Dissertations / Theses on the topic '551.909 515'

Palaeochannel development along the middle reaches of the River Irthing valley floor, Cumbria, UK, has been reconstructed via a range of palaeoenvironmental techniques. This has enabled the analysis of interactions between the geomorphological, hydrological and ecological components of the floodplain system during the mid to late Holocene. Geornorphological mapping, surveying and lithostratigraphic analysis of palaeochannel fills along a 2.5 kilometre reach of the valley floor has determined the character of Holocene channel and floodplain evolution and the physical context for palaeochannel habitat development. Chronological controls have been provided by historical map analysis and radiocarbon dating. The River Irthing valley floor experienced net fluvial incision from the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary up until the mid Holocene, while late Holocene floodplain evolution has been characterised by a series of channel avulsion and limited floodplain reworking. Periods of channel incision and planform change have been dated to 2440-1920 cal. BC, 670-970 cal. AD, 1410-1620 cal. AD and the late eighteenth to early nineteenth century AD. Five palaeochannel reaches with well-preserved organic rich channel fill sediments were selected for detailed lithostratigraphic analyses (by multiple core transects) and plant macrofossil analyses. Channel fills provide evidence of rapid biotic response to channel abandonment and subsequent changes to the physical characteristics and trophic status of the habitat. Hydroseral sequences from aquatic to wetland to floodplain woodland communities and the affects of human activity on palaeochannel development are also evident. The results indicate high magnitude flood inundation significantly affects vegetation succession and highlight the importance of physical processes and the landscape context in determining the characteristics of palaeochannel development. The research emphasises the application of plant macrofossil analysis to organic rich alluvial sediments.

Inverse problems involve the determination of one or more unknown quantities usually appearing in the mathematical formulation of a physical problem. These unknown quantities may be boundary heat flux, various source terms, thermal and material properties, boundary shape and size. Solving inverse problems requires additional information through in-situ data measurements of the field variables of the physical problems. These problems are also ill-posed because the solution itself is sensitive to random errors in the measured input data. Regularisation techniques are usually used in order to deal with the instability of the solution. In the past decades, many methods based on the nonlinear least squares model, both deterministic (CGM) and stochastic (GA, PSO), have been investigated for numerical inverse problems. The goal of this thesis is to examine and explore new techniques for numerical inverse problems. The background theory of population-based heuristic algorithm known as quantum-behaved particle swarm optimisation (QPSO) is re-visited and examined. To enhance the global search ability of QPSO for complex multi-modal problems, several modifications to QPSO are proposed. These include perturbation operation, Gaussian mutation and ring topology model. Several parameter selection methods for these algorithms are proposed. Benchmark functions were used to test the performance of the modified algorithms. To address the high computational cost of complex engineering optimisation problems, two parallel models of the QPSO (master-slave, static subpopulation) were developed for different distributed systems. A hybrid method, which makes use of deterministic (CGM) and stochastic (QPSO) methods, is proposed to improve the estimated solution and the performance of the algorithms for solving the inverse problems. Finally, the proposed methods are used to solve typical problems as appeared in many research papers. The numerical results demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of QPSO and the global search ability and stability of the modified versions of QPSO. Two novel methods of providing initial guess to CGM with approximated data from QPSO are also proposed for use in the hybrid method and were applied to estimate heat fluxes and boundary shapes. The simultaneous estimation of temperature dependent thermal conductivity and heat capacity was addressed by using QPSO with Gaussian mutation. This combination provides a stable algorithm even with noisy measurements. Comparison of the performance between different methods for solving inverse problems is also presented in this thesis.

Davant l'augment de l'ús de reconstruccions virtuals als museus arqueològics, aparentment sense una veritable reflexió teòrica (museològica i epistemològica) que les recolzi, aquesta tesi pretén esbrinar la utilitat de la Realitat Virtual com a instrument de presentació de l'Arqueologia i per quins motius, i alhora proposar unes bases teòriques per aquest ús, a partir de la construcció d'un marc teòric i metodològic semiòtic.
La tesi s'estructura en tres volums. En el primer es presenta un panorama general del projecte (objectius, metodologia, contribució a l'estat de la qüestió, perspectives de futur) i també les concepcions bàsiques sobre l'Arqueologia (situació epistemològica i funció social), els museus (paper dels objectes, funció social dels museus, funció comunicativa i educativa de l'exposició, primeres paraules sobre l'ús de les TIC als museus) i la Realitat Virtual (a partir de sis vectors d'aproximació a la complexitat del concepte) que han guiat el procés d'investigació. En el segon volum es tracta pròpiament la qüestió de partida i s'intenta esbrinar (a través de la cerca bibliogràfica sobre cada element, la seva aplicació a la RV i la verificació a partir d'avaluacions empíriques publicades) si la Realitat Virtual és útil com a eina de comunicació des de totes les perspectives implicades (percepció, cognició, semiòtica de les imatges/del llenguatge, epistemologia arqueològica, museologia, museografia i aprenentatge), reunides en tres nivells analítics: sintaxi, semàntica i pragmàtica. El tercer volum conté un resum de tota la tesi i les conclusions del procés de recerca, que corresponen als fonaments teòrics sobre l'ús de la RV als museus arqueològics des del punt de vista de la recerca i de la museologia.
El present treball no és únic, sinó que ja hi ha hagut altres projectes orientats a la comprensió de la utilitat comunicativa de la RV ja des del moment que les recerques van sortir de i l'àmbit militar i per això es pot situar com a continuador d'aquestes. Però ara aporta algunes novetats, entre les quals cal destacar la construcció d'un marc teòric i metodològic, la Semiòtica, que comporta els següents avantatges: permet aplicar i adaptar la metodologia analítica desenvolupada en altres àmbits; integrar en un discurs coherent les recerques sobre els avantatges i inconvenients de la RV des dels diferents àmbits implicats; obtenir una eina avaluativa per contrastar en el futur aquesta fonamentació teòrica; i, finalment, com a conseqüència pràctica del marc teòric, proporcionar una base racional i explícita per a l'ús científic i divulgatiu de la RV en Arqueologia.
Given the spread of the use of virtual reconstructions in archaeological museums, apparently without a true theoretical consideration (museological and epistemological) to support them, the aim of this thesis is to find out whether and how Virtual Reality is useful for the presentation of Archaeology in museums and at the same time to propose a theoretical bases for this use, through the establishment of a semiotica theoretical and methodological framework.
The thesis is structured in three volumes. The first one presents a general overview of the project (goals, methodology, contribution to the state of the art, future perspectives) and also the basic concepts about Archaeology (epistemological situation and social function), museums (role of objects, museums' social function, communicational and educational role of the exhibition, first words about the use of ICT in museums) and Virtual Reality (using six vectors of approximation to the complexity of the concept) that guided the research process. The second volume is devoted to the starting question and tries to find out (through a bibliographical search about each element, its application to VR and its verification through published empirical evaluations) if VR is useful as a communication tool from all the perspectives involved (perception, cognition, semiotics of images/language, archaeological epistemology, museology, museography and learning), distributed in three analytical levels: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The third volume contains a summary of the thesis and the conclusions of the research project, which correspond to the theoretical foundations of the use of VR in archaeological museums from the research and the museological perspective.
The present research project is not unique and can be considered a continuation of early research into the usefulness of VR for learning performed outside the military field. However, it does introduce new elements, amongst which we should highlight the construction of a theoretical and methodological framework, semiotics, which encompasses the following advantages: to apply and adapt the powerful analytical methodology coming from semiotics as well as other fields; to integrate in a coherent discourse research into the advantages and disadvantages of VR from the different fields involved; to obtain an evaluative tool for future verification of these theoretical foundations; and finally, as the practical consequence of the theoretical framework, it provides a rational and explicit basis for the scientific and disseminative use of VR in Archaeology.

Doppler-SODAR measurements are commonly used to derive the vertical wind profile. One main advantage of the Mini-SODAR (from the company Remtech) is its small size and weight and therefore it is easy to handle and set up in short time. Two long-term measurements were operated in September and October 2009. A statistical comparison was made between the Mini-SODAR, the tower and the DWD-SODAR (from the company METEK) for the two measurement periods. It is presented here that the Mini-SODAR overestimates the tower measurements and also the measurements of the DWD-SODAR. It is also shown, that the Mini-SODAR is able to determine the mean flow conditions in the lower boundary layer (up to 200 m).

The thesis is divided into six sections. The Introduction discusses the themes of the dissertation, notably fascism, anti-fascism and Britain in the 1940s. It reviews the existing literature and outlines the method used. The first chapter examines the legacy of the inter-war years and the impact of internment on the fascists. It analyses the British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women and the Mosley book clubs, which came together to form the Union Movement. The chapter ends in 1951 with Oswald Mosley's decision to leave Britain, a symbol of the failure of British fascism. The second chapter stresses the homogeneity of fascist thinking and the common possession of core ideas, including elitism, racism, and anti-socialism. It suggests that fascist parties also acted in a similar way, they glorified their leaders and encouraged anti-semitism and violence. The chapter argues that postwar fascism recruited especially well among members of the middle class. However, even within this group, only a tiny minority was attracted towards fascism. The third chapter examines the history of the non-fascist organisations, including Labour, the Communist Party and the 43 Group. The chapter also evaluates anti-fascist methods, which involved exposing the fascists, heckling their speakers and turning over fascist platforms. The fourth chapter describes the moment at which fascists and anti-fascists opposed each other in the street. It suggests that the various state agencies, including the police, the Home Office, the law departments and MI6, worked with fascism, or did nothing to prevent its growth. Finally, the Conclusion discusses the obstacles which the fascists faced, including the legacy of the war and the Holocaust, and the success of the Conservative Party after 1945. It also suggests that anti-fascism also played significant part in the fascists' defeat.

This thesis is an examination of British films which discuss and propose the reconstruction of the built enviromnent. It concentrates on the period 1939-51 but also looks at those films made during the inter-war period. It examines how and why the films were produced, and how they present the issues of reconstruction. The particular aims are to see what the films might tell us about the relationship between planners, architects, politicians and the ordinary people - the people who would be the beneficiaries of reconstruction. Secondly, to ascertain what impact the films had on popular attitudes to town planning and building. The main findings are that the films were considered a very important way of communicating with the general public and that they were specifically designed to widen the debate and the process of reconstruction beyond the professionals to ordinary citizens. However, despite these noble and sincere aims the films had only limited effect in achieving this. As a result of studying the production and distribution of the films one has also a better understanding of the relationship between film-makers and the government propaganda agencies to which they were contracted. The most important conclusion from this aspect of the research is that they were highly constrained in the kind of films on reconstruction they could make despite their efforts to produce radical work. Finally the Central Office of Information films of the post-war period show that the Labour Government was similarly committed to involving and informing the people in the new world that they planned to build.

La descripció qualitativa dels colors que composen una imatge digital és una tasca molt senzilla pel sistema visual humà. Per un ordinador aquesta tasca involucra una gran quantitat de qüestions i de dades que la converteixen en una operació de gran complexitat. En aquesta tesi desenvolupam un mètode automàtic per a la construcció d'una paleta de colors d'una imatge digital, intentant respondre a les diferents qüestions que se'ns plantegen quan treballam amb colors a dins el món computacional. El desenvolupament d'aquest mètode suposa l'obtenció d'un algorisme automàtic de segmentació d'histogrames, el qual és construït en detall a la tesi i diferents aplicacions del mateix son donades. Finalment, també s'explica el funcionament de CProcess, un 'software' amigable desenvolupat per a la fàcil comprensió del color.

La aplicació d'una metodologia sòlida és premissa fonamental per obtenir informació fiable en cada investigació científica, i particularment en arqueologia prehistòrica, on fàcilment es cometen errors en nivell interpretatiu. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball és comprendre la tasca dels caçadors-recol·lectors després l'Últim Màxim Glacial i durant el Tardìoglacial en una àrea determinada a través de l'anàlisi funcional dels materials lítics arqueològics per tal d'aportar una primera presa de contacte a el paper que van desenvolupar els jaciments en un període de canvis climàtics i mediambientals ràpids. Els jaciments de cultura Epigravettiana de Grotta di Pozzo al centre d'Itàlia i Riparo Villabruna al nord han investigat en profunditat des de la perspectiva lítica per identificar possibles puntes de projectil utilitzades durant activitats de caça. Això ofereix una informació detallada sobre tecnologies d'empunyadura i tècniques de caça, brindant un ampli marc dels coneixements i les habilitats pràctiques de la població. El projecte de recerca introdueix aspectes únics que mai abans havien estat investigats en els jaciments prèviament esmentats. L'adopció sistemàtica de l'arqueologia experimental és innovadora, i s'han provat aspectes específics i majoritàriament desconeguts sobre l'ús d'eines lítiques. Les dades provinents de l'àmplia literatura i els resultats inesperats es creuen per comprendre les estratègies de caça, el comportament, els desplaçaments, els assentaments estacionals i la possible interrelació entre grups humans en aquesta gran àrea de centre-nord d'Itàlia a la fi de l'Plistocè.
La aplicatión de una metodología sólida es premisa fundamental para obtener información fiable en cada investigación científica, y particularmente en arqueología prehistórica, donde fácilmente se cometen errores a nivel interpretativo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprender la labor de los cazadores-recolectores tras el Último Máximo Glacial y durante el Tardìoglacial en un área determinada a través del análisis funcional de los materiales líticos arqueológicos con el fin de aportar una primera mirada al papel que jugaron los yacimientos en un período de rápidos cambios climáticos y medioambientales. Los yacimientos de cultura Epigravettiana de Grotta di Pozzo en el centro de Italia y Riparo Villabruna al norte han investigado en profundidad desde la perspectiva lítica para identificar posibles puntas de proyectil utilizadas durante actividades de caza. Esto ofrece una detallada información sobre tecnologías de empuñadura y técnicas de caza, brindando un amplio marco de conocimientos y habilidades prácticas de la población. El proyecto de investigación introduce aspectos únicos que nunca antes han sido investigados para los yacimientos mencionados. La adopción sistemática de la arqueología experimental es innovadora, y se han probado aspectos específicos y en su mayoría desconocidos sobre el uso de herramientas líticas. Los datos provenientes de la amplia literatura y los resultados inesperados se cruzan para comprender las estrategias de caza, el comportamiento, los desplazamientos, los asentamientos estacionales y la posible interrelación entre grupos humanos en esta gran área del centro-norte de Italia a finales del Pleistoceno.
The application of a robust methodology is a fundamental precondition to get reliable information in every scientific investigation, in particular in prehistoric archaeology where it is easy to make mistakes on the interpretation level. The main goal of this work is to understand the role of the hunter-gatherers after the Last Glacial Maximum and during the Late Glacial in a given area, through the functional analysis of the archaeological lithic materials, in order to give a glimpse of the function of the sites in a period of rapid climate and environmental changes. The Epigravettian sites of Grotta di Pozzo in the Central Italy and Riparo Villabruna in the North Italy have been investigated on the lithic point of view, as to individuate possible projectile points used during hunting activity. This contribution offers detailed information about hafting technologies and hunting techniques, giving a wide framework of knowledge and practical skills of the inhabitants. The research project introduces unique aspects that have never been investigated before for the considered sites. The systematic adoption of the experimental archaeology is innovative, and there have been tested specific and mostly unknown aspects about the use of lithic tools. The data coming from the large literature and the unexpected results are crossed together as to understand the hunting strategies, the behaviour, the movements, the seasonal settlements and the possible connection between human groups in this large area of North-Central Italy at the end of Pleistocene.

Since the mid 1980s, Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy have become instrumental techniques that can be easily and successfully applied to chemical analysis. In this respect, scientific studies of works of art and the materials used in their creation are one of the fields that have received great impulse.
Several reasons for the spectroscopic investigation of antiquities and art objects can be pointed out. One of them is the interest in the materials and techniques in use during a certain period or region. This knowledge may be utilized for roughly dating the art object (retrieving pigments with a known date of invention may indicate that the artifact dates from a more recent period). Another reason is that this analysis is a useful source of information during a restoration or conservation treatment, and signs of a previous restoration, retouching or even forgeries can be found.

At the beginning of this century investigation in cultural heritage became an important research field that posed great scientific interest, requiring unprecedented interdisciplinary knowledge of a wide spectrum of areas such as history, archaeology, physics, chemistry, engineering, chemometrics and many other disciplines. On the other hand, improvements in the instrumental techniques used have been the goal of many important studies. Even more, in this decade the investigation has been focalized on the development of a new generation of instruments which allows the combination of complementary analytical techniques along with the advantage of portable instrumentation. Both improvements permit a robust and non-destructive chemical analysis of works of art which are difficult or impossible to study in a laboratory (highly valuable masterpieces, large paintings, and wall paintings).
Chemometrics methods are the necessary complement to these instrumental improvements. In order to maximize the robustness of these instruments, automatic and robust data processing tools are needed to obtain the maximum possible information from a work of art.
This doctoral thesis presents a framework to perform data-fusion systems for classification analysis of pigments investigated in the field of cultural heritage. These systems were developed and evaluated within a European Community research project, the main objective of which was to develop a portable micro Raman and micro X-ray fluorescence instrument (PRAXIS).

The general aim of this doctoral thesis is to study different strategies for the implementation of Raman-XRF data-fusion systems, in order to improve classification analysis of pigments investigated in the field of cultural heritage. This study takes into account the nature of the different interferences usually encountered in these types of signals and its elimination by developing dedicated algorithms. Moreover, this study evaluates automation in classification analysis by developing inference systems.


In order to reach that global aim these particular objectives are defined:

1) To study the nature of stochastic events and signal interferences present in Raman and XRF spectroscopy in order to enable the implementation of chemometrics techniques for classification. This is done in more detail for Raman data, due to the fact that this technique is mainly used in this field for "fingerprint" analysis. The methodology used is Wavelet transform and the improvements achieved in this area are presented in a paper entitled Noise and background removal in Raman spectra of ancient pigments using wavelet transform.
2) To establish the capabilities of a fuzzy logic system for automatic pigment identification. This issue is presented in a paper entitled Fuzzy logic for identifying pigments studied by Raman spectroscopy.
3) To review the current state-of-art of data-fusion in analytical chemistry and to establish actual data-fusion methodologies onto a Raman-XRF sensor fusion system. The performance of each data-fusion architecture is discussed in a paper entitled Micro Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy data fusion for the classification of ochre pigments.
4) To improve data-fusion methodologies by dual-domain analysis achieved by Wavelet transform. The achievements are presented in two papers Data fusion and dual-domain classification analysis of pigments studied in works of art and Data fusion in the wavelet domain by means of fuzzy aggregation connectives.
5) To define the necessary parameters and propose a methodology to implement data-fusion strategies in Raman and XRF spectroscopy.

Structure

The thesis has been structured in different chapters, each one containing the following information:

Chapter 1 is a theoretical chapter; the first part gives an overview of the basic concepts and latest advances in the fields of micro-Raman spectroscopy and micro-X ray fluorescence spectrometry. The characteristics of a new instrument which combines both techniques are presented along with the improvements achieved in that area. In the second part, the background of chemometrics techniques used in this work is presented.

Chapter 2 introduces the framework for the study of ancient pigments. It describes the nature of samples analyzed and gives an overview of the different techniques used in the creation of works of art throughout the years. Finally, the instruments used in this doctoral thesis for preliminary and final validation analysis are described.

Chapter 3 deals with the data pre-treatment needed before applying chemometric techniques, both for classification and data-fusion. In that respect, the first part focuses on the principles of Wavelet transform as a tool to eliminate signal interferences. This chapter includes a paper in which the development of an innovative method to eliminate noise and background signals from Raman spectra simultaneously is presented. It has been successfully applied for Raman spectra of ancient pigments.

Chapter 4 presents a preliminary study of automatic analysis of pigments by means of soft computing solutions such as Fuzzy logic. A published paper is presented in which Fuzzy logic is used to perform an automatic system for pigment identification. This study is extended to a fusion model and X-ray fluorescence analysis data is incorporated in the developed identification system. The ability of fuzzy logic to process imprecise information is described in the last part of this chapter.

Chapter 5 deals with three data-fusion architectures and their analysis by means of hard computing solutions as Principal components analysis (PCA) and Partial least squares - discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The models are implemented for the classification of a set of ancient pigments from Byzantine iconography. Benefits and drawbacks of each method are pointed out.

Chapter 6 incorporates a new innovative strategy for data-fusion. The fusion of data in the wavelet domain is discussed and two approaches are presented for Raman and X-ray fluorescence data-fusion: Mid-level and High level dual domain data-fusion. Both are used and successfully applied for the automatic identification of pigments in classification problems with different levels of difficulty. Two papers are included in which both methods are used for the classification of ancient pigments, which face difficult identification problems. These two methods combine the benefits described in the previous chapters of this thesis with the consequent improvement of classification results. The developed systems are suitable to perform a rapid and automatic classification of ancient pigments.

Chapter 7 presents a review of the state of the art regarding data-fusion. The different steps necessary to achieve a proper data fusion are discussed.

Finally, Chapter 8 presents the conclusions of the thesis and suggests some possible issues for future research.




Fusión de datos en espectroscopias Raman y de fluorescencia de rayos X para la identificación de pigmentos en trabajos de arte
Desde mediados de los años 80s, las espectroscopias Raman y de fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF) se pueden considerar técnicas instrumentales de fácil aplicación en el análisis químico. Uno de los ámbitos de gran aplicación de dichas técnicas se centra en el estudio científico de una obra de arte y de los materiales utilizados en su creación.
Existen varias razones para la investigación de antigüedades y objetos de arte por medio de técnicas espectroscópicas. Una de ellas es el estudio de los materiales y técnicas aplicados durante un cierto período o en una determinada región. Este conocimiento puede ser muy útil para ubicar aproximadamente un objeto de arte en una determinada época o periodo. Otra razón es que este análisis es una importante fuente de información para la restauración o el tratamiento de conservación, y permite encontrar señales de una restauración anterior, de repintado o de falsificaciones.

Desde el comienzo de este siglo, la investigación en el patrimonio cultural se sitúa como un campo de la investigación importante con un gran interés científico. Esta investigación, requiere un importante trabajo multidisciplinario que implica a especialistas en áreas como historia, arqueología, física, química, ingeniería, quimiometría y otras disciplinas. Por otro lado, el objetivo de muchos trabajos científicos y estudios importantes, ha sido el desarrollo y las mejoras en estas técnicas instrumentales de análisis. Más aun, en esta década la investigación está enfocada en el desarrollo de una nueva generación de instrumentos que permiten la combinación de técnicas analíticas complementarias junto con la ventaja de una instrumentación portátil. Ambas mejoras permiten un análisis químico robusto y no destructivo de los objetos de arte, en especial de aquellos en los que resulta difícil o casi imposible de estudiar en un laboratorio. Como por ejemplo obras de arte de gran valor y pertenecientes al patrimonio cultural del país, pinturas de grandes dimensiones y pinturas realizadas en murales.

Los métodos Quimiométricos de análisis son el complemento necesario a estas mejoras instrumentales. Con objeto de aumentar al máximo la robustez de estos instrumentos, es necesario proveerlos de herramientas de procesamiento automáticas y robustas para obtener el máximo de información del objeto bajo estudio.
Esta tesis doctoral, presenta un marco de referencia para realizar fusión de datos para la clasificación e identificación de pigmentos estudiados en el campo de patrimonio cultural. Estos sistemas se desarrollan y evalúan dentro de un proyecto de investigación de la comunidad europea. El objetivo principal de este proyecto ha sido desarrollar un instrumento portátil para realizar espectroscopias Raman y de fluorescencia de rayos-X (PRAXIS).

El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es estudiar diferentes estrategias para el desarrollo de sistemas de fusión de datos Raman y XRF para mejorar la clasificación de pigmentos. Este estudio contempla la naturaleza de las distintas interferencias que habitualmente se encuentran en estos tipos de mediciones (espectros) y su eliminación por medio del desarrollo de metodologías adecuadas. También, se evalúa la posibilidad de automatización en el proceso de clasificación.


Para alcanzar este objetivo global, se definen los siguientes objetivos particulares:

1) Estudiar la naturaleza de eventos estocásticos (ruido) e interferencias habitualmente presentes en espectroscopia Raman y XRF, con el fin de facilitar la aplicación de técnicas quimiométricas de clasificación. Este estudio se realiza más profundamente para los espectros obtenidos por espectroscopia Raman, ya que es la técnica principalmente utilizada en este campo para una identificación del tipo "huella digital." La metodología usada es la transformada Wavelet y las mejoras logradas se presentan en un artículo titulado "Ruido y eliminación de señales de fondo en espectros Raman de pigmentos antiguos por medio de la transformada Wavelet".
2) Establecer un sistema de lógica difusa para la identificación automática de pigmentos. Este estudio se presenta en un articulo titulado "Lógica difusa para identificar pigmentos estudiados por espectroscopia Raman".
3) Estudiar la situación actual de aplicaciones y desarrollos de fusión de datos en química analítica y establecer las metodologías de fusión de datos reales en un instrumento Raman-XRF. Los resultados obtenidos en distintos modelos de fusión de datos se discute en un articulo titulado "Fusión de espectros Raman y de fluorescencia de rayos X para la clasificación de pigmentos ocres".
4) Mejorar las metodologías de fusión de datos por medio del análisis en el dominio dual dado por la transformada Wavelet. Los logros obtenidos se presentan en dos artículos "Fusión de espectros y análisis de clasificación en el dominio dual de pigmentos estudiados en obras de arte" y "Fusión de datos en el dominio Wavelet por medio de conectores de agregado difuso".
5) definir los parámetros necesarios y proponer a una metodología llevar a cabo las estrategias de fusión de espectros en espectroscopias Raman y XRF.

Estructura

La tesis ha sido la estructura en capítulos diferentes, donde cada uno contiene la siguiente información:

El capítulo 1 es un capítulo teórico; donde en una primera parte se da una apreciación global de los conceptos básicos y de los últimos adelantos en espectroscopias Raman y de fluorescencia de rayos X. Las características de un nuevo instrumento que combina ambas técnicas se presentan junto con las mejoras logradas en él. En una segunda parte, se describen las técnicas quimiométricas usadas en este trabajo.

El capítulo 2 describe la naturaleza de las muestras estudiadas y de su uso en la creación de obra de arte. Finalmente, se describen instrumentos Raman y XRF usados en esta tesis doctoral.

El capítulo 3 presenta el tratamiento necesario en los datos antes de aplicar las técnicas quimiométricas, ya sea para la clasificación y/o fusión de datos. En ese sentido, se presenta un estudio de la aplicación de la transformada Wavelet como una herramienta para eliminar las interferencias señaladas. Este capítulo incluye un artículo en el que nosotros presentamos el desarrollo de un método innovador para eliminar simultáneamente las señales de ruido y fondo es espectros Raman.

El capítulo 4 presenta un estudio preliminar del análisis automático de pigmentos por medio de la lógica difusa. Se presenta artículo donde la lógica difusa es utilizada para realizar un sistema automático de identificación de pigmentos. Este estudio se extiende a un modelo de fusión y por el cuál la información obtenida por XRF es incorporada en el sistema de identificación desarrollado.

El capítulo 5 presenta tres arquitecturas de fusión de datos y el posterior análisis por medio de técnicas quimiométricas como el análisis de componentes Principal (PCA) y la regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales para análisis discriminante (PLS-DA). Los modelos se llevan a cabo con el estudio de pigmentos antiguos referidos a la iconografía bizantina. Esta parte acaba señalando los beneficios y desventajas de cada método.

El capítulo 6 presenta una nueva estrategia para la fusión de datos, que es la fusión de datos en el dominio del wavelet. Se discuten los fundamentos y se presentan dos modelos de fusión de datos Raman y XRF en el dominio wavelet: El nivel medio y el nivel alto, ambos se aplican a la identificación automática de pigmentos. Dos artículos son incluidos, donde se describen ambos métodos y se presenta su aplicación para la clasificación de pigmentos antiguos.

El Capítulo 7 presenta un estudio sobre el estado actual en la investigación de fusión de datos y su aplicación en química analítica. Las etapas necesarias para desarrollar métodos apropiados de fusión de análisis.

Finalmente, en el capítulo 8 presenta las conclusiones de la tesis y propone posibles trabajos de investigación futura.

Aquest treball presenta un estudi de la procedència dels materials lítics quartzítics procedents de la cova de Santa Ana a Calerizo de Càceres. Calerizo de Càceres és un sistema càrstic confinat entre pujols quartzítics amb abundants materials lítics i disponibilitat de recursos d'aigües superficials i subterrànies. Es va emprar la caracterització macroscòpica o visual de mostres arqueològiques, així com les fonts geològiques per determinar la procedència dels materials. Mitjançant la comparació dels resultats de la caracterització de materials arqueològics utilitzant els resultats de les fonts geològiques com a referències per al subministrament de fonts. L’anàlisi espacial de les dades de localització recollides durant la prospecció del paisatge així com el model d’elevació digital de la zona van servir per analitzar el patró de moviment del paisatge des del lloc (cova de Santa Ana) fins als dipòsits geològics de matèries primeres presents al paisatge estudiat. Anàlisi de ruta de menor cost (LCP) en SIG. Els resultats van mostrar que les fonts primàries i secundàries van ser explotades per grups prehistòrics per a la contractació de matèries primeres i la distància màxima recorreguda per adquirir aquests materials no s'estén més enllà dels 15 km. Un conjunt d’aquestes fonts es va trobar a una distància d’uns 1,5 km de la cova de Santa Ana. També s’explotaven dipòsits al·luvials com a fragments de roques que es transportaven cap avall des dels turons quartzítics que envolten el Calerizo de Càceres.
Este trabajo presenta un estudio de la procedencia de materiales líticos cuarcíticos de la cueva de Santa Ana en Calerizo de Cáceres. Calerizo de Cáceres es un sistema kárstico confinado entre colinas cuarcíticas con abundantes materiales líticos y disponibilidad de recursos de aguas superficiales y subterráneas. La caracterización macroscópica o visual de muestras arqueológicas, así como las fuentes geológicas se utilizaron para determinar la procedencia de los materiales. La comparación de los resultados de la caracterización de materiales arqueológicos se realizaron utilizando los resultados obtenidos de las fuentes geológicas como referencias para el aprovisionamiento de fuentes. El análisis espacial de los datos obtenidos durante la prospección del paisaje, así como el Modelo de Elevación Digital del área, se utilizaron para analizar el patrón de movimiento en el paisaje desde la Cueva de Santa Ana hasta los depósitos geológicos de las materias primas, que se encontran en el mismo paisaje del estudio utilizando un Análisis de ruta de menor coste (LCP) en SIG. Los resultados obtenidos mostran que tanto las fuentes primarias como las secundarias fueron explotadas por grupos prehistóricos para la adquisición de materias primas, además la distancia máxima recorrida para adquirir estos materiales no se extiende más de 15 km. Asimismo, un grupo de estas fuentes se encontran ubicado a una distancia de aproximadamente 1,5 km de la cueva de Santa Ana. Los depósitos aluviales también fueron explotados como fragmentos de rocas transportadas desde los cerros cuarcíticos que rodean el Calerizo de Cáceres.
This work presents a study of the provenance of quartzitic lithic materials from the cave of Santa Ana in Calerizo de Cáceres. Calerizo de Cáceres is a karstic system confined between quartzitic hills with abundant lithic materials and availability of surface and groundwater resources. Macroscopic or visual characterization of archaeological samples, as well as the geological sources was employed to determine the provenance of materials. Through comparison of results from characterization of archaeological materials using the results from those of the geological sources as references for source provisioning. Spatial analysis of location data collected during prospecting of the landscape as well as Digital Elevation Model of the area were used to analyze the movement pattern on the landscape from the site (Santa Ana Cave) to geological deposits of raw materials present within the studied landscape using Least-Cost Path (LCP) analysis in GIS. The results showed that both primary and secondary sources were exploited by prehistoric groups for raw materials procurement and the maximum distance travelled to acquire these materials do not extend beyond 15 km. A cluster of these sources were found to be located at distance of about 1.5 km from the Santa Ana Cave. Alluvial deposits were also exploited as fragments of rocks transported downslope from the quartzitic hills which surround the Calerizo de Cáceres.

El primer poblament humà a Sicília és un dels temes més debatuts en arqueologia i antropologia des del descobriment de les indústries lítiques atribuïdes al Paleolític Inferior-Mig a Sicília. En particular, les indústries lítiques es troben en Fiume-Gran / Delia Valley (oest de Sicília meridional, districte de Trapani, Itàlia). L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és omplir el buit geològic en relació amb la relació entre l'artefacte lític trobat en aquesta regió i el territori; mitjançant l'aplicació d'un estudi multidisciplinari (activitats de camp, sedimentologia, petrografia i paleontologia). La investigació es va dur a terme utilitzant diferents enfocaments geològics: geologia de mapeig, anàlisi sedimentari i anàlisi petrogràfic. Es van realitzar estudis geològics per identificar litologies, les seves relacions estratigràfiques i per caracteritzar la geomorfologia de l'àrea. En poques paraules, la investigació va abastar diferents camps d'investigació, el que permet recopilar molta informació útil per contextualitzar les indústries lítiques de la vall del riu Gran \ Delia des d'un punt de vista geològic. L'anàlisi sedimentològica, petrogràfic, paleontològic i topogràfic del territori mostra com existia la possibilitat d'un ambient favorable per a la presència humana dins de la vall i durant el Plistocè mitjà-tardà, amb una ràpida transició de l'ambient marí al continental i la formació de terrasses fluvials
El primer poblamiento humano en Sicilia es uno de los temas más debatidos en arqueología y antropología desde el descubrimiento de las industrias líticas atribuidas al Paleolítico Inferior-Medio en Sicilia. En particular, las industrias líticas se encuentran en Fiume-Grande / Delia Valley (oeste de Sicilia meridional, distrito de Trapani, Italia). El objetivo principal de esta tesis es llenar el vacío geológico en relación con la relación entre el artefacto lítico encontrado en esta región y el territorio; mediante la aplicación de un estudio multidisciplinario (actividades de campo, sedimentología, petrografía y paleontología). La investigación se llevó a cabo utilizando diferentes enfoques geológicos: geología de mapeo, análisis sedimentario y análisis petrográfico. Se realizaron estudios geológicos para identificar litologías, sus relaciones estratigráficas y para caracterizar la geomorfología del área. En pocas palabras, la investigación abarcó diferentes campos de investigación, lo que permite recopilar mucha información útil para contextualizar las industrias líticas del valle del río Grande \ Delia desde un punto de vista geológico. El análisis sedimentológico, petrográfico, paleontológico y topográfico del territorio muestra cómo existía la posibilidad de un ambiente favorable para la presencia humana dentro del valle y durante el Pleistoceno medio-tardío, con una rápida transición del ambiente marino al continental y la formación de terrazas fluviales
The early human peopling in Sicily is one of the most debated topics in archaeology and anthropology since the discovery of lithic industries attributed to the Lower- Middle Palaeolithic in Sicily. In particular, lithic industries found in Fiume-Grande/Delia Valley (Western Southern Sicily, Trapani District, Italy). The principal objective of this thesis is to fill the geological gap concerning the relationship between the lithic artefact found in this region and the territory; through the application of a multidisciplinary study (field activities, sedimentology, petrography and palaeontology). The research was carried out using different geological approaches: mapping geology, sedimentary analysis and petrographic analysis. Geological surveys were undertaken to identify lithologies, their stratigraphic relationships, and to characterise the geomorphology of the area. In a nutshell, research covered different research field, allowing to collect much information useful to contextualise lithic industries of Grande\Delia river valley from a geological point of view. The sedimentological, petrographic, palaeontological and survey analysis on territory show how there was the possibility of a favourable environment for human presence inside the valley and during the Late-Middle Pleistocene, with a rapid transition from marine to the continental environment and formation of fluvial Terraces.

La majoria de les seqüències paleontològiques i arqueològiques del Plistocè continental de Sicília es troben en coves i refugis rocosos, però els jaciments són sovint complicats d’estudiar perquè presenten pertorbacions i alteracions de diversos tipus. Les investigacions geoarqueològiques i paleoambientals són molt difícils a les coves on vivien animals fossorial com les hienes. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu estudiar en particular dues coves situades al nord de Sicília, habitades tant per hienes com per humans. Aquests llocs tenien una ocupació humana que es remuntava a la primera colonització estable de Sicília durant el període Epigravetià. Les associacions de fauna i els resultats de l’anàlisi dels sediments de les coves investigades contribueixen a proporcionar documentació estratigràfica del plistocè de l’illa. Els sediments i els sòls es van estudiar amb micromorfologia per a la gènesi dels dipòsits, per trobar senyals de remodelació, minerals postposicionals i per trobar rastres humans. Aquesta tècnica ha servit per comprendre la història deposicional, tant natural com antròpica
La mayoría de las secuencias paleontológicas y arqueológicas del Pleistoceno continental de Sicilia se encuentran en cuevas y refugios rocosos, pero los depósitos a menudo son complicados de estudiar porque presentan perturbaciones y alteraciones de diversos tipos. Las investigaciones geoarqueológicas y paleoambientales son muy difíciles en cuevas donde vivían animales fosorial como las hienas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo estudiar en particular dos cuevas ubicadas en el norte de Sicilia, habitadas por hienas y humanos. Estos sitios tenían una ocupación humana que se remonta a la primera colonización estable de Sicilia durante el período epigravettiano. Las asociaciones de vida silvestre y los resultados del análisis de los sedimentos de las cuevas investigadas contribuyen a proporcionar una documentación estratigráfica del Pleistoceno de la isla. Los sedimentos y los suelos se han estudiado utilizando la micromorfología para la génesis de los depósitos, para encontrar señales de remodelación, minerales posteriores a la deposición y para encontrar cualquier rastro humano
Most of the paleontological and archaeological sequences of the continental Pleistocene of Sicily are found in caves and rocky shelters, but the deposits are often complicated to study because they present disturbances and alterations of various kinds. Geoarchaeological and paleoenvironmental investigations are very difficult in caves where fossorial animals such as hyenas lived. This thesis aims to study in particular two caves located in northern Sicily, inhabited by both hyenas and humans. These sites had a human occupation dating back to the first stable colonization of Sicily during the Epigravettian period. The wildlife associations and the results of the analysis of the sediments of the caves investigated contribute to providing stratigraphic documentation of the island's Pleistocene. The sediments and soils were studied using micromorphology for the genesis of the deposits, to find reworking signals, post-depositional minerals and to find any human traces. This technique served to understand depositional history, both natural and anthropic.

Chapter 1 The part that 19th century Edinburgh medicine played in formulating the early concepts of motor neuron disease as a nosological entity is described, including some hitherto unrecognized descriptions by graduates of Edinburgh Medical School, including the first description of progressive bulbar palsy. Credit is given to the great European neurologists, especially charcot’s landmark contribution of the definitive clinico-pathological correlations. Terminology relating to MND is discussed and the problems which have arisen over the nosology relating to diseases of motor neurons. The requirement for a clearly defined classification system and the importance of measuring incidence in this disease are outlined. Chapter 2 A comprehensive review of previous studies of incidence, mortality and distribution is presented. It is suggested that the value of previous clinical descriptions and epidemiological studies of motor neuron disease (MND) have been limited by methodological problems. There appears to have been a real increase in mortality from MND over recent decades. Comparison of incidence in different places is complicated by non standardised methods of case-ascertainment and diagnosis but evidence is presented which challenges the traditional concept that the distribution of MND in developed countries is uniform and static. It remains uncertain, from the evidence available, if age specific incidence continues to rise into old age and the apparent “peak” in late-middle life is due to ascertainment bias. This is an important consideration on which to base aetiological hypotheses. In the northern hemisphere there is a weak positive correlation between standardised, age specific incidence and distance from the equator. There is a high prevalence focus of an atypical MND/ALS on Guam, and while an environmental factor is probably responsible, its nature is uncertain. The relevance of other reported clusters of MND is discussed and the requirements for the ideal study of MND incidence are outlined, which acted as the impetus for the Scottish Motor Neuron Disease Register (SMNDR). Chapter 3 The methodology of the SMNDR is described. This is the first collaborative, population based, prospective, epidemiological study of MND and illustrates the feasibility of such a study and the way in which Scotland is suited (in terms of size and National Health service structure) to such a project. Diagnostic criteria are outlined for application to this and other large scale studies. Of 257 patients registered with the SMNDR as possible MND diagnosed in 1989 and 1990 in Scotland, 229 with proven (by autopsy), clinically definite or probable, sporadic or familial MND, form the basis of the description of incidence, distribution, clinical features and natural history contained in this chapter. The crude incidence was 2.24/100,000/year and age specific incidence continued to rise steeply with age into the very elderly age bands. No evidence for clustering on the basis of Scottish regions was found. 5% of patients had a family history of MND; the clinical pattern varied according to sex and age, with elderly women most likely to present with, or develop, progressive bulbar palsy. Chapter 4 The utility of the 1989-90 Scottish Hospital In-patient statistics (SHIPS) and 1989-90 death certificate coding (Registrar General for Scotland) by International classification of Diseases (ICD)-9, 335 (MND) are analysed as a tool for epidemiological studies and heath care planning. Coded hospital discharge data were an inaccurate record of a diagnosis of MND with a positive predictive value of a diagnosis of MND as determined by SHIPS of 70%. Such data cannot, in their present form, be used as a reliable measure of incidence in Scotland. Greater care is required in the preparation of summaries and coding if these data are to be useful care planning and epidemiological research. However, as an important source of case notification for the SMNDR to achieve a complete sample of patients. There was also a problematic false positive rate (10%) for mortality data but this source more closely approximated true incidence. Chapter 5 A review of previous case control studies of environmental risks for MND is presented. In order to test the hypothesis that certain environmental factors may play a role in the aetiology of MND, a case control study of 103 incident patients (diagnosis date May 1990-october 1991; 57 from the above cohort (as described in chapter 3) and 46 diagnosed in 1991, age and sex matched with community controls was conducted and is described. Measures were taken to minimise potential sources of bias and these are discussed. Fractures were more common in patients than controls especially in the in the five years prior to symptom onset (odds ratio = 15 (95% CI, 2.3-654). Manual workers were over represented and a number of environmental exposures of potential toxicity including exposure to lead (OR = 5.3, 95% CI, 1.5-11) and solvents or chemicals (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.5-11) were found. The limited extent of these associations favours a multifactorial aetiology for MND. No relationship to social class, poliovirus infection or to factors which might increase the risk of enteroviral infection in childhood (home space and domestic amenities) was found. Chapter 6 A comprehensive review of previous prognostic studies in MND is presented. An actuarial analysis of the survival of the cohort of 229 incident patients (57 seen in person) in Scotland in 1989-90, with complete follow up for a mean of two years from diagnosis, is calculated on the basis of the SMNDR clinical classification system. The overall 50% survival from diagnosis was 1.2 years (95% CI, 1.0-1.4) and from symptom onset, 2.5 years (95% CI, 2.2-3.0 years). There were significant differences in survival with a poorer prognosis for: progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), female sex and age > 65 years. The presence of PBP and old age were the strongest predictors of outcome, the difference in survival between the sexes was due to the higher frequency of PBP in females. The overall five year survival from symptom onset was 27.7% (95% CI, 19.9-36.0%) but for patients with PBP as the presenting feature was only 3.5% (95% CI, 0.0-15%). These results suggest that, in well defined cohorts, survival can be predicted with some confidence and are useful for the planning of treatment trials. Chapter 7 In this concluding chapter I consider the work contained in this thesis.

Tese de Doutoramento em Quaternário Materiais e Culturas
The Wari-Bateshwar is a celebrated theme among the contemporary intelligentsia in Bangladesh archaeology. A few recent publications have recently illuminated different aspects of the archaeological places and claims that are much debated in academia. This region contains archaeological remains with a probable age of 5th-4th century BCE based on the stylistic dating of artifacts and radiocarbon dating, but their stratigraphic context is not clear. Wari and Bateshwar are two adjoining villages sited in Balabo Thana of Narsingdi District, north-eastern part of Bangladesh. This research is an attempt to know the nature and formation processes of the archaeological materials in the alluvial terrain of Wari-Bateshwar with special reference to alluvial geoarchaeology. One of the basic landform of the study area is Madhupur Tract, which an old (Pleistocene) formation of Bangladesh. Methodologically this study is divided into three steps: literature review, fieldwork and laboratory work. During fieldwork sediments samples have been collected from fifteen localities. Various types of laboratory analyses are used in this research. As more relevant, Laser Particle Size Analyzer and X-ray diffraction were used to identify the grain size and clay mineral composition. After the completion of these methodological steps, the result of the analyses indicates distal fluvial/delta plain depositional environments and it is also found that archaeological records in different occurrences of Wari-Bateshwar have been relocated. The findings also suggest that formation and modification of the archaeological materials have been engendered by low energy fluvial activity like floods. Textural and compositional data help in the characterization of the depositional environments during the Late Holocene (< 3000 yrs BP) and it is also found that archaeological materials of this area have been relocated and modified by low energy fluvial activity as well as flood related processes (overbank). Clay mineralogy is dominated by illite and kaolinite, indicating similar climate conditions to the present ones. The analyses of historical maps and landscape history suggest that along with very active alluvial processes, changes in the shoreline, particularly the eastern part of the delta in Late Holocene have been significant.

Το Νεοχώρι ή Νιχώρ ή απλώς χωριό, όπως το λένε οι κάτοικοί του, είναι το, υψομετρικά, υψηλότερο χωριό της Οίτης, εξ ου και ο χαρακτηρισμός της τοποθεσίας του ως το «τρίτου τ’ αρανού». Το Νεοχώρι βρίσκεται 56 περίπου χιλιόμετρα Νοτιοδυτικά της Λαμίας, της πρωτεύουσας του Νομού Φθιώτιδος και αποτελεί Δημοτικό Διαμέρισμα του Δήμου Υπάτης. Το χωριό αυτό πλέον κατοικείται μόνο τους καλοκαιρινούς μήνες και δεν έχει μόνιμους κατοίκους. Η γεωγραφική του θέση και οι ιδιάζουσες κοινωνικές συνθήκες που επικρατούσαν τις περασμένες δεκαετίες επηρέασαν και τα γλωσσικά του χαρακτηριστικά. Οι παλαιότεροι κάτοικοί του αποτελούσαν μια κλειστή και σχεδόν νομαδική κτηνοτροφική κοινότητα, η οποία τους χειμερινούς μήνες κατέβαζε τα κοπάδια στον κάμπο και τα καλοκαίρια τα ανέβαζε στο βουνό ενώ συχνή ήταν και η ενασχόλησή της με την γεωργία. Τα λήμματα του λεξικού έχουν καταγραφεί με την ακόλουθη τυπολογία: Αρχικά δηλώνεται το λήμμα. Το λήμμα δίνεται με τη φωνολογική του απόδοση αλλά με την ορθογραφία της Νέας ελληνικής. Στη συνέχεια εμφανίζεται η φωνολογική απόδοση του λήμματος σύμφωνα με το φωνητικό αλφάβητο (βλ παράδειγμα 6). Ο τόνος του λήμματος βρίσκεται πριν από την τονισμένη συλλαβή. Η γραμματική κατηγορία του λήμματος εμφανίζεται μετά τη φωνολογική απόδοσή του, όπως φαίνεται στο παράδειγμα (6). Μετά τη δήλωση της γραμματική κατηγορίας του λήμματος, όταν χρειάζεται, ακολουθούν γραμματικές παρατηρήσεις σχετικές με πιθανές ανωμαλίες που παρουσιάζει το λήμμα στο κλιτικό του παράδειγμα (βλ παράδειγμα 10). Σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις, μετά τη δήλωση της κατηγορίας του λήμματος, δίνονται πληροφορίες σχετικές με το πραγματολογικό πλαίσιο μέσα στο οποίο εντάσσεται το λήμμα. Οι κατηγορίες αυτές είναι η κτηνοτροφία (κτην), η γεωργία (γεω), η τυροκομία (τυρ) και οι ύβρεις (υβρ) (βλ παράδειγμα 8). Στη συνέχεια ακολουθεί το ερμήνευμα ή τα ερμηνεύματα. Εάν υπάρχει και δεύτερο ερμήνευμα το οποίο συνδέεται με κάποια σημασιολογική σχέση με το πρώτο, όπως η μεταφορά ή η μετωνυμία, δηλώνεται μέσα σε παρένθεση στο τέλος του ερμηνεύματος (βλ παράδειγμα 11). Μετά το ερμήνευμα υπάρχουν πληροφορίες σχετικές με την ύπαρξη συνωνύμων (συν) ή αντωνύμων (αντ) μέσα στο λεξικό. Τα συνώνυμα και τα αντώνυμα εμφανίζονται με πλαγιογράμματη γραφή, όπως στο παράδειγμα (7). Σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις μέσα σε παρένθεση δηλώνεται κάποια λέξη, η οποία δεν είναι συνώνυμη ή αντώνυμη, αλλά ανήκει στο ίδιο εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο (βλ παράδειγμα 9). Άλλου τύπου παρατηρήσεις σχετικές με το ερμήνευμα δίνονται σε παρένθεση μετά την παράθεσή του, όπως στο παράδειγμα 13. Τέλος, ακολουθεί ένα ή περισσότερα παραδείγματα για το κάθε ερμήνευμα.
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Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή έχει ως στόχο τη μελέτη του ρηματικού συστήματος του κερκυραϊκού ιδιώματος και τη διερεύνηση των ιδιαιτεροτήτων του. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας παρατίθενται ιστορικά στοιχεία των οποίων η αναφορά έχει στόχο να διαφωτίσει τους σταθμούς εκείνους της ιστορίας της Κέρκυρας που τη διαφοροποιούν από την υπόλοιπη Ελλάδα και που έχουν ορατό αντίκτυπο γενικότερα στη μορφολογία του τοπικού ιδιώματος και συγκεκριμένα στη ρηματική μορφολογία. Ο εκτεταμένος δανεισμός από τη διάλεκτο της Βενετίας, εκτός του ότι άφησε ανεξίτηλα τα σημάδια του στο τοπικό λεξιλόγιο εμπλουτίζοντάς το, είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την εισαγωγή νέων μορφημάτων, θεμάτων και προσφυμάτων, η δυναμική παρουσία των οποίων έχει συντελέσει κατά ένα μέρος ακόμα και στην αναδιάρθρωση του συστήματος των κλιτικών τάξεων. Από την άλλη μεριά, ο ερχομός πληθυσμών από την υπόλοιπη Ελλάδα και η εγκατάστασή τους στα χωριά της Κέρκυρας συνέτεινε στον περιορισμό της διάδοσης των δανείων στην ύπαιθρο χώρα και στην εδραίωση πιθανόν κάποιων «καθαρών» ελληνικών στοιχείων. Δεδομένου ότι οι διάλεκτοι/ τα ιδιώματα που απέχουν αρκετά από τον εθνικό κορμό π.χ. τα ποντιακά και οι διάλεκτοι των ελληνόφωνων χωριών της Κάτω Ιταλίας (Mackridge, 1997) συνήθως ακολουθούν μια κάπως ανεξάρτητη γλωσσική πορεία, δεν είναι περίεργο το γεγονός ότι η Κέρκυρα, λόγω της γεωγραφικής της θέσης, παρουσιάζει πολλές ιδιαιτερότητες στο τοπικό ιδίωμα, όπως π.χ. η διάσωση και η αδιάκοπη χρήση αρχαιοελληνικών ρηματικών τύπων στην θέση των αντίστοιχων νεοελληνικών. Στη συνέχεια από το τρίτο κεφάλαιο και εξής επιχειρείται μια αμιγώς μορφολογική ανάλυση των γλωσσικών δεδομένων. Δεχόμενη τη διάκριση των ρημάτων σε κλιτικές τάξεις που προτείνει η Ralli (1988), θα εξετάσω τις ιδιαιτερότητες που εμφανίζει το κλιτικό παράδειγμα στο κερκυραϊκό ιδίωμα και τις αποκλίσεις του από την Κοινή Νέα Ελληνική. Στηριζόμενη στην ανάλυση της Ralli (2005) σχετικά με το ρόλο της θεματικής αλλομορφίας ως προς τη διαμόρφωση του κλιτικού παραδείγματος και την επακόλουθη τάση για ομαλοποίηση του συστήματος, θα εξετάσω τον τρόπο με τον οποίο λειτουργεί η θεματική αλλομορφία στο κερκυραϊκό ιδίωμα και τις επιπτώσεις που έχει στο ρηματικό σύστημα, εξετάζοντας την τάση για αναδόμηση του συστήματος των κλιτικών τάξεων (4ο κεφάλαιο). Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο, θα αναφερθούμε στο ιδιαίτερο φαινόμενο της υποχρεωτικής αύξησης στους παρελθοντικούς χρόνους που εμφανίζονται στο ρηματικό σύστημα του κερκυραϊκού ιδιώματος. Το επόμενο κεφάλαιο είναι αφιερωμένο στην Παραγωγή. Αφου παρουσιαστούν τα συνήθη παραγωγικά επιθήματα, θα γίνει μια εκτενής αναφορά στο δάνειο επίθημα –αρω που παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερα υψηλή παραγωγικότητα. Τέλος, στο παράρτημα της εργασίας, αναφέρομαι στις γραπτές πηγές που χρησιμοποίησα για να συλλέξω τα απαραίτητα γλωσσικά δεδομένα.
The main aim of this master thesis is to investigate the particularities that are observed in the dialect of Corfu concerning the verbal system. The corfiot dialect is a member of the Ionian Sea dialects in Greece. Due to its historical background, the island of Corfu has followed a separate route, which influences dramatically the spoken language until today and differentiates it from Standard Modern Greek. This master thesis is orientated to morphological analysis. It is divided into six chapters. The first two chapters are introductory and afford information about the historical background, emphasizing on the extended borrowing coming from the dialect of Venice, and the main discernible dialectal characteristics of the today spoken language in Corfu. The next four chapters are dedicated to morphological analysis. Having noticed the main divergencies that are observed in the inflectional paradigm in the local dialect, I will examine the factors that play a crucial role in the formation of the corfiot inflectional paradigm. Having taken into serious consideration the proposal of Ralli (1988) concerning the verbal classification according to which the allomorphic pattern that verbs present classifies them into two main classes, and the proposal of Ralli (2005) referring to the way that the allomorphic pattern determines the reconstruction of the system of inflectional classes (functioning as an inflectional class demarcator), I will try to apply these proposals to my linguistic data coming from the Corfiot verbal system. Furthermore, having ended the morphological analysis for the trends that are visible and concern Inflection, I will examine the obligatory presence of the verbal augment in the corfiot dialect. In the sixth chapter, I will make some comments on the productivity of several derivational suffixes and I will focus my interest on the extremely productive derivational suffix –aro (which has italian origin). At the end of this master thesis, there is an extended appendix, in which I refer to the written material on which I based my morphological analysis.

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας μελετώνται οι υδρογεωλογικές και υδροχημικές συνθήκες που επικρατούν στον δήμο Μελιτειέων στην περιοχή τις νοτιάς Κέρκυρας. Η περιοχή ανήκει στην Ιόνια Γεωτεκτονική Ζώνη και αποτελείται κυρίως από την Εβαποριτική σειρά και τα τριαδικά λατυποπαγή (Περμο – Τριαδικό), ασβεστόλιθους του Ιουρασικού. Την Ανθρακική σειρά (Ανώτερο Τριαδικό – Ανώτερο Ηώκαινο). Και τον αδιαίρετο Φλύσχη (Ανωτ. Ηώκαινο – Ακουϊτάνιο). Για την υδροχημική έρευνα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δείγματα από1 πηγή, 6 πηγάδια, 2 γεωτρήσεις και τέλος δείγμα από την λίμνη Κορρισιων . Με βάση τα αποτελέσματα των αναλύσεων και με την βοήθεια των διαγραμμάτων Piper τα νερά κατατάσσονται στην ομάδα των όξινων ανθρακικά-ασβεστομαγνησιούχων.
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Η υπό μελέτη περιοχή βρίσκεται στο δήμο Απολλώνιων, του νομό Λευκάδας. Το υπόβαθρο της αντιπροσωπεύεται δυτικά από την ανθρακική σειρά της ζώνης Παξών και κλαστικά ιζήματα. Η τεκτονική της χαρακτηρίζεται από ένα κατακερματισμένο, κλειστό αντίκλινο μεγάλης ακτίνας καμπυλότητας, τη μονάδα Λευκάτα. Ενώ η ανατολική πλευρά αποτελείται από την ασβεστολιθική σειρά της Ιόνιας ζώνης, το Φλύσχη και την Μειοκαινική Σειρά. Η σχέση μεταξύ αυτών των δύο ζωνών είναι ότι η δεύτερη είναι εφιππευμένη στην πρώτη. Στο πεδινό τμήμα πάνω στους προαναφερθείς σχηματισμούς αποτέθηκαν αλλουβιακές προσχώσεις. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις στάθμης του ελεύθερου υδροφόρου του πεδινού τμήματος και δειγματοληψία από γεωτρήσεις, έτσι ώστε να μελετηθούν οι υδρογεωλογικές και υδροχημικές συνθήκες της περιοχής. Επίσης συλλέχθηκαν και αναλύθηκαν μετεωρολογικά δεδομένα ενώ κατασκευάστηκε γεωμορφολογικός χάρτης της με τη χρήση των γεωγραφικών συστημάτων πληροφοριών(GIS).
The study area, is located in the municipality of Apollonian, part of the prefecture of Lefkas. Its bedrock, to the western part consists of the carbonic sequence of Paxos Zone that is covered by clastic sediments.Its tectonics arecharacterized by a fragmented closed anticline, with large radius of curvature, called the unit Lefkata. While the eastern part consists of the series of carbonate formations of the Ionia Zone, the flysch formations and ends with the Miocene sequence. The relation between those two zones is that the second one is obducted over the first one. Finally above all those aforementioned formations, on the flat section recent alluvium were deposited. As part of this work, water levels were measured of the unconfined aquifer on the flat region and groundwater samplings have been taken, in order to define the hydrogeological and hydro-chemical conditions that prevail in the broader region. Furthermore, meteorological data of the area were collected and analyzed and in addition a geomorphological map of the area was constructed with the use of geographical information systems (GIS).

Η Εύβοια είναι το δεύτερο μεγαλύτερο σε έκταση νησί της Ελλάδας, στο οποίο απαντάται μεγάλη ποικιλομορφία αναγλύφου, γεωλογικού υποστρώματος και υψομέτρου, ιδιαίτερα στο βόρειο τμήμα του. Σε συνδυασμό με το κλίμα που επικρατεί, δημιουργούνται κατάλληλες συνθήκες, οι οποίες ευνοούν την ανάπτυξη σπανίων ή απειλούμενων φυτικών ειδών και υποειδών μεγάλου επιστημονικού ενδιαφέροντος. Το Quercus trojana subsp. euboica, η ευβοϊκή δρυς όπως ονομάζεται κοινώς, είναι ένα από τα ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέροντα φυτικά taxa, τα οποία φύονται στη βόρεια Εύβοια. Μάλιστα, είναι ένα από τα στενότοπα ενδημικά taxa της Εύβοιας και ταυτόχρονα το μοναδικό ενδημικό υποείδος του γένους Quercus στην Ελλάδα. Έχει χαρακτηριστεί ως Τρωτό (VU) βάσει της κατηγοριοποίησης της IUCN (2001) σύμφωνα με το κριτήριο C1, όμως οι περιοχές εξάπλωσής του δεν υπόκεινται ακόμη σε καθεστώς νομικής προστασίας. Υφίσταται πιέσεις από ανθρωπογενείς επιδράσεις όπως πυρκαγιές, βόσκηση και υλοτομίες. Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας εργασίας ξεκίνησε η διαδικασία παρακολούθησης (monitoring) της κατάστασης στη φύση του ενδημικού taxon Quercus trojana subsp. euboica. Ως “monitoring” ορίζονται οι επανειλημμένες μετρήσεις διαφόρων παραγόντων και μεταβλητών (αριθμός ατόμων εκάστοτε taxon, ύψος-διάμετρος κορμού, εδαφοκάλυψη, ανθοφορία, καρποφορία, φυτρωτικότητα ατόμων, βιωσιμότητα αρτιφύτρων κ.ά.) σε βάθος χρόνου και σε έκταση. Τοποθετήθηκαν δέκα συνολικά επιφάνειες παρακολούθησης επιφάνειας 25 m2 η καθεμία στις περιοχές εξάπλωσής του, με επιμέρους υποτετράγωνα 1 m2. Πραγματοποιήθηκε έρευνα επί τρία έτη και καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια του έτους. Πάρθηκαν ποικίλες μετρήσεις (γεωγραφικό μήκος-πλάτος, υψόμετρο, κλίση-έκθεση, εδαφολογικές παρατηρήσεις), ενώ συλλέχθηκαν φυτικά δείγματα για την πλήρη χλωριδική ανάλυση και φωτογραφήθηκε λεπτομερώς κάθε επιφάνεια. Πραγματοποιήθηκε ταξινομικός προσδιορισμός των δειγμάτων βάσει της πλέον πρόσφατης βιβλιογραφίας, έγινε προσδιορισμός των βιομορφών, διάκριση των χωρολογικών στοιχείων και φυτοκοινωνιολογική ανάλυση σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο Braun-Blanquet. Έτσι, βρέθηκαν 93 taxa στις περιοχές εξάπλωσης της ευβοϊκής δρυός, με κυρίαρχες οικογένειες την Asteraceae (17%) και την Poaceae (6%). Τα Ημικρυπτόφυτα αποτελούν σχεδόν το 41% του συνόλου, ενώ το 44,1% είναι Μεσογειακά taxa. Επίσης, παρατηρήθηκαν 18 ελληνικά ενδημικά taxa, εκ των οποίων τα 6 είναι στενότοπα ενδημικά. Έπειτα, όλες οι δειγματοληπτικές επιφάνειες καταχωρήθηκαν στη βάση δεδομένων Turboveg και χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα TWINSPAN (two-way indicator species analysis) για να ομαδοποιηθούν οι φυτοληψίες. Ακόμη, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis-DECORANA) για τη δημιουργία γραφικής απεικόνισης του πίνακα των φυτοκοινωνιολογικών δεδομένων. Επιπλέον, χρησιμοποιώντας το πρόγραμμα SPSS 13.0 πραγματοποιήθηκε Ανάλυση Ομαδοποίησης (Cluster Analysis) με τη μέθοδο Σύνδεσης Γειτόνων (Neighbor Joining) για τις δέκα επιφάνειες παρακολούθησης. Ο δείκτης που χρησιμοποιήθηκε είναι αυτός της παρουσίας-απουσίας ειδών Jaccard. Όπως προκύπτει από τη μελέτη αυτή, οι περιοχές εξάπλωσης της ευβοϊκής δρυός φαίνεται να έχουν υποστεί συρρίκνωση από την πυρκαγιά του 1977, ενώ οι πληθυσμοί της κινδυνεύουν από τη διαρκή πίεση της βόσκησης. Τέλος, προτείνονται μέτρα για την καλύτερη πρoστασία του Quercus trojana subsp. euboica.
Evvia is the second largest greek island, which is characterized by a great variety of terrain, geologic substrate and altitude, especially in its northern part. In combination with the climate, the appropriate conditions are met that favor the evolvement of rare or endangered plant species and subspecies of great scientific interest. Quercus trojana subsp. euboica, the euboean oak as it is commonly reffered to, is one of the most interesting plant taxa that grow in northern Evvia. Not only is it one of the local endemic taxa of northern Evvia, but it is the unique endemic subspecies of the Quercus genus in Greece. It has been characterized as vulnerable (VU) according to the IUCN (2001) categories and the C1 criteria, though it has yet not been included in a protectin law regime. It has been under the constant pressure of human impact such as fire, browsing and timbering. During this study, monitoring the status of the endemic taxon Quercus trojana subsp. euboica has begun. The monitoring process involves the repeated measurement of multiple factors and variables (such as measurement of height/diameter, soil-coverage, florescence, fruition, germination/viability of individuals etc.) in a length of time and area extent. A number of ten monitoring plots was set, each plot occupying a surface of 25 m2 in total, with 25 subplots of 1 m2. The study lasted three years and was conducted throughout the year. Multiple measurements took place (geographic length and width, altitude, gradient, exposure etc.), while plant samples were collected in the framework of a full floristic analysis and each monitoring plot was thoroughly photographed. A taxonomic assessment of the plant samples was conducted according to the latest bibliography, as well as a distinction of biomorphs and geographic elements. Moreover, a phytosociologic analysis was conducted according to the Braun-Blanquet method. Thus, 93 different taxa were found in the vicinity of the territories that Quercus trojana subsp. euboica takes up. Asteraceae and Poaceae families were found to be dominant in the plots with a percentage of 17% and 6% respectively. Hemicryptophyts represent 41%, while the Mediterranean elements dominate with a percentage of 44,1%. Nevertheless, 18 greek endemic plant taxa were found, 6 of which are local endemics of Evvia. Thereinafter, all of the monitoring plots were registered in the TurboVeg database and the TWINSPAN (Two-way indicator species analysis) program was used in order to group the plots. Furthermore, the DCA method (Detrended Correspondence Analysis-DECORANA) was used for the creation of a graphic display of the phytosociologic data index. The SPSS 13.0 program was used so that a Cluster Analysis was conducted, using the Neighbor Joining Method for the 10 plots. The Jaccard presence-absence indicator was used. In a nutshell, this study showed that Quercus trojana subsp. euboica territories of appearance have been reduced after the 1977 wildfire, while the taxon’s population is in danger due to the constant pressure of goat grazing. Concluding, measures for better protection of the taxon are proposed.

Για την κάλυψη των αναγκών της ύδρευσης στην Αθήνα, έγιναν μελέτες με σκοπό την ενίσχυση του υδατικού δυναμικού του ταμιευτήρα Μόρνου. Η ενίσχυση του ταμιευτήρα περιελάμβανε την κατασκευή του φράγματος στον ποταμό Ευήνο, περιοχής Αγ. Δημητρίου καθώς και της ενωτικής σήραγγας. Η σήραγγα αυτή θα μετέφερε νερό από τον ταμιευτήρα του Ευήνου στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος του Μόρνου. Για την διεξαγωγή της κατασκευής του έργου χρειάστηκαν αρκετές γεωλογικές και τεχνικογεωλογικές μελέτες. Αυτές είχαν ως σκοπό την προτροπή από τυχόν αστοχίες. Οι μελέτες αυτές περιείχαν εργασίες υπαίθρου αλλά και εργαστηριακές δοκιμές. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας αρχικά τοποθετείται γεωγραφικά το φράγμα. Ακολουθεί μια ανάλυση των τμημάτων και των συνοδών έργων του φράγματος καθώς και για τις κατολισθήσεις που προέκυψαν κατά την κατασκευή του. Επίσης παρουσιάζονται η λιθολογία, η τεκτονική, η υδρογεωλογία της περιοχής της θέσης κατασκευής αλλά και οι συνέπειες που θα μπορούσαν να προκληθούν από την κατασκευή του φράγματος. Στο δεύτερο μέρος αυτής της εργασίας αναλύονται κάποιες από τις εργαστηριακές και επιτόπου δοκιμές, που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο στάδιο προμελέτης του έργου. Οι επιτόπου περιλαμβάνουν τη διάνοιξη των γεωτρήσεων και την τοποθέτηση πιεζομέτρων. Οι εργαστηριακές ασχολούνται με τα δείγματα από τις γεωτρήσεις, προσδιορίζοντας κάποια από τα χαρακτηριστικά τους όπως τα φυσικά και τις παραμέτρους αντοχής τους καθώς και την ορυκτολογία τους. Στη συνέχεια, ακολουθεί ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν και η καταγραφή τους σε διαγράμματα. Στο τέλος, παρουσιάζονται τα συμπεράσματα και το παράρτημα με τους χάρτες από την περιοχή μελέτης.
Extended research took place in order to cover the waterwork needs of Athens and reinforce water dynamic of Mornos reservoir. This reservoir reinforcement include the construct of dam in Evinos river and the integrative tunnel. The tunnel will transfer water from Evinos to Mornos reservoir. For the building of this dam there was need of many geological and geotechnical studies. These studies prevent the dam’s failure. The following studies contain both field tests and controlled laboratory tests. The first part of this study explains the geographical position of the dam (A. Dimitrios area). The rest of the study focuses on parts review, recommendable works and occurring landslides during its construction. Lithology, tectonics and hydrogeology on the building area is also included along with the consequences of the dam construction on the area. The second part analyzes the laboratory and field work tests. The above tests took place at the preliminary design stage of the dam. The filled work tests include the boring of test drillings and the placement of piezometers. The main pursuit of the lab studies is to determine some of the rock characteristics like general physic properties, mechanical strength and mineralogy. The results of the lab studies were used for the formation of specific diagrams. The end of this study summarizes the conclusions of the tests and includes an appendix of the maps of this area.