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Journal articles on the topic '4C code'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Ibnu, Muhammad. "Determinan Partisipasi Petani Kopi dalam Standar dan Sertifikasi Berkelanjutan Common Code for Coffee Community (4C)." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v6n3.2019.p135-144.

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<em>Sustainable standards and certification can encourage coffee farmers to adopt good agricultural practices (GAP), achieving coffee production that is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. The Common Code for Coffee Community (4C) is a standard and certification scheme currently exists in Robusta coffee production center in Lampung Province. However, sustainable standard and certification become less relevant without farmers’ participation. Farmers’ participation in standards and certification has been relatively low and studies on the issue are relatively rare. This study aims to analyze the determinants of farmer’s participation in 4C Standards and Certification. The study was conducted in West Lampung and Tanggamus Ragency, Lampung Province from February to May 2019. The total number of respondents was 120 people (4C certified farmers and non-certified farmers) surveyed with a systematic-random-sampling method. Data was analyzed using heckprobit regression. The results showed that farmer participation in 4C was determined by the selling price of coffee, farmers’ side job, farmers' preference to replace coffee with other commodities, and the farmers’ group activity. The results indicated that 4C and coffee stakeholders at national scale need to consider policies on how to improve coffee price, optimizing the farmer organizations, and the added-value of coffee production.</em>

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Gordon, Alexandra June, Prasanthi Govindarajan, Christopher L. Bennett, Loretta Matheson, Michael A. Kohn, Carlos Camargo, and Jeffrey Kline. "External validation of the 4C Mortality Score for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in the RECOVER network." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e054700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054700.

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ObjectivesEstimating mortality risk in hospitalised SARS-CoV-2+ patients may help with choosing level of care and discussions with patients. The Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium Mortality Score (4C Score) is a promising COVID-19 mortality risk model. We examined the association of risk factors with 30-day mortality in hospitalised, full-code SARS-CoV-2+ patients and investigated the discrimination and calibration of the 4C Score. This was a retrospective cohort study of SARS-CoV-2+ hospitalised patients within the RECOVER (REgistry of suspected COVID-19 in EmeRgency care) network.Setting99 emergency departments (EDs) across the USA.ParticipantsPatients ≥18 years old, positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the ED, and hospitalised.Primary outcomeDeath within 30 days of the index visit. We performed logistic regression analysis, reporting multivariable risk ratios (MVRRs) and calculated the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) and mean prediction error for the original 4C Score and after dropping the C reactive protein (CRP) component.ResultsOf 6802 hospitalised patients with COVID-19, 1149 (16.9%) died within 30 days. The 30-day mortality was increased with age 80+ years (MVRR=5.79, 95% CI 4.23 to 7.34); male sex (MVRR=1.17, 1.05 to 1.28); and nursing home/assisted living facility residence (MVRR=1.29, 1.1 to 1.48). The 4C Score had comparable discrimination in the RECOVER dataset compared with the original 4C validation dataset (AUROC: RECOVER 0.786 (95% CI 0.773 to 0.799), 4C validation 0.763 (95% CI 0.757 to 0.769). Score-specific mortalities in our sample were lower than in the 4C validation sample (mean prediction error 6.0%). Dropping the CRP component from the 4C Score did not substantially affect discrimination and 4C risk estimates were now close (mean prediction error 0.7%).ConclusionsWe independently validated 4C Score as predicting risk of 30-day mortality in hospitalised SARS-CoV-2+ patients. We recommend dropping the CRP component of the score and using our recalibrated mortality risk estimates.

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3

Savoldi Richard, Laura, D. Bessette, R. Bonifetto, and R. Zanino. "Parametric Analysis of the ITER TF Fast Discharge Using the 4C Code." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 22, no. 3 (June 2012): 4704104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2188130.

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4

Bonifetto, R., A. Kholia, B. Renard, K. Riße, L. Savoldi Richard, and R. Zanino. "Modeling of W7-X superconducting coil cool-down using the 4C code." Fusion Engineering and Design 86, no. 6-8 (October 2011): 1549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.12.070.

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5

Bonifetto, R., P. K. Domalapally, G. M. Polli, L. Savoldi Richard, S. Turtu’, R. Villari, and R. Zanino. "Computation of JT-60SA TF coil temperature margin using the 4C code." Fusion Engineering and Design 86, no. 6-8 (October 2011): 1493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.02.068.

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6

Li, Junjun, Roberto Bonifetto, Laura Savoldi, and Roberto Zanino. "Analysis of AC Losses in the EAST Superconducting Magnets Using the 4C Code." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 26, no. 4 (June 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2015.2513207.

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7

Savoldi Richard, L., F. Casella, B. Fiori, and R. Zanino. "The 4C code for the cryogenic circuit conductor and coil modeling in ITER." Cryogenics 50, no. 3 (March 2010): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2009.07.008.

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8

Savoldi Richard, L., R. Bonifetto, Y. Chu, A. Kholia, S. H. Park, H. J. Lee, and R. Zanino. "4C code analysis of thermal–hydraulic transients in the KSTAR PF1 superconducting coil." Cryogenics 53 (January 2013): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2012.04.015.

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9

Milosevic, Miodrag, Ehud Greenspan, and Jasmina Vujic. "Monte Carlo with fuel burnup method for the ENHS benchmark calculations." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 18, no. 2 (2003): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0302003m.

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Estimates of the uncertainties arising from approximations in the methods used in different nuclear data processing and neutron transport codes are usually obtained by inter-comparing calculations made using different code systems. This paper gives details of an investigation of differences between results obtained by using different codes for a single zone model of the Encapsulated Nuclear Heat Source (ENHS) benchmark core fuelled with metallic alloy of Pu, U, and Zr. The ENHS is a new lead-bismuth or lead cooled novel reactor concept for 20 effective full power years without refuelling and with very small reactivity swing. The computational tools benchmarked include MOCUP, a coupled MCNP-4C and ORIGEN2.1 utility codes with MCNP data libraries based on ENDF/B-VI evaluation; KENO-V.a/ORIGEN2.1 code system, recently developed by authors of this paper, with the ENDFB-V based 238 group library; the design-oriented procedure based on the simplified one-dimensional (1D) geometry model and SAS2H control module; and the well-established fast reactor neutronics design tools in use at Argonne National Laboratory. Calculations made for the ENHS benchmark have shown that the differences between the results obtained when using different code schemes are quite significant and should be taken into account in assessing the quality of the nuclear data library.

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10

Astuti, Rina, Muhammad Irfan Affandi, and Raden Hanung Ismono. "ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN KOMPARATIF DAN KOMPETITIF KOPI DENGAN ADANYA SERTIFIKASI COMMON CODE FOR THE COFFEE COMMUNITY (4C) DI KECAMATAN SUMBEREJO KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v9i1.4810.

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This research aims to analyze comparative advantage, competitive advantage, the impact of government policies on input output of certified coffee farming, and analyze the sensitivity of changes in input and outputprices to the comparative advantage and competitive advantage of coffee farming in Sumberejo Subdistrict Tanggamus District. The samples of 25 farmers were taken simply randomly from 133 coffee farmers who applied 4C coffee certification. Data were analyzed using PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix). The results showed that 4C certification coffee farming in Sumberejo Subdistrict of Tanggamus District had a competitive advantage with value of Private Cost Ratio of 0.53 and comparative advantage with of Domestic Cost Ratio of 0.38. Comparative advantage was sensitive to 20.31 percent decline in production volume and 40 percent decline in farm output price. Increase in input price due to revocation of subsidies reduced competitive and comparative advantages. Competitive and comparative advantages were not sensitive to an increase in input price.Key words: certified, coffee, comparative, competitive, PAM

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11

Bakhshayesh, Moshkbar, and Naser Vosoughi. "A simulation of a pebble bed reactor core by the MCNP-4C computer code." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 24, no. 3 (2009): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0903177b.

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Lack of energy is a major crisis of our century; the irregular increase of fossil fuel costs has forced us to search for novel, cheaper, and safer sources of energy. Pebble bed reactors - an advanced new generation of reactors with specific advantages in safety and cost - might turn out to be the desired candidate for the role. The calculation of the critical height of a pebble bed reactor at room temperature, while using the MCNP-4C computer code, is the main goal of this paper. In order to reduce the MCNP computing time compared to the previously proposed schemes, we have devised a new simulation scheme. Different arrangements of kernels in fuel pebble simulations were investigated and the best arrangement to decrease the MCNP execution time (while keeping the accuracy of the results), chosen. The neutron flux distribution and control rods worth, as well as their shadowing effects, have also been considered in this paper. All calculations done for the HTR-10 reactor core are in good agreement with experimental results.

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12

Taghavi, Roghayeh, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Seyed Mahmoud Reza Aghamiri, and Parastoo Hajian. "Calculating the absorbed dose by thyroid in breast cancer radiotherapy using MCNP-4C code." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 130 (January 2017): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.06.029.

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13

Bonifetto, Roberto, Takaaki Isono, Nicolai Martovetsky, Laura Savoldi, and Roberto Zanino. "Analysis of the DC performance of the ITER CSI coil using the 4C code." Fusion Engineering and Design 124 (November 2017): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.02.028.

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14

Zanino, R., Y. Chu, A. Kholia, H. J. Lee, S. H. Park, and L. Savoldi Richard. "Simulation of Thermal–Hydraulic Transients in the KSTAR PF1 Coil Using the 4C Code." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 40, no. 3 (March 2012): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2011.2181874.

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15

Zanino, R., R. Bonifetto, F. Casella, and L. Savoldi Richard. "Validation of the 4C code against data from the HELIOS loop at CEA Grenoble." Cryogenics 53 (January 2013): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2012.04.010.

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16

Markovic, Srpko, Rodoljub Simovic, Vladan Ljubenov, and Radovan Ilic. "Spectral albedo of photons of initial energies below 100 keV." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 22, no. 1 (2007): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0701040m.

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This paper shows the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the photon reflection from homogenous plates of the shield materials made of water, aluminum, and iron. Perpendicular incidence of a monoenergetic photon beam of the initial energy of 20 keV up to 100 keV is considered. The numerical experiments were performed using the verified Monte Carlo programs MCNP-4C, FOTELP-2K3, and PENELOPE-2005. As the result, the values of difference number albedo distributed in ten even intervals according to the energy and nine even intervals according to the polar angle of reflected photons were obtained. Out of these data, the spectral albedo coefficients for all three materials and three initial photon energies of 40 keV, 60 keV, and 100 keV were calculated, graphically presented, and analyzed. The values of the spectral albedo determined on the basis of MCNP-4C code were compared to the results of the early simulations of the photon reflection performed in Russia and in the USA. Also, with the help of MCNP-4C program, the yield of fluorescent photons to the spectrum of the reflected radiation was registered, which can be seen in the graphs in the form of the peak at the energy of 7.112 keV only at the shielding plates made of iron.

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17

Mahmoudi, Atefeh, Alireza Shirazi, Ghazale Geraily, Tahereh Hadisi nia, Masoume Bakhshi, and Maryam Maleki. "Penumbra width determination of single beam and 201 beams of Gamma Knife machine model 4C using Monte Carlo simulation." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 18, no. 1 (September 11, 2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396918000407.

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AbstractBackgroundOne of the stereotactic radiosurgery techniques is Gamma Knife radiosurgery, in which intracranial lesions that are inaccessible or inappropriate for surgery are treated using 201 cobalt-60 sources in one treatment session. In this conformal technique, the penumbra width, which results in out-of-field dose in tumour-adjacent normal tissues should be determined accurately. The aim of this study is to calculate the penumbra widths of single and 201 beams for different collimator sizes of Gamma Knife machine model 4C using EGSnrc/BEAMnrc Monte Carlo simulation code and comparison the results with EBT3 film dosimetry data.Methods and materialsIn this study, simulation of Gamma Knife machine model 4C was performed based on the Monte Carlo codes of EGSnrc/BEAMnrc. To investigate the physical penumbra width (80−20%), the single beam and 201 beams profiles were obtained using EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code and EBT3 films located at isocentre point in a spherical Plexiglas head phantom.ResultsBased on the results, the single beam penumbra widths obtained from simulation data for 4, 8, 14 and 18 mm collimator sizes alongXaxis were 0·75, 0·77, 0·90 and 0·92 mm, respectively. The data for 201 beams obtained from simulation were 2·61, 4·80, 7·92 and 9·81 mm alongXaxis and 1·31, 1·60, 1·91 and 2·14 mm alongZaxis and from film dosimetry were 3·21, 4·90, 8·00 and 10·61 mm alongXaxis and 1·22, 1·69, 2·01 and 2·25 mm alongZaxis, respectively.ConclusionThe differences between measured and simulated penumbra widths are in an acceptable range. However, for more precise measurement in the penumbra region in which dose gradient is high, Monte Carlo simulation is recommended.

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18

Zevallos-Chávez, Juan Yury, and Cibele Bugno Zamboni. "Evaluation of the neutron flux distribution in an AmBe irradiator using the MCNP-4C code." Brazilian Journal of Physics 35, no. 3b (September 2005): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-97332005000500020.

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19

Belan, Bohdana, Dorota Kowalska, Mariya Dzevenko, Mykola Manyako, and Roman Gladyshevskii. "Single-crystal investigation of Ce5AgxGe4−x (x = 0.1−1.08) with Sm5Ge4 type." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 75, no. 8 (September 25, 2020): 765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2020-0091.

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AbstractThe crystal structure of the phase Ce5AgxGe4−x (x = 0.1−1.08) has been determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for Ce5Ag0.1Ge3.9. This phase is isotypic with Sm5Ge4: space group Pnma (No. 62), Pearson code oP36, Z = 4, a = 7.9632(2), b = 15.2693(5), c = 8.0803(2) Å; R1 = 0.0261, wR2 = 0.0460, 1428 F2 values and 48 variables. The two crystallographic positions 8d and 4c show Ge/Ag mixing, leading to a slight increase in the lattice parameters as compared to those of the pure binary compound Ce5Ge4.

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20

Marindra, Gita, Bustanul Arifin, and Yaktiworo Indriani. "ANALISIS KEBERLANJUTAN USAHATANI KOPI SERTIFIKASI COMMON CODE FOR THE COFFEE COMMUNITY (4C) DI KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS PROVINSI LAMPUNG." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 6, no. 4 (May 8, 2019): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v6i4.376-383.

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This research aims to analyze farming income and sustainability of farming practices of coffee certification farmers and coffee non-certification farmers in Tanggamus Regency. This research used survey method. The numbers of samples in this research were 44 respondents of certification farmers and 24 respondents of non-certification farmers. The data was collected from August 2017 to November 2017. The data was analyzed by quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that farming income of certification farmers were higher than non-certification farmers. Socially and environmental sustainable farming practices of certification farmers were more sustainable than non-certification farmers. Sustainability of economy, social and environmental aspects of certification farmers were more sustainable than non-certification farmers. Total of farming income of certification farmers and non-certification farmers were Rp16,330,309 per hectare and Rp10,637,482 per hectare. About 93.20% of certification farmers’s farming were sustainable, while about 91.70% of non-certification farmers’s farming were quite sustainable. Key words: certification, coffee, farming, sustainability

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21

Bonifetto, R., F. Buonora, L. S. Richard, and R. Zanino. "4C Code Simulation and Benchmark of ITER TF Magnet Cool-Down From 300 K to 80 K." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 22, no. 3 (June 2012): 4902604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2011.2177233.

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22

Casanova, A. O. "Shielding analysis of the Microtron MT-25 bunker using the MCNP-4C code and NCRP Report 51." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 109, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nch326.

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23

Zanino, R., R. Bonifetto, U. Bottero, J. Li, J. Qian, L. Hu, X. Gao, L. Savoldi Richard, and Y. Wu. "Application of the 4C code to the thermal–hydraulic analysis of the CS superconducting magnets in EAST." Cryogenics 63 (September 2014): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2014.06.004.

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24

Alhajali, S., and M. Boush. "The Effect of Water Content on the Gamma-ray Attenuation Factor of the Reactor Shielding Concrete." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (August 11, 2020): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul377.

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The surrounding conditions of the shielding concrete, (moisture and temperature), affect the water content within it, and therefore, the attenuation coefficient of the concrete. In this study, the impact of changing the amount of water, in four types of local candidate shielding concretes was investigated. The concrete attenuation coefficient of gamma-rays has been identified experimentally and computationally using the MCNP-4C code. The results show a significant decrease in the attenuation coefficient of each the four concrete samples due to the water losses, especially between 20- 100 oC. Acceptable compatibility was noticed between the measured and calculated results of the attenuation coefficient of the studied concrete samples.

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Zanino, R., R. Bonifetto, A. Brighenti, T. Isono, H. Ozeki, and L. Savoldi. "Prediction, experimental results and analysis of the ITER TF insert coil quench propagation tests, using the 4C code." Superconductor Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (January 29, 2018): 035004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/aa9e6c.

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26

Rusmiyati, Anna. "Impact Of Media QR Code To Grow The Interest Of Students Learn Sociology In Social Conflict Materials." Metafora: Education, Social Sciences and Humanities Journal 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/metafora.v3n2.p1-16.

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The existence of innovative learning allows dynamism in learning. The presence of technology in the world of education is to help teachers and students to obtain the speed of information, create innovative learning, and facilitate all teaching and learning activities. One result of technology that can be utilized in learning is the presence of a smartphone. On the smartphone, there is a QR Code media that can be downloaded via Google Play. One of the sociological materials, namely social conflict is the choice to be presented with QR Code media. The implementation is that students from one of the groups download the QR Code on their smartphone so that they can scan the assignments given by the teacher in the form of barcodes. Previously the teacher had prepared questions about the subject of social conflict in the form of barcodes. Gurupun also download a barcode generator on a smartphone to be able to write the problem, then the final result in the form of a barcode. The results in the form of barcodes are then printed. Then students do the scanning on the printed barcode and the task or problem to appear will appear. Completion of tasks is done in groups so as to accelerate the process. Learning with QR Code media also includes 21st century educational abilities, including literacy, strengthening character education, and 4C (critical, communicative, collaborative, and creative). By using the QR Code media it turns out to be very effective in fostering students' interest in studying sociology. Keywords : Innovative learning, QR Code, Barcode Generator, Scaning, Social Conflict

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27

Ravasi, Matteo, and Andrew Curtis. "Elastic imaging with exact wavefield extrapolation for application to ocean-bottom 4C seismic data." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): S265—S284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0152.1.

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A central component of imaging methods is receiver-side wavefield backpropagation or extrapolation in which the wavefield from a physical source scattered at any point in the subsurface is estimated from data recorded by receivers located near or at the Earth’s surface. Elastic reverse-time migration usually accomplishes wavefield extrapolation by simultaneous reversed-time ‘injection’ of the particle displacements (or velocities) recorded at each receiver location into a wavefield modeling code. Here, we formulate an exact integral expression based on reciprocity theory that uses a combination of velocity-stress recordings and quadrupole-dipole backpropagating sources, rather than the commonly used approximate formula involving only particle velocity data and dipole backpropagating sources. The latter approximation results in two types of nonphysical waves in the scattered wavefield estimate: First, each arrival contained in the data is injected upward and downward rather than unidirectionally as in the true time-reversed experiment; second, all injected energy emits compressional and shear propagating modes in the model simulation (e.g., if a recorded P-wave is injected, both P and S propagating waves result). These artifacts vanish if the exact wavefield extrapolation integral is used. Finally, we show that such a formula is suitable for extrapolation of ocean-bottom 4C data: Due to the fluid-solid boundary conditions at the seabed, the data recorded in standard surveys are sufficient to perform backpropagation using the exact equations. Synthetic examples provide numerical evidence of the importance of correcting such errors.

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Aziz, Md Akhlak Bin, Md Faisal Rahman, and Md Mahidul Haque Prodhan. "Comparison of Lead, Copper and Aluminium as Gamma Radiation Shielding Material through Experimental Measurements and Simulation Using MCNP Version 4c." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 08 (August 23, 2018): 20193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/584.

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The paper compares Lead, Copper and Aluminium as gamma radiation shielding material using both experimental and simulation techniques. Cs- 137 (662KeV), Na-22 (511KeV) and Na- 22(1274KeV) were used as gamma radiation sources and a sodium iodide (NaI) detector was used to detect the radiation. Variations were noted for detected gamma count rates by changing shielding material thickness. In the experimental approach, thickness was varied by placing sheets of a particular test material one by one. For simulation, Monte Carlo n- Particle (MCNP) code version 4c was used and the geometry of the whole experimental setup was plotted in it. The results were then compared for each test material and it was found that lead is the best shielding material for gamma radiation followed by copper and aluminium.

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Obeid, M. H., A. Ismail, A. Bitar, and R. Shweikani. "ESTIMATION OF SCATTERED NEUTRONS CONTRIBUTION IN A NEUTRON CALIBRATION BUNKER USING A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 198, no. 1-2 (January 2022): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab184.

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Abstract The contribution of scattered neutrons is inevitable in neutron calibration facilities. This contribution complicates the measurements of neutron radiation, therefore, it should be estimated to correct the response of neutron probe instruments. In the present work, Monte Carlo simulation was performed for a neutron calibration bunker using the MCNP-4C code. This simulation aimed to calculate the contribution ratio of scattered neutrons to the neutron field. To simulate the neutron field, 241Am-Be neutron source defined in the ISO 8529-1 was used. The results of the simulation reported in this work were found to be consistent with those found experimentally in previous work. Additionally, the distribution of both the ambient dose equivalent rate and the contribution ratio of scattered neutrons in the bunker were mapped using this simulation.

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30

Zanino, R., R. Bonifetto, R. Heller, and L. Savoldi Richard. "Validation of the 4C Thermal-Hydraulic Code Against 25 kA Safety Discharge in the ITER Toroidal Field Model Coil (TFMC)." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 1948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2010.2089771.

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31

Khattab, K., and I. Sulieman. "Calculation and comparison of the neutron energy flux spectra in the Syrian MNSR irradiation sites using the MCNP-4C code." Progress in Nuclear Energy 52, no. 4 (May 2010): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2009.07.001.

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32

Sharifi, Sh, R. Bagheri, and S. P. Shirmardi. "Comparison of shielding properties for ordinary, barite, serpentine and steel–magnetite concretes using MCNP-4C code and available experimental results." Annals of Nuclear Energy 53 (March 2013): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2012.09.015.

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33

Khattab, K., and I. Sulieman. "Calculations of the thermal and fast neutron fluxes in the Syrian miniature neutron source reactor using the MCNP-4C code." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 67, no. 4 (April 2009): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.11.002.

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Richard, L. S., R. Bonifetto, R. Heller, and R. Zanino. "Thermal-Hydraulic Simulation of 80 kA Safety Discharge in the ITER Toroidal Field Model Coil (TFMC) Using the 4C Code." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 40, no. 3 (March 2012): 782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2012.2184839.

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35

Ding, Yanyan, Yangbo Nie, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Qi Zhao, Hanxiong Huang, Jie Bao, and Haicheng Wu. "Benchmark experiment with iron slab by Time-of-flight technique at CIAE." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 18010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023918010.

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In order to validate the evaluated nuclear data, leakage spectra in the range of 0.8 to 15 MeV from samples were measured by time-of-flight (TOF) technique using a D-T neutron source. An experimental system for benchmark validation of nuclear data with slab samples has been set up at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). In this study, test samples are iron slabs, of which the thickness are 5cm, 10cm and 15cm, and the measured angles were chosen to be about 60° and 120°. By comparing measured leakage spectrum with calculated ones by MCNP-4C code, using the data from the CENDL-3.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0, JENDL-4.0 and JEFF-3.3 nuclear data files, and the comparison was made by the spectrum shape and by the C/E values in different energy regions.

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Bagheri, R., S. P. Shirmardi, and R. Adeli. "Study on Gamma-Ray Shielding Characteristics of Lead Oxide, Barite, and Boron Ores Using MCNP-4C Monte Carlo Code and Experimental Data." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 45, no. 6 (January 24, 2017): 20160284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20160284.

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Bagheri, Reza, Alireza Khorrami Moghaddam, and Hassan Yousefnia. "Gamma Ray Shielding Study of Barium–Bismuth–Borosilicate Glasses as Transparent Shielding Materials using MCNP-4C Code, XCOM Program, and Available Experimental Data." Nuclear Engineering and Technology 49, no. 1 (February 2017): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2016.08.013.

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Zehtabian, M., N. Zaker, S. Sina, and A. Soleimani Meigooni. "SU-E-T-212: Comparison of TG-43 Dosimetric Parameters of Low and High Energy Brachytherapy Sources Obtained by MCNP Code Versions of 4C, X and 5." Medical Physics 42, no. 6Part15 (June 2015): 3381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4924573.

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Tu, Tran Thi. "ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION OF BIOGAS DIGESTERS IN LIVESTOCK MANURE TREATMENT AT VAN CU RICE NOODLE CRAFT VILLAGE, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 4C (March 24, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/4c/12121.

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This paper used some calculation techniques of IPCC to quantify the economic and environmental benefit from greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation at Van Cu rice noodle craft village, Huong Toan commune, Huong Tra town, Thua Thien Hue province. The resulting calculation showed that the GHG emission amount of Van Cu rice noodle craft village was 1,572.3 tonnes of CO2e/ year, in which the GHG emission of households who had activities of swine breeding and rice noodle producing had accounted for 78% of total emissions of the whole village. There were 24 biogas digesters in 31 households had built biogas works that were working well and creating biogas for usage as fuel to service of life. Therefore, this study surveyed at 24 households were using biogas works efficiency. Before using biogas works, average GHG emission reached 51.0 tonnes CO2e/ household/ year. After using biogas digesters, total GHG emission of 24 households reduced 267.6 tonnes of CO2e/ year. Thus, the total GHG emission amount was cut down 956.5 tonnes of CO2e/ year, corresponding to revenue from the sale of certified emission reductions (CERs) was 13.04 million dong/ year.

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Ljubenov, Vladan, Rodoljub Simovic, Srpko Markovic, and Radovan Ilic. "Number albedo of low-energy photons for water, aluminum, and iron." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 22, no. 1 (2007): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0701048l.

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Number albedo of water, aluminum, and iron for incident photons in the energy range from 20 keV to 100 keV is presented in this paper. The results are obtained through Monte Carlo simulations of photon reflection by using MCNP-4C, FOTELP-2K3, and PENELOPE-2005 computer codes. The calculated values are compared with the classical data published by B. P. Bulatov and his collaborators. The influence of fluorescence yield to the photon number albedo of an iron target at the initial photon energies below 40 keV is detected and analyzed.

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Fassier, Thomas, Amandine Rapp, Jan-Joost Rethans, Mathieu Nendaz, and Naïke Bochatay. "Training Residents in Advance Care Planning: A Task-Based Needs Assessment Using the 4-Component Instructional Design." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 534–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-20-01263.1.

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ABSTRACT Background Residents may learn how to perform advance care planning (ACP) through informal curriculum. Task-based instructional designs and recent international consensus statements for ACP provide opportunities to explicitly train residents, but residents' needs are poorly understood. Objective We assessed residents' training needs in ACP at the Geneva University Hospitals in Geneva, Switzerland. Methods Qualitative data were collected and analyzed iteratively between December 2017 and September 2019. Transcripts were coded using both a deductive content analysis based on the 4-Component Instructional Design (4C/ID) model and an inductive thematic analysis. Results Out of 55 individuals contacted by email, 49 (89%) participated in 7 focus groups and 10 individual interviews, including 19 residents, 18 fellows and attending physicians, 4 nurses, 1 psychologist, 1 medical ethics consultant, 3 researchers, and 3 patients. Participants identified 3 tasks expected of residents (preparing, discussing, and documenting ACP) and discussed why training residents in ACP is complex. Participants described knowledge (eg, prognosis), skills (eg, clinical and ethical reasoning), and attitudes (eg, reflexivity) that residents need to become competent in ACP and identified needs for future training. In terms of the 4C/ID, these needs revolved around: (1) learning tasks (eg, workplace practice, simulated scenarios); (2) supportive information (eg, videotaped worked examples, cognitive feedback); (3) procedural information (eg, ACP pocket-sized information sheet, corrective feedback); and (4) part-task practice (eg, rehearsal of communication skills, simulation). Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive description of tasks and competencies to train residents in ACP.

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Pontes, Thiago, Guilhermina Miranda, and Gabriela Celani. "Algorithm-Aided Design with Python: Analysis of Technological Competence of Subjects." Education Sciences 8, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci8040200.

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Difficulties in learning computer programming for novices is a subject of abundant scientific literature. These difficulties seem to be accentuated in students whose academic choice is not computation, like architecture students. However, they need to study programming, since it is part of the new academic curricula. The results presented here are part of a PhD research, which investigates the achievement motivation and the acquisition and transfer of programming knowledge from an online environment designed on the basis of the 4C-ID instructional design model. These results are a sociodemographic analysis, and the technological competence of these subjects. We concluded that most of the students of our sample do not know how to auto assess their ICT expertise level, because they believed that they had sufficient computational knowledge for their needs. However, most of them told that they had difficulties creating codes. However, they recognized the importance of learning to program, thought it was valuable for architectural students, and felt motivated to acquire this new skill.

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Bedenko, Sergey V., Vladimir V. Knyshev, Mariya Ye Kuznetsova, Igor O. Lutsik, and Igor V. Shamanin. "Peculiarities of the radiation formation in dispersed microencapsulated nuclear fuel." Nuclear Energy and Technology 5, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.5.33978.

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A computational study has been performed for various options of the thorium reactor core loading. Neutronic studies of fuel have been conducted, its isotopic composition has been calculated, and the alpha emitters and the sources of neutron and photon radiation in the microencapsulated nuclear fuel have been analyzed. The studies had the purpose of developing the methodology used to estimate the radiation characteristics of nuclear fuel with a complex inner structure. Emphasis is placed on calculating the quantitative and spectral composition of the neutrons formed as the result of (a, n) reactions on small- and average-mass nuclei. The ratio of the quantity of the neutrons resulting from the (a, n) reactions to the quantity of the neutrons formed as the result of spontaneous fission has been calculated for fuel with heterogeneous and homogeneous arrangements of fissionable and structural elements. The developed tools will make it possible to estimate the neutron radiation dose, to revise the traditional fresh and spent fuel handling procedures, and to estimate, using the Rossi alpha method, the neutron multiplication factor in deeply subcritical systems. The neutron yield and spectrum were calculated using an analytical model and verified codes such as WIMS-D5B, ORIGEN-APP, SOURCES-4C and SRIM-2013.

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Irkimbekov, Ruslan A., Aleksandr D. Vurim, Sergey V. Bedenko, Artur S. Surayev, and Galina A. Vityuk. "Neutron background of composite low-enriched uranium fuel of the IVG.1M research reactor." Nuclear Energy and Technology 8, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.8.93895.

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IVG.1M is a research pressurized water reactor designed to use high-enriched fuel. As part of the core conversion program, the reactor will be switched to a new low-enriched composite uranium fuel. Further operation of the reactor is determined by the availability of fresh fuel to replace the core after the next campaign and the possibility of ensuring safe storage of irradiated spent nuclear fuel (SNF) unloaded from the core. The SNF storage conditions are assessed in terms of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety. Radiation safety of the research reactor fuel storage is achieved, first of all, by solving problems of protection against γ-radiation, while neutron radiation, as a rule, is not considered due to its significantly lower intensity compared to γ-radiation. As for the new low-enriched fuel of the IVG.1M reactor, which is characterized by a set of elements with low and medium atomic masses, on which the (α, n) reaction is possible, the assessment of the neutron component is a necessary procedure to ensure safe fuel storage. The authors of the article propose a procedure for calculating the neutron component of the radiation characteristics of fresh and irradiated composite fuel of the IVG.1M reactor, and also estimate the (α, n)-component. The results of the research will be useful in selecting SNF storage and transportation technologies as well as in providing scientific justification for the possibility of using neutron radiation to control burnup. The research was carried out using verified computational codes MCNP5 and Sources-4C, high-precision experimental EXFOR and computational ENDSF data, as well as evaluated nuclear data libraries.

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"ALLEGHENY LUDLUM AL 29-4C." Alloy Digest 42, no. 11 (November 1, 1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.ss0554.

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Abstract AL 29-4C is a highly corrosion resistant alloy with a relatively high strength. This combination allows the use of lighter gage tubes, and has led to its use in the brine heat exchangers of geothermal power plants. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and joining. Filing Code: SS-554. Producer or source: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.

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Renard, Marie-Christine. "Values and the making of standards in ‘sustainable’ coffee networks: The case of 4C and Nestlé in México." International Sociology, October 8, 2022, 026858092211192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02685809221119289.

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The ‘sustainable’ coffee industry has experienced steady expansion in recent decades, due to the emerging demand and values of consumers. Coffee corporations have invested in this market segment, participating in multi-stakeholder initiatives through which they seek to control the definitions of sustainability and to secure the supply chain. After highlighting the ambiguity of the concept of sustainability, the article analyzes the impacts of the 4C code of conduct adopted by Nestlé, in the context of Mexico’s growing coffee crisis. It highlights the existing dissonance between the sustainability proclaimed by the code of conduct and the reality in the coffee producing regions of Mexico where Nestlé sources 4C certified coffee. It concludes that the application of this code is far from adhering to the values of economic, social, and environmental sustainability that it claims to defend.

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Bagheri, Reza, Alireza Khorrami Moghaddam, and Ali Yousefi. "Gamma-ray shielding study of light to heavyweight concretes using MCNP-4C code." Nuclear Science and Techniques 28, no. 2 (December 24, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-016-0167-6.

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Mahmoudi, Atefeh, and Ghazale Geraily. "EGSnrc/BEAMnrc-Based Monte Carlo Simulation of the Gamma Knife 4C versus MCNP Code in Homogeneous Media." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, April 22, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v7i1.2723.

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Purpose: Gamma Knife is applied as a superseded tool for inaccessible lesions surgery delivering a single high dose to a well-defined target through 201 small beams. Monte Carlo simulations can be an appropriate supplementary tool to determine dosimetric parameters in small fields due to the related dosimetry hardships. Materials and Methods: EGSnrc/BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code was implemented to model Gamma Knife 4C. Single channel geometry comprising stationary and helmet collimators was simulated. A point source was considered as a cylindrical Cobalt source based on the simplified source channel mode. All of the 201 source channels were arranged in spherical coordinate by EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code to calculate dose profiles. The simulated profiles at the isocentre point in a spherical head phantom 160 mm in diameter along three axes for 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm field sizes were compared to those obtained by another work using MCNP code. Results: Based on the results, the BEAMnrc and MCNP dose profiles matched well apart from the 18 mm profiles along X and Y directions with the average gamma index of 1.36 and 1.18, respectively. BEAMnrc profiles for 14 and 18 mm field sizes along X and Y axes were entirely flat in plateau region, whereas MCNP profiles represented variations as well as round shape. Besides, considering the identical results, radioactive source can be modeled by a point source instead of cylindrical one. Conclusion: Thus, the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc code is recommended to simulate Gamma Knife machine as it is regarded as the most accurate computer program to simulate photon and electron interactions.

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Zhang, Suli, Shuangzhu Lin, Zhenxian Liu, Wanqi Wang, Jiayi Li, Qiandui Chen, Li Yang, Cui Wang, and Qiming Pang. "Case report: Heterogeneous mutations of SOX10 gene in a Chinese infant with Waardenburg syndrome type 4C." Frontiers in Pediatrics 10 (August 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.898693.

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A 5-month-old patient presented with grayish-blue iris bilaterally, skin and mucosal pigmentation loss, Hirschsprung's disease, full-blown growth retardation, and sensorineural deafness. The patient's whole exon gene sequencing revealed a spontaneous heterozygous code-shifting mutation in the SOX10 gene: c.803del:p.K268Sfs*18. The parents of the child were wild-type, and the site of the mutation is novel.

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Kockaya, Guvenc, Okan Atalay, Mustafa Kurnaz, Selin Okcun, Nazlı Sencan, Cigdem Gedik, Mete Saylan, and Gulpembe Oguzhan. "Analysis of Market Access Agreements in Turkey." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 21, no. 1 (October 22, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v21i1.1457.

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BACKGROUND: Reimbursement agencies are increasingly adopting innovative reimbursement approaches for new and expensive technologies. Social Security Institution (SSI), Turkey`s reimbursement agency, established the Alternative Reimbursement Commission (ARC) on February 10, 2016. This study aimed to understand the implementations of market access agreements in recent years in Turkey.METHODS: Decisions of the Health Services Pricing Commission published in the official gazette , and information from the Turkey Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, the Abroad Drug List, Health Implementation Communique published by SSI with additional lists, such as the Annex-4A List of Reimbursed Medicines and the Annex-4C Abroad Drug Price List, were used. The data was transferred to Windows Office Excel files, and a descriptive analysis was conducted and evaluated by two market access experts.RESULTS: There were 57 drugs included in the coverage of reimbursement with alternative reimbursement since the application was started in Turkey. 35 of them were added to Annex-4A and 22 of them to Annex-4C. Furthermore, 45.6% of the drugs had an Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) code of l-antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, 28% were orphan drugs, 44 of them had a confidential discount rate, and financial-based agreement models were preferred for nearly all agreements.CONCLUSIONS: Turkey has been implementing market access agreements since mid-2016. In the past 3 years, 57 drugs have been covered for reimbursement under the new implementation. Further analysis should be conducted to understand the decision-making process involved.

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