Academic literature on the topic '536.200 158'

ABSTRACTWe conducted population-based surveillance for pneumococcal bacteremia within a 5-county region surrounding Philadelphia from October 2001 through September 2008, the period following introduction of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Erythromycin resistance increased from 14.7% in 2001-2002 to 20.3% in 2007-2008, while the resistance rate to penicillin (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml) decreased from 7.2% to 4.2% during the same period. The most predominant serotypes associated with erythromycin resistance in 2007-2008 included 19A (29.7%), 15A (29.2%), 6C (10.1%), 3 (5.6%), and 6A (4.5%). The molecular mechanisms for the increasing erythromycin resistance were mainly due to the growing presence ofmef(A)negativeerm(B)+andmef(A)+erm(B)+genotypes, which increased from 20.0% to 46.1% and from 1.8% to 19.1%, respectively, from 2001-2002 to 2007-2008. However,mef(A)-mediated erythromycin resistance decreased from 72.7% in 2001-2002 to 34.8% in 2007-2008. Serotypes related to theerm(B) gene were 15A (45.6%), 19A (20.9%), 3 (10.1%), and 6B (6.3%); serotypes related to themef(A)gene were 6A (18.6%), 19A (15.0%), 6C (9.3%), and 14(8.4%); serotypes associated with the presence of botherm(B) andmef(A)were 19A (81.5%), 15A (7.7%), and 19F (6.2%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that erythromycin-resistant isolates within the 19A serotype were genetically diverse and related to several circulating international clones. In contrast, erythromycin-resistant isolates within the 15A serotype consisted of clonally identical or closely related isolates.

Introduction: Development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has led to significant improvement in survival of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. We conducted this study to evaluate any ethnic disparity in CML survival. Methods: We analyzed surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, SEER 18 registry to compare 1 and 3 years relative survival rates of CML patients diagnosed between 2001- 2008 by ethnicity - Caucasian, African American (AA), Others (O). We analyzed survival rates by age (≤65, >65), and time periods: (2001-2004) and (2005-2008). We used SEER*Stat software to calculate Z value. Results: There were 6,306 CML patients during (2001-2008); 3,111 during (2001-2004) and 3,195 during (2005-2008). The 1-year relative survival rates among Caucasians (n=6,306), AA (n=790), and Others (n=532) were 80.0±0.5%, 83.8 ±1.4%, and 84.0±1.7% [Z value 2.43 (AA vs Caucasian), 2.15 (O vs Caucasian)] respectively. The 3 years RS rates were 65.6±0.7%, 70.2±1.8%, and 70.9 ±2.1% respectively with Z value 2.49 (AA vs Caucasian) and 2.42 (Caucasian vs O). Among younger patients (age ≤65 years, n=4,245) Caucasians had better RS compared to AA (83.1±0.7% vs 78.7±1.8%, Z value 2.24) at 3 years. There was no difference survival at 1and 3 years in older patients (age >65 years, n= 3,383). The survival rates of patients diagnosed during 2001-2004 were similar for all ethnic groups. Among patients diagnosed during 2005-2008, survival rates were significantly higher for AA versus Caucasians (1 year RS 86.6±1.8% vs 81.3±0.7%, Z value 2.45, and 3 year RS 73.8±2.4% vs 68.3±0.9%, Z value 2.20). Others also had better RS compared to Caucasians (87.1±2.1% vs 81.3±0.7%, Z value 2.22) at 1 year. There was no racial disparity in survival rates when analyzed by age (≤65 and >65) and sex at 1 and 3 years during 2001-2004 and 2005-2008. Conclusions: Our study showed that there is ethnic disparity in CML survival. Among CML patients diagnosed during 2005-2008, AA and Other races had superior survival rates compared to Caucasians. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

In the last few decades, the studies in second language acquisition have not answered the question what mechanisms a human’s brain uses to make acquisition of language(s) possible. A neurocognitive model which tries to address SLA from such a perspective was suggested by Ullman (2005; 2015), according to which, “both first and second languages are acquired and processed by well-studied brain systems that are known to subserve particular nonlanguage functions” (Ullman, 2005: 141). The brain systems in question have analogous roles in their language and nonlanguage functions. This article is meant to critically analyse the suggested DP model within the context of neurocognitive studies of L2; and evaluate its contribution to the field of SLA studies. References Aboitiz, F. (1995). Working memory networks and the origin of language areas in the human brain. Medical Hypothesis, 25, 504-506. Aboitiz, F. & Garcia, R. (1977). The anatomy of language revisited. 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Cortex, 41, 399-433. Ullman, M. (2006). Is Broca’s area part of a basal ganglia thalamocortical circuit? In: The Cortex: Integrative Models of Broca’s Area and the Ventral Premotor Cortex. (pp. 480-485). R. Schubotz & C. Fiebach, (Eds.). Milan: Masson. Ullman, M. (2015) The declarative / procedural model: A neurobiologically motivated theory of first and second language. In: Theories in Second Language Acquisition: An Introduction, (pp. 135-158.) VanPatten, B. and J. Williams, (Eds.). 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. Ullman, M. and Lovelett, J. (2016). Implications of the declarative / procedural model for improving second language learning: The role of memory enhancement techniques. Second Language Research, Special issue, 1-27. Zurowski, B., Gostomzyk, J., Gron, G., Weller, R., Schirrmeister, H., Neumeier, B., Spitzer, M., Reske, S.N. & Walter, H. (2002). Dissociating a common working memory network from different neural substrates of phonological and spatial stimulus processing. 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Despite bans and restrictions for their adverse health effects including endocrine disruption, due to their stability in the environment, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are still of concern for their residues in several matrices. This study employed low-density ultrasound-assisted emulsification–microextraction (USAEME) to measure selected PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) in water samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Among tested solvents (isooctane, chloroform, hexane, and cyclohexane), 200 μL isooctane resulted in the highest yield for a 10 mL sample. The optimized method was validated and yielded recoveries of 87.29–92.83% with the limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) values 3–12 ng/L and 10–40 ng/L, respectively. Twelve tap water samples collected in September 2014 were screened using this simple, rapid, and validated method. PCB concentrations in two samples were above the LOQ values; one sample contained 1,380 ng/L of PCB 118, 530 ng/L of PCB 138, and 152 ng/L of PCB 153, and the other contained 444 ng/L of PCB 138. Despite the city water supply being clean and the municipality employing all available measures to ensure clean water supply, the general public must be made aware of the regular maintenance of local water pipelines and storage tanks for the prevention of PCB contamination.

It is expected that the Deep Impact mission will hit the Comet Tempel 1 nucleus in July 4, 2005. So, modeling of the impacts onto icy/mineral granular and porous materials, and therefore low-dense media, are very relevant. A model of result of the impact onto icy-mineral-porous target is presented on the basis of many series of impact experiments performed in the laboratories. Experimental results are extrapolated to the Deep Impact scale and farther on, to the planetary scale of collisions, e.g., to impacts of the meteorites on comet nuclei. Crucial for modeling are the parameters of the medium forming the nucleus. The most important of them are the ice to total mass ratio and the porosity. Both are virtually unknown, so they are discussed within the large ranges. Self-references. Icarus, 131, 210-222, 1998; Planet. Space Sci., 48, 1437-1446, 2000; Icarus, 158, 516-531, 2002.

كشف المعلول مما سُمّي بسلسلة الأحاديث الصحيحة، صلاح الدين بن أحمد الإدلبي، عمان: دار البيارق، 2001، 213ص. الإيضاح الجلي في نقد مقولة "صححه الحاكم ووافقه الذهبي" ويليه العيوب المنهجية في كتابات المستشرق شاخت المتعلقة بالسنة النبوية، خالد منصور بن عبد الله الدريس، الرياض: دار المحدِّث، 1425ﻫ. 206ص. الدراسات في الحديث الشريف السند والمتن، السيد أحمد عبد الغفار، الاسكندرية: دار المعرفة الجامعية، 2003، 233ص. دراسات في منهج النقد عند المحدثين، محمد علي قاسم العمري، عمان: دار النفائس، 2000، 470ص. الموجز في علمي الدراية والحديث، القاضي الشيخ يوسف محمد عمرو. بيروت: المؤرخ العربي، 144ص. منهج النقد عند المحدثين، عمرو عبد المنعم سليم، القاهرة: دار ابن عفان، 2005، 160ص. تيسير وتخريج الأحاديث للمبتدئين مع تدريبات عملية تعين الطلبة على ممارسة هذا العلم، عمرو عبد المنعم سليم، القاهرة: دار ابن عفان، 2005، 138 ص. تحرير قواعد الجرح والتعديل وكيفية البحث في أحوال الرواة مع تدريبات عملية تُعين الطالب على ممارسة هذا العلم، عمرو عبد المنعم سليم، القاهرة: دار ابن عفان، 2005، 130ص. نقد الحديث بالعرض على الوقائع والمعلومات التاريخية، سلطان سند العكايلة، عمان: دار الفتح، 2002، 160ص. بحوث السنة المطهرة (دراسة تحليلية لمفاهيم خاطئة)، عبد السميع الأنيس، عمان: دار عمار، 2003م. تحرير العقل من النقل، وقراءة نقدية لمجموعة من أحاديث البخاري ومسلم. سامر إسلامبولي. دمشق: دار الأوائل، 2001. السند والمتن في الحديث النبوي، الشحات السيد زغلول، الإسكندرية: دار المعرفة الجامعية، 2003، 242ص. اتجاه مدرسة الرأي في نقد الحديث النبوي، كمال الدين عبد الغني المرسي، الاسكندرية: دار المعرفة الجامعية، 2003، 255ص. نظرات جديدة في علوم الحديث دراسة نقدية ومقارنة بين الجانب التطبيقي لدى المتقدمين والجانب النظري عند المتأخرين، حمزة عبد الله المليباري، بيروت: دار ابن حزم، 1995، 106ص. نحو تفعيل قواعد نقد متن الحديث، دراسة تطبيقية على بعض أحاديث الصحيحين، إسماعيل الكردي، دمشق: دار الأوائل، 2002، 352ص. الموازنة بين المتقدمين والمتأخرين في تصحيح الأحاديث وتعليلها، حمزة عبد الله المليباري، ط2، بيروت: دار ابن حزم، 2001، 292ص. منهج الإمام البخاري في تصحيح الأحاديث وتعليلها من خلال الجامع الصحيح، أبو بكر كافي، بيروت: دار ابن حزم، 2000، 395ص. علوم الحديث في ضوء تطبيقات المحدثين النقاد، حمزة المليباري، بيروت: دار ابن حزم، 2003، 213ص. السنة النبوية في كتابات أعداء الإسلام مناقشتها والرد عليها، عماد السيد الشربيني، مصر: دار اليقين، 2002، ص 506، 2ج المقترب في بيان المضطرب (تعريفه - قواعده - أمثلته - والرجال الموصوفون بالاضطراب)، أحمد بن عمر بن سالم بن زملول، السعودية: دار الخراز، لبنان: دار ابن حزم، 2001، ص 489. للحصول على كامل المقالة مجانا يرجى النّقر على ملف ال PDF في اعلى يمين الصفحة.

صورة الإسلام في أوروبا في القرون الوسطى، ريتشارد سوذرن، ترجمة، تحقيق: رضوان السيد، بيروت: دار المدار الإسلامي، 2006، 166 صفحة. الصراع على الإسلام: الأصولية والإصلاح والسياسات الدولية، رضوان السيد، بيروت: دار الكتاب العربي، 2004، 277 صفحة. نحن والعالم.. من أجل تجديد رؤيتنا إلى العالم، زكي الميلاد، الرياض: مؤسسة اليمامة الصحفية، الطبعة الأولى 2005، 196صفحة. بين أخلاقيات العرب وذهنيات الغرب، إبراهيم القادري بوتشيش، القاهرة: رؤية للنشر والتوزيع، 2005، 224 صفحة. خصائص التصور الإسلامي ومقوماته، سيد قطب، القاهرة: دار الشروق، ط9، 2000، 207 صفحة. الفلسفة السياسية، أحمد داود أوغلو، ترجمة: إبراهيم البيومي غانم، القاهرة: مكتبة الشروق الدولية، ط1، 2006، 77 صفحة. الدَّين الخفي للحضارة الإسلامية، صالح الجزائري، لندن: دار الحكمة، ط1، 2006، 526 صفحة. مشروع الوحدة العربية.. ما العمل؟، سعدون حمادي، بيروت: مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية, الطبعة: الأولى، 2006، 171 صفحة. تناقض الرؤى: الجذور الإيديولوجية للصراعات السياسية، توماس سوويل، ترجمة: رنده حسين الحسيني، بيروت: الشركة العالمية للكتاب، ط1، 2006، 331 صفحة. The Truth About Worldviews: A Biblical Understanding Of Worldview Alternatives, James P. Eckman, Crossway Books, 2004, P. 134. Naming the Elephant: Worldview As a Concept, James W. Sire, InterVarsity Press, 2004, P. 172. Hollywood Worldviews: Watching Films With Wisdom & Discernment, Brian Godawa, InterVarsity Press, 2002, P. 204. Worldviews: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science, Richard DeWitt, Blackwell Publishing, Incorporated, 2004, P. Worldview: The History of a Concept, David K. Naugle, B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002, P. 384. Worldview Skills: Transforming Conflict from the Inside Out, Jessie Sutherland, Worldview Strategies, 2005, P. 183. Arab Representations of the Occident: East-West Encounters in Arabic Fiction (Culture and Civilization in the Middle East), Rasheed El-Enany, Routledge, 2006, P. 255. The Universe Next Door: A Basic Worldview Catalog, James W. Sire, InterVarsity Press; 4th edition, 2004, P. 252 A Spectrum of Worldviews: An Introduction to Philosophy of Religion in a Pluralistic World, Hendrik M. Vroom, Editions Rodopi BV, 2006, P. 342 The impact of cross-cultural experience on worldviews (China), Haiwen Yang, PhD (year: 2005), Reno: University of Nevada, 2006, P. 97. War of the World Views, Multiple, Kerby Lisle, New Leaf Press, 2006, P. 176. The Science of Oneness: A Worldview for the Twenty-First Century, Malcolm Hollick, O Books, 2006, P. 447. World's Religions: Worldviews and Contemporary Issues, William A. A. Young, Pearson Education, 2004, P. 432 Existo: Worldview and a Meaningful Existence, Neil Soggie, Hamilton Books, 2005, P. 148. Worldviews: Think for Yourself About How You See God (Think Reference Series), John M. Yeats, John Blase, Mark Tabb (Editor), NavPress Publishing Group, 2006, P. 228 Rebuild Your Worldview to be Healthy, James W. Stark Jr., Trafford Publishing, 2005, P. 310. Reflections in a Bloodshot Lens: America, Islam, and the War of Ideas, Lawrence Pintak, Pluto Press, 2006, P. 392 The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century, Thomas L. Friedman, Farrar Straus Giroux; Expanded and updated edition, 2006, P. 593. The Integration Of Faith And Learning: A Worldview Approach , Robert A. Harris, Cascade Books, 2004, P.314. Basic Principles of Islamic Worldview, Sayyid Qutb, Hamid Algar (Preface), Rami David (Translator), Islamic Pubns Intl, 2005, P.255. The Origin of Culture and Civilization: The Cosmological Philosophy of the Ancient Worldview Regarding Myth, Astrology, Science, and Religion, Thomas Dietrich, Turnkey Press, 2005, P. 360. للحصول على كامل المقالة مجانا يرجى النّقر على ملف ال PDF في اعلى يمين الصفحة.

Abstract We present the results of the low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1636–536 study. We performed a temporal analysis of all available RXTE/All-Sky Monitor, RXTE/Proportional Counter Array, Swift/Burst Alert Telescope, and MAXI data collected until the middle of 2022. Within our analysis we confirmed the previously discovered quasiperiodicity of ≃45 days present during ∼2004, and we found that it continued until 2007. Moreover, we showed that similar periodicity also appeared in 2010 and 2011. At other epochs, the quasiperiodicity is only transient. We applied a time-dependent accretion disk model to the interval with the most significant X-ray quasiperiodicity. Although 4U 1636–536 is persistent, the observed quasiperiodicity can be well modeled by the hydrogen thermal-ionization instability occurring in the outer regions of the accretion disk. For our best model, the theoretical light curve’s period and amplitude agree well with those observed.

The nature and frequency of mutations in the rpoB gene of M. tuberculosis (MBT) vary considerably in various geographical locations. There is no information on the prevalence of specific mutations in the rpoB gene of MBT isolated from patients in Kyrgyz Republic. In this work, we analyzed a distribution of the rpoB gene mutations in Kyrgyz Republic. A total of 380 rifampicin-sensitive and 225 rifampicin-resistant MBT cultures were analyzed to identify and to characterize mutations in the rpoB gene using a biological microchip assay. The biochip test determined 18 different mutation types in 8 codons of the rifampicin-resistant samples. The majority of mutations (180 of 225, or 80 %) were in the codons 531 and 526, mainly in the codon 531 (137 of 225, 60.8 %). The Ser531>Leu mutation (134 of 225, 59.4 %) was by far the most common. Another group of mutations were in the codon 526 (43 of 225, 19.1 %). Five different types of mutations were found in the codon 526 which were: His526®Tyr (4.9 %), His 526®Asp (4.9 %), His526®Arg (4.0 %), His526®Leu (3.5 %), and His526®Pro (1.8 %). The third group of common mutations were Leu511®Pro (6.3 %) and Asp516®Tyr (4.4 %). Other mutations found in the codons 533, 522, 513, and 512 were less frequent and had a very low rate comprising about 1.8 % of the total mutation number among 225 rifampicinresistant samples.

The debate about diagnoses and treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in children continue to range on between the developmental and biological perspectives. While there is increasing evidence that support the biological susceptibility of the disorder, a number of researches also emphasized the significant effect of environment on the syndrome. This study used developmental perspectives to evaluate and bring together various bio-psychosocial factors that impact on children diagnosed with ADHD. The study explored and integrated the existing and advancing study on ADHD to a more refined pattern that embraced developmental perspectives. The study also discussed how the linkage in childhood ADHD fits within the developmental psychopathology perspective. 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AbstractMore than half of the world’s population relies on wheat, maize, and rice for their daily dietary energy. In 2019, the daily per person average calorie intake was 2,963 kilocalories (kcal), in which the share was more than 18.2% (538 kcal) for wheat, 5.4% (159 kcal) for maize, and 18.3% (542 kcal) for rice. It is projected that by 2050, the total global population is expected to reach between 8.9 and 10.6 billion from 7.8 billion in 2020. Thus, it will be imperative to produce more wheat, maize, and rice to ensure the food security of the world’s burgeoning population. While it is imperative to produce more food, the emergence and re-emergence of lethal crop diseases and their spread from the epicenters to new regions continuously threaten crop yield, farmers’ income, and the world’s food security. For example, the emergence of maize lethal necrosis (MLN) in Africa has generated a credible threat to global and African food security. This study quantified MLN-induced maize production loss in Kenya, DR Congo, and Tanzania. Applying the time-series projection method, this study estimates that the loss in maize production due to MLN was 442 thousand tons in Kenya, nearly 12 thousand tons in DR Congo, and 663 thousand tons in Tanzania. As more pest- and disease-related crop losses are expected due to the changes in global climate, this study concludes by suggesting that it is imperative to invest more in research and development of disease-resistant crop varieties globally to ensure food and nutrition security, particularly in the global south.

AbstractUnruptured brain AVMs (bAVMs) remain a controversial subject for practicing neurosurgeons, especially in the light of ARUBA and other observational studies. This retrospective study aims to analyze our experience with unruptured bAVMs to see whether it is beneficial in the long-term and how it corresponds to large literature trials. The study comprised 160 adult patients with unruptured bAVMs surgically treated in Burdenko NMC (Moscow) in 2009–2017. Mean age: 33.4 ± 10лет. Clinical presentations were: seizures in 99 (61.9%), chronical headaches—49 (30.6%), ischemic symptoms—4 (2.5%), asymptomatic in 8 (5%) patients. Spetzler-Martin scale: I—18 pt. (11.3%), II—71 pt. (44.4%), III—60 pt. (37.5%), IV—11 pt. (6.8%). Good outcomes (mRS = 0–2) at discharge were achieved in 149 (93.1%), satisfactory (mRS—3)—9 (5.6%). Follow-up was complete for 97 (60.6%) patients, mean—59.3 (13–108 month). Excellent outcomes (mRS = 0–1) reached in 94.8%. For epilepsy patients, Engel I outcome was found in 50 (84.8%); for chronic headaches, 43 (66.1%) patients reported improvement. Postoperative visual field defects were followed in 22 of 55 (40%), complete recovery was reported in 6 (27%) and partial recovery in 8 (36%) patients. Overall, our results support the conclusion that surgery for low-grade bAVMs (S-M I–II) is a beneficial, low-risk option.

AbstractAdoptive cell therapy with BCMA-directed autologous CAR-T cells has shown very encouraging results in end-stage relapse and refractory multiple myeloma (MM), with overall response rates ranging between 73% and 96.9%, complete response (CR) rates between 33% and 67.9%, and MRD negativity in 50–74% of patients in the two largest phase 2 studies of ide-cel (idecabtagene autoleucel, KarMMa) and cilta-cel (ciltacabtagene autoleucel, CARTITUDE 1) reported thus far (Madduri et al. 2020; Munshi et al. 2021). Unfortunately, responses are usually not maintained, and no plateau has yet been seen in the survival curves. The median progression-free survival (PFS) in the KarMMa study of ide-cel was 8.8 months (95% CI, 5.6–11.6) among all 128 patients infused, increased to 12.1 months (95% CI, 8.8–12.3) among patients receiving the highest dose (450 × 106 CAR + T cells) and increased to 20.2 months (95% CI, 12.3–NE) among those achieving a CR. In the CARTITUDE-1 study, with a median follow-up of 12.4 months, the median PFS has not yet been reached, and the 12-month PFS rate was 76.6% (95% CI; 66.0–84.3). The absence of a clear plateau in PFS differs from what has been observed in DLBCL or B-ALL with currently approved CD-19-directed CAR-T cells, where (albeit with a shorter PFS and lower rates of CR) patients remaining free from relapse beyond 6 months are likely to enjoy prolonged disease control or even be cured.

AbstractIn the harbour of Hamburg a new bridge crossing the Suederelbe at Elbe km 620 has been planned. The bridge is part of the BAB26 motorway. Contracted by DEGES, a German company for highway planning and design, BAW determined the ship impact loads on the basis and methodology of EN 1991-1-7 (2006) on a site - specific basis, BAW (2016). The Suederelbe Bridge crossing will have a length of 695,60 m with main span bridging the fairway over 350 m. The pylon height of the main piers is planned to be 150 m. The clearance height of the Suederelbe crossing should be 53 m above sea level. The two pylons and main piers of the Suederelbe bridge crossing, which are to be positioned close to the bank, are at risk of ship impact. About 6,000 seagoing vessels up to 33,000 dwt are passing the future bridge. Fleet structure, ship passages, speeds, accident rates and nautical conditions were analysed and ship impact loads for the piers and protective structures were determined using a load model on one hand and a collision model on the other hand. Load and collision model are probabilistic and based on corresponding distributions of the decisive influencing parameters, whereby this approach represents state-of-the-art technology. Based on the collision model, the average time that the eastern pylon is being impacted is expected to be 470 years, while the average time for the western pylon is expected to be 1,240 years.The impact loads for the east pylon are dynamic loads with FFdyn = 17.5 MN for frontal impact and FLdyn = 4.0 MN for lateral impact. Out of the models the impact load can be determined as dependent on the distance of the piers (pylons) to the fairway center line. The variation of the span distance of the pylons show the plausibility of the developed and used modelling.

<em>Abstract</em>.—The propensity of adult crappies <em>Pomoxis </em>spp. to use similar locations during and among spawning seasons in reservoirs is unknown. This study proposed to determine adult crappie abundance, fidelity, and the substrate consistency in five coves at Sherman Reservoir, Nebraska, which historically displays a quality crappie fishery. Adult crappies (≥150 mm total length) were collected with trap nets from each cove during May 2004 to 2006 and tagged with a visible implant elastomer tag that was color coded for each cove. A total of 7,041 crappies were tagged in 2004, 5,868 in 2005, and 3,967 in 2006. The mean catch per effort in coves ranged from 40 to 75 fish/net-night in this study. Cove fidelity, defined as percent of tagged crappie recaptured in the same cove, within a year ranged from 74% to 88% in 2004, 84–88% in 2005, and 65–89% in 2006. Cove fidelity between spawning seasons was 62–81% for 2004 and 2005, 56–90% for 2005 and 2006, and 47–92% for 2004 and 2006. All five coves had a loam substrate with similar firmness. These data indicate a tendency by crappie to visit the same cove during successive spawning seasons, even when comparable substrates are available, which demonstrates the need for habitat conservation efforts for specific coves used during spawning seasons.

<em>Abstract.</em>—Winyah Bay is a 65-km² estuary in northeast South Carolina, and North Inlet is a 32- km², high-salinity estuary connected to both Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The objectives of this study were to survey the shark fauna of these systems, determine the potential of these estuaries as shark nurseries, and assess the impact of salinity structure on shark diversity and abundance in these two estuaries. From May to November in 2002 (a drier than average year) and 2003 (a wetter than average year), 227 bottom longlines (16/0 and 12/0 hooks) were set in Winyah Bay. In 2002 and 2003, a total of 119 trammel net sets were also conducted from June to October in North Inlet. A total of 196 sharks (38 adults, 158 juveniles) representing 10 species were captured in Winyah Bay in 2002, whereas 73 sharks (17 adults and 56 juveniles) representing four species were caught in 2003. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) for all sharks caught in Winyah Bay was not significantly different between 2002 and 2003. Blacktip shark <em>Carcharhinus limbatus </em>and finetooth shark <em>C. isodon </em>CPUE declined significantly on 16/0 hook longlines set in Winyah Bay from 2002 to 2003. For 12/0 hook longlines set in Winyah Bay, CPUE for three species (sandbar shark <em>C. plumbeus</em>, Atlantic sharpnose shark <em>Rhizoprionodon terraenovae</em>, and finetooth shark) out of five declined significantly from 2002 to 2003. Within Winyah Bay, CPUE for sharks on both longline configurations was not significantly different between lower and middle bay sites for 2002 but was for 2003. In both years, CPUE correlated positively with bottom salinity in Winyah Bay. In North Inlet, in 2002, 30 sharks (20 adults, 10 juveniles) comprising five species were caught, whereas 57 sharks (26 adults and 31 juveniles) representing three species were caught in 2003. The CPUE in 2002 was significantly less than in 2003 in North Inlet for Atlantic sharpnose sharks, bonnetheads <em>Sphyrna tiburo</em>, and all sharks combined. This study documented the presence of adults and juveniles (including neonates and young of the year) for 10 species of sharks in Winyah Bay and 5 in North Inlet and thus identified these areas as shark habitat and potential primary and secondary nurseries for some shark species. We also observed salinity-related differences in the distribution of sharks in both estuaries, including differences in abundance and age-class, as a result of normal salinity regime and precipitation-induced salinity changes.

There is divergence between the severity and mortality rate in oncological children depending on the country or the health center studied, therefore, it was identified the need to develop a study, with the objective of characterizing this population and identifying the reason why the patient is submitted to the examination for research of COVID-19 and its clinical outcome. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study carried out between February 2020 to February 2022. Patients younger than 18 years of age during treatment at a Brazilian Cancer Center. Results: 668 patients were identified. Divided into two groups: Group 1, 122 (18%) presenting clinical symptoms and Group 2, with 546 (82%) patients who submitted to exam collection prior to the surgical procedure and/or imaging exam. The median age between the groups was 9 and 7 years, respectively. Almost all patients in Group 1, had symptoms related to COVID-19 and all who had feverish neutropenia belonged to this group. The most prevalent underlying disease in Group 1, was hematological and in Group 2, venous malformation. Of the total, 27 (4%) patients tested positive and only one patient died. Conclusion: COVID-19 affected both genders and its severity were independent of underlying disease or age. The protection and prevention measures throughout the period of the pandemic, allowed the low rate of contamination and severity and mortality in the patients of this study not to interrupt the treatment and its follow-up.

Abstract There are over 100 identified herpes viruses in nature. The hostspan includes vertebrates and invertebrates, but the viruses share common structural and genomic properties. All are icosahedral viral particles (Fig. 6.2, p. 56) 150–200 nm in diameter made up of 162 hollow capsomeres, and possess a double-stranded DNA genome. Herpes viruses all have a lipid-containing envelope (Fig. 6.6, p. 58). Figure 19.1 lists the currently recognized members of the human herpes virus family. Herpes viruses can establish lytic, persistent and transforming infections, but they are renowned for establishing latent infections (Chapter 6), with the result that clinical presentations may vary depending on whether the infection is primary or secondary (reactivation). Long-term intermittent shedding of herpes viruses into saliva is important in relation to spread of infection in the community and to cross-infection in the clinical setting. The herpes viruses are ubiquitous and many individuals are infected at an early age, often experiencing asymptomatic infections.

This paper verified the macro-to-micro-scale transitional criterion BoRel0.5 = 200 proposed by Li and Wu [W. Li, Z. Wu, A general criterion for evaporative heat transfer in micro/minichannels, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 1967–1976] because data points where BoRel0.5 ≤ 200 and BoRel0.5 > 200 show very different trends for the entire database (1,672 data points). For the 859 data points with BoRel0.5 ≤ 200, the boiling number at CHF decreases greatly with length-to-diameter ratio Lh/dhe when Lh/dhe is small, while Lh/dhe presents negligible effect on the boiling number when Lh/dhe > 150. For the region where Lh/dhe ≤ 150 and BoRel0.5 ≤ 200, a simple saturated CHF correlation was proposed by using the boiling number, length-to-diameter ratio, and exit quality. Heated length and heated equivalent diameter were adopted in the length-to-diameter ratio, considering the actual heat transfer conditions. A combined dimensionless number WemCal0.8 was introduced to correlate the micro/mini-channel database for the region: Lh/dhe > 150 and BoRel0.5 ≤ 200. The new method can predict the overall micro/mini-channel database accurately on the whole. It can predict almost 95.5% of the non-aqueous data and 93.5% of the water data within the ± 30% error band.

Introdução: A desnutrição e a obesidade se tornou uma das maiores preocupações da saúde pública no Brasil e observou-se o aumento destas doenças na comunidade indígena: a desnutrição no idoso e o aumento da obesidade entre crianças. Objetivo: evidenciar o quantitativo de atendimentos em posto de atenção à saúde básica aos idosos desnutridos e crianças obesas, na comunidade indígena brasileira. Método: Estudo descritivo com abrangência qualitativa e quantitativa com coleta de dados através do SISVAN (Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional), que tem como objetivo principal monitorar o padrão alimentar e o estado nutricional dos indivíduos atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi selecionada a faixa etária: idoso (+60) e criança (1 a 5 anos); indígena, gênero: todos, unidade federativa: todas as capitais brasileiras, ano de referência: 2008 a 2020 para o idoso e 2014 a 2020 para a criança. Resultados: Apesar da implementação da Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas, que prevê a elaboração de um plano de ação complementar e diferenciado de organização dos serviços, que sejam alinhados à proteção, promoção e recuperação da saúde, a obesidade infantil e a desnutrição do idoso vem aumentando todos os anos, em todo o Brasil. Dados emitidos pelo Sisvan, evidenciou-se que no ano de (2008) foram acompanhados 151 idosos indígenas desnutridos; em (2009) = 423; (2010) = 441; (2011) = 578; (2012) = 563; (2013) = 639; (2014) = 1.077; (2015) = 3.276; (2016) = 3.629; (2017) = 3.735; (2018) = 3.959; (2019) = 4.234 em (2020) = 4.947, uma média de 2.127 idosos indígenas desnutridos atendidos por ano. Quanto às crianças, em (2014) = 2.220; (2015) = 2.120; (2016) = 2.583; (2017) = 2.086; (2018) = 1.531; (2019) = 1.422 e em (2020) = 1.011, uma média de 1.853 crianças obesas atendidas por ano. Conclusão: os dados analisados demonstram o contraste na aldeia: a criança obesa e o idoso desnutrido. Se fazem necessários urgentes estudos a respeito destas doenças na população indígena. Infere-se que a obesidade é provocada por alimentos que fogem à cultura indígena e a desnutrição, geralmente, pela ausência insegurança alimentar.

As a final step of the Catalytic Combustor Development Program, a catalytic combustor developed was tested in a 150-kW gas turbine-generator unit. A digital control system was developed to improve its controllability for a transient operation, and a 200-hr continuous operation test was performed to asses the durability of the catalyst. During the test, an excellent performance of the control system was verified, and a very high combustion efficiency of more than 99% and a ultra-low NOx level of less than 5.6 ppm (at 15% O2) were achieved at a 150-kW generator output. In addition, the combustion efficiency has been maintained at over 98% for 200 hours of operation. However, the catalyst exposed to 200 hours of operation showed signs of deactivation.

Platelet-PA-Inhibitors can be released by thrombin, Col laaen( Col) and others.If they are physiologically important,inhibition of their release might facilitate thrombolysis.Intrinsic PA were tested in euclobulins (eug)of PPP and PPP+Washed platelets(WP) ,with and without aspirinf ASA) .treated with UK,SK and Col(20 atfd l2uo/ml) Results(mm2)were:euaPPP:232+78;+3×106WP/ul:217+71;+10%7ul:188+/5 +2×106MP/ul: 157+69:With UK:eugPPP:283+76;+3×l0517P/ul :234+69;+106 WP/ul :172+55;+2×l(PWP/ul :154+48; With SK:euoPPP:303+99;+3×l05WP/ul 252+65;+1067P/ul:203+68;+2×106UP/ul: 174+85;Wi th Col (20ug/ml) :eur PPP:234+97;+3×105WP/ul:160+63;+106WP/ul:141+73;+2×l06WP/ul:129+81; +2×106WP/ul+ASA: 105+31;Wi th Col uc/ml) :euaPPP:230+56;+3×l05NP/ul: 160+52;+106WP/ul:139+44;+2×106wp/ul:126+21;+2×106WP/ul+ASA:118+28. EugPPP+l/P showed lower lysis area.Col induced more decrease of lysis area in euc with WP.ASA did not modify this effect.UK and SK produced higher lysis area only in euoPPP.No difference was observed between high and low doses of Col-effect upon WP.Combined treatment of eucPPP+WP+Col, with UK and SK showed:(mm2):UK-treated eugPPP+2×106WP/ul+Col(29ug/ml):134+25;+ASA and Col(20ug/ml):115+65;+Col(2uc/ml):157+50;+ASA and Col(2uo/ml):133+49; SK-treated eupPPP+2×106WP/ul:+Col(20uo/ml):144+49;+ASA and Col(20ug/ml):128+ 60;+Co1(2ug/ml):173+66;+ASA and Col(2ug/ml):142+36.Col (20ug/ml) produced slight lower lysis area of UK and SK-treated eugPPP+WP. (p:ns). ASA did not modify this effect.Col (2uc/ml) did not produce changes in lysis area of UK and SK-treated eupPPP +WP. ASA produced slight lower lysis area(p:ns).Conclusion: high dosis of Col could release anti UK,anti SK and intrinsic PA-inhibitors from platelets;low dosis of Col could only release fntrinsic PA-inhibi tors. It suggests that anti UK and anti SK release might be triggered by stronger stimuli than intrinsic PA inhibitors.ASA could not inhibit any inhibitors release.We must consider that PA-inhibi tors could be released by different metabolic pathways other than cyclooxygenase pathway.

El presente estudio explora el efecto de la variabilidad de la temperatura en la productividad agrícola y los precios de los principales productos agrícolas del Perú. Los datos utilizados se obtienen al reunir información de temperaturas históricas globales a un detalle de 0.5 x 0.5 grados (cada grado corresponde aproximadamente a 56 Km alrededor del Ecuador) con información de producción agrícola proveniente de las Encuestas de Hogares del Perú del periodo 2004-2010. Los efectos de interés son estimados utilizando la variación interanual en las temperaturas dentro de cada municipalidad. Los resultados indican que un aumento de una desviación estándar por encima de la temperatura promedio histórica de la municipalidad reduce la producción por hectárea cultivada entre US$ 170 y US$ 190 y la rentabilidad por hectárea cultivada entre US$ 150 y US$ 200. Estos impactos, no obstante, varían de acuerdo a distintas zonas geográficas del país, siendo la actividad agrícola en la región amazónica la más afectada por una mayor variabilidad de la temperatura. Se encuentra también que son las temperaturas inusualmente cálidas y no las inusualmente frías las que afectan en mayor medida la productividad agrícola. Asimismo, de cumplirse los escenarios proyectados a futuro, una mayor variabilidad de la temperatura esperada para el periodo 2020-2040 reduciría la producción agrícola entre 5% y 6% con respecto a la producción actual.

La hospitalización evitable (HE) por condiciones sensibles la atención primaria (ASCS) es un indicador directo del volumen de actividad hospitalaria potencialmente prevenible mediante cuidados oportunos y efectivos en el primer nivel asistencial, y un indicador indirecto de la capacidad resolutiva del sistema de Atención Primaria a la Salud (APS), de la efectividad y calidad de los servicios, de la reducción de costos hospitalarios y mejora de la eficiencia. Se realizó medición del indicador HE en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), la tasa de hospitalización evitable mostró una tendencia descendente, pasó de una tasa ajustada por edad de 87.5 por cada 10,000 personas en 2001 a 72.6 por cada 10,000 personas en 2009, se calculó el coeficiente de regresión lineal (r = 0.813; r2 = 0.662; B= -0.8; p = 0.026). De acuerdo con los resultados del estudio, se encontró que la proporción de ACSC se mantuvo relativamente constante a través del tiempo con un valor promedio de 10%. Más de la mitad (56%) de las hospitalizaciones por ACSC se concentran en 5 categorías, diabetes mellitus 18%, gastroenteritis 12%, enfermedades respiratorias (bronquitis crónica, enfisema y EPOC) con el 11%, enfermedades de la atención prenatal y parto 8%, las infecciones de vías urinarias 6%, mientras que las hospitalizaciones por padecimientos prevenibles por vacunación, anemia y desnutrición, presentaron las proporción de HE más bajas. Considerando la importancia de la reducción de costos, el uso de la HE como indicador de monitoria de desempeño del sistema de APS, permite ahorros sustanciales al concentrar esfuerzos para reducir la variación del indicador en las delegaciones con tasas por arriba de la media nacional, además de considerar intervenciones especificas por grupo de edad para aquellas condiciones de salud prioritarias. En ese contexto en el IMSS tan sólo en un año se podrían ahorrar $4,741 millones de pesos ($US 349 millones de dólares), si cada una de las delegaciones logrará reducir las hospitalizaciones evitables a la tasa promedio nacional, 198 mil egresos y ahorro de más de 919 mil días de estancia hospitalaria.

Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...

The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.

The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2020 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS). Fifty-six vegetation plots were established throughout the park from May through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cumberland Island National Seashore in 2020. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, including Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands, Maritime Open Upland Grasslands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Noteworthy findings include: 213 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 56 vegetation plots, including 12 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands: longleaf + pond pine (Pinus palustris; P. serotina), redbay (Persea borbonia), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), variable panicgrass (Dichanthelium commutatum), and hemlock rosette grass (Dichanthelium portoricense). Maritime Open Upland Grasslands: wax-myrtle, saw greenbrier (Smilax auriculata), sea oats (Uniola paniculata), and other forbs and graminoids. Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: live oak (Quercus virginiana), redbay, saw palmetto, muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), and Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) Two non-native species, Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were encountered in four different Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots during this monitoring effort. Six vascular plant species listed as rare and tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2022) were observed in these monitoring plots, including the state listed “Rare” Florida swampprivet (Forestiera segregata var. segregata) and sandywoods sedge (Carex dasycarpa) and the “Unusual” green fly orchid (Epidendrum conopseum). Longleaf and pond pine were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodland habitat types; live oak was the most dominant species of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland types. Saw palmetto and rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea) dominated the sapling stratum within Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Of the 20 tree-sized redbay trees measured during this monitoring effort only three were living and these were observed with severely declining vigor, indicating the prevalence and recent historical impact of laurel wilt disease (LWD) across the island’s maritime forest ecosystems. There was an unexpectedly low abundance of sweet grass (Muhlenbergia sericea) and saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) within interdune swale plots of Maritime Open Upland habitats on the island, which could be a result of grazing activity by feral horses. Live oak is the dominant tree-sized species across...

In 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted a 1-hour nitrogen dioxide (NO2) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 100 parts per billion (ppb) or approximately 188 micrograms per cubic meter (�g/m3) that is considerably more stringent than the longstanding annual standard of 53 ppb (100 �g/m3). New or modified compressor units may be encumbered by federal or state regulatory requirements to demonstrate compliance with the NO2 NAAQS using AERMOD, EPA's dispersion model, because the new NAAQS greatly reduces the compliance margin. AERMOD was developed and validated with a primary focus on larger sources with taller stacks, such as electric utility boilers, which results in model conservatism for sources such as compressor stations with shorter stacks that result in near-field modeled impacts. However, a comprehensive dataset was not available to understand AERMOD conservatism. This project developed a comprehensive dataset based on 13 months of monitoring at a compressor station in Oklahoma, including ambient monitoring of ozone and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), meteorological data, and reciprocating engine emissions. This final report summarizes planning and execution of the data collection effort, reviews the resulting dataset, and provides an initial assessment of AERMOD performance based on this dataset. In addition to this report, the dataset will be released to EPA and the public so that it is accessible to the modeling community for other projects that are investigating specific aspects of AERMOD performance. This includes both the report and the associated data in Excel format.

Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. This report represents work completed at Colorado National Monument during 2021. During monitoring conducted June 9–15, a total of 15 priority IEP species in 395 patches were detected on 53.6 kilometers (33.3 mi) of monitoring routes. An additional four species were detected in transects. Yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius), ripgut brome (Anisantha diandra), jointed goatgrass (Cylindropyrum cylindricum), and tamarisk (Tamarix sp.) were the most commonly detected priority IEPs along monitoring routes, representing 74% of all priority patches. Except for ripgut brome and broad-leaf pepperwort (Cardaria latifolia), most patches of priority IEPs were than 40 m2. Ninety-five percent of tree patches were classified as seedlings or saplings, which require less effort to control than mature trees. Cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum) was the most common IEP in transects, found in >63% of transects along every route surveyed. When segments of monitoring routes consistently surveyed from 2005 to 2021 were analyzed, Red Canyon, Wedding Canyon, and Fruita Canyon all had the highest number of IEPs per 100 meters during the entire monitoring period. Increases were driven by increases in jointed goatgrass on all three routes and yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius) in Wedding Canyon and tamarisk in Red Canyon. Jointed goatgrass appears to be rapidly expanding, increasing from 8 patches in 2019 to 42 patches in 2021 (though the routes surveyed were not all the same). In addition, three species not seen in recent years—Canada thistle (Breea arvensis), bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare), and broad-leaf pepperwort—were detected, but in fewer than 10 patches each. These species should be prioritized for control. The No Thoroughfare, Ute Canyon, and Monument Canyon routes all have stayed relatively stable over time, but at least one patch of jointed goatgrass was found on each. Network staff plans to return to re-sample monitoring routes in 2023.

In 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted a 1-hour nitrogen dioxide (NO2) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 100 parts per billion (ppb) or approximately 188 micrograms per cubic meter (�g/m3) that is considerably more stringent than the longstanding annual standard of 53 ppb (100 �g/m3). New or modified compressor units may be encumbered by federal or state regulatory requirements to demonstrate compliance with the NO2 NAAQS using AERMOD, EPA's dispersion model, because the new NAAQS greatly reduces the compliance margin. Compressor stations have been increasingly requested to model source contribution to other nearby permitting actions through no new action on their part. Model conservatism and performance concerns has limited NO2 NAAQS compliance options necessitating the need to improve model estimates for reciprocating engine drivers at pipeline compressor stations. AERMOD was developed and validated with a primary focus on larger sources with taller stacks, such as electric utility boilers, which results in model conservatism for sources such as compressor stations with shorter stacks that result in near-field modeled impacts. This report summarizes additional analyses conducted and reviewed with EPA that were completed to assess and reduce model conservatism and improve overall model performance. This report presents a more detailed analysis of modeled versus observed results, model performance, and recommendations for model improvements. These analyses also evaluated other ongoing efforts (e.g., PRIME2 downwash improvements and integration of the ADMS chemistry module an alternative in AERMOD) using the data collected from this program may be used to assess these revisions. This final report summarizes the deeper dive into the NOx chemistry, dispersion, and downwash performance assessments within AERMOD based on the Balko dataset. Specific recommendations are made throughout this report to improve overall model performance.

Twenty important management areas (wetlands of management concern) and reference wetlands compose the sentinel wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley National Park. These wetlands are monitored more intensively than other wetlands in the program. This is the second report in a two-part series, designed to summarize the results from intensive vegetation surveys completed at sentinel wetlands from 2008 to 2018. The first report (Bingham and Young 2023) characterized the conditions in each wetland and provided baseline reference information for other reports and site-specific projects. In this report, we examine results from five selected metrics more closely within and across three natural wetlands of management concern groups (restoration wetlands, mitigation wetlands, and rare habitat wetlands) using the reference wetlands as overall benchmarks. We used the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method (ORAM) to evaluate habitat in the sentinel wetlands. In addition, a total of 37 long-term sample plots were established within these wetlands to monitor biological conditions over time using vegetation as an indicator. Multiple plots were located in larger wetland complexes to capture spatial differences in condition. Vegetation was intensively surveyed within the plots using the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI), where all plant species are identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (genus or species). The sample plots were surveyed twice, and the five evaluation metrics included the VIBI score, Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI), percent sensitive plant species, percent invasive graminoids, and species richness. For the analysis, VIBI plot locations were rank ordered based on their 2018 scores, the range and average for each metric was examined across the wetlands of management concern groups and plotted against reference wetlands for comparison, and the two survey years (pre-2015 and 2018) were plotted against each other for substantial changes from the established baseline. Across the sample plot locations, VIBI scores ranged from a low of 7 (Stanford Run SF1) to a high of 91 (Columbia Run 554). The top scoring plots were at four reference wetlands (Stumpy Basin 526, Virginia Kendall Lake 241K, Columbia Run 554, and Boston Mills 683) and one rare habitat wetland (Beaver Marsh BM3). All of these plots fell within an excellent condition range in one or both survey years. They each have unique habitats with some specialized plant species. The majority (24) of the sentinel wetlands plots ranked within the poor or fair ranges. These include the three mitigation wetlands: Brookside 968, Rockside RS2, and Krejci, as well as all plots within the Pleasant Valley and Stanford Run wetlands. Most of the large wetlands had dramatic condition differences within their boundaries? effected by pollution sources, land-use modifications, and/or invasive species in some areas more than others. We documented these wide condition ranges at Fawn Pond, Virginia Kendall Lake, Beaver Marsh and Stumpy Basin, but the most pronounced within-wetland differences were at Virginia Kendall Lake, which had a 58-point difference between the highest and lowest scoring plot. Fawn Pond is in good condition at most plots and scored very high in comparison to other wetlands within the riverine mainstem hydrogeomorphic class. The average and range of most metric scores were notably different across the four different wetlands groups. Average values at rare habitat wetlands plots were similar to reference plots for VIBI and FQAI scores, percent invasive graminoids, and percent sensitive metrics. Krejci KR1 and Fawn Pond FP3 had unusually high percent cover of sensitive species (31.0% and 27.9%, respectively) for the mitigation and restoration groupings. However, average overall metric scores across the restoration and mitigation wetlands were generally very low, with Stanford Run being the lowest scoring restoration wetland and Brookside being the lowest scoring mitigation wetland. With restoration efforts completed, the expectation is that mitigation wetlands should be performing much higher. Two of the three mitigation wetlands sites are not meeting the mitigation benchmarks that were created for them by the US Army Corp of Engineers and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Contractor reports state that the wetlands met the criteria within the first five years of establishment. However, upon release from monitoring and maintenance, invasive species have gradually re-established, which has led to condition deterioration over time, and lower metric scores. VIBI scores stayed the same or improved (only slightly in many cases) in the majority of plots (67.6%) between survey years. The Krecji mitigation wetlands had the largest improvement in VIBI scoring. Scores at six plots decreased by at least 10 points from the baseline survey. Two of the park?s most beloved wetlands, Beaver Marsh (at one location) and the Stumpy Basin reference plot, had the two most notable declines in VIBI scores. In 2018, 11 plots (29.7%) had greater than 25% invasive graminoid cover (e.g. cattail, common reed grass, reed canary grass) and 18 plots (48.7%) experienced an increase in invasive graminoid cover between survey years. A marked increase (>10% cover) in invasive graminoids was documented at eight locations (Rockside 1079RS2, Beaver Marsh BM5, Fawn Pond FP3 and FP4, Brookside 968, Stumpy Basin SB1, and two other Pleasant Valley plots: 1049 and 969). These trends are likely to continue, and biological conditions are expected to deteriorate at these wetlands in response. Regardless of invasive species increases, many of the wetlands showed remarkable resilience over the last decade with fairly stable VIBI categories.

The Indiana Dunes (comprised of 15 geographic units (see Figure 1) which include Indiana Dunes National Park, Dunes State Park, and adjacent Shirley Heinze Land Trust properties) are remarkable in the Midwest and Great Lakes region for the vascular plant diversity, with an astounding 1,212 native plant species in an area of approximately 16,000 acres! This high plant diversity is the result of the interactions among postglacial migrations, the variety of soil substrates, moisture conditions, topography, successional gradients, ?re regimes, proximity to Lake Michigan, and light levels. This richness is all the more signi?cant given the past human alterations of the landscape resulting from logging; conversion to agriculture; construction of transportation corridors, industrial sites, and residential communities; ?re suppression; land abandonment; and exotic species invasions. Despite these impacts, multiple natural areas supporting native vegetation persist. Thus, each of the 15 units of the Indiana Dunes presents up to eight subunits varying in human disturbance and consequently in ?oristic richness. Of the most signi?cant units of the park in terms of number of native species, Cowles Dunes and the Dunes State Park stand out from all the other units, with 786 and 686 native species, respectively. The next highest ranked units for numbers of native species include Keiser (630), Furnessville (574), Miller Woods (551), and Hoosier Prairie (542). The unit with lowest plant richness is Heron Rookery (220), with increasing richness in progression from Calumet Prairie (320), Hobart Prairie Grove (368), to Pinhook Bog (380). Signi?cant natural areas, retaining native vegetation composition and structure, include Cowles Bog (Cowles Dunes Unit), Howes Prairie (Cowles Dunes), Dunes Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Dunes Prairie Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Pinhook Bog, Furnessville Woods (Furnessville), Miller Woods, Inland Marsh, and Mnoke Prairie (Bailly). Wilhelm (1990) recorded a total of 1,131 native plant species for the ?ora of the Indiana Dunes. This was similar to the 1,132 species recorded by the National Park Service (2014) for the Indiana Dunes. Based on the nomenclature of Swink and Wilhelm (1994), Indiana Dunes National Park has 1,206 native plant species. If we include native varieties and hybrids, the total increases to 1,244 taxa. Based on the nomenclature used for this report?the Flora of North America (FNA 2022), and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS 2022)?Indiana Dunes National Park houses 1,206 native vascular plant species. As of this writing (2020), the Indiana Dunes is home to 37% of the species of conservation concern in Indiana (241 out of 624 Indiana-listed species): state extirpated = 10 species, state endangered = 75, and state threatened = 100. Thus, 4% of the state-listed species in the Indiana Dunes are extirpated, 31% endangered, and 41% threatened. Watch list and rare categories have been eliminated. Twenty-nine species once documented from the Indiana Dunes may be extirpated because they have not been seen since 2001. Eleven have not been seen since 1930 and 15 since 1978. If we exclude these species, then there would be a total of 1,183 species native to the Indiana Dunes. Many of these are cryptic in their life history or diminutive, and thus are di?cult to ?nd. Looking at the growth form of native plants, <1% (nine species) are clubmosses, 3% (37) are ferns, 8% (297) are grasses and sedges, 56% (682) are forbs or herbs, 1% (16) are herbaceous vines, <1% (7) are subshrubs (woody plants of herbaceous stature), 5% (60) are shrubs, 1% (11) are lianas (woody vines), and 8% (93) are trees. Of the 332 exotic species (species introduced from outside North America), 65% (219 species) are forbs such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), 15% (50 species) are graminoids such as phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), 2% (seven species) are vines such as ?eld bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis), <1% (two species) are subshrubs such as Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), 8% (28 species) are shrubs such as Asian bush honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), 1% (three species) are lianas such as oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and 8% (23 species) are trees such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissimus). Of the 85 adventive species, native species that have invaded from elsewhere in North America, 14% (11 species) are graminoids such as broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), 57% (48 species) are forbs such as fall phlox (Phlox paniculata), 5% (six species) are shrubs such as Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), 3% (two species) are subshrubs such as holly leaved barberry (Berberis repens), 1% (one species) is a liana (trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), 3% two species) are herbaceous vines such as tall morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), and 17% (15 species) are trees such as American holly (Ilex opaca). A total of 436 species were found to be ?special? based on political rankings (federal and state-listed threatened and endangered species), species with charismatic ?owers, and those that are locally rare.