Academic literature on the topic '5-diiodo-L-thyronine'

Central thyroid hormone signaling is important in brain function/dysfunction, including affective disorders and depression. In contrast to 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), the role of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), which until recently was considered an inactive metabolite of T3, has not been studied in these pathologies. However, both T3 and T2 stimulate mitochondrial respiration, a factor counteracting the pathogenesis of depressive disorder, but the cellular origins in the CNS, mechanisms, and kinetics of the cellular action for these two hormones are distinct and independent of each other. Here, Illumina and RT PCR assays showed that hippocampal gene expression of deiodinases 2 and 3, enzymes involved in thyroid hormone regulation, is increased in resilience to stress-induced depressive syndrome and after antidepressant treatment in mice that might suggest elevated T2 and T3 turnover in these phenotypes. In a separate experiment, bolus administration of T2 at the doses 750 and 1500 mcg/kg but not 250 mcg/kg in naive mice reduced immobility in a two-day tail suspension test in various settings without changing locomotion or anxiety. This demonstrates an antidepressant-like effect of T2 that could be exploited clinically. In a wider context, the current study suggests important central functions of T2, whose biological role only lately is becoming to be elucidated.

Nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones on Na+-K+-ATPase activity were studied in chick embryo hepatocytes at two different developmental stages, 14 and 19 days of embryonal age, and the signal transduction pathways involved were characterized. Our data showed the following. 1) 3,5,3′-Triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) and 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (3,5-T2) rapidly induced a transient inhibitory effect on the Na+-K+-ATPase; the extent and duration depended on the developmental age of the cells. 2) 3,5-T2 behaved as a true hormone and fully mimicked the effect of T3. 3) Thyroxine had no effect at any of the developmental stages. 4) The inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase was mediated by activation of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase, suggesting several modes of modulation of ATPase activity through phosphorylation at different sites. 5) The MAPK pathway did not seem to be involved in the early phase of hormone treatment. 6) The nonpermeant analog T3-agarose inhibited Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the same way as T3, confirming that hormone signaling initiated at a receptor on the plasma membrane. From these results, it can be concluded that the cell response mechanisms change rapidly and drastically within the early phase of embryo growth. The differences found at the two stages probably reflect the different roles of thyroid hormones during development and differentiation.

The role of 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) and its metabolite 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2) in modulating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was evaluated in pituitary GH3 cells in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+. When applied in Ca2+-free solution, T2 and T3 increased [Ca2+]i, in a dose-dependent way, and NO levels. Inhibition of neuronal NO synthase by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and l- n5-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine hydrochloride significantly reduced the [Ca2+]i increase induced by T2 and T3. However, while depletion of inositol trisphosphate-dependent Ca2+ stores did not interfere with the T2- and T3-induced [Ca2+]i increases, the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by LY-294002 and the dominant negative form of Akt mutated at the ATP binding site prevented these effects. Furthermore, the mitochondrial protonophore carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone prevented the increases in both [Ca2+]i and NO elicited by T2 or T3. Interestingly, rotenone blocked the early [Ca2+]i increases elicited by T2 and T3, while antimycin prevented only that elicited by T3. Inhibition of mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger by CGP37157 significantly reduced the [Ca2+]i increases induced by T2 and T3. In the presence of extracellular calcium (1.2 mM), under carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, T2 and T3 increased both [Ca2+]i and intracellular Na+ concentration; nimodipine reduced the [Ca2+]i increases elicited by T2 and T3, but inhibition of NO synthase and blockade of the Na+/H+ pump by 5-( N-ethyl- N-isopropyl)amiloride prevented only that elicited by T3; and CB-DMB, bisindolylmaleimide, and LY-294002 (inhibitors of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, PKC, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, respectively) failed to modify the T2- and T3-induced effects. Collectively, the present results suggest that T2 and T3 exert short-term nongenomic effects on intracellular calcium and NO by modulating plasma membrane and mitochondrial pathways that differ between these iodothyronines.

Schilddrüsenhormone (TH) regulieren Metabolismus und Energiestoffwechsel. Der TH‐Metabolit (THM) 3,5‐T2 (3,5‐Diiod‐L‐Thyronin) aktiviert Fett‐Oxidation und mitochondriale Atmung. Der THM 3‐Iodothyronamin (3‐T1AM) beeinflusst zusätzlich glukoregulatorische Prozesse. THM können zur Reduktion von Körperfett beitragen. Um 3,5‐T2 im humanen Serum nachzuweisen sollte ein Immunoassay aufgebaut, validiert und angewendet werden. In intakten hepatozellulären (HepG2) sowie pankreatischen ß‐Zellen (MIN6) sollte untersucht werden ob THM durch Modulation der mitochondrialen Aktivität die zelluläre Substratverstoffwechslung (3,5‐T2) und Insulinsekretion (3‐T1AM) regulieren können. Der Immunoassay ist sensitiv, spezifisch und misst zuverlässig 3,5‐T2 im humanen Serum. Hyper‐ und Hypothyreose zeigen vergleichbare 3,5‐T2 Konzentrationen, jedoch akkumuliert 3,5‐T2 bei sekundären Erkrankungen der Schilddrüse und athyreoten Patienten unter Thyroxin‐Supplementation. In HepG2‐Zellen konnte die Aktivierung der mitochondrialen Atmung durch 3,3‘,5‐Triiod‐L‐Thyronin (T3), jedoch nicht durch 3,5‐T2 stimuliert werden. Die Expression von TH‐transporters (THT) war gering verglichen mit Maus‐Hepatozyten. MIN6 exprimiert THT vergleichbar mit Langerhansschen Inselzellen der Maus. 3‐T1AM wird in die Zelle aufgenommen, zu 3‐Iodothyroessigsäure (TA1) metabolisiert, und wieder exportiert. Nach 3‐T1AM Gabe ist die mitochondriale ATP‐Produktion sowie die Glukose‐stimulierte Insulinsekretion (GSIS) vermindert. 3,5‐T2 zirkuliert in euthyreoten Individuen, ist nicht an der zentralen Regulation der TH‐Achse beteiligt, wird extrathyroidal gebildet und niedrige T3‐Werte können durch erhöhtes 3,5‐T2 erklärt werden. HepG2 erwies sich als ungeeignetes Zellmodell, da wenige THT vorhanden sind, 3,5‐T2 die Plasmamembran wahrscheinlich nicht passieren kann und damit die Aktivierung der Mitochondrien aus bleibt. In MIN6 wurde gezeigt, dass die GSIS nicht ausschließlich an der Plasmamembran durch 3‐T1AM reguliert wird.
Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate metabolism and energy metabolism. The TH‐metabolite (THM) 3,5‐T2 (3,5‐diiodo‐L‐thyronine) activates fat oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. The THM 3‐T1AM (3‐iodothyronamine) influences in addition glucoregulatory processes. THM may support reduction in body fat mass. It was the idea to establish, validate and apply an immunoassay to determine 3,5‐T2 in human serum. Using intact hepatocellular (HepG2) as well as pancreatic ß‐cells (MIN6) it should be tested if THM can modulate mitochondrial activity, resulting in increased cellular substrate usage (3,5‐T2) as well as decreased insulin secreation (3‐T1AM). The established immunoassay is sensitive, specific and detects precisely 3,5‐T2 in human serum. Hyper‐ and hypothyroidism shows similar 3,5‐T2 concentrations, although 3,5‐T2 accumulates in secondary thyroidal illness as well as in athyreotic patients under thyroxine‐supplementation. Using HepG2 cells, mitochondrial respiration was stimulated by 3,3‘,5‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine (T3), but 3,5‐T2 had no effect. Expression of TH‐transporters (THT) was low compared to murine hepatocytes. In contrast, MIN6 express THT comparable to murine Langerhans islets. 3‐T1AM is taken up by the cell, metabolized to 3‐iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) and following export. After 3‐T1AM application mitochondrial ATP‐production as well as glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was reduced. 3,5‐T2 circulates in euthyroid individuals, is not involved in central regulation of TH‐axis, is produced extrathyroidally and low T3 values can be explained by increased 3,5‐T2. HepG2 was shown to be an inappropriate cellmodel, because THT are merely expressed, suggesting that 3,5‐T2 is not able to pass the plasma membrane, thereby preventing mitochondrial activation. In addition, it was shown in MIN6 cells, that GSIS is not exclusively regulated at the plasma membrane level via 3‐T1AM.