Academic literature on the topic '4G cellular systems'

For the upcoming 4G systems, network multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) are two of key techniques adopted in 4G systems to mitigate the serious inter-cell interference (ICI) and improve coverage and cell-edge throughput. Network MIMO is referred to as coordinated multi-point (CoMP) in LTE-A. In this paper, we propose a simulation platform to analyze the handover issue for downlink CoMP transmissions in LTE-A cellular systems. Among the variety of ICIC strategies, we apply the widely adopted soft frequency reuse (SFR) and the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) schemes. Both schemes are based on the idea of applying a frequency reuse factor of one in cell-center areas, and a higher reuse factor in cell-edge areas. Therefore, the ICI is reduced at the expense of the available frequency resources for each cell.

This paper introduces an efficient machine-to-machine (M2M) communication model based on 4G cellular systems. M2M terminals are capable of establishing Ad Hoc clusters wherever they are close enough. It is also possible to extend the cellular coverage for M2M terminals through multi-hop Ad Hoc connections. The M2M terminal structure is proposed accordingly to meet the mass production and security requirements. The security becomes more critical in Ad Hoc mode as new nodes attach to the cluster. A simplified protocol stack is considered here, while key components are introduced to provide secure communications between M2M and the network and also amongst M2M terminals.

This paper examined the shift towards the Next Generation Networks (NGNs) like 4G from 2G and the role of technology for sustainable development in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. WARID was one of the four cellular companies of Pakistan. All the big players in the market had auctioned for 3G/4G licenses but WARID remained distant from the process of spectrum auction. The paper investigated issues and decisions involved when WARID decided to launch 4G/LTE nationwide due to its technology neutral license. It was also studied that how this decision was necessary and beneficial for all internal and external stakeholders of the organization in terms of sustainability, customer satisfaction, technological advancements etc. The study used secondary data as well as unstructured interviews where interaction with the management/employees of the organization was deliberated to stimulate discussions and opinions.

New technologies are expected to play a major role for wireless cellular systems beyond the existing 4G paradigm. The need for several orders of magnitude increase in system capacity has led to the proliferation of low-powered cellular layers overlaid on the existing macrocell layer. This type of network consisting of different cellular layers, each with their unique characteristics including transmission power and frequency of operation among others is termed as a heterogeneous network (HetNet). The emergence of HetNets leads to several research challenges and calls for a profound rethinking of several existing approaches for mobility management and interference management among other issues.

Broadband, ubiquitous and energy-efficient wireless networking is one of the pillars in the definition of a really smart urban environment. The latest developments in such a field concern with the forthcoming LTE-A standard, which will also involve small cell deployment for broadband coverage yielding increased quality of experience and reduced power consumption. Some open issues related to small cell LTE-A networking for smart city applications are discussed, together with feasible solutions that are investigated in terms of robust PHY-layer configurations, and fully-wireless backhaul (point-to-point transmission, point-to-multipoint etc.). One such issue is related to power-constrained uplink transmission, where cooperative multipoint (CoMP) in small cell network is considered assuring better quality of service and energy efficiency for user terminal. Moreover, a novel MIMO detection is conceived for LTE-A application based on MCBEP criterion that is suited for size-constrained small base station and guaranteeing near-optimum performance. A door open to upcoming mobile standards by proposing constant envelope techniques in the uplink providing flexible tradeoff between spectral and power efficiency for 5th generation applications. A complete wireless backhaul based on millimeter wave (mmWave), for network of small cells, is considered due to its cost effectiveness and flexible operations. A robust PHY-layer waveform based on space-time MIMO techniques have proven to be the right choice for non-line of sight operations whereas TH-IR UWB techniques are providing significant data rates in line-of-sight case. SDR-Implementation of advanced wireless strategies is important in order to realize network reconfigurability in future cellular networks where network functionalities can be changed on the fly.

Orientador: Shusaburo Motoyama
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T02:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_LeandroBentoSena_D.pdf: 3039404 bytes, checksum: 84c76813ec2349c45ae1c49f833c31d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de desempenho dos enlaces diretos dos sistemas CDMA 1xEVDO RA, UMTS/HSDPA e WiMAX com ênfase em escalonadores de dados e nos novos critérios de aceitação de tráfego handoff horizontal e vertical para redes 3G e 4G. Estes novos critérios de aceitação de tráfego handoff horizontal e vertical levam em conta a ocupação do enlace, a ocupação do buffer, a potência do sinal recebido (RSS) e o tamanho do quantum (DRR) como parâmetros para a decisão do processo de handoff. Além disso, o estudo considera os escalonadores de dados Max C/I (Maximum Carrier Interference), DRR (Deficit Round Robin), PF (Proportional Fair), Pr (Prioritário) e a nova proposta Pr/PF (Priority Proportional Fair). Os critérios combinados aos escalonadores são avaliados pormeio de métricas de QoS em função da chegada de tráfego HTTP interno ou em handoff. Os resultados mostraram que conforme o critério e o escalonador adotados, podem assegurar a QoS dos sistemas móveis e ainda aceitar uma boa quantidade de tráfego handoff. O estudo é baseado em simulações computacionais através da ferramenta de software Matlab
Abstract: This work presents a performance study of the forward links of CDMA 1xEV-DO RA, UMTS/HSDPA and WiMAX systems with emphasis on data schedulers and new criteria for horizontal and vertical handoff traffic acceptance in the 3G and 4G networks. These new criteria for horizontal and vertical handoff traffic acceptance take into account the link occupation, the buffer occupation, the received signal strength (RSS) and the size of quantum (DRR) as inputs for decision of handoff process. Moreover, the study considers the data schedulers Max C/I (Maximum Carrier Interference), DRR (Deficit Round Robin), PF (Proportional Fair), Pr (Priority) and the new proposal Pr/PF (Priority Proportional Fair). The criteria combined with the data schedulers are evaluated using QoS metrics in function of internal HTTP traffic or handoff traffic. The results showed that depending on the chosen criterion and scheduler, it is possible to assure the QoS of mobile systems and still accept a good amount of handoff traffic. The study is based on computer simulations through Matlab software tool
Doutorado
Telecomunicações e Telemática
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Antennas are one of the most sensitive elements in any wireless communication equipment. Designing small-profile, multiband and wideband internal antennas with a simple structure has become a necessary challenge. In this thesis, two planar antennas are designed, simulated and implemented on an effort to cover the LTE-M1 and NB-IoT radio frequencies. The cellular antenna is designed to receive and transmit data over the eight-band LTE700/GSM/UMTS, and the GNSS antenna is designed to receive signal from the global positioning system and global navigation systems, GPS (USA) and GLONASS. The antennas are suitable for direct print on the system circuit board of a device. Related theory and research work are discussed and referenced, providing a strong configuration for future use. Recommendations and suggestions on future work are also discussed. The proposed antenna system is more than promising and with further adjustments and refinement can lead to a fully working solution.

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
Esta dissertação foca o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma para o estudo de algoritmos de equalização e detecção MC-CDMA nos sentidos descendente e ascendente. Para além dos aspectos de enquadramento e revisão, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um canal de banda larga com parametrização flexível e algoritmos de detecção mono-utilizador e multiutilizadores. Após o desenvolvimento desses módulos, foram realizadas simulações para avaliar o desempenho e comparar essas técnicas de detecção em cenários típicos de um sistema celular da 4ª geração. No desenvolvimento do módulo do canal implementou-se um canal de propagação multi-percurso com desvanecimento de Rayleigh e espectro de Doppler. No desenvolvimento do módulo de equalização implementaram-se as técnicas de equalização mono-utilizador MRC, EGC, ZFC e MMSEC, assim como a técnica de equalização multi-utilizadores usando o algoritmo PIC com 1 e 2 estágios de cancelamento de interferência. Os cenários de simulação usaram parâmetros do projecto europeu de investigação IST-MATRICE em ambiente veicular. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a técnica de detecção multi-utilizadores estudada é melhor do que qualquer técnica de detecção convencional mono-utilizador em qualquer dos casos, mas essa melhoria relativa diminui com o aumento do número de utilizadores.
This dissertation deals with the development of a simulation platform to study MC-CDMA equalization and detection algorithms for either the downlink and uplink. Besides the review aspects, this work describes the development of a wideband channel with flexible parameters and the single-user and multiuser detections.algorithm under study. After the development of the link modules, simulations have been made to evaluate the performance and to compare these detection techniques in typical scenarios of 4G cellular systems. In the development of the channel module, a multipath channel with Rayleigh fading and Doppler spectrum has been implemented. For the equalization and detection module, the single-user detection techniques MRC, EGC, ZFC, MMSEC and the multi-user detection using the PIC algorithm with 1 and 2 stages of interference cancellation.have been implemented. The scenarios of the simulations have used parameters of the IST-MATRICE European R&D project in vehicular environment. The results have shown that the multi-user detection technique studied is better than any single-user detection conventional technique in any case, but this relative improvement decreases as the number of users increases.

Cette thèse s'intéresse aux problèmes d'allocations des ressources et de puissance dans les réseaux cellulaires de quatrième génération (4G). Pour faire face à la demande continuellement croissante en débit des utilisateurs mobiles, les opérateurs n'ont d'autre choix que de densifier leurs infrastructures d'accès au réseau radio (RAN), afin de maximiser l'utilisation de la bande passante disponible dans l'espace. Un des défis de cette nouvelle architecture est la coexistence de nombreuses cellules voisines et la gestion des interférences co-canal qu'elles génèrent entre elles. De telles contraintes ont amené la communauté scientifique à s'intéresser aux réseaux auto-organisés et auto-optimisés (SON), qui permettent aux réseaux de s'optimiser localement via des décisions décentralisées (sans planification statique). L'intérêt principal de tels réseaux est le passage à l'échelle des algorithmes distribués et la possibilité de s'adapter dynamiquement à de nouveaux environnements. Dans cette optique, nous proposons l'étude de deux problèmes d'allocation de ressources. La première partie de cette thèse se concentre sur l'optimisation de l'usage des ressources, dans un contexte de transmission coordonnée par plusieurs stations de base (CoMP). Les performances de la coordination de stations de base sont évaluées, selon le critère de capacité uniforme, ainsi que le compromis entre l'efficacité spectrale et l'équité entre les utilisateurs. Nous proposons également une méthode généralisée et distribuée de sélection de l'ensemble de stations en coopération, afin d'optimiser le compromis efficacité-équité. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à l'optimisation de l'allocation des ressources et de puissance, dans le but de minimiser la consommation électrique du réseau. Nous présentons deux algorithmes dont les décisions sont décentralisées. Le premier est basé sur une optimisation stochastique (via l'échantillonneur de Gibbs) et permet une optimisation globale du système. Le second quant à lui est basé sur l'adaptation de la théorie du contrôle et utilise des modèles prédictifs et la poursuite de cibles pour allouer les ressources et les puissances dans un contexte de canaux et d'interférences dynamiques. Dans de nombreux cas, plusieurs objectifs concurrents sont à considérer pour évaluer les performances d'un réseau (capacité totale, équité, consommation électrique, etc.). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous efforçons à présenter les résultats sous la forme de compromis multi-objectifs.

A novel approach employing 4G LTE Cellular Technology for Test Range Telemetry is presented. Providing aeronautical mobile telemetry using commercial off the shelf (COTS) cellular equipment poses many challenges, including: Three-dimensional (3D) coverage, need for uninterrupted high data throughputs, and very high Doppler speeds of the Test Articles (TA). Each of these requirements is difficult to meet with a standard cellular approach. We present a novel architecture that provides 3D coverage over the span of a test range, allowing the TA to establish a radio link with base stations that have a manageable Doppler due to the reduced projected TA speed on the radio link line. Preliminary results illustrate that a variety of flight plans can be accommodated with commercial LTE technology by employing LTE’s mobility mechanisms and adding centralized control. The resulting network architecture and Radio Access Network topology allow very high throughputs to be delivered throughout the test range with a judicious placement of base stations.

La quinta generación de redes móviles (5G) se encuentra a la vuelta de la esquina. Se espera provea de beneficios extraordinarios a la población y que resuelva la mayoría de los problemas de las redes 4G actuales. El éxito de 5G, cuya primera fase de estandarización ha sido completada, depende de tres pilares: comunicaciones tipo-máquina masivas, banda ancha móvil mejorada y comunicaciones ultra fiables y de baja latencia (mMTC, eMBB y URLLC, respectivamente). En esta tesis nos enfocamos en el primer pilar de 5G, mMTC, pero también proveemos una solución para lograr eMBB en escenarios de distribución masiva de contenidos. Específicamente, las principales contribuciones son en las áreas de: 1) soporte eficiente de mMTC en redes celulares; 2) acceso aleatorio para el reporte de eventos en redes inalámbricas de sensores (WSNs); y 3) cooperación para la distribución masiva de contenidos en redes celulares. En el apartado de mMTC en redes celulares, esta tesis provee un análisis profundo del desempeño del procedimiento de acceso aleatorio, que es la forma mediante la cual los dispositivos móviles acceden a la red. Estos análisis fueron inicialmente llevados a cabo por simulaciones y, posteriormente, por medio de un modelo analítico. Ambos modelos fueron desarrollados específicamente para este propósito e incluyen uno de los esquemas de control de acceso más prometedores: access class barring (ACB). Nuestro modelo es uno de los más precisos que se pueden encontrar en la literatura y el único que incorpora el esquema de ACB. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de este modelo y por simulación son claros: los accesos altamente sincronizados que ocurren en aplicaciones de mMTC pueden causar congestión severa en el canal de acceso. Por otro lado, también son claros en que esta congestión se puede prevenir con una adecuada configuración del ACB. Sin embargo, los parámetros de configuración del ACB deben ser continuamente adaptados a la intensidad de accesos para poder obtener un desempeño óptimo. En la tesis se propone una solución práctica a este problema en la forma de un esquema de configuración automática para el ACB; lo llamamos ACBC. Los resultados muestran que nuestro esquema puede lograr un desempeño muy cercano al óptimo sin importar la intensidad de los accesos. Asimismo, puede ser directamente implementado en redes celulares para soportar el tráfico mMTC, ya que ha sido diseñado teniendo en cuenta los estándares del 3GPP. Además de los análisis descritos anteriormente para redes celulares, se realiza un análisis general para aplicaciones de contadores inteligentes. Es decir, estudiamos un escenario de mMTC desde la perspectiva de las WSNs. Específicamente, desarrollamos un modelo híbrido para el análisis de desempeño y la optimización de protocolos de WSNs de acceso aleatorio y basados en cluster. Los resultados muestran la utilidad de escuchar el medio inalámbrico para minimizar el número de transmisiones y también de modificar las probabilidades de transmisión después de una colisión. En lo que respecta a eMBB, nos enfocamos en un escenario de distribución masiva de contenidos, en el que un mismo contenido es enviado de forma simultánea a un gran número de usuarios móviles. Este escenario es problemático, ya que las estaciones base de la red celular no cuentan con mecanismos eficientes de multicast o broadcast. Por lo tanto, la solución que se adopta comúnmente es la de replicar e contenido para cada uno de los usuarios que lo soliciten; está claro que esto es altamente ineficiente. Para resolver este problema, proponemos el uso de esquemas de network coding y de arquitecturas cooperativas llamadas nubes móviles. En concreto, desarrollamos un protocolo para la distribución masiva de contenidos, junto con un modelo analítico para su optimización. Los resultados demuestran que el modelo propuesto es simple y preciso, y que el protocolo puede reducir el con
La cinquena generació de xarxes mòbils (5G) es troba molt a la vora. S'espera que proveïsca de beneficis extraordinaris a la població i que resolga la majoria dels problemes de les xarxes 4G actuals. L'èxit de 5G, per a la qual ja ha sigut completada la primera fase del qual d'estandardització, depén de tres pilars: comunicacions tipus-màquina massives, banda ampla mòbil millorada, i comunicacions ultra fiables i de baixa latència (mMTC, eMBB i URLLC, respectivament, per les seues sigles en anglés). En aquesta tesi ens enfoquem en el primer pilar de 5G, mMTC, però també proveïm una solució per a aconseguir eMBB en escenaris de distribució massiva de continguts. Específicament, les principals contribucions són en les àrees de: 1) suport eficient de mMTC en xarxes cel·lulars; 2) accés aleatori per al report d'esdeveniments en xarxes sense fils de sensors (WSNs); i 3) cooperació per a la distribució massiva de continguts en xarxes cel·lulars. En l'apartat de mMTC en xarxes cel·lulars, aquesta tesi realitza una anàlisi profunda de l'acompliment del procediment d'accés aleatori, que és la forma mitjançant la qual els dispositius mòbils accedeixen a la xarxa. Aquestes anàlisis van ser inicialment dutes per mitjà de simulacions i, posteriorment, per mitjà d'un model analític. Els models van ser desenvolupats específicament per a aquest propòsit i inclouen un dels esquemes de control d'accés més prometedors: el access class barring (ACB). El nostre model és un dels més precisos que es poden trobar i l'únic que incorpora l'esquema d'ACB. Els resultats obtinguts per mitjà d'aquest model i per simulació són clars: els accessos altament sincronitzats que ocorren en aplicacions de mMTC poden causar congestió severa en el canal d'accés. D'altra banda, també són clars en què aquesta congestió es pot previndre amb una adequada configuració de l'ACB. No obstant això, els paràmetres de configuració de l'ACB han de ser contínuament adaptats a la intensitat d'accessos per a poder obtindre unes prestacions òptimes. En la tesi es proposa una solució pràctica a aquest problema en la forma d'un esquema de configuració automàtica per a l'ACB; l'anomenem ACBC. Els resultats mostren que el nostre esquema pot aconseguir un acompliment molt proper a l'òptim sense importar la intensitat dels accessos. Així mateix, pot ser directament implementat en xarxes cel·lulars per a suportar el trànsit mMTC, ja que ha sigut dissenyat tenint en compte els estàndards del 3GPP. A més de les anàlisis descrites anteriorment per a xarxes cel·lulars, es realitza una anàlisi general per a aplicacions de comptadors intel·ligents. És a dir, estudiem un escenari de mMTC des de la perspectiva de les WSNs. Específicament, desenvolupem un model híbrid per a l'anàlisi de prestacions i l'optimització de protocols de WSNs d'accés aleatori i basats en clúster. Els resultats mostren la utilitat d'escoltar el mitjà sense fil per a minimitzar el nombre de transmissions i també de modificar les probabilitats de transmissió després d'una col·lisió. Pel que fa a eMBB, ens enfoquem en un escenari de distribució massiva de continguts, en el qual un mateix contingut és enviat de forma simultània a un gran nombre d'usuaris mòbils. Aquest escenari és problemàtic, ja que les estacions base de la xarxa cel·lular no compten amb mecanismes eficients de multicast o broadcast. Per tant, la solució que s'adopta comunament és la de replicar el contingut per a cadascun dels usuaris que ho sol·liciten; és clar que això és altament ineficient. Per a resoldre aquest problema, proposem l'ús d'esquemes de network coding i d'arquitectures cooperatives anomenades núvols mòbils. En concret, desenvolupem un protocol per a realitzar la distribució massiva de continguts de forma eficient, juntament amb un model analític per a la seua optimització. Els resultats demostren que el model proposat és simple i precís
The 5th generation (5G) of mobile networks is just around the corner. It is expected to bring extraordinary benefits to the population and to solve the majority of the problems of current 4th generation (4G) systems. The success of 5G, whose first phase of standardization has concluded, relies in three pillars that correspond to its main use cases: massive machine-type communication (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC). This thesis mainly focuses on the first pillar of 5G: mMTC, but also provides a solution for the eMBB in massive content delivery scenarios. Specifically, its main contributions are in the areas of: 1) efficient support of mMTC in cellular networks; 2) random access (RA) event-reporting in wireless sensor networks (WSNs); and 3) cooperative massive content delivery in cellular networks. Regarding mMTC in cellular networks, this thesis provides a thorough performance analysis of the RA procedure (RAP), used by the mobile devices to switch from idle to connected mode. These analyses were first conducted by simulation and then by an analytical model; both of these were developed with this specific purpose and include one of the most promising access control schemes: the access class barring (ACB). To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the most accurate analytical models reported in the literature and the only one that incorporates the ACB scheme. Our results clearly show that the highly-synchronized accesses that occur in mMTC applications can lead to severe congestion. On the other hand, it is also clear that congestion can be prevented with an adequate configuration of the ACB scheme. However, the configuration parameters of the ACB scheme must be continuously adapted to the intensity of access attempts if an optimal performance is to be obtained. We developed a practical solution to this problem in the form of a scheme to automatically configure the ACB; we call it access class barring configuration (ACBC) scheme. The results show that our ACBC scheme leads to a near-optimal performance regardless of the intensity of access attempts. Furthermore, it can be directly implemented in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) cellular systems to efficiently handle mMTC because it has been designed to comply with the 3GPP standards. In addition to the analyses described above for cellular networks, a general analysis for smart metering applications is performed. That is, we study an mMTC scenario from the perspective of event detection and reporting WSNs. Specifically, we provide a hybrid model for the performance analysis and optimization of cluster-based RA WSN protocols. Results showcase the utility of overhearing to minimize the number of packet transmissions, but also of the adaptation of transmission parameters after a collision occurs. Building on this, we are able to provide some guidelines that can drastically increase the performance of a wide range of RA protocols and systems in event reporting applications. Regarding eMBB, we focus on a massive content delivery scenario in which the exact same content is transmitted to a large number of mobile users simultaneously. Such a scenario may arise, for example, with video streaming services that offer a particularly popular content. This is a problematic scenario because cellular base stations have no efficient multicast or broadcast mechanisms. Hence, the traditional solution is to replicate the content for each requesting user, which is highly inefficient. To solve this problem, we propose the use of network coding (NC) schemes in combination with cooperative architectures named mobile clouds (MCs). Specifically, we develop a protocol for efficient massive content delivery, along with the analytical model for its optimization. Results show the proposed model is simple and accurate, and the protocol can lead to energy savings of up to 37 percent when compared to the traditional approach.
Leyva Mayorga, I. (2018). On reliable and energy efficient massive wireless communications: the road to 5G [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/115484
TESIS

Reduced feedback schemes are a crucial component of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based 4G and 5G cellular systems that use downlink scheduling, adaptive modulation and coding, and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO). In these systems, the system bandwidth is divided into several subbands. The reduced feedback schemes ensure that the overhead of feeding back the subband-level channel state information from the users to the base station (BS) does not overwhelm the limited-bandwidth uplink feedback channel. Differential feedback is a key component of the reduced feedback schemes specified in both 4G and 5G standards. In it, the user feeds back a 4-bit wideband channel quality indicator (CQI), which indicates the rate that the user can decode if the BS were to transmit to it over the entire system bandwidth, and a 2-bit differential CQI for each subband relative to the wideband CQI. We present a novel modeling and a comprehensive analysis of the throughput of the differential feedback scheme. It incorporates several key and unique aspects of the 4G and 5G standards and encompasses different multi-antenna modes and schedulers. The analysis brings out several insights about how the throughput increases as the correlation between subbands increases and how the feedback scheme reduces the overhead while only marginally reducing the throughput. We then develop a BS-side estimation technique for the widely studied and simpler threshold-based quantized feedback scheme, in which a user feeds back a quantized value of the signal-to-noise ratio for each subband. For it, we derive a novel, throughput-optimal rate adaptation rule in closed-form for different multi-antenna modes. We also develop a computationally simpler near-optimal variant of it and derive an insightful lower bound that characterizes the average throughput gain achieved by the proposed scheme over conventional rate adaptation. Using the insights obtained from the throughput analysis and the BS-side estimation technique for threshold-based quantized feedback, we then develop BS-side estimation for differential feedback. We do so for a more general variant of it in which the differential CQI overhead can be different for different subbands. This provides a new flexibility to the BS to control the feedback overhead and leads to a new throughputoptimal rate adaptation rule for it. It brings out the sub-optimality of the conventional method used in the literature. Our approach incorporates small-scale fading, largescale shadowing, path-loss, and different MIMO modes in single-user and multi-user deployment scenarios. It achieves nearly the same throughput as the scheme currently employed in 4G and 5G, but with much less feedback overhead.

AbstractCommercial 5G mobile communication installations are currently ongoing. A variety of reasons, notably rising business and consumer needs as well as the advent of much more cheap equipment, are driving 5G and IoT growth. Substantial carrier investments in 5G networks, frequency, and infrastructure, as well as the adoption of international standards, are indeed assisting in driving development and increasing investor interest in IoT. Today’s modern 5G mobile cellular systems are emerging beyond current 4G technology, which will remain to fulfill diverse applications. 5G, which is expected to last a long time, may meet present needs like intelligent power applications while also forecasting future use cases like self-driving automobiles. Mobile operators would need to guarantee to ensure its added versatility simultaneously present as well as future use cases need as companies oversee the growth of technology. Cautious providers would control their expenditures to assure customer service as infrastructures migrate to 5G. The majority of 5G use case scenarios fall into three broad segments: improved mobile broadband (eMBB), enormous IoT, as well as critical communications, within each set of performance, and bandwidth, including delay needs. While 4G would remain to be utilized for so many consumers and commercial IoT scenarios, 5G offers IoT features that 4G as well as other networks do not. This would include 5G's capacity to accommodate a massive amount of fixed and portable IoT systems with variable speeds, capacity, and service level needs. As the Internet of Things develops, the adaptability of 5G would become increasingly more important for organizations wanting to satisfy the stringent needs of vital connectivity. Because of 5G's ultra-reliability as well as reduced latency, self-driving vehicles, intelligent power infrastructures, better industrial automation, and some other demanding technologies are becoming a possibility. While 5G increases Internet bandwidth, cloud services, machine intelligence, as well as cloud technologies would all assist to manage huge data quantities created by IoT. Additional 5G advancements, like low latency, and non-public networking, including the core of 5G, would eventually help realize the goals of an IoT network that is worldwide and capable of sustaining connectivity that is larger in size.

AbstractIn this technological era of wireless communication, various Internet devices and Wi-Fi zone play a significant role in the fast growth of data usage. The communication of people has been revolutionized by mobile communication systems. The rapid increase in the number of users, higher data rate, and requirement for higher bandwidth and voluminous data has become a challenge for Internet service providers. All these requirements are expected to be met by the next-generation communication network. The evolution of next-generation communication technology aims to emphasize the user terminal development that will provide access to various technologies and combine several flows from numerous technologies. In this paper, the authors have provided a detailed overview of the various wireless communication technologies and how it can be enhanced in future. A comparative study of the different generations of communication technologies has been done which includes 1G which has contented the elementary mobile voice, and 2G which has familiarized us with capacity and coverage. The quest continued with 3G for high-speed data that in turn provided a true experience to mobile bandwidth with 4G and finally the next-generation communication technology—5G. The varied variety of telecommunication services such as advanced mobile services, with the help of mobile and fixed networks, can be accessed with the help of the Fourth Generation (4G). The technology in the Fifth Generation (5G) is more advanced, and intelligent and it interconnects with the entire world. Moreover, in this paper, the authors have discussed the various issues and challenges faced in the existing cellular network, the limitation of conventional cellular systems, and the reason for the need for next-generation communication technology. Also, a detailed study on 5G network communication has been deliberated.

AbstractThe use of previous generation networks like 4G was vastly used in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The constant need to grow and develop just so the network can fulfill the requirement of IoT devices is still going on. The exponential growth of the data services substantially challenged the security and the networks of IoT because they were run by the mobile internet requiring high bit rate, low latency, high availability, and performances within various networks. The IoT integrates several sensors and data to provide services and a communication standard. Fifth Generation Communication System (5G) enabled IoT devices to allow the seamless connectivity of billions of interconnected devices. Cellular connections have become a central part of the society that powers our daily lives. Numerous security issues have come to light because of the exponential expansion of 5G technologies and the adaptation of the slow counterpart of IoT devices. Network services without security and privacy pose a threat to the infrastructure and sometimes endanger human lives. Analyzing security threats and mitigation is a crucial and fundamental part of the IoT ecosystem. Authorization of data, confidentiality, trust, and privacy of 5G enabled IoT devices are the most challenging parts of the system. And to provide a solution to these, we need a robust system to handle cyberattacks and prevent vulnerabilities by countermeasures. This paper includes a comprehensive discussion of 5G, IoT fundamentals, the layered architecture of 5G IoT, security attacks and their mitigation, current research, and future directions for 5G enabled IoT infrastructure.