Relevant bibliographies by topics / 4th century BCE

Academic literature on the topic '4th century BCE'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "4th century BCE"

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Boschetti, Cristina, Julian Henderson, and Jane Evans. "Mosaic tesserae from Italy and the production of Mediterranean coloured glass (4th century BCE–4th century CE). Part II: Isotopic provenance." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (February 2017): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.12.032.

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Прокопенко, Ю. А. "HORSE FRONTLETS AND CHEEK-GUARDS OF THE 4th — EARLY 2nd CENTURIES BCEFROM MONUMENTS OF STAVROPOL UPLAND." Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, no. 13 (February 15, 2022): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2713-2021.2021.60.64.012.

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Статья посвящена описанию одиннадцати конских пластинчатых налобников и наносников и четырех нащечников, обнаруженных на территории Ставропольской возвышенности. Изделия происходят из памятников, исследованных в окрестностях Ставрополя: склепа № 1 могильника № 2 Татарского городища, из могильника № 4 Татарского городища, клада предметов конского убранства IV—II вв. до н.э. из северо-западных окрестностей Ставрополя и находок в окрестностях Александровска. Для IV в. до н.э., кроме боевых защитных экземпляров, характерны литые налобники и наносники, использовавшиеся исключительно в декоративных целях. Как правило, они либо небольших размеров и не закрывали всю переднюю поверхность головы лошади, либо ажурные. К этому времени относятся три бронзовых налобника и два наносника: две пластины в форме вытянутых трапеций из окрестностей Александровска, ажурная пластина из рядов полых треугольников — налобник прямоугольной формы с прямоугольными выступами по торцевым краям из клада, найденного близ Ставрополя, и зооморфно оформленные пластинчатые наносники и нащечники из того же клада. В материалах памятников III — начала II в. до н.э., исследованных в окрестностях Ставрополя, представлены крупные защитные налобные и нащечные пластины, аналогичные найденным в Прикубанье. Известно о находках пяти налобников и двух нащечников. Судя по особенностям декора пластин IV—III вв. до н.э. из памятников Ставропольской возвышенности, наблюдаются два основных вектора влияния на творчество местных бронзолитейщиков. Прослеживаются явные элементы традиционного искусства кобанской культурно-исторической общности и прикубанского варианта скифского звериного стиля. Два S- видных декоративных нащечника, оформленных в виде петушка-гиппокампа, имеют приднепровское происхождение. The article discusses eleven horse prometopidia (frontlets and chanfrons) and four cheek-guards found on the territory of Stavropol Upland. The artifacts in question were revealed while exploring archaeological sites and findspots near Stavropol; these are: the burial ground No. 2 of Tatarskoe Hillfort (crypt No. 1), the burial ground No.4 in selfsame area, the hoard of horse body armor and ornaments found northwest of Stavropol and dated back from the 4th to the 2nd century BCE, and, finally, some artifacts found near Aleksandrovsk. In the 4th century BCE, in addition to battle protective equipment per se, some casted frontlets and chanfrons were used exclusively for ornamental purposes. As a rule, some of these are small in size, to only cover a part of a horse’s head, and some are openwork. In total, three bronze frontlets and two chanfrons are dated back to the 4th century BCE. These include: (a) two elongated trapezoids found near Aleksandrovsk, (b) an openwork rectangle-shaped frontlet of the Stavropol hoard, punctured with rows of triangles, with rectangular projections along the end margins, and (c) zoomorphically shaped plate-like chanfrons and cheek-guards of the same hoard. In the vicinity of Stavropol, a total of five prometopidia and two cheek-guards are reported to be found, which are similar to those discovered in Kuban Region. These finds are dated back to the late 3rd and the early 2nd century BCE. Judging by decorative features of the barding equipment occurred from Stavropol Upland, local craftsmen of the 4th and the 3rd century BCE were influenced from two sources. Specifically, some distinctive elements of the traditional art of the Koban cultural and historical community and the Kuban version of the Scythian animal style are observed. A pair of S-shaped ornamental cheek-guards representing images of a cockerel or a hippocampus is of Middle Dnieper origin.
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MCPHEE, IAN. "CLASSICAL POTTERY FROM ANCIENT CORINTH THE A. D. TRENDALL MEMORIAL LECTURE 2003." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 47, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2004.tb00238.x.

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Abstract This paper examines certain aspects of ceramic production in Corinth during the second half of the 5th and the 4th centuries BCE, mainly based upon the pottery found in a single deposit, Drain 1971–1. The introduction of the red-figure technique, and of shapes such as the stemless bell-krater and the krater of Falaieff type is considered; and the development of the Corinth oinochoe briefly outlined. The re-introduction of new decorative techniques and the development of new shapes show the continuing inventiveness of Corinthian potters in the Classical period, particularly with regard to utilitarian pottery. Changes in sympotic pottery and in drinking habits in the middle and third quarter of the 5th century, and again in the late 4th and early 3rd century, are suggested.
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Luberti, Gian Marco, and Maurizio Del Monte. "Landscapes and landforms connected with anthropogenic processes over three millennia: The Servian Walls at the Esquiline Hill (Rome, Italy)." Holocene 30, no. 12 (August 13, 2020): 1817–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620950460.

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Urban centers are characterized by scarcity of outcrops. At the urban-planning level, the examination of results from previous geological surveys and studies may provide sufficient data for an accurate subsurficial geologic modeling. In addition, in historical centers a GIS-based multitemporal analysis of historical and archaeological maps, and the examination of archive documents and reports, may be effective especially for the detection of geomorphic changes. The application of such a methodology at the Esquiline Hill allowed to detect the three-millennia-long landscape-modification main phases connected with the construction of the oldest city walls. They include a unique sequence of anthropogenic aggradational and erosional phases that shaped many anthropogenic landforms, presently visible and invisible, or vanished. Among them, the anthropogenic hill Monte della Giustizia, vanished since the end of the 19th century CE when it was erased, and the military moat, excavated in the 6th century BCE and enlarged in the 4th century BCE, finally backfilled in the 4th century CE, since then invisible. These geomorphic changes lastly output a flat leveled landscape similar to the previous volcanic plateau. Results suggest that the “geomorphological convergence,” that is, the resemblance between natural landforms created by different morphogenetic processes, also exists between natural and artificial landforms. Moreover, the study evidenced relationships between landforms and the damage status of historical masonry buildings, specifically connected with their foundation over thick layers of geotechnically-weak anthropogenic deposits. This advises that the multidisciplinary approach may also provide risk managers additional geological features to be evaluated as potential sources of natural hazard.
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Duszyński, Wojciech. "Athenian ‘Imperialism’ in the Aegean Sea in the 4th Century BCE: The Case of Keos." Electrum 27 (2020): 1117–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.20.006.12796.

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This article concerns the degree of direct involvement in the Athenian foreign policy in the 4th century BC. One of main questions debated by scholars is whether the Second Athenian Sea League was gradually evolving into an arche, to eventually resemble the league of the previous century. The following text contributes to the scholarly debate through a case study of relations between Athens and poleis on the island of Keos in 360s. Despite its small size, Keos included four settlements having the status of polis: Karthaia, Poiessa, Koresia and Ioulis, all members of the Second Athenian League. Around year 363/2 (according to the Attic calendar),anti-Athenian riots, usually described as revolts, erupted on Keos, to be quickly quelled by the strategos Chabrias. It is commonly assumed that the Athenians used the uprising to interfere directly in internal affairs on the island, enforcing the dissolution of the local federation of poleis. However, my analysis of selected sources suggests that such an interpretation cannot be readily defended: in fact, the federation on Keos could have broken up earlier, possibly without any external intervention. In result, it appears that the Athenians did not interfere in the local affairs to such a degree as it is often accepted.
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Crépy, Maël, and Marie-Françoise Boussac. "Western Mareotis lake(s) during the Late Holocene (4th century BCE–8th century CE): diachronic evolution in the western margin of the Nile Delta and evidence for the digging of a canal complex during the early Roman period." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 70, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-39-2021.

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Abstract. Lake Mareotis (modern Mariut), located near the Mediterranean coast of Egypt west of the Nile Delta, is bordered by ancient sites dating from the New Kingdom (end of the 2nd millennium BCE) to the Medieval period (8th century CE), the most famous one being Alexandria. In its western part (wadi Mariut), several sites are equipped with harbour structures, but they also have structures contemporaneous with them that are not compatible with the lake level required for the operation of the harbour. Between the 1990s and 2010, several sedimentological studies tried to solve this paradox without completely succeeding. To go further, this study is based on the reassessment of geoarchaeological data and on the analysis of early scholars' accounts (1800–1945), maps (1807–1958) and satellite photographs (Corona). It allows us to reconstruct the extension of the lake(s) at different periods in wadi Mariut. During the 1st millennium BCE, the Mariut lagoon experienced a drawdown in its western part, and several distinct lakes formed, followed by building operations in some emerged areas during the Hellenistic period (332–30 BCE). During the early Roman period (30 BCE–284 CE), the digging of several canals in the 2nd century CE to connect the sites of the wadi Mariut to the eastern part of the Mariut basin reconfigured the lake(s).
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Becker, Fabian, Nataša Djurdjevac Conrad, Raphael A. Eser, Luzie Helfmann, Brigitta Schütt, Christof Schütte, and Johannes Zonker. "The furnace and the goat—A spatio-temporal model of the fuelwood requirement for iron metallurgy on Elba Island, 4th century BCE to 2nd century ce." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): e0241133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241133.

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Scholars frequently cite fuel scarcity after deforestation as a reason for the abandonment of most of the Roman iron smelting sites on Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy) in the 1st century bce. Whereas the archaeological record clearly indicates the decrease in smelting activities, evidence confirming the ‘deforestation narrative’ is ambiguous. Therefore, we employed a stochastic, spatio-temporal model of the wood required and consumed for iron smelting on Elba Island in order to assess the availability of fuelwood on the island. We used Monte Carlo simulations to cope with the limited knowledge available on the past conditions on Elba Island and the related uncertainties in the input parameters. The model includes both, wood required for the furnaces and to supply the workforce employed in smelting. Although subject to high uncertainties, the outcomes of our model clearly indicate that it is unlikely that all woodlands on the island were cleared in the 1st century bce. A lack of fuel seems only likely if a relatively ineffective production process is assumed. Therefore, we propose taking a closer look at other reasons for the abandonment of smelting sites, e.g. the occupation of new Roman provinces with important iron ore deposits; or a resource-saving strategy in Italia. Additionally, we propose to read the development of the ‘deforestation narrative’ originating from the 18th/19th century in its historical context.
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Трейстер, М. Ю. "A MACEDONIAN (THRACIAN?) BRONZE PATERA FROM THE BURIAL-MOUND." Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, no. 13 (February 15, 2022): 380–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2713-2021.2021.68.83.009.

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Публикация посвящена бронзовому сосуду, найденному в датирующемся второй половиной IV в. до н.э. ограбленном погребении в кургане № 1 группы «Частые курганы» на окраине Воронежа, раскопанном Воронежской ученой архивной комиссией в 1910 г. Сосуд с маской-атташем под краем на внешней стороне и медальоном-горгонейоном — на дне, является патерой с утраченной ручкой. Такие патеры с аналогично оформленными краями вместилища и ручками, завершающимися головкой барана, известны по очень небольшому количеству находок второй половины IV в. до н.э., практически все из которых происходят из Македонии и Фракии. Исходя из того, что по сторонам шеи персонажа маски изображены львиные лапы, есть все основания для ее атрибуции как головы Геракла. Подобная иконография характерная для атташей сосудов из Северной Греции. Трактовка прядей прически, в частности симметричных локонов надо лбом (анастолэ / ἀναστολή), напоминает оформление прически на портретах Александра Македонского и подражаниях им. С учетом этого наблюдения вряд ли можно датировать патеру из Частых курганов ранее последней четверти IV в. до н.э. В Северном Причерноморье бронзовые сосуды такой формы до сих пор были не известны, при том, что находки бронзовых сосудов македонско-фракийского круга IV в. до н.э. представлены и в Скифии, и на Боспоре. Учитывая известные находки бронзовых сосудов македонских типов на Елизаветинском городище и в его некрополе в устье Дона, можно предполагать, что на Средний Дон такие сосуды могли поступать таким путем. Вместе с тем, учитывая относительную редкость бронзовых (серебряных) патер в Македонии и Фракии во второй половине IV — начале III в. до н.э. и их находки в очень богатых комплексах, в том числе в царских погребениях в Вергине и Голямата Косматка, нельзя исключить возможность иного пути для патеры из Частых курганов. В Македонии и Фракии такие патеры, вместе с ойнохоями, были частью сервизов для банкетов, поэтому и в данном случае, патера, у которой, возможно, изначала была пара (ойнохоя) мог быть и дипломатическим подарком. В любом случае патера из Частых курганов вписывается в круг находок предметов фракийской узды и изделий фракийской и македонской торевтики, найденных в погребениях скифской знати на Среднем Дону. The publication is dedicated to a bronze vessel found in a robbed burial of the second half of the 4th century BCE in the Burial-mound no. 1 of the Chastye Kurgany group on the outskirts of Voronezh, excavated by the Voronezh Scientific Archive Commission in 1910. A vessel with a handle attachment in form of a mask under the edge on the outside and a gorgoneion-medallion at the bottom inside is a patera with a handle lost in antiquity. Such pateras with similarly shaped edges of the bowl and handles ending in a ram's head are known after a very small number of finds of the second half of the 4th century BCE almost all of which come from Macedonia and Thrace. Given the fact that lion's paws are depicted on the sides of the neck of the person shown on the mask, there is every reason for its attribution as the head of Herakles. A similar iconography is typical for vessel attachments from Northern Greece. The treatment of hair strands, in particular symmetrical curls over the forehead (anastole / ἀναστολή), resembles the hairstyle in the portraits of Alexander the Great and imitations of them. Taking into account this observation, it is hardly possible to date the patera from Chastye kurgans earlier than the last quarter of the 4th century BCE. In the North Pontic region, bronze vessels of this shape have not yet been known, despite the fact that the finds of bronze vessels of the Macedonian-Thracian circle of the 4th century BCE are represented both in Scythia and in the Bosporus. Taking into account the known finds of bronze vessels of the Macedonian types at the Elizavetinskoe fortified settlement and in its necropolis at the mouth of the Don, it can be assumed that such vessels could have reached the Middle Don in this way. At the same time, given the relative rarity of bronze (silver) pateras in Macedonia and Thrace in the second half of the 4th — early 3rd century BCE and their finds in very rich complexes, including in the royal burials in Vergina and Golyamata Kosmatka, one cannot exclude the possibility of a different way for the patera from Chastye Barrows. In Macedonia and Thrace, such pateras, together with the oinochoai, were part of the banquet sets, therefore, in this case, the patera, which, perhaps, originally had a pair (oinochoe) could also be a diplomatic gift. In any case, the patera from Chastye Burial-mounds fits into the circle of finds of Thracian horse-bridle pieces and Thracian and Macedonian toreutics found in the burials of the Scythian nobility in the Middle Don region.
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Kim, Patricia Eunji. "10Carceral Heritage and the Gendered Politics of Display in Caria (4th century BCE) and Korea (Present)." Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 31, no. 1 (July 2020): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apaa.12133.

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Zucker, Arnaud. "Is there a “rationalist method” in mythography? The case of Palaephatus, a 4th century BCE mythographer." Shagi / Steps 6, no. 2 (2020): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2020-6-2-33-52.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "4th century BCE"

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Yiftach-Firanko, Uri. "Marriage and marital arrangements : a history of the Greek marriage document in Egypt ; 4th century BCE - 4th century CE /." München : Beck, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/365091995.pdf.

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Cohn, Yehudah. "Tangled up in text : tefillin in the Graeco-Roman world (4th century BCE to 3rd century CE)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439728.

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Books on the topic "4th century BCE"

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Marriage and marital arrangements: A history of the Greek marriage document in Egypt, 4th century BCE - 4th century CE. München: C.H. Beck, 2003.

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Plato. The Apology: And related dialogues. Broadview Press, 2016.

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Too, Yun Lee. Xenophon's Other Voice: Irony As Social Criticism in the 4th Century BCE. Bloomsbury Academic & Professional, 2023.

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Xenophon's Other Voice: Irony As Social Criticism in the 4th Century BCE. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021.

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Inwood, Brad. Stoicism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198786665.001.0001.

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Stoicism: A Very Short Introduction introduces Stoic philosophy, and explains how ancient Stoicism survived and evolved into the movement we see today. Exploring the roots of the school in the philosophy of 4th century bce Greece, it examines its basic history and doctrines and its relationship to the thought of Plato, Aristotle and his successors, and the Epicureans. Sketching the history of the school’s reception in the western tradition, it argues that, despite the differences between ancient and contemporary Stoics, there is a common core of philosophical insight that unites the modern version not just to Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius, but also to the school’s original founders, Zeno, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus.
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Saussy, Haun. The Extravagant Zhuangzi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812531.003.0006.

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The Chinese philosophical text Zhuangzi is said to be the work of one Zhuang Zhou (4th century BCE), about whom little is known. Critical work on the text of the Zhuangzi usually attributes the “inner” or core chapters to Zhuang Zhou and the rest to his “school.” The historical texts, however, give little reason to believe that the “inner chapters” are the earliest. If the supposed author is merely a name affixed to a stance of radical skepticism, applied to the common ideas of the time by a series of rhetorical masters, the text becomes an accretion of arguments privileging not the first to take shape, but the last. Analogously, this text’s role in the history of Chinese translation as the “sponsor” of works from abroad that acquire Chinese form by echoing the Zhuangzi reverses the usual assumptions about the inside and outside, the core and periphery, of Chinese culture.
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Chatterjee, Paroma. Ancient Statues, Christian City. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190278359.003.0013.

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This chapter examines some of the public statues of Constantinople between the 4th and sixth centuries CE, and their significance to a Christian audience as illuminated in literary records pertaining to the city. The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai account dated to the eighth century CE, which not only describes the statues in their historical urban settings, but also details various encounters of viewers with them. Roman Empire perception was perpetuated into the future and encapsulated by the statues. The statues proved themselves to be superior to Christian images, which, up until the ninth century CE, were repeatedly debated concerning their very validity. The statues, however, never suffered the official interrogation and violence their Christian counterparts did—adding to their charisma and appeal over generations. Constantinopolitan public statuary offers critical insights into the ways a controversial ancient heritage imbricated itself into the very fabric of Christian material infrastructure and endured.
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Köse, Yavuz, ed. Osmanen in Hamburg. Eine Beziehungsgeschichte zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges. Hamburg University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/hup.159.

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The exhibition "Osmanen in Hamburg - a relationship history during the First World War" which was shown in the Hambrug State and University Library from November 6th, 2014 to January 4th, 2015, devoted itself to the 100th anniversary of the "Urkatastrophe" (the Great War) to he German-Ottoman relations from the perspective of Hamburg, and focused on the years between 1914 and 1918. The archival objects were presented for the first time and are documented in this publication. They illustrate not only economic, diplomatic and cultural contacts., but also give an impression of the presence and the life of the ethnically and religiously heterogeneous group of the Ottomans (e.g. Armenians, Greeks, Sephardic Jews, Muslim Turks) in Hamburg who can be traced back to the 19th century. This catalog, however, does not only want to document the exhibition which was divided into eight sections. With an additional eight contributions, it provides a deeper insight into the complex and ambivalent Ottoman-German and/ or Hamburg-Ottoman relations. In addition to transcultural encounters such as cultural differences between the time of 1850 and 1909 the colonial ambitions and oriental emblems of the German Reich, as well as the role of German women in the Ottoman Empire between 1914 and 1918, are illuminated in three chapters.
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Shipley, Graham, ed. Pseudo-Skylax's Periplous. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620917.001.0001.

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The text of the Periplous or ‘circumnavigation’ that survives under the name of Skylax of Karyanda is in fact by an unknown author of the 4th century BC. It describes the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, naming hundreds of towns with geographical features such as rivers, harbours and mountains. But, argues Graham Shipley, it is not the record of a voyage or a navigational handbook for sailors. It is, rather, the first work of Greek theoretical geography, written in Athens at a time of intellectual ferment and intense speculation about the nature and dimensions of the inhabited world. While other scientists were gathering data about natural science and political systems or making rapid advances in philosophy, rhetorical theory, and cosmology, the unknown author collected data about the structure of the lands bordering the seas known to the Greeks, and compiled sailing distances and times along well-frequented routes. His aim was probably nothing less ambitious than to demonstrate the size of the inhabited world of the Greeks. This is the first full edition of the Periplous for over 150 years, and includes a newly revised Greek text and specially produced maps along with the first complete English translation. In this fully reset second edition, the introduction is expanded to include a section on the late-antique geographer Markianos, and updates incorporated into both the Introduction and Commentary.
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Radivojević, Miljana, Benjamin Roberts, Miroslav Marić, Julka Kuzmanović-Cvetković, and Thilo Rehren, eds. The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia: Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781803270425.

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'The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia' is a landmark study in the origins of metallurgy. The project aimed to trace the invention and innovation of metallurgy in the Balkans. It combined targeted excavations and surveys with extensive scientific analyses at two Neolithic-Chalcolithic copper production and consumption sites, Belovode and Pločnik, in Serbia. At Belovode, the project revealed chronologically and contextually secure evidence for copper smelting in the 49th century BC. This confirms the earlier interpretation of c. 7000-year-old metallurgy at the site, making it the earliest record of fully developed metallurgical activity in the world. However, far from being a rare and elite practice, metallurgy at both Belovode and Pločnik is demonstrated to have been a common and communal craft activity. This monograph reviews the pre-existing scholarship on early metallurgy in the Balkans. It subsequently presents detailed results from the excavations, surveys and scientific analyses conducted at Belovode and Pločnik. These are followed by new and up-to-date regional syntheses by leading specialists on the Neolithic-Chalcolithic material culture, technologies, settlement and subsistence practices in the Central Balkans. Finally, the monograph places the project results in the context of major debates surrounding early metallurgy in Eurasia before proposing a new agenda for global early metallurgy studies.
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Book chapters on the topic "4th century BCE"

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"The Rhetoric of Commercial Law in 4th-Century bce Athens." In Colonial Adventures: Commercial Law and Practice in the Making, 10–20. Brill | Nijhoff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004443075_003.

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Ray, Himanshu Prabha. "Culture, the Written Word, and the Sea, 3rd Century BCE to 4th Century CE." In Coastal Shrines and Transnational Maritime Networks Across India and Southeast Asia, 21–53. Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429285233-2.

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Lemaire, André. "Levantine Epigraphy and Samaria, Judaea and Idumaea during the Achaemenid Period." In Levantine Epigraphy and History in the Achaemenid Period (539-322 BCE). British Academy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265895.003.0003.

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The publication of the Samaria papyrus discovered in a Wadi ed-Daliyeh cave north of Jericho and the knowledge of the Samaria coinage help to fix the chronology of the Samaria governors from the second half of the 5th century BCE till Alexander. They reveal the practice of slavery as well as a mostly yahwist population, if one can judge from their personal names and the building of a temple on Mount Garizim. At the same time, they indicate some strong foreign (Aramaean, Phoenician, Babylonian, Persian, Idumaean, North-Arab and Greek) influence. The administration of the Judean province receives now some light from a few ostraca and from numerous seal-impressions as well as the 4th century BCE coinage. These short inscriptions allow us to precise the limited extent of the province while Elephantine papyrus help to fix the chronology of its governors and high priests. Southern Cisjordan was first part of the North-Arab kingdom of Kedar and became an Achaemenid province called ‘Idumaea’ only at the beginning of the 4th century BCE. About 2000 Aramaic ostraca reveal, for this last century, a well organized administration as well as a mixed population with Edomite, North-Arabic, Aramaean, Hebrew and Phoenician names.
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"The Textual Form of Knowledge: Occult Miscellanies in Ancient and Medieval Chinese Manuscripts, 4th Century BCE to 10th Century CEx." In One-Volume Libraries: Composite and Multiple-Text Manuscripts, 305–54. De Gruyter, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110496956-011.

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"Appendix 1: The Evidence for Pottery Manufacture at Morgantina from the Later 4th Century BCE to the 1st Century CE." In Morgantina Studies, Volume VI, 408–15. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400845163-033.

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"1. Introduction: Moldmade Pottery at Morgantina from the Late 4th Century BCE to the First Half of the 1st Century CE." In Morgantina Studies, Volume VI, 229–31. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400845163-023.

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Hagemeyer, Felix. "Melting Pot, Salad Bowl, Contact Zone? The Southern Coastal Plain of Israel/Palestine in the 5th–4th Century BCE." In Multilingualism in Ancient Contexts: Perspectives from Ancient Near Eastern and Early Christian Contexts, 94–109. African Sun Media, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52779/9781991201171/06.

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Ann Dumser, Elisha. "The Influence of Reuse on Architectural Practices in Late Imperial Rome." In Building the Classical World, 74–93. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690526.003.0005.

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Much of what is known about Roman building practices derives from the study of structures built between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Shifting our focus to the late Roman Empire reveals very different practices at work. In the 3rd and 4th centuries CE there are far fewer of the freshly quarried and custom requisitioned architectural marbles that had dominated imperial building a century earlier. In their place, reuse emerges as a normative architectural practice, even for the most prestigious imperial commissions. Carved architectural elements and relief sculpture appear in secondary contexts as a matter of course, and architectural designs adapt in response to reused materials. Yet reuse in late imperial Rome also extends to the building sites themselves: by the Tetrarchal period, almost every major imperial commission is built atop or adjoining another structure. Using late 3rd- and early 4th-century imperial commissions in Rome as a case study, the chapter outlines the evidence for this shift in architectural practice and argues for a new appreciation of the complexities of designing and building in a city that had seen over 1,000 years of continuous habitation and four centuries of dense urban construction in concrete.
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"Chapter Fourteen. Cremation and comminution at etruscan Tarquinia in the 5th–4th century BCE: Insights into cultural transformations from tomb 6322." In Votives, Places and Rituals in Etruscan Religion, 229–48. BRILL, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004170452.i-292.91.

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Meccariello, Chiara. "Tragic Mythography." In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Mythography, 300–314. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190648312.013.24.

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Abstract This chapter surveys the intersections of Greek tragedy and mythography in antiquity. The first section focuses on passages and aspects of extant tragedies that betray the influence of mythography. The second deals with the production and use of mythography in the ancient study of tragedy, taking into account specialized works, introductory and interpretive material, and plot summaries. Finally, the third section examines the presence of tragedies as sources in the extant mythographical production. This survey suggests that the last two decades of the 5th century bce constitute a crucial period in what we may call “coevolution” of tragedy and mythography, as evidenced both by the density of mythographical patterns in the late plays of Euripides and by the emergence of myth-related research on tragedy between the 5th and 4th centuries bce.
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Conference papers on the topic "4th century BCE"

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Algi, Azizi, and Eduard Lukman. "Analysis of Mystery Shoppers Program as a Benchmark of Service Culture at Shopping Center qXq." In 4th Bandung Creative Movement International Conference on Creative Industries 2017 (4th BCM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/bcm-17.2018.10.

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Reports on the topic "4th century BCE"

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Chamberlain, C. A., and K. Lochhead. Data modeling as applied to surveying and mapping data. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331263.

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The Geodetic Survey Division of the Canada Centre for Surveying is replacing the National Geodetic Data Base (NGDB) with the National Geodetic Information System (NGIS). For the NGIS to be successful, it was recognized that a sound, well engineered data mode was essential. The methodology chosen to design the data mode! was Nijssen's Information Analysis Methodology (NIAM), a binary modeling technique that is supported by a Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool, PC-IAST. An NGIS prototype has also been developed using Digital Equipment of Canada's Relational Database (Rdb) management system and COGNOS Corporations POWERHOUSE 4th generation language. This paper addresses the need for, and the advantages of using a strong engineering approach to data modeling and describes the use of the NIAM methodology in NGIS development. The paper identifies the relationship between the data mode!, data structures, the design and development of a database and the use of automated tools for systems development. In conclusion, critical success factors for the continuation of the N.G.I.S. developments are identified and the benefits that will accrue are enumerated.
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BALYSH, A. N., and O. B. CHIRICOVA. SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROCKET WEAPONS IN THE USSR IN THE 20-40S OF THE XX CENTURY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-2-91-102.

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The aim of the article. Establishment and development of the USSR rocket weapons for the period of the New Economic Policy and industrialization is one of the most interesting and poorly researched problem of the USSR military industry. The USSR first researches in the field of rocket weapons and ammunition creation, their features and results are poorly investigated by national historical science and just they are observed in the paper. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also use special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. The paper is written by using the declassified documents for Official Use Only, by military technical documents, stored in the Russian National Library, little known memories of direct participants and some published researches. By considering these documents and materials it become clear that in the USSR before the Great Patriotic War a complex of problems on rocket weapon implementation were conditioned by objective and subjective reasons. The consequence of this was the adoption of some unfounded species of reactive weapons before the Great Patriotic War, who received an overestimated assessment and not justified all expectations and hopes assigned to them during the fighting. As a result, only by the end of the war these systems began to be used for their true purpose. Practical application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: facts shown in the article and conclusions drawn on them can be used for further research of USSR rocket weapon establishment and development in 20-40th years of XX century and also for Soviet history in general.
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Hodul, M., H. P. White, and A. Knudby. A report on water quality monitoring in Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, subsequent to the Mount Polley tailings dam spill, using optical satellite imagery. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330556.

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In the early morning on the 4th of August 2014, a tailings dam near Quesnel, BC burst, spilling approximately 25 million m3 of runoff containing heavy metal elements into nearby Quesnel Lake (Byrne et al. 2018). The runoff slurry, which included lead, arsenic, selenium, and vanadium spilled through Hazeltine Creek, scouring its banks and picking up till and forest cover on the way, and ultimately ended up in Quesnel Lake, whose water level rose by 1.5 m as a result. While the introduction of heavy metals into Quesnel Lake was of environmental concern, the additional till and forest cover scoured from the banks of Hazeltine Creek added to the lake has also been of concern to salmon spawning grounds. Immediate repercussions of the spill involved the damage of sensitive environments along the banks and on the lake bed, the closing of the seasonal salmon fishery in the lake, and a change in the microbial composition of the lake bed (Hatam et al. 2019). In addition, there appears to be a seasonal resuspension of the tailings sediment due to thermal cycling of the water and surface winds (Hamilton et al. 2020). While the water quality of Quesnel Lake continues to be monitored for the tailings sediments, primarily by members at the Quesnel River Research Centre, the sample-and-test methods of water quality testing used, while highly accurate, are expensive to undertake, and not spatially exhaustive. The use of remote sensing techniques, though not as accurate as lab testing, allows for the relatively fast creation of expansive water quality maps using sensors mounted on boats, planes, and satellites (Ritchie et al. 2003). The most common method for the remote sensing of surface water quality is through the use of a physics-based semianalytical model which simulates light passing through a water column with a given set of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs), developed by Lee et al. (1998) and commonly referred to as a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). The RTM forward-models a wide range of water-leaving spectral signatures based on IOPs determined by a mix of water constituents, including natural materials and pollutants. Remote sensing imagery is then used to invert the model by finding the modelled water spectrum which most closely resembles that seen in the imagery (Brando et al 2009). This project set out to develop an RTM water quality model to monitor the water quality in Quesnel Lake, allowing for the entire surface of the lake to be mapped at once, in an effort to easily determine the timing and extent of resuspension events, as well as potentially investigate greening events reported by locals. The project intended to use a combination of multispectral imagery (Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2), as well as hyperspectral imagery (DESIS), combined with field calibration/validation of the resulting models. The project began in the Autumn before the COVID pandemic, with plans to undertake a comprehensive fieldwork campaign to gather model calibration data in the summer of 2020. Since a province-wide travel shutdown and social distancing procedures made it difficult to carry out water quality surveying in a small boat, an insufficient amount of fieldwork was conducted to suit the needs of the project. Thus, the project has been put on hold, and the primary researcher has moved to a different project. This document stands as a report on all of the work conducted up to April 2021, intended largely as an instructional document for researchers who may wish to continue the work once fieldwork may freely and safely resume. This research was undertaken at the University of Ottawa, with supporting funding provided by the Earth Observations for Cumulative Effects (EO4CE) Program Work Package 10b: Site Monitoring and Remediation, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, through the Natural Resources Canada Research Affiliate Program (RAP).
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