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Journal articles on the topic '52100 Steel'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Torrance, A. A., R. J. Stokes, and T. D. Howes. "Steel Composition Effects on Grindability and Rolling Contact Fatigue Resistance of Bearing Steels." Journal of Tribology 107, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261115.

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Measurements of the grindability of a bearing quality AISI 1070 steel show that it is far less susceptible to grinding burn than is AISI 52100 steel. Whereas the behavior in this respect of AISI 52100 steel has been shown to correlate well with Malkin’s thermal model, the behavior of the AISI 1070 material did not show such good correlation, even when the difference in thermal conductivity of the two materials was taken into account. It was shown, however, that the more empirically based model of Peters et al. could provide a useful prediction for AISI 1070 steel and subsequently also for the AISI 52100 steel. Rolling contact tests indicate that its fatigue resistance is as good as that of AISI 52100, so it would seem to merit serious consideration as a cheaper alternative material for mass produced bearings.

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2

Şen, Uğur, Murat Uzun, and Şaduman Şen. "Tribological Properties of Vanadium Nitride Coated AISI 52100 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.643.

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In the present study, the wear and friction behaviour of vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel against hardened AISI D2 steel disc was studied using ball-on-disc arrangement. Vanadium nitride coating treatment was performed on pre-nitrided AISI 52100 steel balls using thermo-reactive diffusion techniques. The presence of VN and V2N phases in the coating layer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Friction and wear tests were carried out at dry test conditions under 2.5 N, 5 N and 10 N loads at 0.1 m/s, 0.2 m/s and 0.3 m/s sliding speeds. The results showed that the friction coefficient values of vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel balls against hardened AISI D2 steel disc are changing between 0.49 and 0.71, depending on test conditions. The wear rates of the vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel is ranging from 6.704×104 mm3/m to 2.619 × 106 mm3/N m. In general, the wear rate increased with the increase in load and sliding speed.

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3

Wu, Li Ning, Xin Feng, Yan Qiu Xia, and Jun Ying Hao. "Comparative Study of Friction and Wear Behavior of Diamond-Like Carbon Coating under Various Lubricants." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1288.

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The friction and wear properties of AISI 52100 steel and DLC coatings were evaluated while being lubricated with silicone oil, PAO and PAG lubricants by using a reciprocating ball-on-disk sliding UMT tester. The morphologies of original surface and worn surfaces for the DLC and Ti doped DLC coatings were observed by using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the DLC coatings have better tribological properties than AISI 52100 steel under silicone oil, PAO and PAG lubrication conditions. In addition, the DLC coatings have much better wear resistance than the AISI 52100 steel.

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4

Liu, Ya Jun, Jia Bin Huang, Meng Yang Qin, Wei Xia, and Yong Tang. "High Speed Machining of AISI 52100 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (May 2009): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.466.

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This paper gives the details of High Speed Milling experiments with AISI 52100 steel (HRC52) by using coated carbide end mills. Cutting force and Surface roughness data are presented. The effects of cutting speeds (1000-8000rpm), widths of cut (0.05-0.4mm) and cutting conditions (dry cutting and dry cutting with air coolant) are investigated. The results show that in high speed milling of hardened steels, when cutting speed surpasses a critical value, cutting forces decrease as cutting speed increasing; and the increasing of widths of cut causes the increase of cutting forces approximately linearly; surface roughness does not experience obvious increase or decrease and has a minimum in a specific condition; the machining results of dry cutting with air.

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5

Mizobe, Koshiro, Edson Costa Santos, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, Katsuyuki Kida, and Takuya Shibukawa. "Effect of Repeated Quenching on the Rotating Bending Strength of SAE52100 Bearing Steel." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.1025.

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Martensitic high carbon high strength SAE 52100 bearing steel is one of the main alloys used for rolling contact applications where high wear resistance are required. Due to its high fatigue strength, SAE 52100 is recently being used not only for the production of bearings but also shafts. Refining of prior austenite grain through repeated quenching is a procedure that can be used to enhance the material’s strength. In this work, the microstructure of repeatedly quenched SAE 52100 steel and its fatigue strength under rotating bending were investigated. It was found that repeated furnace heating and quenching effectively refined the martensitic structure and increased the retained austenite content. Repeated quenching was found to improve the fatigue strength of SAE 52100.

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6

Millard, N., G. Marest, N. Moncoffre, and J. Tousset. "Boron implantation into AISI 52100 steel." Surface and Coatings Technology 51, no. 1-3 (April 1992): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(92)90279-j.

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7

Nakane, Kazuaki, Koshiro Mizobe, Edson Costa Santos, and Kida Katsuyuki. "The Quantization of the Structure of Fisheyes via Homology Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 307 (February 2013): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.307.409.

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Martensitic high carbon high strength SAE 52100 bearing steel is one of the main alloys used for rolling contact applications where high wear resistance are required. Due to its high fatigue strength, SAE 52100 is recently being used not only for the production of bearings but also shafts. In this work, quenched SAE 52100 steel fatigue strength under rotating bending was investigated. Especially, we focus on “fisheye around inclusion” where the fatigue crack starts. Quantitative evaluation of its optical micrograph has not been enough carried out. In order to develop easy evaluation method for the fisheye area, we apply homology technique to the optical observation.

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8

Chavan, Ajay, and Vikas Sargade. "Surface Integrity of AISI 52100 Steel during Hard Turning in Different Near-Dry Environments." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (August 24, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4256308.

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AISI 52100 hardened bearing steel is popular in many industrial applications due to its excellent wear resistance and high strength. Therefore, a high level of surface integrity of the same is the utmost important requirement to enhance fatigue life. Machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel is difficult because severe plastic deformation and generation of high temperature alter the surface metallurgy of the machined component and hamper the tool life. The present investigation includes a comparative analysis of surface integrity of AISI 52100 bearing steel during hard turning under different near-dry environments, namely, dry, Minimum Quantity Cooling and Lubrication (MQCL), Compressed Chilled Air by Vortex Tube (CCAVT), and Hybrid Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Cooling and Lubrication (Hybrid NF-MQCL). Soyabean (a vegetable) oil is used as cutting fluid in MQCL and base fluid in Hybrid NF-MQCL environments. To prepare hybrid nanofluid, two different nanoparticles Al2O3 and MWCNT, are used. The chilled air is generated through a vortex tube. The surface integrity of AISI 52100 steel was studied in terms of microhardness, the thickness of the white layer, surface roughness (Ra), and residual stresses. Higher cutting speed and feed show positive and negative correlation on surface integrity of AISI 52100 steel, respectively. Hybrid nanofluid MQCL exhibits the lowest surface roughness (0.34 μm), microhardness (625 Hv0.1), compressive residual stresses (−168 MPa), and thin white layer (0.9 μm) in contrast, and dry machining shows higher surface roughness, microhardness, tensile residual stress, and thick white layer. In comparison, MQCL and CCAVT are found to be intermediate. It is found that hybrid nanofluid MQCL enhances the overall performance of the machined surface as compared to other near-dry techniques.

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9

Williamson, D. L., F. M. Kustas, D. F. Fobare, and M. S. Misra. "Mössbauer study of Ti‐implanted 52100 steel." Journal of Applied Physics 60, no. 4 (August 15, 1986): 1493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337278.

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10

Bartha, B. B., J. Zawadzki, S. Chandrasekar, and T. N. Farris. "Wear of hard-turned AISI 52100 steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 36, no. 6 (June 2005): 1417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0234-9.

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11

Chen, Kangmin, Wei Jiang, Xianghong Cui, and Shuqi Wang. "Effect of nanoparticles on the tribo-layers and the tribology of a steel-on-steel couple." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 1 (March 25, 2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118765005.

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The tribological behavior and tribo-layers of AISI 1045 steel sliding against 52100 steel were investigated in the case of supplying MoS2, Fe2O3, and their mixtures onto the sliding interface. When nanoparticles were supplied, tribo-layers were formed on the worn surfaces. The tribological behavior of the sliding pair depended on the characteristics of tribo-layers, which were decided by different nanoparticles. As the additives—especially the ones containing MoS2—were supplied onto the sliding interface, the wear rates and friction coefficients of both 1045 steel and 52100 steel were markedly decreased to extremely low values, approaching zero and marginally undulated with the increase in load. Single-component Fe2O3 nanoparticles markedly reduced the wear rate of 1045 steel with slightly increased friction coefficient, but its decreased extent was merely half of that of the additives containing MoS2. The improvement of the tribological performance of steels was attributed to the formation of protective tribo-layers. The addition of pure Fe2O3 resulted in the formation of insert-type tribo-layers, while cover-type tribo-layers were formed by the addition of the mixture additives of Fe2O3+MoS2 and pure MoS2. The cover-type tribo-layers provided more protective and lubricative functions than that of the insert-types.

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12

Feng, Xin, and Yan Qiu Xia. "Friction and Wear Properties of Laser Cladding Coatings under Boundary Lubrication Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.143.

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AISI 1045 steels were laser-clad with Ni-based powder by CO2 HJ-4 coherent laser. The phase composition of the laser-cladding coating was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cross-section of the cladding coating was observed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The friction and wear properties of the laser cladding coatings sliding against AISI 52100 steel under the lubrication of liquid paraffin containing various anti-wear and extreme pressure additives were investigated using an Optimol SRV reciprocating motion friction and wear tester. Results showed that the laser-cladding coating considerably decreased coefficient of friction and increased wear resistance in sliding against AISI 52100 steel and attributed to the change in the hardness, phase composition of the laser-cladding coating and tribochemical reactions between the laser-cladding coating and the extreme pressure and anti-wear additives.

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13

Türedi, E., M. Yilmaz, and V. Senol. "Tribological Response of Heat Treated AISI 52100 Steels Against Steel and Ceramic Counterparts." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0119.

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Abstract AISI 52100 bearing steels are commonly used in applications requiring high hardness and abrasion resistance. The bearing steels are working under dynamic loads in service conditions and their toughness properties become important. In order to provide the desired mechanical properties, various heat treatments (austenizing, quenching and tempering) are usually applied. In this study, AISI 52100 bearing steel samples were austenized at 900°C for ½ h and water quenched to room temperature. Then tempering was carried out at 795°C, 400°C and 200°C for ½ h. In order to investigate the effect of heat treatment conditions on wear behavior, dry friction tests were performed according to ASTM G99-05 Standard with a ‘ball-on-disk’ type tribometer. The samples were tested against steel and ceramic counterparts using the parameters of 100 m distance and 30 N load and 0.063 m/s rotational speed. After wear test, the surface characterization was carried out using microscopy. Wear loss values were calculated using a novel optical method on both flat and counterpart specimens.

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14

Koike, Hitonobu, Edson Costa Santos, Katsuyuki Kida, Takashi Honda, and Justyna Rozwadowska. "Effect of Repeated Induction Heating on Fatigue Crack Propagation in SAE 52100 Bearing Steel." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1266.

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Martensitic high carbon high strength SAE 52100 bearing steel is one of the main alloys used for rolling contact applications when high wear and fatigue resistance are required. Refining the microstructure of steel improves its mechanical properties (e.g. toughness). In this work SAE 52100 specimens were exposed to repeated induction heating process and rotation bending tests were performed using single- and repeatedly heat-treated material in order to investigate the influence of this cyclic heat treatment on the mechanical properties of SAE 52100. In an attempt to determine the effect of the repeated induction heating and quenching on the material, we focused our observations on the internal fatigue “fisheye" cracks. It was noted that crack propagation was successfully halted by the refined microstructure in heat affected zone, therefore it can be concluded that repeated induction heating and quenching processes help to slow down the propagation of fisheye cracks in SAE52100 steel bars.

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15

Yoon, N., and Y. S. Kim. "Sliding Wear Behavior of AISI 52100 Steel with Pearlitic and Bainitic Microstructures." Transactions of Materials Processing 20, no. 7 (November 1, 2011): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5228/kstp.2011.20.7.479.

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16

Wang, Y., C. Q. Gao, T. C. Lei, and H. X. Lu. "Amorphous structure of worn surface in 52100 steel." Scripta Metallurgica 22, no. 8 (January 1988): 1251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0036-9748(88)80141-8.

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17

Mulik, Rahul S., and Pulak M. Pandey. "Magnetic abrasive finishing of hardened AISI 52100 steel." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 55, no. 5-8 (December 31, 2010): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-3102-8.

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18

Brown, E. L., and G. Krauss. "Retained carbide distribution in intercritically austenitized 52100 steel." Metallurgical Transactions A 17, no. 1 (January 1986): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02644439.

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19

Wang, D., H. Hua, M. E. Fine, and H. S. Cheng. "Fatigue crack initiation and fracture in 52100 steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 118 (October 1989): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(89)90063-4.

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20

Mizobe, Koshiro, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, Edson Costa Santos, Katsuyuki Kida, and Takuya Shibukawa. "Observation of Fisheye Cracks around TiN and Al₂O₃ Inclusions in Repeatedly Quenched High Carbon Bearing Steel." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.150.

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Martensitic high-carbon high-strength SAE 52100 bearing steel is one of the main alloys used for rolling contact applications where high wear resistance is required. Refining the prior austenite grain size through repeated heating is a process commonly used to enhance the material’s strength. In this work, the microstructure of repeatedly quenched Ti, N-rich ultra-clean SAE 52100 steel was investigated. The material was melted by an electric furnace and formed by continuous casting and forging, and the crack origin on the fracture surface was investigated. It was found repeated furnace quenching effectively refined the martenstic structure.

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21

Mannens, Robby, Lars Uhlmann, Felix Lambers, Andreas Feuerhack, and Thomas Bergs. "Surface Integrity of AISI 52100 Bearing Steel after Robot-Based Machine Hammer Peening." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4020061.

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AISI 52100 steel is often used as material for highly loaded rolling bearings in machine tools. An improved surface integrity, which can be achieved by means of mechanical surface layer finishing, can avoid premature failure. One of these finishing processes is machine hammer peening (MHP) which is a high-frequency incremental forming process and mostly used on machining centers. However, the influence of robot-guided MHP processing on the surface integrity of AISI 52100 steel is still unknown. Therefore, the objective of this work is to investigate experimentally the robot-based influences during MHP processing and the resulting surface integrity of unhardened AISI 52100 steel. The results show that the axial and lateral deviations of the robot due to process vibrations are in the lower µm range, thus enabling stable and reproducible MHP processing. By selecting suitable MHP process parameters and thus defined contact energies, even ground surfaces can be further smoothed and a hardness increase of 75% in the energy range considered can be achieved. In addition, compressive residual stress maxima of 950 MPa below the surface and a grain size reduction to a surface layer depth of 150 µm can be realized.

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22

Mizobe, Koshiro, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, Edson Costa Santos, Takuya Shibukawa, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Influence of Repeated Quenching-Tempering on Fisheye Cracks around Tin and Al₂O₃ Inclusions in SAE 52100 Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1298.

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Martensitic high-carbon high-strength SAE 52100 bearing steel has been widely used as the main alloys for rolling contact applications, and also at the components under bending and tension-compression. In order to enhance the material’s strength, refining the prior austenite grain size through repeated heating has been investigated. In this work, the microstructure of repeatedly quenched-tempered Ti, N-rich SAE 52100 steel was investigated. The material was melted by an electric furnace and formed by continuous casting and forging, and the crack origin on the fracture surface was investigated. It was found that repeated furnace quenching and tempering effectively refined the martenstic structure.

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23

Diogo, Wellington S., Dalton G. B. de Souza, Rayana F. Rodrigues Lourenço, M. L. M. Noronha Melo, Kátia R. Cardoso, and Gilbert Silva. "Recycling of Steel AISI 52100 Gotten by the Route of Powder Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 805 (September 2014): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.805.325.

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The AISI 52100 steel is a material widely used in the industry due to its high fatigue resistance, dimensional stability, high hardness and wear resistance. This steel is used for production of ball bearings, stamping tools, etc. In case of production of ball bearings and its track this material is spherodized because, due to its high content of carbon, about 1%, it has high mechanical strength making it impossible to cold forming. To obtain a wear resistant surface, after forming, this material is hardened and tempered. Normally to obtain the AISI 52100 steel, arc electric melting furnace is used. This work aims the reuse of AISI 52100 steel by powder metallurgy route, starting from the machined chips using high energy mill (planetary) to obtain the powder. Then, the powder was uniaxially pressed into a press with a load of 4 tons, to form the specimen, later on pressed in an isostatic press at a pressure of 300MPa to obtain a better densification. To analyze the powder morphology and the phases obtained after sintering, was used a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction to calculate the crystallite size. It was verified that with more than 10 hours of grinding, the crystallite size does not change significantly, the particles gained rounded shapes with a size distribution between 30 and 5μm. The microstructure obtained by the two routes was nearly identical after sintering.

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24

Nakane, Kazuaki, Koshiro Mizobe, Edson Costa Santos, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Quantitative Estimates of Repeatedly Quenched High Carbon Bearing Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.273.

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Martensitic high-carbon high-strength SAE 52100 bearing steel is one of the main alloys used for rolling contact applications where high wear resistance is required. Refining the prior austenite grain size through repeated heating is a process commonly used to enhance the materials strength. In this work, the microstructure of repeatedly quenched Ti, N-rich ultra-clean SAE 52100 steel was investigated. The material was melted by an electric furnace and formed by continuous casting and forging, and the crack origin on the fracture surface was investigated. It was found repeated furnace quenching effectively refined the martenstic structure. In order to further understand the structure refinement we need to develop a new quantitative evaluation method. In this paper, the homology method is applied. We can estimate the situation of refinement quantitatively.

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25

Bressan, J. D., G. A. Battiston, R. Gerbasi, and D. P. Daros. "Wear on SAE 52100 with Nanocoating Al₂O₃ by MOCVD Process." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 1336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1336.

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Present work investigates the wear resistance of SAE 52100 steel coated with nanocoating Al2O3 by the Metal-organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) process. The wear tests by sliding and abrasion were performed in a ball-on-disc apparatus whose ball substrate was SAE 52100 steel. The MOCVD nanocoating processes were carried out in a research laboratory apparatus at 240oC under N2 + O2+ H2O atmosphere. The counterface discs were ABNT 1008 steel sheet used in the Brazilian fridge industry. The wear resistance of the nanocoated steel spheres were evaluated through the ball-on-disc test, using a sliding velocity 0.6 m/s, normal loads of 20 N and 30 N, total sliding distance up to 2400 m and controlled conditions of temperature and humidity at 25oC and 42% respectively. The balls material substrates were submitted to two distinct coating procedures: direct Al2O3 film deposition on substrate, or phosphatizing and then Al2O3 deposition via MOCVD. The discs were tested as received. From the plotted graphs of cumulative lost volume versus sliding distance, lower wear rates were observed for the nanocoated SAE 52100 sphere compared to the sphere without coating, i.e., nanocoating with Al2O3 increases the sphere wear resistance. This is probably due to a reasonable film adhesion. The balls phosphatized and coated with Al2O3 showed similar wear resistance but a spherical micro-grain film of Al2O3 . The wear mechanisms were also examined by scanning electron microscopy.

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26

Mondal, Krishnendu, and Santanu Das. "Wet Turning of AISI 52100 Steel-An Experimental Investigation." Journal of the Association of Engineers, India 87, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22485/jaei/2017/v87/i3-4/166113.

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27

Pan, Yuming, Bingxu Wang, and Gary C. Barber. "Study of bainitic transformation kinetics in SAE 52100 steel." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8, no. 5 (September 2019): 4569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.08.001.

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28

Revel, Philippe, Nabil Jouini, Guillaume Thoquenne, and Fabien Lefebvre. "High precision hard turning of AISI 52100 bearing steel." Precision Engineering 43 (January 2016): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2015.06.006.

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29

Sen, Ugur, Murat Uzun, and Saduman Sen. "Tribological Properties of Vanadium Nitride Coated AISI 52100 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.445.643.

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30

Wu, X., P. Cong, H. Nanao, I. Minami, and S. Mori. "Tribological Behaviors of 52100 Steel in Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere." Tribology Letters 17, no. 4 (November 2004): 925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11249-004-8101-1.

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31

Selvamani, S. T., K. Umanath, K. Palanikumar, and K. Vigneswar. "The Microhardness Analysis of Friction Welded AISI 52100 Grade Carbon Steel Joints." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.613.

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The solid-state joining process produces welds with improved mechanical properties and reduced distortion. Higher Carbon Steels are extensively used in different industrial applications such as shipbuilding and automobile industries due to their superior mechanical properties. In this work, friction welding of high carbon steel of Φ12mm dia extruded rod was studied with a plan to analysis the hardness behavior on the weldment. Welds are made with a high and low level range of process parameter combinations (incorporating ANOVA methods) which were subjected to Vickers Hardness tests. The Vickers Hardness of the welded joints has been reported.

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32

Kao, W. H., Yan Liang Su, Jeng Haur Horng, and H. C. Huang. "The Deposition Rate, Hardness and Tribological Properties of a-C:H Coatings with a Tungsten Filament-Assisted Ionized Reaction Gas ." Key Engineering Materials 642 (April 2015): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.642.135.

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The a-C:H coatings were deposited on AISI M2 steel disks using an unbalanced magnetron sputtering technique with a single titanium metal target, three graphite targets and mixed methane/ acetylene reactive gas. The various currents (9A-17A) were applied to the tungsten filament to enhance ionization rate of reactive gas. Tribological properties of a-C:H coatings were conducted used reciprocating friction tester. The results show that the tungsten filament current has a significant effect on the deposition rate, hardness and tribological properties of the coatings. With the increase of the tungsten filament current, the deposition rate and hardness of the coating increases, respectively. In sliding against an AISI 52100 steel ball for 24 minutes, all of coatings reduce the wear depth by a factor of at least 11 compared to that observed on an uncoated substrate. The 17A coating yields the best tribological properties that are the minimum wear depth, the lowest friction coefficient and the maximum lifetime when sliding against an AISI 52100 steel ball.

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33

Solano-Alvarez, W., and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "White-Etching Matter in Bearing Steel. Part I: Controlled Cracking of 52100 Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45, no. 11 (July 8, 2014): 4907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2430-y.

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34

Krishna, P. Vamsi, R. R. Srikant, Mustafa Iqbal, and N. Sriram. "Effect of Austempering and Martempering on the Properties of AISI 52100 Steel." ISRN Tribology 2013 (August 15, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/515484.

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The mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for a particular condition. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel. The present work aims at experimentally investigating the effect of austempering and martempering on AISI 52100 steel. Different tests like microstructure analysis, hardness test, impact test, and wear test are carried out after heat treatment process. It was found that annealed steel was least hard and more wear prone, while martempered steel was hardest and least vulnerable to wear. Austempered steel had the highest impact strength and it is increased with soaking time up to certain level. Least wear rate is observed in martempered sample both in abrasion and dry sliding. However, least friction coefficient is shown by annealed samples.

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35

Podgornik, B., M. Kalin, J. Vizˇintin, and F. Vodopivec. "Microstructural Changes and Contact Temperatures During Fretting in Steel-Steel Contact." Journal of Tribology 123, no. 4 (August 31, 2000): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1330734.

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In fretting wear, the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the surface and subsurface layer depend significantly on the temperature field produced in the fretting zone. Information reported in the literature indicate contradictory values for the temperature produced at the interface under fretting conditions. In the present study, a successive grinding technique was used to examine the microstructural changes generated by fretting of AISI 52100 steel and the results were compared to the mathematically calculated contact temperatures using different models. Results of this investigation indicate that white layer starts to form under individual contact spots as a result of high flash temperatures and then over the test time it grows by coalescence to a single large area.

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36

Chou, Y. Kevin, Chris J. Evans, and Moshe M. Barash. "Experimental investigation on CBN turning of hardened AISI 52100 steel." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 124, no. 3 (June 2002): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00180-2.

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37

Cree, A. M., R. G. Faulkner, and A. T. Lyne. "Cementite particle coarsening during spheroidisation of bearing steel SAE 52100." Materials Science and Technology 11, no. 6 (June 1995): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1995.11.6.566.

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38

MAHARJAN, NIROJ, WEI ZHOU, and YU ZHOU. "SURFACE ABLATION OF 52100 BEARING STEEL USING FEMTOSECOND LASER IRRADIATION." Surface Review and Letters 26, no. 07 (August 2019): 1850227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x1850227x.

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Laser ablation is a rapid-material removal technique with potential application in remanufacturing of bearings to clean damaged surfaces. This study reports the ablation morphology and change in surface composition of 52100 bearing steel irradiated with a femtosecond laser. A smooth ablated surface was achieved by operating the laser at fluence just above the ablation threshold, but higher fluences resulted in roughened surfaces with recast formation. Such coarse morphology is believed to result from higher energy deposition and surface melting. Minimal oxidation occurred at lower fluences. Periodic ripple patterns formed in the ablated area at low fluence; their morphology and possible formation mechanism is discussed.

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39

Panda, Amlana, Ashok Kumar Sahoo, Ramanuj Kumar, and Rabin Kumar Das. "A review on machinability aspects for AISI 52100 bearing steel." Materials Today: Proceedings 23 (2020): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.05.422.

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40

Wang, Q. Y., Hong Yan Zhang, M. R. Sriraman, and Shou Xin Li. "Very Long Life Fatigue Behavior of Bearing Steel AISI 52100." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1846.

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For many applications, the understanding of very long life fatigue in materials becomes extremely important. In this study, the fatigue behavior of bearing steel GCr15 (conforming to AISI 52100) at very high number of cycles has been examined. Experiments on hourglass specimens were conducted in air at room temperature, for fully reversed loading condition (R=-1), using a piezoelectric fatigue testing machine operating at a frequency of 20kHz. The results indicate that the S-N data does not reach a horizontal asymptote (signifying the fatigue limit) at 107 cycles, as conventionally believed, and that the material can fracture up to 109 cycles. Therefore, to quote a fatigue limit at 107 cycles may not hold good for the material studied. The influence of defects (such as inclusions) on the crack initiation and fracture was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.

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41

Chen, Zhixiang, Weifeng Yao, Julong Yuan, Zhongdian Cheng, Wei Hang, and Tianchen Zhao. "Experimental investigation on the abrasive wear of AISI 52100 steel." International Journal of Nanomanufacturing 14, no. 1 (2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnm.2018.089180.

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42

Zhao, Tianchen, Wei Hang, Zhongdian Cheng, Julong Yuan, Weifeng Yao, and Zhixiang Chen. "Experimental investigation on the abrasive wear of AISI 52100 steel." International Journal of Nanomanufacturing 14, no. 1 (2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnm.2018.10009995.

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43

Li, W., Y. Wang, and X. Z. Yang. "Frictional hardening and softening of steel 52100 during dry sliding." Tribology Letters 18, no. 3 (March 2005): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11249-004-2765-4.

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44

Roffey, P. "Manufacturing Induced Hydrogen Embrittlement of 52100 Bearing Steel Outer Ring." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 15, no. 1 (December 4, 2014): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-014-9910-7.

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45

Hsu, T. Y., Chen Yexin, and Chen Weiye. "Isothermal martensite formation in an AISI 52100 ball bearing steel." Metallurgical Transactions A 18, no. 8 (August 1987): 1389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02646652.

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46

Beswick, J. M. "Fracture and fatigue crack propagation properties of hardened 52100 steel." Metallurgical Transactions A 20, no. 10 (October 1989): 1961–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02650283.

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47

Fayeulle, S., and I. L. Singer. "Friction behavior and debris formation of titanium-implanted 52100 steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 115 (August 1989): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(89)90692-8.

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48

Kim, Yong Suk, Hyun Seok Yu, and Dong Hyuk Shin. "Tribological Characteristics of Coarse and Ultra-Fine Grained Ferrite-Martensite Dual Phase Steel Fabricated by Equal Channel Angular Pressing." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1389.

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The dual phase steel, which consists of hard martensite islands embedded in a ductile ferrite matrix, is known to possess high strength, toughness, and superior wear resistance. However, the detailed wear mechanism of the steel has not yet been understood thoroughly. In the present study, dry sliding friction and wear characteristics of an ultra-fine grained ferrite-martensite dual phase steel has been investigated at room temperature. Wear tests of the steel were carried out using a pin-on-disk wear tester against an AISI 52100 bearing steel ball at loads ranging from 1N to 10N. Normalizing heat treatment was also performed on the steel to produce a ferrite-pearlite microstructure, and the wear characteristics of the normalized specimen were compared with that of the dual phase steel. The dual phase steel exhibited lower wear rates than the normalized steel, but the steady-state friction coefficients of the two steels were similar. The wear of the dual phase steel proceeded with a tribochemical reaction on the wearing surface accompanied with subsurface strain hardening, which explained the lower wear rate of the steel.

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49

Hahn, G. T., V. Bhargava, C. A. Rubin, Q. Chen, and K. Kim. "Analysis of the Rolling Contact Residual Stresses and Cyclic Plastic Deformation of SAE 52100 Steel Ball Bearings." Journal of Tribology 109, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261521.

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Measurements of the cyclic stress-strain hysteresis loop shapes of hardened, HRC-62, SAE 52100 bearing steel, derived from torsion tests are presented. These are reduced to 3-parameter, elastic-linear-kinematic hardening-plastic (ELKP) representations. The ELKP behavior and properties of the steel are employed in an elastic-plastic finite element model of two dimensional, rolling contact. The distortion of the rim and the distribution and magnitude of the residual stresses and cyclic plasticity for repeated contacts at a Hertzian pressure of p0 = 3636 MPa (528 ksi), are calculated. The results are compared with the residual stresses and other features observed in the inner raceway of SAE 52100 steel, deep grooved ball bearings. The calculations predict the modest residual stresses observed in the early life: N ≲ 106 contacts. The much higher levels of residual stress that develop in later life: 108 ≲ N ≲ 1010, are shown to be connected with metallurgical changes and an attending volume expansion that are cyclic strain induced. The origins of these stresses and their effect on bearing life are discussed.

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50

Pinto, Gustavo, Andresa Baptista, Francisco Silva, Jacobo Porteiro, José Míguez, and Ricardo Alexandre. "Study on the Influence of the Ball Material on Abrasive Particles’ Dynamics in Ball-Cratering Thin Coatings Wear Tests." Materials 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030668.

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Micro-abrasion remains a test configuration hugely used, mainly for thin coatings. Several studies have been carried out investigating the parameters around this configuration. Recently, a new study was launched studying the behavior of different ball materials in abrasive particles’ dynamics in the contact area. This study intends to extend that study, investigating new ball materials never used so far in this test configuration. Thus, commercial balls of American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 52100 steel, Stainless Steel (SS) (AISI) 304 steel and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were used under different test conditions and abrasive particles, using always the same coating for reference. Craters generated on the coated samples’ surface and tracks on the balls’ surface were carefully observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and 3D microscopy in order to understand the abrasive particles’ dynamics. As a softer material, more abrasive particles were entrapped on the PTFE ball’s surface, generating grooving wear on the samples. SS AISI 304 balls, being softer than the abrasive particles (diamond), also allowed particle entrapment, originating from grooving wear. AISI 52100 steel balls presented particle dynamics that are already known. Thus, this study extends the knowledge already existing, allowing to better select the ball material to be used in ball-cratering tests.

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