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Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Trofimova E. S., Pustovarov V. A., and Zatsepin A. F. "Defects and energy transfer in Sr-=SUB=-9-=/SUB=-Lu(PO-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=-)-=SUB=-7-=/SUB=-, doped with ions Pr-=SUP=-3+-=/SUP=-." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 10 (2022): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.10.54858.3624-22.

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Luminescent properties of Sr9Lu(PO4)7 crystalline powders doped with Pr3+ ions upon excitation in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum are considered. in the temperature range 5-320 K, are considered.. In the photoluminescence spectra, an intense glow corresponding to radiative interconfigurational 5d->4f-electronic transitions, weak narrow lines of intra-configuration 4f->4f-transitions, and also the emission of two types of crystal structure defects, are observed, Under pulsed electronic excitation, the temporal characteristics of emission associated with an impurity center and defects and the temperature dependence of the luminescence yield were studied. The processes of energy transfer between defects and an impurity center are discussed. Keywords: 5d->4f luminescence, energy transfer, decay kinetics, ion Pr3+
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2

Zych, Eugeniusz, Paulina Bolek, Małgorzata Sójka, Dagmara Kulesza, Justyna Zeler, Joanna Jedoń, Luis D. Carlos, et al. "(Invited) Combining the 5d→4f and 4f→4f Luminescence of Lanthanides for High-Quality Broad-Range Luminescence Thermometry." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 51 (October 9, 2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02511963mtgabs.

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Accurate and sensitive remote temperature measurement is required in a growing number of existing and emerging applications. As the technology advances and nanotechnology enters still new fields, the size of objects whose temperature needs to be controlled gets smaller and the non-contact temperature reading is the only reasonable approach. Luminescence thermometry is believed to become the technology of choice for such purposes, as it is resistant to disturbances by an electromagnetic field and the sensitivity and accuracy of measurements may be tuned for the specific requirements. Thus, whether it comes to reading temperature at cryo-range, around the room, or at high temperatures, one may design a luminescent thermometer offering high-quality measurements. This is not to say that such designing is easy to do. Even under laboratory conditions, highly-sensitive and accurate luminescent thermometers are not that frequent. Additional problems appear when it comes to measurements over a broad range of temperatures. At first, the basic physics of luminescence processes are not conducive to the design of a luminescence thermometer offering very sensitive and accurate measurements over a broad range of temperature (a few hundred degrees, for example). On the other hand, wide-range luminescence thermometers are of interest for such important fields as aviation and space industries. Fast, accurate, and credible measurements of quickly changing temperatures are of special importance in these areas. In this presentation, we shall report a new approach toward wide-range high-quality luminescence thermometry. Phosphors activated with either Pr3+ or Eu2+ will be examined for that purpose. Both these ions are capable of generating two types of emissions: (i) intra-configurational 5f→4f and inter-configurational 4f→4f ones. We shall prove that such phosphors may offer both broad-range and high-accuracy and high-sensitivity temperature measurements. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that the sensitivity of such sensors may be deliberately tuned to reach its maximum at temperatures where it is most needed. A few examples of such phosphors will be discussed and possible expectations for further development using this approach will be discussed. This research was supported by the Polish National Science Center (NCN) under the grant #UMO-2018/29/B/ST5/00420. Figure 1
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3

Aleksanyan, Eduard, Vachagan Harutunyan, Radik Kostanyan, Eduard Feldbach, Marco Kirm, Peeter Liblik, Vladimir N. Makhov, and Sebastian Vielhauer. "5d–4f luminescence of Er3+ in YAG:Er3+." Optical Materials 31, no. 6 (April 2009): 1038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2008.11.017.

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4

MAKHOV, V. N., N. YU KIRIKOVA, N. M. KHAIDUKOV, M. KIRM, E. NEGODIN, G. ZIMMERER, S. K. LAM, D. LO, J. C. KRUPA, and J. Y. GESLAND. "VUV SPECTROSCOPY OF CRYSTALLINE EMITTERS BASED ON 5d–4f TRANSITIONS IN RARE EARTH IONS." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02002919.

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The spectroscopic properties of several fluoride crystals ( LiYF 4, KYF 4, K 2 YF 5, KLiYF 5, CsY 2 F 7, SrF 2) doped with Nd 3+, Er 3+ or Tm 3+ are analyzed from the viewpoint of their possible applications as active media for VUV solid state lasers. It has been found that in many crystals there exists very efficient nonradiative relaxation from higher-lying 5d states to the lowest 5d level responsible for the spin-forbidden luminescence. In fact, the energy level diagram of 5d–4f transitions for these two ions represents a typical four-level laser scheme with a considerably larger Stokes shift of 5d–4f luminescence from the edge of the strong spin-allowed 4f–5d absorption than for Nd 3+, which causes smaller reabsorption of emitted VUV radiation in the crystals doped with Er 3+ or Tm 3+. Two crystals LiYF 4: Nd 3+ and SrF 2: Er 3+ were tested for laser action under pumping by a pulsed F 2 laser operating at 157 nm. However, no indications of the appearance of stimulated emission have been detected for both crystals. The possible reasons for the absence of lasing are discussed.
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5

Kochan, Orest, Yaroslav Chornodolskyy, Jarosław Selech, Vladyslav Karnaushenko, Кrzysztof Przystupa, Aleksei Kotlov, Taras Demkiv, et al. "Energy Structure and Luminescence of CeF3 Crystals." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 4243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154243.

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The results of the calculation of the energy band structure and luminescent research of CeF3 crystals are presented. The existence of two 5d1 and 5d2 subbands of the conduction band genetically derived from 5d states of Ce3+ ions with different effective electron masses of 4.9 me and 0.9 me, respectively, is revealed. The large electron effective mass in the 5d1 subband facilitates the localization of electronic excitations forming the 4f-5d cerium Frenkel self-trapped excitons responsible for the CeF3 luminescence. The structure of the excitation spectra of the exciton luminescence peaked at 290 nm, and the defect luminescence at 340 nm confirms the aforementioned calculated features of the conduction band of CeF3 crystals. The peculiarities of the excitation spectra of the luminescence of CaF2:Ce crystals dependent on the cerium concentration are considered with respect to the phase formation possibility of CeF3.
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6

Su, Yiguo, Mengqing Liu, Dan Han, Lv Li, Tingting Wang, and Xiaojing Wang. "Ce3+ and Ln3+ (Ln = Dy, Eu, Sm, Tb) Codoped SrF2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Multicolor Light Emission." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11861.

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For optically active Ln3+ ions, fluoride is a very good luminescent substrate that has been used in the field of lasers, solid-phase optical transmitters, optical communications, up/down conversion. This work reports a systematic study on bridging between structure and tunable luminescence for SrF2:Ce3+/Ln3+ (Ln = Dy, Eu, Sm, Tb) nanoparticles. Regardless of the dopant level, all nanocrystals crystallized in a single cubic phase with the diameter of ∼20–30 nm. It was found that SrF2:Ce3+ exhibited intense ultraviolet emission under 288 nm excitation which can be attributed to the typical 4f-5d transition of Ce3+ ions. After the incorporation of Ln3+ ions, multicolor emission can be achieved when excited by the 4f-5d transition of Ce3+. This result gave an evidence that the excitation energy of Ce3+ canbe transferred toLn3+ leading to multicolor emission. The findings reported in this work may provide useful information in designing novel luminescent materials for tailored performances.
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7

Arana, L. Ruiz, P. Lindenberg, H. Said, M. Radke, N. Heidenreich, C. S. Cunha, S. Leubner, and H. Terraschke. "Monitoring the mechanism of formation of [Ce(1,10-phenanthroline)2(NO3)3] by in situ luminescence analysis of 5d–4f electronic transitions." RSC Advances 7, no. 83 (2017): 52794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra07488c.

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The mechanism of formation of emitting complexes is efficiently elucidated by in situ luminescence measurements of 5d–4f electronic transitions from the early stages of the reaction until the final product crystallization.
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8

Guerbous, L., and O. Krachni. "The 4f-5d luminescence transitions in cerium-doped LuF3." Journal of Modern Optics 53, no. 14 (September 20, 2006): 2043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340600792424.

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9

Makhov, V. N., S. Kh Batygov, L. N. Dmitruk, M. Kirm, G. Stryganyuk, and G. Zimmerer. "VUV 5d – 4f luminescence of Gd3+ doped into CaF2." physica status solidi (c) 4, no. 3 (March 2007): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200673766.

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10

Fu, H. Y., Y. K. Guo, Y. Li, Y. L. Zhuang, H. T. Fu, X. J. Li, and L. G. Jin. "Preparation and luminescence properties of SrWO4 phosphors with Ce3+ doping." Journal of Ovonic Research 17, no. 2 (March 2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2021.172.157.

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Efficient UV excitable Ce3+ ion activated SrWO4 phosphors, which were successfully prepared through a hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, CIE color coordinates and photoluminescence were used to characterize the samples. The effect of adding pH solution on the luminescent properties of SrWO4: Ce3+ was studied, the luminescence material SrWO4:Ce3+ exhibits intense blue photoluminescence (PL) with the maximum peak located at 306 nm, which is ascribed to the 4f→5d transition of Ce3+, All these results indicate that the SrWO4: Ce3+ phosphor holds tremendous potential for practical applications in and display with high performance LEDs.
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11

Yanagida, Takayuki, Yoshisuke Futami, Noriaki Kawaguchi, Jan Pejchal, Yutaka Fujimoto, Shunsuke Kurosawa, Yuui Yokota, and Akira Yoshikawa. "Nd3+ Doped LiCaAIF6 Single Crystal for Scintillator Application." Key Engineering Materials 508 (March 2012): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.508.224.

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ααΑαNd3+ 0.5% Doped Single Crystal LiCaAlF6 Scintillator Was Grown by the Micro-Pulling down (µ-PD) Method. Powder X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Was Done and the Grown Crystal Was a Single Phase LiCaAlF6. it Was Cut and Polished to the Physical Dimension of 1 × 2 × 7 mm3. in Transmittance Spectrum, Nd3+ 5d-4f Absorption Observed at 175 Nm and the Transmittance Became 80% at Wavelength Longer than 180 Nm. Excited by 160 Nm, Nd3+ 5d-4f Emission Appeared at 180 Nm. X-Ray Induced Radio-Luminescence Spectrum Showed the Similar Feature with the Photoluminescence One. when Coupled with PMT and Irradiated by 241Am α-Ray, the Absolute Light Yield Resulted 100 Ph/5.5 Mev α.
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12

Grimm, J., O. S. Wenger, K. W. Krämer, and H. U. Güdel. "4f–4f and 4f–5d excited states and luminescence properties of - doped CaF2, CaCl2, SrCl2 and BaCl2." Journal of Luminescence 126, no. 2 (October 2007): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.10.007.

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13

Dorenbos, P. "Thermal quenching of Eu2+5d–4f luminescence in inorganic compounds." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 17, no. 50 (December 2, 2005): 8103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/17/50/027.

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14

Makhov, V. N., M. Kirm, G. Stryganyuk, S. Vielhauer, G. Zimmerer, B. Z. Malkin, O. V. Solovyev, and S. L. Korableva. "5d–4f luminescence of Ce3+, Gd3+ and Lu3+ in LiCaAlF6." Journal of Luminescence 132, no. 2 (February 2012): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.09.023.

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15

Trevisani, M., K. V. Ivanovskikh, F. Piccinelli, and M. Bettinelli. "Fast 5d-4f luminescence in Pr3+-doped K3Lu (PO4)2." Journal of Luminescence 152 (August 2014): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2013.11.068.

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16

Трофимова, Е. С., В. А. Пустоваров, and А. Ф. Зацепин. "Дефекты и перенос энергии в Sr-=SUB=-9-=/SUB=-Lu(PO-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=-)-=SUB=-7-=/SUB=-, легированном ионами Pr-=SUP=-3+-=/SUP=-." Оптика и спектроскопия 130, no. 10 (2022): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2022.10.53617.3624-22.

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In this work luminescence properties of crystalline powders of Sr9Lu(PO4)7 doped with Pr3+ ions were studied upon excitation in UV range in temperature range 5-320 K. Photoluminescence spectra show intensive emission corresponding to radiative interconfigurational 5d→4f electronic transitions, weak narrow lines of intraconfigurational 4f→4f transitions as well as emission of two types of crystal lattice defects. Upon pulsed excitation, timing characteristics of emission related to the impurity center and defects were studied, as well as temperature dependence of emission yield. The processes of energy transfer between impurity center and defects are discussed.
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17

Zinchenko, Viktor, Oleg Ieriomin, Valerii Antonovich, Nataliia Chivireva, Iryna Stoianova, Ganna Volchak, and Pavlo Doga. "SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDIFIED MELTS OF THE EuF3-CeF3-NaCl-KCl SYSTEM." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 10 (November 16, 2020): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.10.2020.120-128.

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The nature of the interaction in the EuF3-CeF3 system in the process of high-temperature (1050 °C) oxidation - reduction reaction was established by the methods of IR transmission spectroscopy, diffuse reflection spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Here is a significant bathochromic shift to 480-485 nm band of blue luminescence of Eu(II) - containing phases, due to the 5d–4f electronic transitions, as well as the manifestation of orange-red luminescence of Eu(III) - containing phases due to 4f–4f electronic transitions in the range of 590–690 nm. There is a bathochromic shift of the IR bandwidth in the spectrum of the solidified salt melt as a result of dissolution of the fluoride system. Diffuse reflection spectra reveal changes in the composition of the phases that dissolve in the salt melt due to exchange reactions. The wide absorption band in the UV range gives way to a negative absorption band consisting of two peaks due to luminescence. The almost complete disappearance of the band of 4f–4f transitions in Eu(III) in the near-IR range of the spectrum is evidence of its entire reduction in the chloride melt to Eu(II). The character of the luminescence spectra of solidified salt melts also changes in comparison with the initial sample of the EuF3-CeF3 system, namely, the luminescence band of Ce3+ ions disappears, and the luminescence band of Eu2+ ions at 430–440 nm becomes narrow and highly intensive. The luminescence band of Eu3+ ions in the orange-red region of the spectrum disappears completely. Thus, Eu2+ ions become dominant in the formation of the spectral picture of the solidified salt melt, which is evidence of the completion of the redox process in the system.
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18

Drozdowski, Winicjusz, and Andrzej J. Wojtowicz. "Fast 20ns 5d–4f luminescence and radiation trapping in BaF2:Ce." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 486, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)00744-1.

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19

Nikl, M., H. Ogino, A. Yoshikawa, E. Mihokova, J. Pejchal, A. Beitlerova, A. Novoselov, and T. Fukuda. "Fast 5d→4f luminescence of Pr3+ in Lu2SiO5 single crystal host." Chemical Physics Letters 410, no. 4-6 (July 2005): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.115.

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20

Rubešová, K., J. Havlíček, V. Jakeš, R. Kučerková, and M. Nikl. "Cerium and europium doping of Ruddlesden-Popper aluminate phases and their radioluminescence properties." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2413, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2413/1/012011.

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Although many scintillator detectors with the fast and efficient detection of high-energy radiation are commercially produced, new materials are still of great interest. Oxide matrices doped with ions possessing fast and intense 5d–4f radiative transition are one of the researched groups of materials. So called Ruddlesden–Popper phases are structures combining halite-like and perovskite-like structures. The aluminates subgroup (AII n+1-yAIII y) n+1 Al n O3n+1 has been only rarely studied for scintillation use. These phases are stable oxides with a relatively high density and, moreover, they melt congruently, which enables growth from a melt. In this study, we tested Ce3+- and Eu2+-doped (Sr,Ca)1(Gd,Y) n Al n O3n+1 (n = 1; 2) analogues. The samples were prepared by the chelating sol-gel method combined with the annealing in reducing atmosphere to reduce both ions to the intended valence. After the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, radioluminescence was used for the basic study of luminescence behaviour of Ce3+ and Eu2+ ions. While Ce3+-doped samples exhibited the 5d-4f radiative transition, Eu-doped samples manifested only luminescence spectra characteristic for Eu3+ ions.
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21

Trevisani, Mattia, Konstantin Ivanovskikh, Fabio Piccinelli, and Marco Bettinelli. "Synchrotron Radiation Study of Interconfigurational 5d-4f Luminescence of Pr3+ in KLuP2O7." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 69, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2014-3260.

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The double phosphate KLuP2O7 doped with Pr3+ ions was prepared by solid-state reaction. The material obtained was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. The luminescence spectroscopy and the excited state dynamics of this material were studied upon excitation with VUV synchrotron radiation. The 5d-4 f emission of Pr3+ upon both direct and band gap excitation was detected and assigned. The decay kinetics of the Pr3+ 5d-4 f emission is characterized by a decay time of about 20 ns and is nearly temperature independent within the range 8 - 300 K. Both dynamics and energy transfer peculiarities revealed in the study suggested good potentials for application of KLuP2O7:Pr3+ as a fast scintillator material.
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Xia, Zhiguo. "(Digital Presentation) Red and Near-Infrared Emission of Eu2+ Doped Solid-State Phosphors for LED Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 51 (October 9, 2022): 1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02511969mtgabs.

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Owing to the unique 4f-5d transition, Eu2+ is one of the most commonly used activators in luminescent materials for phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs), and Eu2+-doped phosphors exhibit outstanding luminescence properties, including multi-color emission, adjustable bandwidth, excellent thermal stability as well as high luminescence efficiency. These attributes motivate scientists to find Eu2+ doped phosphors that can practically meet the various LED application requirements. In this talk, I will summrize our recent progresses to manipulate Eu2+ emission exhibiting red and near-infrared emissions under blue light excitation. One can expect and further adopt proper structural engineering strategies to tune the Eu2+ luminescence. Moreover, the state-of-the-art LED application including solid-state lighting and near infrared night-vision technologies will be also introduced based on these Eu2+ doped phosphors. We hope this talk will be helpful for controlling the photoluminescence by theory-structure-property relationships and guide scientists discover the next generation of Eu2+ doped phosphors for emerging applications.
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Guo, Dan, Xiaodong Zhang, and Jiangni Yun. "Preparation of Compensation Ions Codoped SrTiO3:Pr3+ Red Phosphor with the Sol-Gel Method and Study of Its Luminescence Enhancement Mechanism." Advances in OptoElectronics 2014 (December 14, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/674780.

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SrTiO3:Pr3+ is the most representative titanate matrix red phosphor for field emission display (FED). The red luminous efficiency of SrTiO3:Pr3+ will be greatly improved after the compensation ions codoping, so SrTiO3:Pr3+ red phosphor has been a research focus at home and abroad. SrTiO3:Pr3+, SrTiO3:Pr3+, Mg2+, and SrTiO3:Pr3+, Al3+ phosphors are synthesized by a new sol-gel method. Crystal structure, spectral characteristics, and luminescence enhancement mechanism of the sample were studied by XRD and PL spectra. The results showed that after co-doped, SrTiO3:Pr3+ phosphor is single SrTiO3 cubic phase, the main emission front is located at 614 nm, corresponding to Pr3+ ions 1D2→3H4 transition emission. SrTiO3:Pr3+, Mg2+ and SrTiO3:Pr3+, Al3+ phosphor luminescence intensity is enhanced, but the main luminescence mechanism is not changed. Acceptor impurity x = Mg2+, Al3+ will replace Ti bit after being doped into the crystal lattice to form XTi- charge compensation corresponding defect centers PrSr+ to reduce the demand of Sr2+ or Ti3+ vacancy. While Sr-doped Pr will make lattice distortion and transition energy of 4f-5d is very sensitive to crystal electric field changes around Pr atom. Doping different impurities will make electric field distribution around the icon have a different change. It increases energy transfer of 4f-5d transition and improves the luminous intensity of SrTiO3:Pr3+ red phosphor.
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Barraza, Ramiro, and Matthew Allen. "Lanthanide Luminescence in Visible-Light-Promoted Photochemical Reactions." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 3892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173892.

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The excitation of lanthanides with visible light to promote photochemical reactions has garnered interest in recent years. Lanthanides serve as initiators for photochemical reactions because they exhibit visible-light-promoted 4f→5d transitions that lead to emissive states with electrochemical potentials that are more negative than the corresponding ground states. The lanthanides that have shown the most promising characteristics for visible-light promoted photoredox are SmII, EuII, and CeIII. By understanding the effects that ligands have on the 5d orbitals of SmII, EuII, and CeIII, luminescence and reactivity can be rationally modulated using coordination chemistry. This review briefly overviews the photochemical reactivity of SmII, EuII, and CeIII with visible light; the properties that influence the reactivity of these ions; and the research that has been reported towards modulating their photochemical-relevant properties using visible light and coordination chemistry.
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Trevisani, M., K. V. Ivanovskikh, F. Piccinelli, A. Speghini, and M. Bettinelli. "Interconfigurational 5d → 4f luminescence of Ce3+and Pr3+in Ca9Lu(PO4)7." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 24, no. 38 (September 4, 2012): 385502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/24/38/385502.

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26

Selot, Anupam, Kapil Dev, Mahendra Aynyas, and Sanjay Bhatt. "Luminescence Properties of Rare Earth Activated Aluminates Based Phosphor." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 28 (December 2016): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.28.115.

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A blue emitting phosphor BaAl2O4 doped with Gd3+ were prepared by combustion method at 5000C. The prepared phosphor were investigated by X-ray Diffraction to determine the crystalinity. Photoluminescence emission spectra centred at 369 nm under ultraviolet region, which corresponds to 5d-4f transition of Gd3+ ions. The PL spectra showed strong emission peak intensity and extending to 400nm to 453nm.Concentration quenching mechanism were occurred about 1mol% of Gd3+ ion. The results revealed that phosphor prepared by using combustion method can be useful WLED.
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Sójka, Małgorzata, Wojciech Piotrowski, Łukasz Marciniak, Luis D. Carlos, and Eugeniusz Zych. "Luminescence Thermometry - Crossing the Limits of Operating Range." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 51 (October 9, 2022): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02511961mtgabs.

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Temperature is one of the fundamental thermodynamic parameters that affects and regulates the rate and nature of the chemical, physical and biological processes. A precise and accurate measurement of temperature is essential across a broad spectrum of areas, such as nanomedicine, electronics, aerospace, climate, food storage, etc. Therefore, there is a great variety of temperature sensors (which currently account for ≈80% of the worldwide sensor market), and their operating modes can be divided into two main groups: contact and noncontact techniques. However, in some specific cases, only non-contact systems may provide accurate information about temperature and its distribution over an area. These are as follows: harsh environments (for example inside turbines), fast-moving objects (gas jets), intense magnetic fields that prevent the use of metals or materials with free electric charges (NMR therapies) or when the size of the system to measure is smaller than 10 μm (cellular tracking or microelectronic circuits). One promising solution that can break through those limitations is luminescence thermometry (LT). LT is a non-contact and non-invasive spectroscopic technique based on the changes in a phosphor emission when temperature changes (e.g., the intensity of a band, relative intensities, band shapes, excited-state lifetimes, etc.). We shall present our original approach to use intra- and inter- configurational transitions of Pr3+ ion for accurate temperature reading with high relative sensitivity over an outstandingly wide range of temperatures. Studies were focused on Y2SiO5:0.05%Pr and its chemically modified version by a bandgap engineering approach (replacing Si with Ge). The addition of Ge to replace Si was expected to decrease the host bandgap – energetic separation of its valence and conduction bands. Consequently, we expected that the 5d→4f luminescence would be more susceptible to temperature quenching. This, in turn, allowed to control the range of temperatures within which the 5d→4f/4f→4f emission intensity ratio could be utilized for thermometry. Furthermore, possibilities to further improve such sensors will be discussed by widening the operating range of distinct thermometers. This presentation will show that luminescence thermometers working in unprecedented board operating range can be effectively constructed and managed. Further analysis of such an approach will be carefully discussed. This research was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland under grant #2020/37/N/ST5/02507 Figure 1
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Zinchenko, V. F., O. G. Ieriomin, I. V. Stoianova, G. V. Volchak, N. O. Chivireva, P. G. Doga, and O. V. Stamikosto. "SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF SALT MELTS OF THE SmF3-CeF3-NaCl-KCl SYSTEM." Odesa National University Herald. Chemistry 26, no. 1(77) (July 27, 2021): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2304-0947.2021.1(77).226135.

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Redox interactions between the components of the SmF3-CeF3 and SmF3-CeF3-NaCl-KCl systems have been established by IR transmission spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance electron spectroscopy and luminescence spectroscopy. A significant decrease in the transparency in the IR range of the spectrum was found when passing from the first of the systems to the second, which is explained by an increase in scattering by ultramicrodispersed particles of fluorides in the salt melt. In both systems, the formation of a significant amount of Sm (II) and a decrease in the content of Sm (III) are observed. The change in the valence state of Samarium both during solid-phase heat treatment (1100 °C) and during holding in a salt melt at 700 °C is manifested in the disappearance of some absorption bands, the appearance of new bands, and a gypsochromic shift of the remaining bands. The luminescence spectra exhibit high-intensity emission bands in the 640–740 nm range, which correspond to 5d‑4f electronic transitions in Sm2+ ions. At the same time, the highest intensity is observed in the band corresponding to intracenter 5d‑4f electronic transitions in Ce3+ ions. Apparently, the Ce(IV) compound, formed as a result of the exchange reaction of complex fluoride with a salt melt, volatilizes with subsequent decomposition and does not affect the character of luminescence. On the whole, the luminescence intensity after treatment in the molten salt increases by several tens of times, which indicates a significant change in the radiation mechanism. The mechanism of redox reactions in the solid-phase state, as well as exchange processes in the salt melt and after its crystallization, is discussed. A significant role of solvation shells around particles of lanthanide fluorides in luminescence processes is assumed.
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29

Nan, Hua, Li Chen, Rui-Juan Zhang, and Dan Zhao. "A new langbeinite-type phosphate K2GdHf(PO4)3: synthesis, crystal structure, band structure and luminescence properties." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 76, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229620009857.

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Langbeinite-type compounds are a large family that include phosphates, sulfates and arsenates, and which are accompanied by interesting physical properties. This work reports a new disordered langbeinite-type compound, K2GdHf(PO4)3 [dipotassium gadolinium hafnium tris(phosphate)], and its structure as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Theoretical studies reveal that K2GdHf(PO4)3 is an insulator with a direct band gap of 4.600 eV and that the optical transition originates from the O-2p→Hf-5d transition. A Ce3+-doped phosphor, K2Gd0.99Ce0.01Hf(PO4)3, was prepared and its luminescence properties studied. With 324 nm light excitation, a blue emission band was observed due to the 5d 1→4f 1 transition of Ce3+. The average luminescence lifetime was calculated to be 5.437 µs and the CIE chromaticity coordinates were (0.162, 0.035). One may expect that K2Gd0.99Ce0.01Hf(PO4)3 can be used as a good blue phosphor for three-colour white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs).
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30

Blasse, G., and A. Meijerink. "The temperature dependence of the luminescence of Gd2O2SPr3+ upon 4f5d excitation." Inorganica Chimica Acta 160, no. 1 (June 1989): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)85394-3.

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31

Trevisani, M., K. V. Ivanovskikh, F. Piccinelli, A. Speghini, and M. Bettinelli. "Corrigendum: Interconfigurational 5d → 4f luminescence of Ce3+ and Pr3+ in Ca9Lu(PO4)7." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 24, no. 48 (November 9, 2012): 489501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/24/48/489501.

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32

Makhov, V. N., S. Kh Batygov, L. N. Dmitruk, M. Kirm, S. Vielhauer, and G. Stryganyuk. "VUV 5d-4f luminescence of Gd3+ and Lu3+ ions in the CaF2 host." Physics of the Solid State 50, no. 9 (September 2008): 1625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783408090059.

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33

Lertloypanyachai, Prapon, Nakarin Pattanaboonmee, Weerapong Chewpraditkul, Dan Ping Chen, Vladimir Babin, and Martin Nikl. "Luminescence and Scintillation Response of Ce3+-Doped Oxide Glasses with High Gd2O3 Content." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.434.

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This report presents the luminescence and scintillation response of Ce3+-doped oxide glasses with high Gd2O3 (30 mol%) content. The characteristic emission of Ce3+ 5d → 4f transition peaking around 380 nm was observed in its luminescence spectra under UV and X-ray excitation. Photoluminescence decay kinetics was governed by a few tens of nanoseconds decay time. The integral scintillation efficiency of about 22% of that of the Bi4Ge3O12 scintillator was obtained under X-ray irradiation. The light yield and its dependence on the integration time were measured and compared with that of the Bi4Ge3O12 crystal. The total mass attenuation coefficient at 662 keV γ-rays was also determined and compared with the theoretical one calculated using the WinXCom program.
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34

Sun, Jia Yue, Ran Di Sun, and Hai Yan Du. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nanosized Phpsphor SrS:Eu2+,Sm3+ by a Hydrothermal Process." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.531.

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Electron trapping materials SrS:Eu2+,Sm3+ were prepared by hydrothermal method at 200 °C for 5 h. The phase structure, microstructure and optical properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX, PL, PSL, and TL, respectively. The sample was stimulated by a 980 nm infrared laser after exposing to the sun light, It can be seen that the PSL emission spectra was a band spectrum with one peak at 605 nm, and this emission was ascribed to characteristic 5d → 4f transition of Eu2+, and the photo stimulated luminescence phenomenon was observed.
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35

Bai, Qiongyu, Zhijun Wang, Panlai Li, Shuchao Xu, Ting Li, and Zhiping Yang. "Zn2−aGeO4:aRE and Zn2Ge1−aO4:aRE (RE = Ce3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+): 4f–4f and 5d–4f transition luminescence of rare earth ions under different substitution." RSC Advances 6, no. 104 (2016): 102183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21932b.

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Generally, luminescent properties of rare earth ions doped host can be tuned by controlling the host composition, that is, when substituted for different cations of host, the rare earths ions can present different characteristics.
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36

Schäfer, T. C., J. R. Sorg, A. E. Sedykh, and K. Müller-Buschbaum. "Red emitting Sm(ii) phosphors: thermally switchable luminescence in Sm(AlX4)2 (X = Cl, Br) by 5d–4f and intra-4f transitions." Chemical Communications 57, no. 90 (2021): 11984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc05357d.

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Sm(AlX4)2 (X = Cl, Br) show thermally switchable luminescence of Sm2+ between broad-band 4f55d1 → 4f6 emission and thin line intra-4f-emission, rendering the compounds interesting Ln(ii)-based phosphors with samarium.
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37

Qi, Pengyuan, Yu Cong, Linhui Yu, Xinmeng Ge, Chunlai Hao, Fei Wang, Zhongliang Yang, Jiaxing Zhan, and Lijie He. "Research on the progress of Ce3+,Tb3+ co-activated phosphate luminescent materials prepared by hydrothermal method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2430, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2430/1/012018.

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Abstract Due to the special optical properties of rare earth elements, rare earth luminescent materials have been widely used in lighting, medical radiological images, detection and recording of radiation field and other fields. Through the research and analysis of phosphate LaPO4:(Ce3+,Tb3+), Ca9Y (PO4):(Ce3+,Tb3+), GdPO4:(Ce3+,Tb3+) composite materials by the hydrothermal preparation of cerium-terbium co-activated, the hydrothermal preparation process (additives, reaction system pH, hydrothermal time, hydrothermal temperature, etc.), luminescent properties and application status were clarified. XRD and SEM were used to analyze the effect of hydrothermal preparation process on the phase composition and morphology of samples, and the energy transfer efficiency was determined. PL spectroscopic analysis shows that the 4f→5d and 5D4→7Fj (j=6,5,4,3) transitions in Ce3+-Tb3+ UV region have been demonstrated in a variety of matrix materials, enabling efficient energy transfer in co-doped ion combinations., and the concentration of doping ions will significantly affect the luminescence properties.
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38

Makhov, V. N., T. Adamberg, M. Kirm, S. Vielhauer, and G. Stryganyuk. "Interplay of spin-allowed and spin-forbidden 5d–4f luminescence from rare earth ions." Journal of Luminescence 128, no. 5-6 (May 2008): 725–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2007.11.025.

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39

Sidletskiy, Oleg, Pavlo Arhipov, Serhii Tkachenko, Iaroslav Gerasymov, Georgy Trushkovsky, Tetyana Zorenko, Yuriy Zorenko, et al. "Luminescent and Scintillation Properties of CeAlO3 Crystals and Phase-Separated CeAlO3/CeAl11O18 Metamaterials." Crystals 9, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9060296.

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This work is dedicated to the growth process and investigation of luminescent and scintillation properties of CeAlO3 single crystals and CeAlO3/CeAl11O18 metamaterials under e-beam and α-particles excitation. It has been shown that cathodoluminescence and radioluminescence spectra of CeAlO3 crystals contain two bands, peaking at 440 and 500 nm, and caused by the Ce3+ 5d–4f transitions into CeAl11O18 phase, which is present in these crystals as an admixture. Under 270 nm ultraviolet (UV) light excitation, a CeAlO3 crystal possesses complicated non-exponential luminescence decay, with the average decay time of 16 ns. The light yield of CeAlO3 crystals under α-particle excitation is about 16% and 12%, in respect to the standard Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) crystal and Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG:Ce) single crystalline film samples, respectively. The CeAlO3 scintillation decay is quite fast, with the decay time value t1/e in the 54–56 ns range.
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40

Youssef, Heba, Alexander E. Sedykh, Jonathan Becker, Ilya V. Taydakov, and Klaus Müller-Buschbaum. "3–(2–Pyridyl)pyrazole Based Luminescent 1D-Coordination Polymers and Polymorphic Complexes of Various Lanthanide Chlorides Including Orange-Emitting Cerium(III)." Inorganics 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10120254.

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A series of 18 lanthanide-containing 1D-coordination polymers 1∞[Ln2(2–PyPzH)4Cl6], Ln = La, Nd, Sm, dinuclear polymorphic complexes α–, β–[Ln2(2–PyPzH)4Cl6], Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, α–[Tb2(2–PyPzH)4Cl6], and [Gd2(2–PyPzH)3(2–PyPz)Cl5], mononuclear complexes [Ce(2–PyPzH)3Cl3], [Ln(2–PyPzH)2Cl3], Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er, and salt-like complexes [Gd3(2–PyPzH)8Cl8]Cl and [PyH][Tb(2–PyPzH)2Cl4] were obtained from the reaction of the respective lanthanide chloride with the 3–(2–pyridyl)pyrazole (2–PyPzH) ligand at different temperatures. An antenna effect through ligand-to-metal energy transfer was observed for several products, leading to the highest luminescence efficiency displayed by a quantum yield of 92% in [Tb(2–PyPzH)2Cl3]. The Ce3+ ion in the complex [Ce(2–PyPzH)3Cl3] exhibits a bright and orange 5d-based broadband emission with a maximum at around 600 nm, marking an example of a strong reduction of the 5d-excited states of Ce(III). The absorption spectroscopy shows ion-specific 4f–4f transitions, which can be assigned to Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, and Er3+ in a wide spectral range from UV–VIS to the NIR region.
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41

Omelkov, S. I., M. G. Brik, M. Kirm, V. A. Pustovarov, V. Kiisk, I. Sildos, S. Lange, S. I. Lobanov, and L. I. Isaenko. "A luminescence spectroscopy and theoretical study of 4f–5d transitions of Ce3 +ions in SrAlF5crystals." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 23, no. 10 (February 18, 2011): 105501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/23/10/105501.

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42

Stryganyuk, G., D. M. Trots, A. Voloshinovskii, T. Shalapska, V. Zakordonskiy, V. Vistovskyy, M. Pidzyrailo, and G. Zimmerer. "Luminescence of Ce3+ doped LaPO4 nanophosphors upon Ce3+ 4f–5d and band-to-band excitation." Journal of Luminescence 128, no. 3 (March 2008): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2007.08.006.

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43

MAKHOV, V. N., N. M. KHAIDUKOV, M. KIRM, G. ZIMMERER, S. K. LAM, D. LO, and N. V. SUETIN. "LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF LiKGdF5 CRYSTALS DOPED WITH Er3+ AND Tm3+ AS PROMISING MATERIALS FOR VUV-EXCITED PHOSPHORS." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x0200218x.

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The spectroscopic properties of LiKGdF 5 crystals doped with Er 3+ or Tm 3+ and codoped with Dy 3+, Tb 3+ or Sm 3+, and of LiKYF 5 crystals doped with Er 3+ or Tm 3+ and codoped with Dy 3+ have been studied under excitation by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. It has been found that in LiKGdF 5 crystals doped with Er 3+ or Tm 3+ the VUV energy absorbed by 4f–5d transitions in the Er 3+ or the Tm 3+ ion is nearly completely converted into the UV/visible emission. At least in the LiKGdF 5: Er 3+ crystal some part of such a conversion is due to the energy transfer from the 5d state of the Er 3+ ion to the neighboring Gd 3+ ion as a result of cross-relaxation giving rise to the emission of two UV/visible photons instead of one VUV quantum. LiKGdF 5 crystals doped with Er 3+ and codoped with Dy 3+, Tb 3+ or Sm 3+ can be considered as promising materials for phosphors excited by VUV radiation from noble gas discharge.
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44

Makhov, Vladimir, Marco Kirm, Gregory Stryganyuk, Sebastian Vielhauer, and Georg Zimmerer. "VUV Luminescence Due to 5d - 4f Transitions in Gd3+ and Lu3+ Ions Doped into Fluoride Crystals." ECS Transactions 11, no. 26 (December 19, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2929812.

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45

Takizawa, Yui, Kei Kamada, Masao Yoshino, Ryuga Yajima, Kyoung Jin Kim, Vladimir V. Kochurikhin, and Akira Yoshikawa. "Growth of 6Li-enriched LiCl/BaCl2 eutectic as a novel neutron scintillator." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, SC (February 16, 2022): SC1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac481e.

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Abstract In this study, Eu:6LiCl/BaCl2 with a high Li concentration was developed as a novel thermal neutron scintillator. Eu ions were doped as activators for the BaCl2 phase, and Eu:6LiCl/BaCl2 eutectics were grown via the vertical Bridgman–Stockbarger method in quartz ampoules (inner diameter = 4 mm). The Eu:6LiCl/BaCl2 eutectic exhibited a lamellar eutectic structure and optical transparency. The 400 nm emission due to the Eu2+ 4f–5d transition was observed in the BaCl2 phase by a cathode luminescence measurement. The light yield under neutrons was estimated to be over 20 200 photons MeV−1. A PSD study was also performed using gamma and alpha-rays. The Eu:6LiCl/BaCl2 eutectic scintillator showed good potential for PSD.
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46

Chewpraditkul, Warut, Nakarin Pattanaboonmee, Kriangkrai Wantong, Weerapong Chewpraditkul, Vladimir Babin, Martin Nikl, Kei Kamada, and Akira Yoshikawa. "Effects of Ga Content on Optical and Scintillation Properties in Ce3+-Doped YGd2(Al,Ga)5O12 Scintillators." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.552.

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The optical and scintillation properties of Ce3+-doped YGd2(Al,Ga)5O12 single crystal scintillators were investigated. The Ce3+ 5d-4f emission was blue-shifted with increasing Ga content due to the decrease of the crystal field strength. Temperature dependence of the photoluminescence decay times was measured and the thermal activation energy for the luminescence quenching was calculated. Light yield (LY) and its dependence on an integration time were measured under γ-ray excitation. The fast component content in the scintillation response increases with increasing Ga content. The YGd2Al2Ga3O12:Ce sample showed a high LY of 38,000 photons/MeV. The decrease of LY value observed for a YGd2Al1Ga4O12:Ce sample is mainly due to the thermal ionization of the 5d1 excited state of the Ce3+ emission center to the conduction band.
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47

Radzhabov, E. A., and E. A. Prosekina. "5d-4f luminescence of Nd3+, Gd3+, Er3+, Tm3+, and Ho3+ ions in crystals of alkaline earth fluorides." Optics and Spectroscopy 111, no. 3 (September 2011): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x11090220.

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48

Pushkar’, A. A., T. V. Uvarova, N. S. Kozlova, S. Yu Kuznetsov, and A. G. Uvarova. "The laser-diode-excited 5d-4f luminescence of Ce3+ and Pr3+ ions embedded into a BaR2F8 matrix." Optics and Spectroscopy 114, no. 6 (June 2013): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x13060167.

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49

Barandiarán, Zoila, and Luis Seijo. "Intervalence charge transfer luminescence: Interplay between anomalous and 5d − 4f emissions in Yb-doped fluorite-type crystals." Journal of Chemical Physics 141, no. 23 (December 21, 2014): 234704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4902759.

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50

Ma, Qing, Si Qing Shen, Jian Jun Xie, Fei Zhong Ma, Ying Shi, Wei Xiong, and Jian Wang. "Luminescent Properties of Ce Doped LuAG Thin Films Prepared by Pechini Sol–Gel Method." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 1516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1516.

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Compared to phosphors, scintillating films are shown as a better feature for high–resolution display devices with low loss diffusion. Ce 3+ doped lutetium aluminum garnet (Lu3Al5O12, LuAG) scintillating films with different Ce 3+ concentration have been fabricated by Pechini sol–gel processing combined with the spin–coating technique and characterized by X–ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) under excitation of UV–VIS light. The results of XRD patterns indicated that the specimen under study is a well–crystallized single–phase of cubic structure. Under an excitation of 442nm , it was found that the PL spectra was the typical Ce 3+ emissions located in the 460–650 nm consisting of two emission bands due to the transitions from the lowest 5d excited state (2D) to the 4f ground state of Ce 3+ , which matches well with the sensitivity curve of the Si–photodiode . The luminescent intensity of LuAG: Ce 3+ films varies with the Ce 3+ contents and reaches the maximum at 1.0 mol% doped. With the increase of calcining temperature, the luminescence intensity in the PL spectra of LuAG:Ce 3+ films was found to increased accordingly due to the improved crystallization.
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