Journal articles: '4G cellular systems'

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Akyildiz, Ian F., David M. Gutierrez-Estevez, and Elias Chavarria Reyes. "The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced." Physical Communication 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 217–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2010.08.001.

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Deb, Supratim, and Pantelis Monogioudis. "Learning-Based Uplink Interference Management in 4G LTE Cellular Systems." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 23, no. 2 (April 2015): 398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2014.2300448.

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Kaur, Inderjeet. "Broadband Frequency Domain-Based Air Interfaces for 4g Cellular Wireless Systems." International Journal of Computer Applications 1, no. 5 (February 25, 2010): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/131-248.

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A., SB, and Abdulrahman Muhammad. "The Principle of OFDM and Use in 4g Radio Cellular Systems." International Journal of Computer Applications 182, no. 27 (November 15, 2018): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2018918127.

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Roberts, Marcus, Michael Temple, Robert Mills, and Richard Raines. "Evolution of the air interface of cellular communications systems toward 4G realization." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 8, no. 1 (2006): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comst.2006.323439.

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Wang, Jian-Sing, and Jeng-Shin Sheu. "Study of Handover Techniques for 4G Network MIMO Systems." International Journal of Communications 15 (April 23, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9107.2021.15.3.

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For the upcoming 4G systems, network multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) are two of key techniques adopted in 4G systems to mitigate the serious inter-cell interference (ICI) and improve coverage and cell-edge throughput. Network MIMO is referred to as coordinated multi-point (CoMP) in LTE-A. In this paper, we propose a simulation platform to analyze the handover issue for downlink CoMP transmissions in LTE-A cellular systems. Among the variety of ICIC strategies, we apply the widely adopted soft frequency reuse (SFR) and the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) schemes. Both schemes are based on the idea of applying a frequency reuse factor of one in cell-center areas, and a higher reuse factor in cell-edge areas. Therefore, the ICI is reduced at the expense of the available frequency resources for each cell.

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Saedy, Mahdy, and Vahideh Mojtahed. "Machine-to-Machine Communications and Security Solution in Cellular Systems." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2011040105.

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This paper introduces an efficient machine-to-machine (M2M) communication model based on 4G cellular systems. M2M terminals are capable of establishing Ad Hoc clusters wherever they are close enough. It is also possible to extend the cellular coverage for M2M terminals through multi-hop Ad Hoc connections. The M2M terminal structure is proposed accordingly to meet the mass production and security requirements. The security becomes more critical in Ad Hoc mode as new nodes attach to the cluster. A simplified protocol stack is considered here, while key components are introduced to provide secure communications between M2M and the network and also amongst M2M terminals.

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Rafay, Abdul, and Arsala Khan. "Shift Towards Next Generation Networks (NGNs) for Sustainability." Journal of Cases on Information Technology 18, no. 3 (July 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2016070101.

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This paper examined the shift towards the Next Generation Networks (NGNs) like 4G from 2G and the role of technology for sustainable development in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. WARID was one of the four cellular companies of Pakistan. All the big players in the market had auctioned for 3G/4G licenses but WARID remained distant from the process of spectrum auction. The paper investigated issues and decisions involved when WARID decided to launch 4G/LTE nationwide due to its technology neutral license. It was also studied that how this decision was necessary and beneficial for all internal and external stakeholders of the organization in terms of sustainability, customer satisfaction, technological advancements etc. The study used secondary data as well as unstructured interviews where interaction with the management/employees of the organization was deliberated to stimulate discussions and opinions.

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Kumar, Vineeth, and Neelesh B. Mehta. "Modeling and Analysis of Differential CQI Feedback in 4G/5G OFDM Cellular Systems." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 18, no. 4 (April 2019): 2361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2903047.

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Chen, Hsiao-Hwa. "Multicell cooperation for the 4G mobile cellular systems [Message from the Editor-in-Chief]." IEEE Wireless Communications 20, no. 1 (February 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2013.6472189.

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Isabona, Joseph, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Stephen Ojo, Prashanth Venkatareddy, Simon Karanja Hinga, Manuel Sánchez-Chero, and Sheda Méndez Ancca. "Accurate Base Station Placement in 4G LTE Networks Using Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm Optimization." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2023 (February 11, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7476736.

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Cellular mobile communication network planning and optimization involve a complex engineering process that deals with network fundamentals, radio resource elements, and critical decision variables. The continuous evolution of radio access technologies provides new challenges that necessitate efficient radio planning and optimization. Therefore, the planning and optimization algorithms should be highly efficient, advanced, and robust. An important component of 4G LTE network planning is the proper placement of evolved node base stations (eNodeBs) and the configuration of their antenna elements. This contribution proposes a multiobjective genetic algorithm that integrates network coverage, capacity, and power consumption for optimal eNodeB placement in an operational 4G LTE network. The multi-objective-based genetic algorithm optimization has been achieved using the optimization toolbox in MATLAB. By leveraging the proposed method, the effect of different population sizes on the cost of placing the eNodeBs and the percentage coverage of the eNodeBs in a given cell is determined. As a result, the optimal selection technique that minimizes the total network cost without compromising the desired coverage and capacity benchmarks is achieved. The proposed automatic eNodeB antenna placement method can be explored to optimize 4G LTE cellular network planning in related wireless propagation environments.

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Fokin, G. "EVOLUTION OF POSITIONING PROCEDURES IN MOBILE RADIO NETWORKS." Telecom IT 8, no. 1 (April 2020): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2020-8-1-76-89.

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In this paper, we analyze the evolutionary features of positioning procedures in cellular 2G - 4G mobile radio systems. The analysis shows that along with the improvement of the architecture and methods of network positioning, new special mechanisms and procedures for the exchange of data appeared for the collection and processing of primary measurements during location estimation.

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Fokin, G. "Evolution of Positioning Radio Interfaces in Mobile Radio Networks." Telecom IT 8, no. 2 (June 2020): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2020-8-2-77-91.

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In this paper, we analyze the evolutionary features of the radio interfaces of cellular 2G–4G mobile radio systems from the point of view of solving network positioning problems. The analysis shows that along with the improvement of the parameters of positioning signals, special mechanisms appeared for their formation, processing and reuse in different cells, which contributed to increasing the accuracy of the collection of primary measurements.

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Mohammed, Shanga, and Araz Ameen. "Impact of Inter Cell Interference on the Performance of Homogenous Cellular Systems." Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences 9, no. 3 (April 1, 2023): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10159.

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Deployment of cellular system with frequency reuse of one is critical to support increased data traffic and high data rate applications in 4G and beyond radio interface technologies. Such deployment leads to substantial increase in Inter-Cell Interference (ICI). Therefore, this paper investigates and evaluates the capacity performance of mobile cellular system with a frequency reuse of one and three-sector per Base Station (BS). The communication channel between the BSs and user equipment links is modeled using ITU-R channel model. The study considers different carrier frequencies and different cell ranges. The system performance is assessed in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and ergodic capacity. The SNR and ergodic capacity improve significantly as the cell range and carrier frequency decreases for ICI free scenario. However, for ICI scenario, there are slight variation in the performance when changing the cell range and the carrier frequency. The study recommends a cell size of 800 m.

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Alawi, Mahmoud, Raed Alsaqour, Maha Abdelhaq, Reem Alkanhel, Baraa Sharef, Elankovan Sundararajan, and Mahamod Ismail. "Adaptive QoS-Aware Multi-Metrics Gateway Selection Scheme for Heterogenous Vehicular Network." Systems 10, no. 5 (September 7, 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10050142.

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A heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNET) is a promising network architecture that combines multiple network technologies such as IEEE 802.11p, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), and third/fourth generation cellular networks (3G/4G). In this network area, vehicle users can use wireless fidelity access points (Wi-Fi APs) to offload 4G long-term evolution (4G-LTE) networks. However, when using Wi-Fi APs, the vehicles must organize themselves and select an appropriate mobile gateway (MGW) to communicate to the cellular infrastructure. Researchers are facing the problem of selecting the best MGW vehicle to aggregate vehicle traffic and reduce LTE load in HetVNETs when the Wi-Fi APs are unavailable for offloading. The selection process utilizes extra network overhead and complexity due to the frequent formation of clusters in this highly dynamic environment. In this study, we proposed a non-cluster adaptive QoS-aware gateway selection (AQAGS) scheme that autonomously picks a limited number of vehicles to act as LTE gateways based on the LTE network’s load status and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application’s QoS requirements. The present AQAGS scheme focuses on highway scenarios. The proposed scheme was evaluated using simulation of Urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator version 2 (NS2) simulators and benchmarked with the clustered and non-clustered schemes. A comparison was made based on the end-to-end delay, throughput, control packet overhead (CPO), and packet delivery ratio (PDR) performance metrics over Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) applications. Using VoIP, the AQAGS scheme achieved a 26.7% higher PDR compared with the other schemes.

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Tahir, Suleman, Shahzad Amin Sheikh, and Omer Bin Saeed. "Pilot Placement Schemes for Channel Estimation of Proposed 5G-GFDM System." ITM Web of Conferences 27 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192701001.

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a highly regarded technique used in the 4G mobile communication systems to provide reliable communication and high data rates due to the orthogonality between its sub carriers. However, it cannot be used in the next generation cellular system i.e. 5G. Thus, a new technique Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) has been proposed to meet the demands of the next generation systems, which are higher data rates than 4G, minimum response time, lower power consumption etc. GFDM is a non-orthogonal, multicarrier scheme, which seems to fulfil the requirements of the new wireless communication system. The aim of this paper is to use the pilot symbols and their optimum placements within the data for the channel estimation of the GFDM system. It is shown that the optimum arrangement of the pilot symbols is to place them uniformly on equal intervals within the data and to cluster them in the middle of the data.

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Movchan, A. K., E. V. Rogozhnikov, E. M. Dmitriev, S. A. Novichkov, and D. V. Lakontsev. "Calculation of signal attenuation of 5G cellular networks for frequencies of the FR1 band." Proceedings of Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics 25, no. 1 (2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21293/1818-0442-2021-25-1-17-23.

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The paper presents a model for the propagation of a radio signal of a fifth-generation cellular communication system, taking into account the unevenness of the terrain. The aim of the study is to assess the signal power level on the receiving side of the fourth and fifth generation cellular communication system when the signal propagates over uneven terrain in the frequency bands FR1 (2.6 GHz), FR1 (4.9 GHz). When estimating the power of the radio signal on the receiving side in the model, the values of the height map of the of Tomsk city, obtained in the course of the SRTM3 program, were used as uneven terrain. The presented radio signal propagation model is the Longley Rice ITM (Irregular Terrain Model). For this model, the main expressions are given that determine the resulting signal attenuation, as well as expressions that describe the geometry of the propagation path. The article reflects the main factors that determine the propagation of centimeter waves characteristic of the fifth generation cellular communication system, presents the results of modeling the propagation of the fifth 5G and fourth 4G generation cellular signal using the example of various scenarios for the location of a subscriber terminal and a base station in the Tomsk city. The simulation was carried out for two frequency bands FR1 (4.9 GHz) of the 5G network and FR1 (2.6 GHz) of the 4G network. As a result of the simulation, the values of the attenuation of the signal power level during propagation along the given paths were obtained, and also, taking into account the parameters of the transceiver equipment, the values of the signal power on the receiving side were calculated. Based on the data obtained, a comparative assessment of the communication range for 4G and 5G systems was made.

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Amjad, Zubair, Kofi Atta Nsiah, Benoît Hilt, Jean-Philippe Lauffenburger, and Axel Sikora. "Latency reduction for narrowband URLLC networks: a performance evaluation." Wireless Networks 27, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 2577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x.

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AbstractFifth-generation (5G) cellular mobile networks are expected to support mission-critical low latency applications in addition to mobile broadband services, where fourth-generation (4G) cellular networks are unable to support Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC). However, it might be interesting to understand which latency requirements can be met with both 4G and 5G networks. In this paper, we discuss (1) the components contributing to the latency of cellular networks and (2) evaluate control-plane and user-plane latencies for current-generation narrowband cellular networks and point out the potential improvements to reduce the latency of these networks, (3) present, implement and evaluate latency reduction techniques for latency-critical applications. The two elements we detected, namely the short transmission time interval and the semi-persistent scheduling are very promising as they allow to shorten the delay to processing received information both into the control and data planes. We then analyze the potential of latency reduction techniques for URLLC applications. To this end, we develop these techniques into the long term evolution (LTE) module of ns-3 simulator and then evaluate the performance of the proposed techniques into two different application fields: industrial automation and intelligent transportation systems. Our detailed evaluation results from simulations indicate that LTE can satisfy the low-latency requirements for a large choice of use cases in each field.

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العربي عبد الرؤوف, محمد ريضا لحسن, محمد سوفيان بندلهوم, عبدالرزاق علي تاج الدين, and يوسف جلجلي. "Application of iterative decoding systems (UTTCM) to 4G-LTE mobile radio communication network." Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences 21, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/jopas.v21i4.2113.

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The mobile communications market has grown at an unprecedented rate and cellular phones have been adopted much faster than any other equipment. At the same time, current systems meet many needs, depending on whether mobility, speed, cost and quality are promoted and ensured ... To meet the ever-increasing demands of consumers. These large capacity demands can only be met by high efficiency and very good optimization of mobile network infrastructures, while taking into account the constraints that are power, bandwidth and limited complexity. The concern to transmit at high rates while being confined to a defined bandwidth has led some researchers to consider the application of iterative channel codes to high spectral efficiency modulations. In order to recover the transmitted data correctly and efficiently. In our paper, we are mainly interested in simulation analysis to improve the performance of 4G-LTE mobile radio transmission, through the use of iterative coding technique, which is efficient and less complex, named UTTCM through three models of channels (EPA, EVA, ETU).

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Awad, Ahmed Y., and Seshadri Mohan. "Internet of Things for a Smart Transportation System." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2019010105.

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Today, school buses transport millions of students to and from schools. Therefore, safety of school students is still a hot topic and the most imperative issue. The evolution of wireless location-based services has created consumer requests for availability of global positioning systems (GPS) in urban and indoor environments. Nowadays, there is a requirement to deliver a system for the school bus, that monitors its location and speed. This work investigates two different ways to track the vehicle through ordinary GPS, Assisted-GPS (AGPS). A-GPS improves startup performance (time-to-first-fix (TTFF)), of a GPS satellite-based positioning system in the downtown of big cities depending on 4G/LTE cellular networks. The proposed system is basically built using Raspberry Pi (3) with 4G model shield and important telematics technologies like Representational state transfer (RESTful API) which is the vital key for the Internet of Things (IoT) field.

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Bashar, Abul. "An Efficient Cell Selection Approach in 4G Networks." December 2020 2, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2020.4.003.

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The cell selection mechanism that provides services to each mobile station is referred to as cell selection. For maximizing the current and future of cellular networks, it is necessary to optimize the process. The OFDMA-based systems are LTE-Advanced and IEEE 802.16m for satisfying the mobile station minimum demand by having one or more base station simultaneously. The problem is considered as the optimization problem and defines the problem as it is not considered as NP-hard and also not possible for approximation with a reasonable factor. The assumption is that the maximum required bandwidth of a single mobile station is defined as the r-fraction of the capacity of the base station. For cell selection, this paper consists of two algorithms. The first algorithm defines the creation of a (1-r) approximate solution, this is applicable when the coverage of the mobile station is done by one or more base station simultaneously. The second algorithm defines the creation of an approximate solution (1-r /2-r) when the coverage of each mobile station is covered by a maximum one base station. A simulation research that describes the benefit of using our algorithms that have limited and high-loaded power for the future of 4G networks completes the overall study. The performance and capacity are better than the existing algorithms.

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Lyle, Stacey D. "Experiment to Test RTK GPS with Satellite “Internet to Tractor” for Precision Agriculture." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 4, no. 2 (April 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaeis.2013040101.

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This experiment tests the ability to provide Real Time Kinematic Global Positioning System corrections via a real time network (RTK GPSRTN) by utilizing a satellite Internet connections in the field to multiple tractors for precision agriculture. Precision agriculture technology improves sustainable production by providing more farmers with the ability to obtain highly accurate machine control in rough or varied terrain. This experiment tests the use of low cost single frequency L1-band RTK GPS in a RTN covering a wide area. Wired Internet is not available in the field for many farmers so cellular internet such as 3G/4G must be relied on for connectivity. Where 3G/4G have limited coverage, satellite Internet could be used. A mobile satellite Internet antenna can be placed on a support vehicle and moved to a site where multiple tractors are harvesting or planting. The Internet is then shared with precision agriculture farming equipment nearby. Having better logistical and fiscal access to machine control and the Internet could assist the farmer and the United States Department of Agriculture in efforts to sustain adequate crop yields, project future agriculture needs, and better protect crops from pests and diseases. This experiment provides information on how to configure “Internet to Tractor” for RTK GPS RTN concept with a discussion of the limitations and future product development.

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Sikiru, Adegoke Adesoye, Ajayi Abayomi Olukayode, Otegbeye Adeyinka Lateef, and Soneye Olufemi Sobowale. "6G wireless system: The emerging trend in cellular technology." Journal of Electrical Engineering 74, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2023-0030.

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Abstract Cellular technology has brought about a significant revolution in the way we communicate and share information. In the last four (4) decades, researchers in the field of wireless cellular technology have been consistently upscaling their designs in tech space which has led to the evolutions of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G in close successions. The most recent is 5G which is currently being implemented in various continents across the globe. 5G encompasses a technological framework that can support machine-to-machine (m2m) communication, virtual and augmented reality and smart manufacturing. However, its drawbacks are now coming into bare as its being deployed globally which suggests that 5G may not stand test of time beyond this decade. This has necessitated early research work into the evolution of next generation technology, the 6G. This paper therefore chronicles the emerging technologies in wireless cellular systems, their evolutionary trends, likely features and prospects of the next generation, the 6G.

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Sucipto, Willy, I. Nyoman Pramaita, and NMAE Dewi Wirastuti. "The Analysis of the Effect and Reduction of Carrier Frequency Offset in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2020.v19i02.p14.

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Abstract— The development of cellular telecommunication provides users to experience fast and stable transmission. This standard of transmission is proportional to the needs of the devices and systems used. We are currently in the fourth generation (4G) of cellular technology. The key technologies used in 4G are Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) which uses the concept of orthogonality for bandwidth efficiency and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) which uses the concept of diversity to improve performance. But in implementation this system will have problems with the transmission channel. The problem that occurs is signal attenuation due to Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). This CFO will cause the orthogonal character built from the OFDM system to experience a decline in performance. The decline in performance is due to the occurrence of Intercarrier Interference (ICI). To overcome this problem, the method used in this simulation are Improved Sinc Power Pulse (ISP) and Rectangular Pulse (REC). The results showed that ISP had a relatively better BER value than REC and without using the pulse shaping method. The minimum BER value obtained from the simulation is ISP with a value of 0.0001 while REC produces a value of 0.0006 and without pulse shaping produces a BER value of 0.0038.

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Abdalqadir, Raz, and Araz Ameen. "A Proposed Analytical Inter-Cell Interference Model for Mobile Cellular Systems with Isotropic Antenna." Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences 9, no. 3 (April 1, 2023): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10158.

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4G and beyond cellular systems intend to use a frequency reuse factor of one with three sectors per BS site. This configuration leads to an increase in inter-cell interference (ICI). Thus, ICI modeling is very necessary to design and analyze any cellular system. The impact of ICI is modeled analytically in this paper. The effect of six interfering BS sites surrounding the serving BS is examined. The ICI is first mathematically modeled as a function of BS-UE distance for several environments based on pathloss exponent and then validated using an explicit simulation model. Secondly, the results obtained from the proposed model and the explicit simulation model are compared. The comparisons showed good agreement between the results of the proposed model and the simulation model. The mathematical model is convenient to the standardized ITU-R model and has the flexibility to apply any antenna patterns that is compatible with these international models. Furthermore, this model enables ICI estimation by deploying the serving BS cell only without the need to deploy the surrounding nine interfering cell. This has positive impact on reducing the time required for system level simulation.

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Yıldız, Azra, Šejla Džakmić, and Mohammed Ahmed Saleh. "A short survey on next generation 5G wireless networks." Sustainable Engineering and Innovation 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/sei.v1i1.93.

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Current 4G - the fourth-generation wireless communication, which exists in most countries represents an advance of the previous 3 generation wireless communication. However, there are some challenges and limitations, associated with an explosion of wireless devices, which cannot be accommodated by 4G. Increasing the proliferation of smart devices, the development of new multimedia applications and growing demand for high data rates are among the main problems of the existing 4G system. As a solution, the wireless system designers have started research on the fifth-generation wireless systems. 5G will be the paradigm shift that could provide with ultra-high data rate, low latency, increase of the base station capacity and improved quality of services. This paper will be the review of the changes through the evolution of existing cellular networks toward 5G. There will be represented a comprehensive study associated with 5G, requirements for 5G, its advantages, and challenges. We will explain the architecture changes – radio access network (RAN), air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud RAN and HetNet. Furthermore, there will be discussed about physical layer technologies, which include new channel modes estimation, new antenna design, and MIMO technologies. Also, we will discuss the MAC layer protocols. We will look at three kinds of technologies: heterogeneous networks, massive multiple-input, and output, millimeter-wave. Finally, there will be explained the applications, supported by 5G, new features, various possibilities, and predictions.

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Dalmia, Hemlata, and Sanjeet K. Sinha. "Analog to Digital Converters (ADC): A Literature Review." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401025.

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The signal processing is advancing day by day as its needs and in wireline/wireless communication technology from 2G to 4G cellular communication technology with CMOS scaling process. In this context the high-performance ADCs, analog to digital converters have snatched the attention in the field of digital signal processing. The primary emphasis is on low power approaches to circuits, algorithms and architectures that apply to wireless systems. Different techniques are used for reducing power consumption by using low power supply, reduced threshold voltage, scaling of transistors, etc. In this paper, we have discussed the different types and different techniques used for analog to digital conversion of signals considering several parameters.

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Srikanth Kamath, H., Sreelakshmi ., Muthyala Siri Chandana Reddy, and Chelsea Camilo Monteiro. "Overview of Device-to-Device Communication and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24546.

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5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G LTE (Long-Term Evolution) standards. 5G technology needs to be specified, developed, and deployed by a variety of industry players including network equipment vendors, network operators, semiconductor vendors, and device manufacturers. The scope of 5G will range from mobile phones to next-generation automobiles. Device to Device (D2D) Communication is regarded as a promising technology in 5G to provide low power, high data rate and low latency. Introducing D2D poses many challenges and risks to the longstanding cellular architecture, which is centred on the base station.

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Alvendri, Dio, Yasdinul Huda, and Resmi Darni. "Perancangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Konsep Dasar Seluler Menggunakan Aplikasi Unity Berbasis Android." Journal on Education 5, no. 4 (March 2, 2023): 11062–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i4.2031.

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Telecommunication is the most important thing in this era of globalization, there are many ways to transfer information both conventionally and with the help of technology, the use of technology can be online or offline in the current era of digitalization, there have been many developments in telecommunication networks passed, the development of this cellular network has evolved from 1G, 2G, 3G even 4G, the "G" in 1G to 4G now refers to the term "generation". What is meant by generation here is the generation of wireless data and communication service technology, especially for mobile phones, because mobile social media users worldwide have increased rapidly from year to year. Android technology as a tool to use it. Interactive learning media are considered more effective in conveying material to students because students actively use interactive learning media to study the information in it. curriculum and seem too simple so that the educational program is not achieved. Using the Unity application in making Android-based interactive learning media is a form of learning that supports learning in the 21st century, especially the use of software. Of course, we need software to make a game. One of the software that can be used to make games is Unity. Unity is a cross-platform game engine designed to be easy to use. Like making a game that can be run on a computer. The material presented is in the form of general architecture of cellular systems using Unity.

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Hoseinitabatabei, Seyed Amir, Abdelrahim Mohamed, Masoud Hassanpour, and Rahim Tafazolli. "The Power of Mobility Prediction in Reducing Idle-State Signaling in Cellular Systems: A Revisit to 4G Mobility Management." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19, no. 5 (May 2020): 3346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.2972536.

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Khan, Muhammad Jalal, Manzoor Ahmed Khan, Sumbal Malik, Parag Kulkarni, Najla Alkaabi, Obaid Ullah, Hesham El-Sayed, Amir Ahmed, and Sherzod Turaev. "Advancing C-V2X for Level 5 Autonomous Driving from the Perspective of 3GPP Standards." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042261.

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Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is one of the enabling vehicular communication technologies gaining momentum from the standardization bodies, industry, and researchers aiming to realize fully autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization body has actively been developing the standards evolving from 4G-V2X to 5G-V2X providing ultra-reliable low-latency communications and higher throughput to deliver the solutions for advanced C-V2X services. In this survey, we analyze the 3GPP standard documents relevant to V2X communication to present the complete vision of 3GPP-enabled C-V2X. To better equip the readers with knowledge of the topic, we describe the underlying concepts and an overview of the evolution of 3GPP C-V2X standardization. Furthermore, we provide the details of the enabling concepts for V2X support by 3GPP. In this connection, we carry out an exhaustive study of the 3GPP standard documents and provide a logical taxonomy of C-V2X related 3GPP standard documents divided into three categories: 4G, 4G & 5G, and 5G based V2X services. We provide a detailed analysis of these categories discussing the system architecture, network support, key issues, and potential solution approaches supported by the 3GPP. We also highlight the gap and the need for intelligence in the execution of different operations to enable the use-case scenarios of Level-5 autonomous driving. We believe, the paper will equip readers to comprehend the technological standards for the delivery of different ITS services of the higher level of autonomous driving.

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Dymkova, Svetlana. "APPLICABILITY OF 5G SUBSCRIBER EQUIPMENT AND GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 7, no. 5 (2021): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2021-7-5-36-48.

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5G is the latest generation of mobile cellular technology, which is designed to significantly increase Internet speed, coverage and reduce the data packet transfer time in wireless networks. 5G brings together all latest and most advanced developments of mankind in terms of communications and IT. This is the limit of existing technologies of microelectronics and data radio transmission. The new generation of 5G mobile communication has a number of fundamental advantages compared to 4G: higher data transfer rate; low signal delay; the ability to connect more devices; high energy efficiency; multiply increased throughput; high user mobility. Another important difference of 5G deserves attention – large-scale virtualization. The new technology goes beyond just hardware solutions. Many functions in it are implemented not at the level of physical infrastructure, but in a software way. This article covers the topic of applicability of GNSS and 5G mobile communications. The material of article will tell you why GNSS and 5G are interesting and how User Equipment developers can start shaping the 5G device market today.

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Murugadass, Arthi, and Arulmozhivarman Pachiyappan. "Fuzzy Logic Based Coverage and Cost Effective Placement of Serving Nodes for 4G and Beyond Cellular Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8086204.

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The densification of serving nodes is one of the potential solutions to maximize the spectral efficiency per unit area. This is preposterous on account of conventional base stations (BS) for which site procurement is costly. Long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) defines the idea of heterogeneous networks (HetNets), where BSs with different coverage and capacity are utilized to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) requirements of the clients. To maximize the transmission quality of the clients in the coverage holes, LTE-A also defines multihop relay (MHR) networks, where the relay stations (RSs) are also placed along with the BSs. Unfortunately, the placement approaches for HetNet and MHR serving nodes are not standardized. In this work, two different approaches like site selection with maximum service coverage (SSMSC) and site selection with minimum placement cost (SSMPC) are proposed, which identifies the required number of serving nodes, their types, and the placement locations to maximize the coverage and to maintain the placement cost (PC) within the limits of the total placement budget. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approaches are computationally less complex and offer enhanced performance in terms of aggregate PC, coverage, and power proportion compared to the other conventional approaches.

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Типаков, Василий, Vasily Sergeevich Tipakov, Тимур Яковлев, and Timur Aleksandrovich Yakovlev. "Problems of constructing broadband radio access systems of mobile radio communication." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University 2019, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2019-2-24-3.

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The article is focused on the problem of degrading the signals of broadband 3G / 4G mobile radio access systems in places of subscribers clustering and in so-called “dead zones”. The analysis of the actual principles of building mobile networks has been carried out, the main disadvantages of the approaches to the development of cellular networks have been identified. The current trend of building macro cells in the urban environment has lost its effectiveness due to the increasing frequencies used; it has to be replaced by a fundamentally new way of planning mobile networks. A new principle of providing access to mobile communications “from inside to outside” is proposed, which takes into account the needs of a large number of subscribers in the premises. It is based on setting the maximum number of internal base stations fully meeting the needs of internal network users. Such a distinction will positively affect all subscribers and improve the experience from using the high-quality services of the mobile operators, which will result in increasing the economic performance

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Petrov, Tibor, Peter Pocta, and Tatiana Kovacikova. "Benchmarking 4G and 5G-Based Cellular-V2X for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication and Urban Scenarios in Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 9677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199677.

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Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication is expected to bring tremendous benefits in terms of increased road safety, improved traffic efficiency and decreased environmental impact. In 2017, The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) released 3GPP Release 14, which introduced Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything communication (C-V2X), bringing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication capabilities to cellular networks, hence creating an alternative to Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) technology. Since then, every new 3GPP Release including Release 15, a first full set of 5G standards, offered V2X capabilities. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study, which benchmarks the performance of LTE-based and 5G-based C-V2X technologies deployed for V2I communication in an urban setting. The study compares LTE and 5G deployed both in the Device-to-Device in mode 3 and in infrastructural mode. Target performance indicators used for comparison are average end-to-end (E2E) latency and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The performance of those technologies is studied under varying communication conditions realized by a variation of vehicle traffic intensity, communication perimeter and message generation frequency. Furthermore, the effects of infrastructure deployment density on the performance of selected C-V2X communication technologies are explored by comparing the performance of the investigated technologies for three infrastructure density scenarios, i.e., involving two, four and eight base stations (BSs). The performance results are put into a context of the connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I communication services. The results indicate that both C-V2X technologies can support all the considered V2I services without any limitations in terms of the communication perimeter, traffic intensity and message generation frequency. When it comes to the infrastructure density deployment, the results show that increasing the density of the infrastructure deployment from two BSs to four BSs offers a remarkable performance improvement for all the considered V2I services as well as investigated technologies and their modes. Further infrastructure density increase (from four BSs to eight BSs) does not yield any practical benefits in the investigated urban scenario.

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Bouras, Christos, Anastasios Bikos, Dimitrios Bilios, and Antonios Alexiou. "Power-Aware and QoS Provisioned Real Time Multimedia Transmission in Small Cell Networks." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 5, no. 1 (January 2016): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2016010102.

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The recent emergence of ultra-high-speed and high-definition data and video services has pushed wireless network capacity to its limits. Cellular network capacity is therefore a valuable resource, whereas indoor coverage poses itself as a challenging issue. At the same time, real-world paradigms of multimedia transmission require effective Quality-of-Service (QoS) provisioning as well as power admission. To confront issues like delay-sensitive QoS requirements and traffic provisioning, as well as meet the mobile customer needs, this paper presents a traffic-aware Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple-Access (OFDMA) hybrid small-cell deployment for QoS provisioning and an optimal admission control strategy for 4G cellular systems. The traffic awareness in the proposed framework is provided by a utility function, which differentiates the traffic QoS levels with the user's grouping priority indexes, channel conditions, and traffic characteristics. To further enhance the proposed framework, an admission power control algorithm based on an efficient algorithm handover is also proposed.

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Yogarayan, Sumendra, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, and Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah. "VEHICLE TO EVERYTHING (V2X) COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART MOBILITY IN MALAYSIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 534–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.47.

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Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication technology assesses the potential as the new phenomenon for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the context of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-network (V2N). Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is the conventional vehicular communication standard for ITS. The cellular network based on 4G/5G for ITS deployment has become a competitor to DSRC. Recent advancements in technologies have motivated the research community to develop a hybrid DSRC, and cellular networks approach to support reliable ITS applications. Nevertheless, as new techniques come forward, the technical and regulatory challenges may also vary across countries. Given that the existing comparative studies have not been covered as a whole, we evaluated the V2X communication technology to classify the adaptability of DSRC, cellular networks, and hybrid methods. The study also includes available V2X technology platforms and products. In addition, the challenges of deployments are also depicted in this study. The outcome indicates that many automotive industries and telecommunication providers recognize V2X substantial effect on ITS. The work is underway to decide which capabilities will be added since this is a long-term benefit for our future transportation.

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Yogarayan, Sumendra, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, and Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah. "VEHICLE TO EVERYTHING (V2X) COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART MOBILITY IN MALAYSIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 534–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.47.

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Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication technology assesses the potential as the new phenomenon for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the context of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-network (V2N). Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is the conventional vehicular communication standard for ITS. The cellular network based on 4G/5G for ITS deployment has become a competitor to DSRC. Recent advancements in technologies have motivated the research community to develop a hybrid DSRC, and cellular networks approach to support reliable ITS applications. Nevertheless, as new techniques come forward, the technical and regulatory challenges may also vary across countries. Given that the existing comparative studies have not been covered as a whole, we evaluated the V2X communication technology to classify the adaptability of DSRC, cellular networks, and hybrid methods. The study also includes available V2X technology platforms and products. In addition, the challenges of deployments are also depicted in this study. The outcome indicates that many automotive industries and telecommunication providers recognize V2X substantial effect on ITS. The work is underway to decide which capabilities will be added since this is a long-term benefit for our future transportation.

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Baig, Imran, and Varun Jeoti. "A Novel Zadoff-Chu Matrix Transform Precoded Interleaved-OFDMA Uplink System for 4G Cellular Systems: Peak to Average Power Ratio Performance." IETE Journal of Research 57, no. 6 (2011): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-2063.92272.

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Lazović, Luka, Branka Jokanovic, Vesna Rubežić, Milos Radovanovic, and Ana Jovanović. "Fractal Cardioid Slot Antenna for Super Wideband Applications." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071043.

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A new geometry for uniplanar, ultra-wideband monopole antenna has been proposed for operations in the 1.8–30 GHz band, thanks to its fractal structure in the form of a cardioid. The antenna has extremely small dimensions at 0.21λ × 0.285λ at the lowest frequency of 1.8 GHz. A parametric analysis of the influence of certain antenna dimensions on its characteristics was performed in order to achieve the widest possible impedance bandwidth. This antenna is designed for low-cost FR-4 substrate because it is primarily intended for use in broadband energy harvesting and IoT systems, but it is also suitable for applications in communication systems. Simulation results show that the antenna has a reflection coefficient (S11) below −10 dB in the entire 1.8 GHz to 30 GHz frequency range, which covers all existing cellular bands: 3G, 4G, 5G Wi-Fi, ISM, satellite communication and radar bands. The antenna exhibits gains up to 5 dBi.

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Andrabi, Umer Mukhtar, Sergey N. Stepanov, Juvent Ndayikunda, and Margarita G. Kanishcheva. "CELLULAR NETWORK RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION METHODS FOR THE JOINT SERVICING OF REAL-TIME MULTISERVICE TRAFFIC AND GROUPED IOT TRAFFIC." T-Comm 14, no. 10 (2020): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2020-14-10-61-69.

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Immense growth in the volumes and multiplicity of data to be collected in future Internet of Things (IoT) applications is one of the crucial challenges for the networking organizations as they develop from 4G+ to true 5G systems. Particularly bulk of this traffic includes complex, unstructured and varied data (Big Data) evolve from smart networking ecosystems (LTE-devices, NB-IoT devices). Although 5G offers many low power wide area technologies (Lora WAN, GSM and NB-IoT etc.), principally NB-IoT seems very promising addressing the problem because of its certain characteristics like high fault tolerance, delay tolerance, higher coverage area etc. However, due to the limited bandwidth (180 kHz) availability one of the challenges is how to efficiently use these resources to support and handle massive number of growing IoT devices, also resource management and allocation methodology between LTE and NB-IoT traffic flows. In this context, several key issues for IoT communications in 5G networks should be addressed to satisfy quality of service (QoS) provisioning. In this paper, we proposed a mathematical model for Operator Surveillance systems for sharing radio resources between LTE and NB-IoT. The model utilizes the technique of network slicing for resource management. The proposed techniques provide scenarios that aims to offer a trade-off between the two types of traffics by guaranteeing the network performance and avoiding unproductive utilization of available resources.

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Yoshikura, Mai, Takahiro Minami, Tomotaka Fukuoka, Makoto Fujiu, and Jyunichi Takayama. "Remote Bridge Inspection and Actual Bridge Verification Based on 4G/5G Communication Environments." Electronics 12, no. 14 (July 24, 2023): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143203.

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The close-up visual inspection of bridges faces several problems, including a lack of financial resources and human personnel. Hence, there has been increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) and information and communications technology (ICT) to solve them. We previously investigated remote inspection—in which skilled engineers provided on-site support from a remote location—with the aim of reducing the labor required for on-site work and addressing the lack of personnel through the use of AI and ICT. Sharing images of bridges from inspection sites to remote locations via the Internet enables remote assessment of the sites and the ability to consider and diagnose damage. Mobile communications can be used to upload images, although the volume of image data required for inspection can be enormous and take considerable time to upload. Consequently, in this study, we investigated image uploads using 5G communication—that is, the fifth-generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks. Moreover, we measured the upload times when using 4G and 5G services and examined their operation based on differences in the communication environments. We concluded that the simulated remote inspection can be efficiently performed by adjusting the inspection method to the communication environment.

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Bandari, Shravan Kumar, V. V. Mani, and A. Drosopoulos. "Performance analysis of GFDM in various fading channels." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 35, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-06-2015-0215.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) in some frequency selective fading channels. The exact symbol error rate (SER) expressions in Hoyt (Nakagami-q) and Weibull-v fading channels are derived. A GFDM transceiver simulation test bed is provided to validate the obtained analytical expressions. Design/methodology/approach – Modern cellular system demands higher data rates, very low-latency transmissions and sensors with ultra low-power consumption. Current cellular systems of the fourth generation (4G) are not able to meet these emerging demands of future mobile communication systems. To address this requirement, GFDM, a novel multi-carrier modulation technique is proposed to satisfy the future needs of fifth generation technology. GFDM is a block-based transmission method where pulse shaping is applied circularly to individual subcarriers. Unlike traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, GFDM transmits multiple symbols per subcarrier. The authors have used the probability density function approach in solving the final analytical expressions. Findings – Detailed analysis of GFDM performance under Hoyt-q, Weibull-v and Log-Normal Shadowing fading channels. Exact analytical formulae were derived which support the simulations carried out by authors and other authors. The exact dependence of SER on fading parameters and roll-off factor α in the raised cosine pulse shape filter was determined. Practical implications – Development and fabrication of high-performance GFDM systems under fading channel conditions. Originality/value – Theoretical support to simulated system performance.

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Sallomi, Adheed Hasan, and Ghusoon Abduljaleel Ahmed. "Simulating the specific absorption rates in different human tissues at 4G frequencies for mobile phones." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2023): 2860–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i5.5058.

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Employing electromagnetic waves in mobile communication networks has increased the level of human exposure to electromagnetic fields that may result in concerns about health hazards associated involves the soaking up of cellular phone electromagnetic energy. The human body is penetrated by the electromagnetic fields that emit from a cell phone. The specific absorption rate (SAR) that is generated in the human head and body layers usually expresses the thermal effect on human tissue. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the thermal effects of the electromagnetic field induced inside the human head and body through the construction of a simplified model for both. The RF-source and human body models are built by using the ANSYS high-frequency structural simulator (HFSS). A planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) will use to assign SAR values to different body tissues for the fourth generation (4G) of mobile phone communication at an operational frequency of 2.6 GHz and power radiated of 125 mW. The model is simulated and analyzed to evaluate the SAR induced at different human tissues depending on the source-to-antenna distance and its generated values must not exceed the safe limits for harmful thermal effects.

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Qasim, N. H., Y. I. Khlaponin, and M. M. Vlasenko. "FORMALIZATION OF THE PROCESS OF MANAGING THE TRANSMISSION OF TRAFFIC FLOWS ON A FRAGMENT OF THE LTE NETWORK." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 75 (2022): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2022/75-09.

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With the rapid growth of mobile data traffic, the popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M), mobile operators are constantly working to improve the quality of service, developing 4G networks in the direction of future software-configured heterogeneous 5G networks. The fourth generation of communication began to be developed in 2000. At this time, the 3G standard has already appeared. Research in the field of communications has shown that of all the variety of 4G technologies and standards, only two can be acceptable for deployment: LTE and the mobile version of WiMAX, LTE was originally developed as an adjunct to 3G cellular networks. Today, there is a rapid increase in traffic in 4th generation mobile networks, and to ensure the necessary speed for all their subscribers, operators have to look for different methods to increase data rates or to increase the efficiency of frequency resource use. Unlike 4G, the latest 5G networks have wider applications. Therefore, the main task of modern wireless networks is to optimize the distribution of a limited amount of frequency and time resources between users and devices of the Internet of Things on the basis of quality of service. The purpose of creating a conceptual model of the next generation of 5G can be called increasing the capabilities of high-speed mobile communication systems, reducing the cost of data transmission, expanding the range of services provided. The planning of the 5G network can be influenced by a number of factors due to the fundamental feature of this technology. In addition to bandwidth, an important characteristic of the system is the probability of bit error, which affects the modulation and coding algorithms used. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly maintain a balance between these two important characteristics for the user. This can be achieved by improving resource allocation methods and models, as well as effective network planning.

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Durmus, Naside Gozde, H. Cumhur Tekin, Sinan Guven, Kaushik Sridhar, Ahu Arslan Yildiz, Gizem Calibasi, Ionita Ghiran, Ronald W. Davis, Lars M. Steinmetz, and Utkan Demirci. "Magnetic levitation of single cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 28 (June 29, 2015): E3661—E3668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509250112.

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Several cellular events cause permanent or transient changes in inherent magnetic and density properties of cells. Characterizing these changes in cell populations is crucial to understand cellular heterogeneity in cancer, immune response, infectious diseases, drug resistance, and evolution. Although magnetic levitation has previously been used for macroscale objects, its use in life sciences has been hindered by the inability to levitate microscale objects and by the toxicity of metal salts previously applied for levitation. Here, we use magnetic levitation principles for biological characterization and monitoring of cells and cellular events. We demonstrate that each cell type (i.e., cancer, blood, bacteria, and yeast) has a characteristic levitation profile, which we distinguish at an unprecedented resolution of 1 × 10−4g⋅mL−1. We have identified unique differences in levitation and density blueprints between breast, esophageal, colorectal, and nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines, as well as heterogeneity within these seemingly homogenous cell populations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that changes in cellular density and levitation profiles can be monitored in real time at single-cell resolution, allowing quantification of heterogeneous temporal responses of each cell to environmental stressors. These data establish density as a powerful biomarker for investigating living systems and their responses. Thereby, our method enables rapid, density-based imaging and profiling of single cells with intriguing applications, such as label-free identification and monitoring of heterogeneous biological changes under various physiological conditions, including antibiotic or cancer treatment in personalized medicine.

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Yozevitch, Roi, Revital Marbel, Nir Flysher, and Boaz Ben-Moshe. "Save Our Roads from GNSS Jamming: A Crowdsource Framework for Threat Evaluation." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 4840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144840.

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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) jamming is an acute problem in the world of modern navigation. As more and more applications rely on GNSS for both position and timing, jamming ramifications are becoming more severe. In this paper we suggest a novel framework to cope with these threats. First, a Bayesian jamming detection algorithm is introduced. The algorithm can both detect and track several jammers in a pre-defined region of interest. Then, a jamming coverage map algorithm is offered. Similar to cellular 3G/4G coverage maps, such a map can detect “weak” GNSS reception spots and handle them. Since jamming interference can be a dynamic phenomenon (e.g., a vehicle equipped with a jammer), the coverage map changes with time. Thus, interference patterns can be detected more easily. Utilizing the offered algorithm, both on simulation and field experiments, we have succeeded to localize an arbitrary jammer(s) within the region of interest. Thus, the results validate the viability of the proposed method.

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Mordachev, V. I. "Characteristics of the electromagnetic environment created by radiations of user equipment of ...4G/5G/6G cellular (mobile) communications in buildings." Doklady BGUIR 19, no. 6 (October 1, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2021-19-6-42-50.

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The goal of the work is to substantiate the technique for assessing the intensity of electromagnetic background generated by the set of radiating user devices of mobile communications in multi-storey buildings. For known empirical models of radio wave propagation in buildings, expressions are obtained for the probability distribution density and expectation of the power flux density of electromagnetic fields generated inside building by these sources from various parts of the building's interior space: from the near zone with radio wave propagation conditions similar to free space; and from the far zone, for which, along with intense attenuation of radio waves due to internal obstacles, a «quasi-waveguide» propagation of radio waves along corridors and industrial premises is also possible in certain directions. Relationships are obtained for the average levels of individual components of the electromagnetic background, determined as scalar sums of power flux density values of the fields generated by the sets of radiating devices of both the near zone and the far zone as a whole or its individual parts, characterized by different conditions of radio wave propagation. A method is proposed for assessing the electromagnetic background inside buildings based on approximation of sections of the inner surface of the premises in which the observation point is located, and the outer surface of the building, in the inner space of which radiation sources are randomly distributed, by the corresponding sections of the inner and outer spherical surfaces that are the subtend areas of the corresponding solid angles, in space elements of which a different spatial densities and radiation powers of sources and different conditions of radio wave propagation are possible. The results can be used to analyze the electromagnetic ecology of habitat and the electromagnetic safety of population at the full-scale implementation of 4G/5G/6G mobile communications, as well as to analyze the electromagnetic compatibility of systems using frequency bands for mobile communications on a primary and secondary basis.

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A. S. Lafta, Sameer, Mohaned Mahdi Abdulkareem, Raed Khalid Ibrahim, Marwah M. Kareem, and Adnan Hussein Ali. "Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal mobile telecommunications system network based on OPNET." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 3202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i6.3139.

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The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.

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Lu, Tao, Lauri Vähä-Savo, Xiaoshu Lü, and Katsuyuki Haneda. "Thermal Impact of 5G Antenna Systems in Sandwich Walls." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 12, 2023): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062657.

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The 5th generation (5G) cellular networks offer high speeds, low latency, and greater capacity, but they face greater penetration loss through buildings than 4G due to their higher frequency bands. To reduce this loss in energy-efficient buildings, a passive antenna system was developed and integrated into sandwich walls. However, the thermal effects of this system, which includes highly thermally conductive metals, require further study. In this research, three-dimensional heat transfer simulations were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics to determine the thermal transmittances (U-values) of 5G antenna walls. The results revealed that, using stainless steel as the connector material (current design), the U-value rose from 0.1496 (for the wall without antenna) to 0.156 W/m2K, leading to an additional heating loss per year of only 0.545 KWh/m2 in Helsinki. In contrast, with the previous design that used copper as the connector material, the U-value increased dramatically to 0.3 W/m2K, exceeding the National Building Code of Finland’s limit of 0.17 W/m2K and causing 12.8 KWh/m2 additional heat loss (23.5 times more than the current design). The current design significantly reduces thermal bridging effects. Additionally, three analytical methods were used to calculate antenna wall U-values: parallel paths, isothermal planes, and ISO 6946 combined. The isothermal planes method was found to be more accurate and reliable. The study also found that a wall unit cell with a single developed 5G antenna and a wall consisting of nine such cells arranged in a 3 × 3 grid pattern had the same U-values. Furthermore, areas affected by thermal bridging were typically smaller than the dimensions of a wall unit cell (150 mm × 150 mm).

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Journal articles on the topic '4G cellular systems'

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