25±9% and 30±6% at HHT cones, of 0.5 and 1μM (P<0.05) . While prelabelling experiments with [1-14c] AA revealed that HHT (1μM) did not affect the ionophore stimulated release of AA from FBAEC membrane lipids (29521±11837 cpm/well control vs 32458+8811 in HHT treated cells, mean ±1SD) kinetic analyses revealed that HHT affected vascular cyclooxygenase. HHT (1μM) increased Vmax in test microsomes (706±21 pmol/mg/min) when compared to controls (529±20; P<0.02). No effect on Km was observed (6.2±0.3μM control vs. 7.2±0.4 in HHT treated microsomes). The effect of HHT on platelet AA metabolism was next studied. Preincubation of washed platelets with HHT (1μM) did not enhance thrombin (0.2 U/ml) induced pit. TXB2 (2.27±1.34 pmol/106 platelets control vs 2.28±1.62 in HHT treated platelets). In platelets prelabelled with [ 1-14c] AA, HHT (1μM) also had no effect on AA release post thrombin stimulation (5794_423 cpm per 108 platelets control vs. 6135±612 for paired HHT treated cells). Conversion to cyclooxygenase metabolites was also not enhanced (2605±265 vs 2806±332 for test platelets). HHT thus stimulates vascular prostacyclin without a concomitant effect on platelet AA metabolism. Our findings may explain the discrepancies relative to prostacyclin production in atherosclerosis and diabetes. In these disorders while ex vivo production of prostacyclin by vascular tissue is decreased, in vivo production is elevated. HHT may also be an important local modulator of platelet plug formation and could play a protective antithrombotic role by its hitherto unrecognized effect on vascular prostacyclin.

ЦЕЛЬ: оценить результаты ведения регистра первичного гиперпаратиреоза (ПГПТ) в Московской об- ласти (МО) на конец 2022 года в рамках всероссийской онлайн-версии базы данных больных с ПГПТ. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: проведен анализ регистра ПГПТ, работа с которым в МО начата с момента его разработки в конце 2016 года. Критерием включения в регистр являются больные с лабораторно подтвержденным ПГПТ: при уровне ПТГ превышающем верхнюю границу референсных лабораторных значений и повышенном или верхненормальном уровне кальция сыворотки крови, выявленном дважды. Критерии исключения: больные с вторичным и третичным гиперпаратиреозом, наследственной гипокаль- циурической гиперкальциемией и гиперкальциемией, не связанной с повышением ПТГ. Данные регистра в МО оценивались на конец декабря 2022 года. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: всего в регистр МО на момент исследования были внесены данные 1112 больных ПГПТ: 1046 женщин и 66 мужчин. Средний возраст пациентов составил 67,08±10,9 лет (мужчин – 65,5±14,5 лет, женщин – 67,02±10,8 лет), средний возраст на момент дебюта заболевания – 62,04±10,8 лет (у мужчин – 59,9±15,2 лет, у женщин – 62,1±10,5 лет). Первые симптомы заболевания у больных выявлялись в среднем в возрасте 59,2±11,5 лет (в 52,5±12,3 лет у мужчин и в 58,8±11,2 лет у женщин). По данным регистра ПГПТ в МО в 2015 году было выявлено 60 новых случаев заболевания. С 2016 года отмечался значительный рост выявляемости ПГПТ – 133 больных, в 2017 году – 147 больных, в 2018 году – 141 больной, в 2019 году – 190 больных, в 2020 году – 131 больной, в 2021 – 108 больных, в 2022 году – 47 больных. В активной фазе заболевания на момент оценки находились 622 (55,88%) больных (41 (3,7%) мужчина и 581 (52,2%) женщина), ремиссия подтверждена у 456 (40,97%) пациентов (23 (2,1%) мужчин и 433 (38,9%) женщин) и рецидив заболевания отмечался у 34 (3,05%) человек (2 (0,2%) мужчин и 32 (2,9%) женщин). По результатам морфологического исследования атипическая аденома была диагностирована у 27 (5,5%) человек (3 (0,6%) мужчин и 24 (4,9%) женщин, карцинома – у 12 (2,4%) человек (1 (0,2%) мужчины и 11 (2,2%) женщин). Частота характерных клинических проявлений ПГПТ у больных составила: патология ЖКТ у 68,6% боль- ных (763/1112), патология почек – у 61,2% (681/1112), остеопороз – у 54% (600/1112), низкотравматические переломы – у 26% (289/1112). Также у больных ПГПТ часто встречались заболевания сердечно-сосудистой системы – 65,1% (724/1112) и артериальная гипертензия – 61,3% (682/1112). Средние значения основных лабораторных параметров в зависимости от фазы заболевания: у боль- ных в активной фазе ПТГ – 134±1102,2 пг/мл, общий кальций – 2,74±0,2 ммоль/л, в ремиссии: ПТГ – 46±21,7 пг/мл, общий кальций крови – 2,34±0,17ммоль/л. ВЫВОДЫ: ведение регистра больных ПГПТ позволяет оценить динамику выявляемости заболевания, лабораторные показатели, в том числе в зависимости от фазы заболевания, частоту осложнений, случаи рецидива. По данным регистра в МО последние годы отмечаются стабильно высокие показатели выявля- емости ПГПТ, значительный процент костных и висцеральных осложнений. При это, вероятно, дальнейшая активная работа по выявлению больных с ПГПТ в МО будет способствовать увеличению доли пациентов с бессимптомными формами заболевания. 23

Abstract The US Advanced Ultra-Supercritical (A-USC) Consortium conducted an extensive program to evaluate available superalloys for use in rotors for steam turbines operating at a nominal temperature of 760 °C (1400 °F). Alloys such as 282, Waspaloy, 740H, 720Li, and 105 were tested in the form of bar supplied from the alloy producers. Ultimately, alloy 282 was down-selected for the turbine rotor based on its combination of creep strength, phase stability, ductility, and fatigue resistance. The next step in development was to produce a full-size rotor forging for testing. A team was established consisting of GE Power (project management and testing), Wyman-Gordon (forging and testing) and Special Metals (melting and billetizing) to pursue the work. A research license to melt the alloy was obtained from Haynes International. The first step of the development was to devise a triple melt (VIM-ESR-VAR) practice to produce 610 mm (24 inch) diameter ingot. Two ingots were made, the first to define the VAR remelting parameters and the second to make the test ingot utilizing optimum conditions. Careful attention was paid to ingot structure to ensure that no solidification segregation occurred. A unique homogenization practice for the alloy was developed by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). Billetization was performed on an open die press with three upset and draw stages. This procedure produced an average grain size of ASTM 3. A closed die forging practice was developed based on compressive flow stress data developed by Wyman Gordon Houston for the consortium project. Multiple 18 kg forgings were produced to define the forging parameters that yielded the desired microstructure. The project culminated with a 2.19 metric ton (4830 lb), 1.22 m (48 inch) diameter crack-free pancake forging produced on Wyman Gordon’s 50,000 ton press in Grafton, MA. The forging process produced a disk with an average grain size of ASTM 8 or finer. Forging cut-up, microstructural characterization, and mechanical property testing was performed by GE Power. Fatigue and fracture toughness values of the disk forging exceeded those previously reported for commercially available rolled bar.

Based on the decision of the State Office for Nuclear Safety, the Dukovany NPP has been obliged to secure the efficient capacities for the disposal of spent ion exchange resins. Therefore, in September 2010, based on the contract with supplier company AMEC Nuclear Slovakia s.r.o. has begun with pumping and treatment of ion exchange resins from the storage tank 0TW30B02, situated in the auxiliary building. The SIAL® technology, developed in AMEC Nuclear Slovakia, has been used for the solidification purposes. This technology allows an on-site treatment of various special radioactive waste streams (resins, sludge, sludge/resins and borates) at the room temperature. The SIAL® matrix and technology were licensed by the Czech State Office for Nuclear Safety in 2007. On-site treatment and solidification of spent ion exchange resins at Dukovany NPP involves process of resin removal from tank using remotely operated manipulator, resin transportation, resin separation from free water, resin filling into 200 dm3 drums and solidification into SIAL® matrix in 200 dm3 drums using the FIZA S 200 facility. The final product is observed for compressive strength, leachability, radionuclide composition, dose rate, solids and total weight. After meeting the requirements for final disposal and consolidation, the drums are being transported for the final disposal to the Repository at Dukovany site. During the 3 month’s trial operation in 2010, and the normal operation in 2011 and 2012, 189 tons of dewatered resins have been treated into 1960 drums, with total activity higher than 920 GBq. At the end of trial run (2010), 22 tons of dewatered resins were treated into 235 drums. During standard operation approximately 91 tons in 960 drums (2011) and 76 tons in 765 drums (2012) were treated. The weights of resins in the drum ware in the range from 89–106 kg and compressive strength limit (10 MPa) has already been achieved 24 hours after fixation. The final measured strength values ranged from 19.0–34.7 MPa and real leachability values ranged from 0.03–0.65%, far below the 4% limit value. Collective effective dose of all workers in 2012 was 7.7 mSv (12.6 mSv in 2011, 6.2 mSv in 2010). Average individual effective dose in 2012 was 0.55 mSv (14 workers), and maximal individual effective dose was 2.25 mSv. This approach allows fast, safe and cost effective immobilization and transformation of dangerous radioactive waste such as sludge and resins into the solid form, which is suitable for long term storage or disposal.

Objective The aim of this living systematic review is to provide a summary of the effects of remdesivir in the of people with acute covid-19. Methods Eligible studies were randomised trials evaluating the effect of remdesivir versus placebo or no treatment. We conducted searches in COVID-19 L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) platform, a system that performs regular searches in databases, trial registries, preprint servers and websites relevant to COVID-19. All the searches covered the period until 06/23/2023. No date or language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently evaluated potentially eligible studies according to predefined selection criteria, and extracted data on study characteristics, methods, outcomes, and risk of bias, using a predesigned, standardised form. We performed meta-analyses using random-effect models and assessed overall certainty in evidence using the GRADE approach. Results Our search strategy yielded 897 references. 10 randomized controlled trials reported in 15 references met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The relative risk of mortality was 0.91 (95% CI 0.83 - 1.00). This means remdesivir reduced the risk of mortality in 9%, compared with placebo or no treatment. In the studies identified in this review 760 people not receiving remdesivir out of 5372 presented the outcome Mortality (141 per 1000) versus 732 out of 5790 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0). In other words, -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0), falls in the range of an effect of small magnitude. The relative risk of mechanical ventilation requirement was 0.62 (95% CI 0.40 - 0.94). This means placebo or no treatment reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement by 38%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 710 people not receiving placebo or no treatment out of 4539 presented the outcome Mechanical ventilation requirement (156 per 1000) versus 616 out of 4920 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10). In other words, -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. The relative risk of serious adverse events was 0.75 (95% CI 0.60 - 0.92). This means reduced the risk of serious adverse events by 25%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 266 people not receiving out of 1266 presented the outcome Serious adverse events (210 per 1000) versus 266 out of 1665 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16). In other words, -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as moderate. The estimated absolute effect, -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. Conclusions Remdesivir may result in a slight reduction in mortality. Remdesivir may result in a reduction in mechanical ventilation requirement. Remdesivir probably results in a reduction in serious adverse events.

Objective The aim of this living systematic review is to provide a summary of the effects of remdesivir in the of people with acute covid-19. Methods Eligible studies were randomised trials evaluating the effect of remdesivir versus placebo or no treatment. We conducted searches in COVID-19 L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) platform, a system that performs regular searches in databases, trial registries, preprint servers and websites relevant to COVID-19. All the searches covered the period until 06/23/2023. No date or language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently evaluated potentially eligible studies according to predefined selection criteria, and extracted data on study characteristics, methods, outcomes, and risk of bias, using a predesigned, standardised form. We performed meta-analyses using random-effect models and assessed overall certainty in evidence using the GRADE approach. Results Our search strategy yielded 897 references. 10 randomized controlled trials reported in 15 references met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The relative risk of mortality was 0.91 (95% CI 0.83 - 1.00). This means remdesivir reduced the risk of mortality in 9%, compared with placebo or no treatment. In the studies identified in this review 760 people not receiving remdesivir out of 5372 presented the outcome Mortality (141 per 1000) versus 732 out of 5790 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0). In other words, -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0), falls in the range of an effect of small magnitude. The relative risk of mechanical ventilation requirement was 0.62 (95% CI 0.40 - 0.94). This means placebo or no treatment reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement by 38%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 710 people not receiving placebo or no treatment out of 4539 presented the outcome Mechanical ventilation requirement (156 per 1000) versus 616 out of 4920 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10). In other words, -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. The relative risk of serious adverse events was 0.75 (95% CI 0.60 - 0.92). This means reduced the risk of serious adverse events by 25%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 266 people not receiving out of 1266 presented the outcome Serious adverse events (210 per 1000) versus 266 out of 1665 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16). In other words, -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as moderate. The estimated absolute effect, -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. Conclusions Remdesivir may result in a slight reduction in mortality. Remdesivir may result in a reduction in mechanical ventilation requirement. Remdesivir probably results in a reduction in serious adverse events.

8+fjordar-området är topografiskt väldigt varierande. Vattenutbytet är långsamt och tillförseln av näringsämnen stor. Största delen av näringsämnen stannar kvar i fjordarna. Mest i Havstens- och Hakefjordar där 40-50 % av den lokala näringstillförseln stannar kvar. Utsläppen från jordbruk och skogsbruk är stora i 8+fjordar-området. T.ex. står dessa för 62 % av kvävetillförseln och 69 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden. Men utsläpp från punktkällor direkt till havet är också betydande (21 % av kvävetillförseln och 19 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden). Man har genom en mängd olika tilltag de senaste decennierna försökt sänka utsläppen av kväve och fosfor och även om koncentrationerna av kväve och fosfor fortsatt är höga har halterna av främst kväve sjunkit i 8+fjordar-området. De stora utsläppen av näringsämnen ökar växtplanktonproduktionen och när denna sjunker till botten och bryts ner av bakterier orsakar det syrebrist och höga koncentrationer av giftigt svavelväte i de djupare delarna av fjordarna. I de grundare delarna av fjordsystemet finns grunda vikar med ålgräsängar, blåmusselbankar och klippkuster med tångskogar. Dessa biotoper har förändrats under de senaste decennierna med en ökande påväxt av fintrådiga alger. Den pelagiska miljön (de fria vattenmassorna) är främst påverkad av avrinning av sötvatten från älvar och åar och av inflöde av salthaltigt vatten från Skagerrak genom Marstrandsfjorden och norrut i fjordsystemet. Närsaltkoncentrationen är hög i hela vattenpelaren vilket ses speciellt för nitrat. Detta ger förhöjda klorofyllkoncentrationer även om dessa alltså har minskat betydligt under de senaste decennierna. 8+fjordar-området har länge haft höga koncentrationer av giftiga dinoflagellater, men de senaste decennierna har giftalgsblomningarna minskat betydligt. De flesta områden uppnår nu minst god ekologisk status avseende vinterkoncentrationer av totalt kväve med undantag för By-, Havstens-, Askerö- och Älgöfjordar. Status för växtplankton klassas som hög i nästan hela området. År 2006 kom den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi till svenska västkusten. Den är en effektiv predator på djurplankton och kan vissa år minska djurplanktonbiomassan avsevärt under hösten. Detta kan ha allvarliga konsekvenser för överlevnad av fisk och fisklarver som livnär sig på djurplankton. De allra flesta fiskarter livnär sig på djurplankton i larvstadiet. Den bentiska miljön innefattar livsmiljön från de djupa mjukbottnarna till tångskogarnas och ålgräsängarnas topp. 8+fjordar-områdets bentiska miljö kännetecknas av klippstränder med hårdbottnar beväxta med bland annat snärjtång, blåstång, sågtång, sockertång och fintrådiga alger, där blåmusslor och andra evertebrater lever och de djupare delarna täcks av fastsittande bentiska evertebrater som till exempel havsanemoner och havsnejlikor. De djupare sedimentbottnarna hyser grävande evertebrater som livnär sig på den biomassa som sjunker ner från pelagialen. Här dominerar havsborstmasken Scalibregma inflatum, slätbukig Sammanfattning trådormstjärna och pepparmussla. Vatten från Skagerrak strömmar in i 8+fjordarområdet söderifrån och de södra bassängerna inklusive Hake- och Askeröfjordar är normalt syresatta under hela året även i sina djupaste delar, medan de djupa delarna av de nordligare Kalvö-, Borgile-, Koljö- och Byfjordar samt även Havstensfjorden ofta präglas av långvarig syrebrist. I dessa områden försvinner bottenfaunan ofta helt eller befinner sig i någon fas av återkolonisering efter vattenutbyten. Den bentiska miljön hade bättre ekologisk status under 1980- och 90-talet än under det tidiga 2000-talet. De flesta åren därefter visar måttlig status i Hake-, Halse- och Havstensfjordar. I de grunda vikarna har mängden fintrådiga alger ökat betydligt sedan slutet på 1990-talet. Dessa alger bildar påväxt på ålgräs och tång och täta mattor av ruttnande alger på botten vilket försvagar ålgräs och tång och orsaker lokal syrebrist i ängarna. Dessa alger har ökat i biomassa delvis på grund av avsaknaden av betande evertebrater (t.ex. märlkräftor) som i sin tur har minskat i antal eftersom mesopredatorer som t.ex. strandkrabba och läppfiskar har ökat när deras predatorer, som t.ex. torsk, har fiskats bort. Utbredningen av ålgräs i 8+fjordar-området har minskat ganska dramatiskt de senaste decennier, speciellt kring Kungälv och Uddevalla där 80–85% av arean har försvunnit. Status för ålgräs och tång är otillfredsställande eller måttlig i nästan hela 8+fjordar-området. Fiskbestånden i 8+fjordar-området har varit överfiskade under lång tid och liksom i Västerhavets övriga kuststområden är förekomsten av större bottenlevande fisk, främst torskfiskar, mycket reducerad i 8+fjordar-området. Det fanns ett betydande fiske av torsk, näbbgädda, rödspotta, sill och skarpsill i området på 1960- talet men 2004–2008 hade de flesta fisken kollapsat med undantag av fisket på sill och skarpsill som fortfarande fiskas även on mängden landad sill har minskat betydligt från 2014 till 2021. Av alla fångster av sill och skarpsill fiskades i genomsnitt 14 % av sillen och 87 % av skarpsillen med lysfiske. SLU:s undersökningar visar dessvärre inte på någon återhämtning av fiskbestånden under de senaste 20 åren, trots att det riktade fisket efter flera av dessa arter stoppats och det införts ett fiskefritt område i Havstensfjorden. Genetiska studier visar dock att det fortfarande finns ett lokalt lekande bestånd av torsk i området och det har observerats bättre rekryteringar 2016 och 2019. Sportfisket efter havsöring är betydande, men störst är fisket efter makrill både med spö och med dörj. Det finns ingen officiell statistik på landningar men i Fiskeriverkets rapport från 1999 angavs att fritidsfiskets sammanlagda fångster översteg yrkesfiskets för lax och havsöring och vissa arter av plattfisk. Det finns en del vattenbruk i 8+fjordar-området. Företaget Scanfjord är störst, med blåmusselodlingar i yttre Stigfjorden, Havstensfjorden och Koljöfjorden. En rad andra aktörer har odlingar främst i norra delen av 8+fjordar-området och företaget Marine Taste odlar sjöpungar nära Stenungsund. Sjöfåglar är viktiga länkar mellan näringsvävar i havet och på land och de kan vara bra indikatorer på förändringar i de marina ekosystemen. Efter mitten av 1990- talet har ejderpopulationen minskat till hälften och arten är numera (2020) rödlistad som ”starkt hotad” (EN) i både Sverige och Europa. Strandskatan har minskat med omkring 40 % i Sverige de senaste 30 åren och är sedan 2020 rödlistad som "nära hotad" (NT). Troliga faktorer för dessa två arters minskning är minskad mängd och/eller kvalitet, inklusive vitaminbrist, på bytesdjur, ökad utbredning av syrefria bottnar, klimatförändringar, predation och sjukdom. Stora förändringar har också ägt rum hos många måsfågelbestånd de senaste 20–30 åren. Fisktärna och silltrut (på västkusten) har klarat sig bra, medan övriga måsfåglar minskat så kraftigt att de blivit rödlistade. Bestånden av grågås, kanadagås och vitkindad gås har ökat kraftigt de senaste 30 åren. Tillgången på höst- och vintergröna grödor har ökat genom ändrat jordbruk och varmare och snöfattigare vintrar vilket har gynnat gässen. Storskarven var tidigare utdöd i Sverige men under 1980- och 1990-talet spred sig skarven längs den svenska kusten och i 8+fjordar-området etablerades de första kolonier i början av 2000-talet. Det finns ingen regelbunden inventering av storskarv i Sverige men år 2021 räknades 1300 bon i 7 kolonier från Nordre Älvs mynning i söder till Havstensfjord i norr, absoluta majoriteten väster om OrustTjörn. I 8+fjordar-området är storskarvens vanligaste byten smörbult och plattfisk, men även andelen torskfisk och sötvattensfisk är betydande. Knubbsäl, gråsäl och tumlare förekommer i 8+fjordar-området. Knubbsäl och tumlare är de överlägset vanligaste marina däggdjuren medan antalet gråsälar är betydligt färre. Efter att jakten förbjöds och sälarna skyddades, samtidigt som mängden miljögifter minskade, började sälpopulationen längs västkusten återhämta sig under 1980-talet. Knubbsälpopulationen har ökat sedan dess även om virussjukdom (Phocine Distemper Virus, PDV) reducerade antalet betydligt år 1988 och 2002. Under 2010-talets senare hälft uppskattades antalet knubbsälar i Västerhavet till över 20 000 djur. I 8+fjordar-området vistas de flesta sälar på utsidan Orust och Tjörn med mycket färre sälar i själva 8+fjordar-området. Prover insamlade 2015-2016 visade att knubbsälens födoval är helt dominerat av plattfisk (viktandel >70 %) följt av sill, rötsimpa och vitling. Miljögifter finns i stora koncentrationer i vissa delar av 8+fjordar-området, främst i Byfjorden där föroreningar från hamnen länge har varit stora och kring Stenungsund där utsläpp från den kemiska industrin dominerar. Men inom 8+fjordar-området finns även ett stort antal mindre båtvarv och marinor som genom åren har bidragit till giftiga utsläpp främst från båtbottenfärg. I Byfjorden har bottensedimenten höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av olja, polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) och PCB. Där är koncentrationerna av TBT, som tidigare användes i båtbottenfärg, och dess två nerbrytningsprodukter DBT och MBT mycket höga. Flera metaller så som zink, kadmium, koppar och nickel finns också i höga koncentrationer. Kvicksilver- och PBDE-halten i blåmusslor överskrider Vattendirektivets gränsvärde för fisk. Dessa föroreningar finns också i Havstensfjorden och Halsefjorden men i lägre koncentrationer. Kring Stenungsund är bottensedimentens halter av hexaklorbensen (HCB) höga eller mycket höga men det avspeglas dock inte i förhöjda HCB-halter i blåmusslor från samma område. Halterna av DBT och MBT är också höga här, medan halterna av TBT inte är förhöjda. Kopparhalten i sediment från Stenungsundsområdet är förhöjda och på en lokal är de långt över Vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Även koncentrationen av PBDE i blåmussla överstiger vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Blåstång från en lokal vid nordvästra Stenungsön har höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av kadmium, arsenik och koppar. I syrefria bottnar förekommer ingen omblandning av sedimentet av infauna såsom havsborstmaskar vilket gör att lagrade ämnen inte i så hög utsträckning frigörs till vattnet och miljögifter koncentreras som mest i dessa områden. Nedbrytningshastigheten av organiska miljögifter är också betydligt långsammare i en syrefattig miljö än i en syrerik och det kan ta många decennier att bryta ned gifterna. Om syrefria bottnar innehållande miljögifter åter syresätts och omblandningen sätts igång, är det därför risk för kontaminering av kringliggande vatten. Mikroplast som härstammar från den lokala plastindustrin finns i större mängder i bottensedimenten kring Stenungsund. En studie visade att minst 3 miljoner och i värsta fall 36 miljoner polyetylenpellets större än 2 mm, motsvarande 73–730 kg, släpps ut via Stenunge å årligen. När mindre fraktioner ner till 300 µm inkluderades i mätningarna var det totala partikelantalet hundrafaldigt högre. Dessa partiklar har direkt effekt på djur och växter i fjorden. Elfiskeundersökningar visade att 62 % av öring fångade i Stenunge å hade plastpartiklar i magen. Flera invasiva arter har etablerat sig i 8+fjordar-området de senaste decennierna. Den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi finns i stora mängder sensommar och höst under de flesta år. Under år med dessa maneter kan de äta upp största delen av djurplanktonbiomassan vilket skapar problem för fisklarver som livnär sig på detta plankton. Stillahavsostronet eller det japanska jätteostronet har observerats på stränder i hela 8+fjordar-området. Dessa ostron kan tränga undan blåmussla när det bildas stora ostronbankar och de europeiska ostronen kan smittas av nya typer av parasiter. Ostronens skal är också vassa och kan orsaka skador på människor som går på bottnen i grunda områden. Mellan 20 och 40 % av 8+fjordar-områdets kustlinje är bebyggd inom 100 meters avstånd till vattenlinjen. I Kungälv och på Tjörn och Orust har bebyggd kustlinje fördubblats på bara 10 år trots förbud mot uppförande av nya byggnader närmre än 100 meter från strandlinjen enligt strandskyddslagstiftningen. 20–25 % av kusten i dessa kommuner är nu bebyggd. Friluftslivet till sjöss har också ökat kraftigt under senare år. Intervjuundersökningar visar att det under 2004 uppskattningsvis fanns totalt 26 600 båtar på svenska västkusten men att antalet har fyrdubblats fram till 2010. Denna ökning av mänsklig närvaro stör på många olika sätt. Pirar eller bryggor kan störa djurs naturliga migrationsrutter längs kusten, speciellt i topografiskt komplexa områden som 8+fjordar-området och större strukturer som t.ex. brofästen eller bortsprängningar och utgrävningar kan ändra vattengenomströmningen. I 8+fjordar-området kan det ha extra stor effekt eftersom vattenutbytet är naturligt långsamt. Fåglar störs kraftigt av snabbgående båtar. Många fåglar undviker ofta platser med mycket trafik under ruggningen och på rastoch övervintringslokaler kan störningar från båtar leda till att de oftare tar till flykt med energiförluster som följd. Marint skräp är ett särskilt stort problem i Bohuslän där stora mängder makroskräp driver i land på grund av havsströmmarna (Jutska strömmen). Detta är faktiskt ett av Europas mest nedskräpade marina områden. 96 % av det marina skräpet längs stränderna i Bohuslän utgörs av plastartiklar, och det vanligaste är snören och linor som till allra största del kommer från fisket. Effekter av skräp på det marina djurlivet är väldokumenterade, t ex insnärjning av marina djur och intag av skräpföremål av fåglar, fiskar och evertebrater. Förlorade tinor, garn och ryssjor utgör också en betydande del av skräpet. Efter intervjuundersökningar uppskattades antalet förlorade hummertinor till 3900 per år på västkusten bara från fritidsfisket. Förlorade fiskredskap fiskar vidare och studier har visat att så mycket som 163 800 humrar och krabbtaskor fångas per år på västkusten i detta spökfiske. Klimatförändringarna leder till att haven runt Sverige blir allt varmare, att kustnära vatten utsötas när nederbörden ändras och att haven försuras när ökade mängder koldioxid tas upp i havet. Varmare vatten tar upp mer plats så havsnivån stiger med stigande temperatur och detta förvärras när polernas fastlandsisar smälter. I 8+fjordar-området ökar ytvattentemperaturen fyra gångar så snabbt som den globala medeluppvärmningen och enligt SMHI har temperaturen ökat med 3,5 °C sedan 1960. Salthalt och skiktning förändras i kustnära miljöer när nederbörden varierar. I svenska kustnära marina miljöer har saliniteten minskat under perioden från 1992, då mätningarna började, fram till ca 2010, men under de senare åren har den ökat så mycket att den nu är tillbaka på samma nivå som 1990. En tredjedel av den koldioxid som släpps ut absorberas av världens hav där den bildar kolsyra. Under industrialiseringen har det globala medel-pH minskat från cirka 8,11 till 8,06, en minskning som motsvarar en ökning i surhet med 30 %. Det finns ingen marin övervakning av pH i 8+fjordar-området men data från danska fjordar visar en försurning som är dubbel så snabb som globala medelvärdet. Av alla belastningar relaterade till klimatförändringarna är det temperaturökningen som har störst effekt på djur och växter i havet. Först och främst förflyttas utbredningsområden för djur och växter mot norr. Torsken i Skagerrak/Kattegatt föredrar temperaturer som är låga jämfört med de medeltemperaturer de upplever i området i dag och den temperaturökningen vi ser i 8+fjordar-området minskar därför torskens lekmöjlighet i området. Ålgräs påverkas också av ökande temperaturer och studier visar att en 5 °C ökning minskar ålgräsets skottäthet. Havsförsurning påverkar främst bottnens kalcifierande arter som kräftdjur, blötdjur och tagghudingar. Till exempel har det visat sig att sjöborrelarvers utveckling försämras av även mycket små minskningar i pH och bottensamhällen påverkas så att både artrikedom och antal individer minskar under försurning.