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Castellazzi, Alberto [Verfasser]. "Performance and reliability of PowerMOSFETs in the 42V-PowerNet / Alberto Castellazzi." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1172616361/34.
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Alves, Stephane. "Conception de transistors FLYMOSTM verticaux de puissance adaptés aux applications automobiles du futur (batterie 42V)." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00512330.
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Les nouveaux systèmes développés par le secteur automobile font de plus en plus appel à l'électronique et nécessiteront bientôt plus de puissance que ce que peuvent fournir les batteries 12 et 24 Volts actuelles. C'est dans ce cadre que de nouvelles batteries 42 Volts vont être introduites. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que les solutions "classiques", permettant de diminuer la résistance à l'état passant des composants unipolaires conventionnels, n'étaient plus satisfaisantes car elles se heurtaient à une limitation fondamentale, dite "limite du silicium". C'est pour cette raison que nos travaux de recherche se sont orientés vers de nouveaux transistors MOS de puissance (FLYMOS") adaptés au 42 Volts. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire est basé sur le concept des îlots flottants (FLi-Diode) et de son application aux composants MOS (FLYMOS"), afin d'améliorer le compromis "tenue en tension/ résistance à l'état passant". Ce concept consiste en l'introduction d'une région flottante P dans une zone N- afin d'étaler le champ électrique dans le volume : la tenue en tension peut ainsi être augmentée sans pour autant dégrader la résistance à l'état passant. Dans un deuxième temps, les paramètres technologiques ont été optimisés à l'aide de la simulation physique bidimensionnelle pour concevoir un transistor FLYMOS" (cellules de bord et centrale) présentant un compromis optimal entre tenue en tension et résistance à l'état passant. Le concept des îlots flottants a ensuite été validé par la réalisation technologique de FLi-Diodes et de FLYMOS" basse tension (BVdss < 100V). Les meilleurs transistors FLYMOS" ainsi réalisés présentent une tenue en tension supérieure à la tenue en tension de la jonction plane et une résistance à l'état passant fortement améliorée puisqu'elle est proche de la limite conventionnelle du silicium.
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Jourdan, Ludovic. "Stratégie de pré-dimensionnement de convertisseurs statiques : Application à une alimentation 42V-14V réversible pour l'automobile." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00480432.
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Un des enjeux importants de ces dernières années est l'optimisation des structures. Ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie de pré-dimensionnement pour les convertisseurs statiques. Celle-ci se veut être la plus générale possible et s'appuie sur la mise au point de modèles analytiques simples sur lesquels le compromis précision-rapidité a été imposé. Une analyse des différentes méthodes de modélisation a donc été effectuée pour les différents phénomènes physiques en présence (Compatibilité électromagnétique CEM, ondulation, dynamique, thermique, volume..) ainsi qu'une validation sur une application hacheur synchrone dédiée à l'automobile. Plusieurs stratégies d'optimisation ont été évaluées, et leur influence sur les modèles utilisés a été analysée. Cette démarche permet non seulement de trouver une solution technologique viable mais permet aussi de faire un retour sur cahier des charges.
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Feybesse, Adeline. "Développement et optimisation par simulation de transistors MOS verticaux de puissance adaptés au secteur automobile (batterie 42V)." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30252.
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Castaño, Sánchez Sandra Milena. "Contribución al estudio y desarrollo del accionamiento eléctrico de reluctancia conmutada en el sistema de aire acondicionado en automóviles a 42v." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8470.
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Esta tesis considera el desarrollo de un accionamiento de velocidad variable basado en el motor de reluctancia conmutada (SRM) 8/6 para una aplicación en el sistema de aire acondicionado (A/C) del automóvil. Un modelo completo del sistema A/C + cabina en Matlab-Simulink nos permite estudiar su actuación en el ciclo de refrigeración. Se complementa al incluir el modelo del accionamiento de reluctancia conmutada, particularmente diseñado para la aplicación. Aquí, se presenta un conjunto de recomendaciones para el desarrollo y aplicación del SRM cuando opera a 42V. Esta aplicación toma en cuenta los efectos de saturación magnética del material (Imax=65A). Las no linealidades de la maquina son desarrolladas modelando la característica no-lineal flujo-corriente-posición (-i-θ) y par electromagnético (T-i-θ), para el cual se ha usado un programa comercial de diseño de maquinas eléctricas. El accionamiento SRM usa en este caso un control de par/velocidad, mientras el control de temperatura en la cabina utiliza un control difuso. La validación se realiza con un motor de cercanas prestaciones a diferentes puntos de carga.This thesis considers the development of a variable speed drive motor based on the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) 8/6 for an application in an automotive air-conditioning (A/C) system. A complete A/C system model + cabin in Matlab-Simulink are established to study the performance in a refrigeration cycle. It is complemented by the inclusion of a SRM drive model, designed particularly for the application. We present a set of guidelines for the development and application of the SRM when operating at 42V. This means to take into account the effects of magnetic saturation of the material (Imax=65A). The nonlinearities of the machine are developed modelling the nonlinear characteristic flux-current-rotor position (-i-θ) and electromagnetic torque (T-i-θ), for which it has used commercial software of electric machines design. The SRM drive uses a speed/torque control; besides the temperature control in the cabin utilizes a fuzzy control. The validation uses a similar feature motor with different load points.
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Boucharel, Paul. "Conception des lois de commande optimales pour l'amélioration de l'efficacité globale d'une chaîne de traction automobile." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT060H.
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L'objectif premier des travaux thèse est de réduire la consommation d'essence d’un véhicule hybride parallèle en réponse à une requête du conducteur. Après modélisation des transferts énergétiques au sein du véhicule, des algorithmes de contrôle locaux ont été développés pour déterminer le rapport de boîte et la répartition optimale de couple entre les motorisations en minimisant un critère incluant les aspects de consommation et d'agrément de conduite. Un second point consiste à déterminer les comportements optimaux d'un véhicule sur un trajet connu a priori. Une optimisation globale permettant de déterminer la consommation minimale a été développée. L'analyse des résultats permet alors, avec un système de navigation, d’améliorer les algorithmes locaux pour mieux gérer les changements de rapport et le niveau de charge de la batterie. Pour valider cette approche, des tests de prototypage rapide et des test sur véhicule ont été réalisésThe main aim of the study is to determine the minimal fuel consumption of a parallel hybrid vehicle that fulfill the driver's request. First, a model representing the energy flows inside the vehicle was set. Then local control algorithms were developed to determine the optimal gear ratio and torque repartition between the motors by minimizing a criterion including consumption and driveability aspects. A second point of the thesis consists in extracting the optimal behavior of the car on a planned trip. A global optimization that computes the minimal consumption on the planned trip was developed. Considering a vehicle with a navigation system, the analysis of the results allows to improve the gear ratio and the battery charging management of the local algorithms. Fast prototyping tests and vehicle tests were made to validate this approach
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Fleck, Cliff H. "Apartment 422." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2010. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/120.
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Ponce, Navarrete José Luis. "Introducción respirador advantage 420." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137002.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en MarketingAutor no autoriza acceso a texto completo de su documento
Este plan de Marketing ha sido desarrollado con la finalidad de aprovechar la coyuntura de la industria minera (baja en el precio del cobre1) e introducir, en Chile, un respirador de alta calidad adecuado a esa coyuntura, con el objetivo de lograr incrementar la participación en el segmento de respiradores reutilizables filtrantes de MSA. MSA es el líder mundial en el desarrollo, fabricación y suministro de productos de seguridad que protegen a las personas y las infraestructuras de las instalaciones. Muchos productos de MSA integran una combinación de electrónica, sistemas mecánicos y materiales avanzados para proteger a los usuarios contra las situaciones peligrosas o potencialmente mortales. Debido a la baja del precio del cobre2, reducción de personal en la industria minera3 y a la búsqueda de la reducción de costos de las compañías4, se ha configurado un escenario atractivo para la introducción de un respirador adecuado que le permitirá a MSA quitar participación de mercado a las demás marcas. Este plan de marketing está orientado a soportar ese objetivo. La primera parte del plan considera el análisis tanto externo como interno de las variables más importantes, posteriormente se definen los objetivos de marketing y comerciales y el desarrollo del plan, la definición de los mecanismos de control y finalmente el presupuesto que consideramos para el plan.
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Ayala, Renzo, and Quispe Maria Gracia Zapata. "Evaluación in vitro de la actividad antibacteriana y citotóxica de los polialcoholes (Xilitol E-967, Sorbitol E-420, Manitol E-421) sobre Streptococcus Mutans (ATCC® 35668™)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622862.
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Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la actividad antibacteriana y el efecto citotóxico de los polialcoholes (Xilitol E-967, Sorbitol E-420, Manitol E-421) sobre el Streptococcus mutans (ATCC® 35668™).
Materiales y Métodos: El presente estudio fue experimental in vitro. Para determinar el efecto antibacteriano se utilizaron placas de Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHI) inoculadas con la cepa de bacterias Streptococcus mutans (ATCC® 35668™) y sometidas con diferentes concentraciones de los polialcoholes Xilitol (E-967), Sorbitol (E-420), Manitol (E-421). La concentración mínima inhibitoria (MIC) y el efecto antibacteriano fue evaluado mediante el método de microdilución. El efecto citotóxico (CC50) de los polialcoholes fue evaluado frente a línea celular MDCK mediante la prueba colorimétrica del MTT.
Resultados: El efecto antibacteriano se observó a las 72 horas, donde el Polialcohol Xilitol tuvo efecto antibacteriano sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans hasta la concentración 1x10-5 con 0 UFC hasta la concentración, mientras que el Sorbitol y el Manitol tuvieron UFC en todas las concentraciones. La CMI del Polialcohol Xilitol fue 1x10-5. En la evaluación de la viabilidad celular de los tres olialcoholes, el resultado fue mayor de 85% en todas las concentraciones.
Conclusiones: El polialcohol Xilitol presentó mayor efecto antibacteriano comparado con los polialcoholes Sorbitol y Manitol. Respecto a la citotoxicidad de los polialcoholes, ninguna presentó toxicidad a nivel celular en las concentraciones evaluadas.Objective: The aim of this study is to compare in vitro the antibacterial activity and the cytotoxic effect of polyalcohols (Xylitol E-967, Sorbitol E-420, Mannitol E-421) on the bacterial strain Streptococcus mutans (ATCC® 35668 ™). Materials and Methods: The present study was experimental in vitro. To determinate the antibacterial effect was used Cerebral Heart Infusion Agar (BHI) plates with differents concentrations of polyalcohols (Xylitol E-967, Sorbitol E-420 and Mannitol E-421) inoculated with strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC® 35668 ™). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the antibacterial effect was evaluated by the microdilution method. The cytotoxic effect (CC50) of the polyalcohols was evaluated against the MDCK cell line by the MTT colorimetric test. Results: The antibacterial effect was observed after 72 hours, the Xylitol polyalcohol had antibacterial effect on strains of Streptococcus mutans up to the concentration 1x10-5 with 0 colony forming units (CFU), while Sorbitol and Mannitol had countless CFU in all concentrations. The MIC of the Xylitol Polyalcohol was 1x10-5. In the evaluation of the cell viability of Xylitol, Sorbitol and Mannitol, the result was greater than 85% in all concentrations. Conclusion: Xylitol polyalcohol showed a higher antibacterial effect than Sorbitol and Manitol polyalcohols. Regarding the cytotoxicity of the polygons, none presented toxicity at the cellular level.
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Firmino, Luciana. "Estudo da especificação ARINC 429." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2004. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=645.
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Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa a Especificação ARINC 429, que ée a especificação mais utilizada atualmente em barramentos de dados na aviação comercial. A mesma define a comunicação entre equipamentos aviônicos, desde a ligação física, propriedades elétricas, caminho da informação, formatos de palavra e protocolo. Embora não obrigatória, ée muito útil para a indústria aeronáutica, pois se observada, proporciona a garantia de níveis de segurança adequados para a aviação em geral. A contínua modernização dos sistemas aviônicos traz a necessidade de constante atualização dos protocolos e barramentos, e conseqüentemente, das especificações técnicas utilizadas. A experiência tem mostrado que se deve sempre rever todas as definições dos formatos de mensagens e/ou protocolos implementados pelos fabricantes dos equipamentos. Para comprovar isso, um ensaio foi desenvolvido e implementado para analisar o funcionamento de equipamentos de um sistema aviônico utilizados em aeronaves Embraer. O ensaio teve como objetivo a familiarização com o RIG aviônico, através da análise das formas de onda dos sinais de alta e baixa velocidade nas interfaces ARINC 429 e também do comportamento das mensagens transmitidas via ARINC 429. Ele evidenciou mais uma vez o RIG como ferramenta suficientemente adequada para a previsão do comportamento de sistemas e como instrumento para auxílio na certificação de aeronaves.
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Veselý, Libor. "Průtah silnice II/428 v Dětkovicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391884.
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The diploma thesis deals with the design of the repair of the road II/428 in the village Dětkovice and with the construction of new sidewalks and parking spaces along this road. The aim of the thesis is to optimize the tracking of the road II/428 with a regard to the safety of using it, to ensure quality drainage of the road and to enable the construction of a new sidewalk. The designed sidewalk is going to increase comfort and safety of pedestrians in the village. The new parking spaces are going to improve situation with parking in the village.
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Štetinová, Petronela. "Průtah silnice II/428 ve Švábenicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392016.
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This diploma thesis presents redesign of urban road in municipality Švábenice. The condition of this road is unsuitable. The redesign of horizontal and vertical solution is developed and proposed based on the obtained data. This proposal focuses on improvement of traffic safety. The important part of this redesign was the solution of the unsuitable intersection in the centre of municipality. This intersection was divided to two separate ones. The new proposal improves viewpoint and orientation conditions for drivers. This improves traffic safety in this location. This proposal contains solution of parking, traffic signs, drainage, improving safety and comfort of pedestrians and persons with disabilities. This redesign respects affected lands and their usage. It respects existing engineer networks and requirements of territorial plan of the municipality Švábenice.
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Brown, Terence J. "Emperors and imperial cities, AD 284-423." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248856.
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Schäfer, Victor [Verfasser]. "Adaptives Energiemanagement für 48V - Kraftfahrzeugbordnetze / Victor Schäfer." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106592549/34.
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Röbsteck, Vilém. "Grafické studio Plus 420 728 528 648." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta výtvarných umění, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240503.
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The base of this diploma thesis is a creation of the studio of graphic design Plus 420 728 528 648, its vissual style, introduction to the mean projects which we have recently solved and which, in my opinion, characterize well our design work which we have chosen.
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Chung, Ka-yin Gladys, and 鍾嘉賢. "Natural landscapes in the literary writings of the Eastern Jin (A.D. 316-420) and Liu Song (A.D. 420-479)Eras." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30085494.
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Van, Reenen Carol A. (Carol Ann). "Characterization of bacteriocin 423 produced by Lactobacillus pentosus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51652.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Worldwide, bacteriocins, particularly those produced by food-related lactic acid bacteria, are receiving attention due to the possible use of these peptides as natural preservatives in food, replacing potentially harmful chemical preservatives. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized proteins or peptides that inhibit closely related microorganisms. Most bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria are small, heat resistant peptides that inhibit other Gram-positive bacteria, including food-borne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus, but do not inhibit Gram-negative bacteria, molds or fungi. Bacteriocins are produced as inactive prepeptides that become active after the N-terminal leader peptide is cleaved off. Small heat resistant bacteriocins are either lantibiotics (Class I), containing unusual posttranslationally modified amino acids, or peptides that are non-Ianthionines (Class II). The Class II bacteriocins are further divided into four different groups: Class lIa, the anti-listerial bacteriocins containing the YGNGV consensus sequence in the N-terminal of the protein, Class lib, bacteriocins consisting of two peptides, Class IIc, bacteriocins that are secreted via the sec pathway, and Class lid, bacteriocins that do not belong in the previous three subgroups. A bacteriocin producing lactic acid bacterium was isolated in our laboratory from traditionally home fermented South African sorghum beer. The producing bacterium was found to be a facultative heterofermentative Lactobacillus sp. and was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus pentosus by using the API 50 CHL carbohydrate fermentation system and numerical analysis of total soluble cell protein patterns. RAPD-PCR analysis identified the strain as L. plantarum, but 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed its identification as L. pentosus. The bacteriocin, first designated plantaricin 423 and later bacteriocin 423, was identified as a Class lIa small heat resistant anti-listerial bacteriocin containing the YGNGV consensus motif. Bacteriocin 423 inhibited a variety of Gram-positive bacteria, including Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Oenococcus oeni, Pediococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp. and Listeria spp. The bacteriocin was inactivated by proteolytic enzymes and active over a wide pH range (pH 1-10). Bacteriocin 423 lost 50 % of its activity after autoclaving for 15 min at 121°C, but was not affected by lesser heat treatments. Bacteriocin production was increased by optimizing the growth medium, which consisted of glucose, tryptone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, ammonium citrate, manganese sulphate, Tween 80 and casamino acids. The bacteriocin was found to be plasmid-encoded. Genetic analysis of the bacteriocin operon indicated a high percentage of homology to the operon of another Class lIa bacteriocin, pediocin PA-1, although the structural genes of the two bacteriocins were markedly different. The structural gene of bacteriocin 423 was amplified by PCR and cloned into a yeastJE. coli vector between the ADH1 promoter and terminator sequences and fused in-frame to the MFa1 secretion signal sequence. Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with this plasmid expressed the bacteriocin. The sequence of prebacteriocin 423 (MMKKIEKL TEKEMANIIGGKYYGNGVTCGKHSCSVN WGOAFSCSVSHLANFGHGKC) is similar, but not identical to any other reported Class lIa anti-listeria I peptide.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bakteriosiene, veral dié wat deur melksuurbakterieë geproduseer word, wek belangstelling as gevolg van die moontlike gebruik van hierdie natuurlike antimikrobiese proteiëne as preserveermiddels in voedselprodukte, in plaas van potensieël gevaarlike chemiese preserveermiddels. Bakteriosiene is ribosomaal-vervaardigde proteiëne wat naverwante bakterieë inhibeer. Die meeste bakteriosiene wat deur melksuurbakterieë geproduseer word, is klein en hittebestand. Hierdie bakteriosiene inhibeer ander Gram-positiewe bakterieë, insluitend patogene soos Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens en Staphylococcus aureus, maar inhibeer nie Gram-negatiewe bakterieë, giste of swamme nie. Bakteriosiene word as onaktiewe prepeptiede geproduseer, wat ge-aktiveer word wanneer die N-terminale leierpeptied afgesplits word. Klein hittebestande bakteriosiene is óf lantibiotika (Klas I), met ongewone aminosure, óf normale peptiede (Klas II). Laasgenoemde klas kan verder in vier groepe verdeel word. Klas lIa is anti-listeriese bakteriosiene met fn YGNGVaminosuurvolgorde in die N-terminale kant van die peptied. Klas lib sluit in bakteriosiene wat uit twee peptiede bestaan. Klas lie is sec-afhanklike bakteriosiene, en Klas lid sluit in al die bakteriosiene wat nie in die eerste drie groepe geklassifiseer kan word nie. 'n Bakteriosien-produserende melksuurbakterie is uit tradisionele tuisgefermenteerde Suid- Afrikaanse sorghumbier geïsoleer. Die bakterie is as 'n fakultatief heterofermentatiewe Lactobacillus sp. geïdentifiseer. Die bakterie is verder as 'n Lactobacillus plantarum of Lactobacillus pentosus geïdentifiseer deur middel van die API 50 CHL-koolhidraat fermentasiesisteem en numeriese analiese van totale oplosbare selproteiënprofiele. Met RAPD-PCR analiese is die organisme as L. plantarum geïdentifiseer, maar 168 rRNA nukleotiedopeenvolging het die identiteit van die organisme as L. pentosus bevestig. Bakteriosien 423, aanvanklik geklassifiseer as plantaricin 423, is fn klein Klas lIa, hittebestande en anti-listeriese bakteriosien met die YGNGV motief, wat verskeie Grampositiewe bakterieë inhibeer. Bakteriosien 423 het verskeie Gram-positiewe organismes geïnhibeer, onder andere Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Oenococcus oeni, Pediococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., en Listeria spp. Proteolitiese ensieme inaktiveer die bakteriosien. Die peptied was oor 'n pH reeks van 1-10 aktief. Outoklavering vir 15 min by 121°C het die aktiwiteit van die peptied halveer, maar die bakteriosien is nie geïnaktiveer met ander hittebehandelings nie. Produksie van die bakteriosien is verhoog deur die groeimedium te optimiseer. Die groeimedium het bestaan uit glukose, triptoon, gisekstrak, kaliumfosfaat, natriumasetaat, ammoniumsitraat, mangaansulfaat, Tween 80 en casaminosure. Die bakteriosien se genetiese determinante is op In plasmied gesetel. Genetiese analiese van die bakteriosien operon het 'n hoë homologie met In ander Klas lIa bakteriosien, pediocin PA-1, getoon, maar die strukturele gene van die twee bakteriosiene verskil merkbaar. Die strukturele geen van bakteriosien 423 is met PKR ge-amplifiseer en in 'n gistE. coli-vektor tussen die ADH1 promotor- en termineerderopeenvolgings, in leesraam met die MFa1 sekresiesein, gekloneer. Saccharomyces cerevisiae wat met hierdie plasmied getransformeer is, het bakteriosien 423 uitgedruk. Die aminosuurvolgorde van prebakteriosien 423 (MMKKIEKL TEKEMANIIGGKYYGNGVTCGKHSCSVNWGOAFSCSVSHLANFGHGKC) is verwant aan, maar nie identies aan, ander Klas lIa anti-listeriese peptiede.
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Cohen, Francisca. "Studies on regulation of the plantaricin 423 gene." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50111.
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Thesis (MSc) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lactic acid bacteria play an essential role in the majority of fermented foods by producing organoleptic compounds and increasing the shelf life. The best-studied antimicrobial compounds are bacteriocins, i.e. ribosomally synthesized peptides. Most of these peptides have a narrow spectrum of activity and are usually only active against bacteria from the same ecological niche. The fact that all bacteriocins are degraded by proteolytic enzymes enlarges their potential use as natural food preservatives. The ideal would be to replace or reduce chemical preservatives such as sulfur dioxide, nitrates and nitrites. Bacteriocins are classified into four groups according to their structural and functional characteristics. Plantaricin 423, produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 423, is heat stable, plasmid encoded, relatively small (3.5 kDa) and is classified as a class Iia bacteriocin. The peptide is active from pH 1.0 to 10.0 and inhibits Gram-positive bacteria, including Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Oenococcus oeni, Pediococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp. and pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Clostridium spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Production of bacteriocins may occur constitutively or may be regulated by a cell-density dependent system called quorum sensing. Plantaricin 423 is produced throughout logarithmic growth, with no apparent change in production levels when the producer strain is cultured in the presence of plantaricin 423 or Listeria innocua and Lactobacillus sakei. This led us to believe that plantaricin 423 may be produced constitutively. A reporter system was constructed which consisted of the plantaricin 423 promoter, P423, fused to the luxAB genes and cloned into a shuttle vector, pTRKH2. The newly constructed plasmid, pTAB4, was transformed to a bacteriocin-negative mutant of L. plantarum (423 B} Despite several repeats, no luciferase activity was recorded and no RNA homologous to the luxAB genes was detected. The region necessary for expression of plantaricin 423 may be located stream-up of the -80 region homologous to the -80 and -40 conserved repeats of regulated class II bacteriocins. Inclusion of the latter region in the reporter construct may result in the successful expression of luxAB.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Melksuurbakteriee speel 'n belangrike rol in die meeste gefermenteerde voedselsoorte deur die produksie van organoleptiese komponente en die verlenging van rakleeftyd. Van aile antimikrobiese komponente is bakteriosiene (ribosomaal gesintetiseerde peptiede) die beste bestudeer. Hierdie peptiede het gewoonlik 'n nou spektrum van antimikrobiese werking en is meestal aktief teen bakteriee in dieselfde ekologiese nis. Die feit dat bakteriosiene deur proteolitiese ensieme in die spysverteringskanaal vernietig word, verhoog die potensiele gebruik van bakteriosiene as preserveermiddels. Die ideaal sal wees om die konsentrasie van chemiese preserveermiddels soos swaweldioksied, nitrate en nitriete te verlaag of rnoontlik te vervang met bakteriosiene. Bakteriosiene word in vier groepe op grond van hul strukturele en funksionele karaktereienskappe geklassifiseer. Plantarisien 423, geproduseer deur Lactobacillus plantarum 423, is hitte-stabiel, word deur 'n plasmied gekodeer, is relatief klein (3.5 kDa) en sorteer onder die klas Iia bakteriosiene. Die peptied is aktief oor 'n wye pH-reeks (pH 1.0-10.0) en inhibeer Gram-positiewe bakteriee, insluitend Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Oenococcus oeni, Pediococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp. en patogene soos Bacillus cereus, Clostridium spp. en Listeria monocytogenes. Produksie van bakteriosiene kan konstitutief plaasvind of kan gereguleer word deur 'n seldigtheids- afhanklike sisteem naamlik "quorum sensing". Plantarisien 423 word regdeur logaritmiese groei geproduseer, met geen verandering in produksievlakke wanneer die produserende stam in die teenwoordigheid van plantarisien 423 of Listeria innocua en Lactobacillus sakei gekweek word nie. Dit het gelei tot die hipotese dat plantarisien 423 moontlik konstitutief geproduseer word. 'n Verklikkersisteem bestaande uit 'n fusie van die plantarisien 423 promoter, P423, aan die luxAB gene is gekonstrueer en in die pendelplasmied pTRKH2 gekloneer. Die nuutgekonstrueerde plasmied, pTAB4, is na 'n bakteriosien-negatiewe mutant van L. plantarum (stam 423 B-) getransfonneer. Ten spyte van etlike herhalings kon geen lusiferase-aktiwiteit opgespoor word nie en kon ook geen homologie in die RNA met die luxAB gene opgespoor word nie. Dit is moontlik dat die area nodig vir uitdrukking van plantarisien 423 verder stroom-op van die -80 area, homoloog aan die -80 en -40 gekonserveerde herhalings van reguleerbare klas II bakteriosiene, gesetel is. Insluiting van laasgenoemde area in die verklikker-konstruk mag lei tot die suksesvolle uitdrukking van luxAB.
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Carnerero, Maria, Claudia Raiteri, Massimo Villata, Pulido Jose Acosta, Paul Smith, and Valeri Larionov. "Investigating the Puzzling Synchrotron Behaviour of Mrk 421." MDPI AG, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622694.
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We investigate the multiwavelength behaviour of the high-energy peaked BL Lac object (HBL) Mrk 421 at redshift z = 0.031 in the period 2007-2015. We use optical photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric data and near-infrared data obtained by 35 observatories participating in the GLAST-AGILE Support Program (GASP) of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT), as well as by the Steward Observatory Support of the Fermi Mission. We also employ high-energy data from the Swift (UV and X-rays) satellite to study correlations among emission in different bands.
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Salvesen, Trine Viveke. "Kimdanning av sprøbrudd i et 420 MPa arktisk stål." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16319.
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Sveising fører til endret mikrostruktur i deler av stålet. I kombinasjon med lave temperaturer oppstår nye forutsetninger for brudd.I denne masteroppgava ble det sett på initiering av sprøbrudd i et sveisesimulert 420 MPa HSLA-stål fra Nippon Steel. Dette ble gjort ved å studere mikrostrukturen og bruddflata til seks sveisesimulerte prøver etter bruddmekanisk trepunktsbøying med utmattingskjerv. I tillegg ble det videre undersøkt en mulig MA-fase som tidligere ble funnet i et initieringspunkt på ei prøve med interkritisk grovkornet HAZ.To prøver hadde simulert grovkornet HAZ og fire prøver var forsøkt rendyrket martensitt- og bainittstruktur. Acikulær ferritt ble her sett på som en del av bainittstrukturen. Alle prøvene ble varmet opp til 1350 ◦C og hadde avkjølingstid, ∆τ8/5, på 5, 15 og 22,5 sekunder for derved å simulere henholdsvis martensittstruktur, grovkornet HAZ og bainittstruktur. Prøvene ble brukket ved −60 ◦C.Det var forventet at økt andel bainittstruktur i prøvene ville føre til lavere seighet og dermed lavere CTOD-verdier. Martensittstrukturen var noe selvanløpt og dermed mer duktil. Imidlertid var ikke sammenhengen mellom andel bainittstruktur og initiering av sprøbrudd så klar som forventet og det var mange observasjoner som svekket styrken i sammenhengen.På alle seks bruddprøvene ble alle mulige initieringspunkt langs og foran sprekkspissen kartlagt ved bruk av SEM. Det ble funnet dobbelt så mange initieringspunkt på prøvene med avkjølingstid lik 5 sekunder som de med avkjølingstid lik 15 og 22,5 sekunder. Imidlertid lå mange av disse sværtnær hverandre og mange var låst av duktil bruddvekst.Etter undersøkelse i SEM ble de fire rendyrkede bruddprøvene nitaletsa og undersøkt på ny. Det ble observert karbider i, eller rett ved, 61% av initieringspunktene, flest i prøvene med avkjølingstid lik 22,5 sekunder. Dette viser at initieringen kan være knyttet til karbider og dermed bainittstruktur.Mikrostrukturen til de ulike prøvene ble studert i lysmikroskop. Prøvene med martensittstruktur inneholdt også områder med bainittstruktur. Det var forventet at disse prøvene skulle få høyest CTOD-verdier på grunn av duktil martensitt, men det var ikke tilfellet. De lave CTOD-verdiene kan ha vært grunnet initiering i bainittstrukturen.Det var ingen klar tendens på hva slags beliggenhet initieringspunktene hadde i forhold til prøvenes mikrostruktur eller CTOD-verdi. På alle prøvene ble det observert initiering foran sprekkspiss. Disse initieringene ga mest bruddvekst, bortsett fra i de to rendyrkede prøvene med lavest CTOD-verdi.Det ble gjort tre slipesteg inn i prøvene med grovkorna HAZ for å undersøke mikrostrukturfordelingen langs bruddkantene ved bruk av lysmikroskop. Andelen martensitt og bainitt langs hele bruddkanten ble estimert ved å vurdere mikrostrukturen i hvert punkt som var relevant i et rutenett. Det var ingen markant forskjell i fordelingen av mikrostruktur langs bruddkanten i forhold til CTOD-verdi.Mikrosondeundersøkelser av og rundt en forhøyning i et initieringspunkt på ei prøve med interkritisk grovkornet HAZ indikerte at det kunne være en MA-fase. Desverre forsvant forhøyningen da den skulle kuttes ut ved hjelp av FIB for å undersøkes i TEM.
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Kraft, Tim. "42a UrhG - Zwangslizenz im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kartellrecht und Immaterialgüterrecht /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/516151517.pdf.
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Bauer, Leo P. "Distance-Based Optimization of 48V Mild-Hybrid Electric Vehicle." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1522945979952733.
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Ghigi, Andrea. "Studio e analisi di Markarian 421 e 0235+164." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
Lo scopo di questa tesi è l’analisi del flusso dei nuclei e dei getti di due sorgenti quasar: Markarian 421 e 0235+164.
Il lavoro si concentra nella prima parte sull’esposizione di concetti astrofisici noti (come AGN e modello unificato) e una breve descrizione degli interferometri utilizzati per l’acquisizione dati.
Lo studio si basa su immagini e dati recuperati sul sito Blazar Group della Boston University che monitora mensilmente i getti radio di numerose sorgenti tramite il radiotelescopio VLBA.
Questi dati sono stati sfruttati per determinare l’andamento nel tempo del picco e dell’integrale del flusso del nucleo e dei getti, riportando tali valori su grafici.
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Parsons, Jonathan Kendall. "The African Catholic Church under the Vandals, 429-533." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.393261.
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Bernstein, Michael Ted. "Finance 423 Portfolio Management: A Critique of Guest Speakers." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144233.
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Šuňal, Martin. "Nabíječka olověného trakčního akumulátoru 48V/40Ah elektrického skútru UVEE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218800.
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Běloušek, Ondřej. "Úprava MÚK silnic R46 a II/428 u Vyškova." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225630.
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This thesis solves design of intrchange R 46 and II/428 near Vyškov, more exactly specified in the village Drysice. In the existing situation is not resolved connecting lanes and turning lanes at the interchange. This causes reduced road safety, which leads to a significant number of traffic accidents in this section. The thesis solves design respectively modification substandard connecting and turning lanes on all parts of flyover crossroads with associated modifications of two bridges. Integral part of the proposed modification is the elimination of existing noise load in the village, by using of noise barriers.
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Andersson, Tom. "Inverse Compton gamma-rays from Markarian 421 : A study of GeV and TeV emission from Mrk 421 based on Fermi-LAT and H.E.S.S. data." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-57861.
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This thesis summarizes a senior project on the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) Markarian 421 (Mrk 421). Observations of Gev and TeV flux with Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) were compared with previous reports and publications of flux analyses of the gamma-ray emission from Mrk 421. Power laws with exponential cutoffs made consistent fits to most SEDs in the GeV and TeV bands.
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Ngai, Pang-chin Jeffrey. "A study of the subjects and contents of Tao Yuanming's (365-427) poems Tao Yuanming (365-427) ci ti cai nei rong yan jiu /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42694887.
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Wiig, Ola. "Perthes' disease in Norway : a prospective study on 425 patients /." [Oslo] : Informa Healthcare, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017561454&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Warby, Simon Christopher. "Role of huntingtin phosphorylation at serine 421 in Huntington Disease." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31722.
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Huntington Disease (HD) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder that results from polyglutamine-expansion in the huntingtin protein. Despite the widespread tissue expression pattern of huntingtin, there is selective degeneration of specific neurons populations in the brain. The regulation of huntingtin by posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, is not well understood. The objective of this thesis was to conduct molecular and cell biological studies to determine whether huntingtin was regulated by phosphorylation and what role this might play in the disease. I found that huntingtin is phosphorylated on serine-421 (5421) by the pro-survival signalling protein kinase Akt (PKB) in the brain under normal physiological conditions. There are differences in the basal endogenous phosphorylation state of huntingtin in different regions of the brain and regions more susceptible in the disease have lower levels of S421 phosphorylation. Consistent with the hypothesis that S421 phosphorylation protects against the toxicity of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin, 5421 phosphorylation is reduced in the presence of the HD mutation. Furthermore, I discovered significant relationships between the phosphorylation status of huntingtin and pathological processes in the disease, including the cleavage and nuclear localization of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin. The S421 site is close to the proteolytic domain containing the caspase cleavage sites (aa500-600) and phosphorylation at S421 reduces the cleavage of huntingtin. The nuclear localization of huntingtin fragments is also known to be important in the disease. I directly assessed whether phosphorylation at S421 alters the nuclear localization of huntingtin using subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescent techniques. Phosphorylation at S421 reduces the nuclear localization of both full length huntingtin and huntingtin fragments. Further, the 1-586aa huntingtin fragment is specifically trafficked and concentrated in the nucleus, providing a functional link between cleavage and nuclear localization that may be mediated by S421 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation at S421 is a dynamic means of regulating huntingtin and is implicated in HD because it is reduced by the polyglutamine-expansion and modifies key pathogenic processes such as the cleavage and nuclear localization of huntingtin. The integration of signalling pathways on huntingtin and the phosphatase regulation of huntingtin phosphorylation are enticing therapeutic possibilities for modulating the pathogenesis of HD.Medicine, Faculty of
Graduate
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Dockhorn, Wendler de Almeida. "Validação do modelo ceres-rice para a cultivar IRGA 424." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2017. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riu/2195.
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O CERES-Rice é um modelo que simula o desenvolvimento e produtividade de uma cultivar, para realizar tal feito, é necessário obter os coeficientes genéticos da cultivar, através do processo de calibração. Os coeficientes genéticos descrevem o comportamento da planta no sistema solo-planta-atmosfera. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi calibrar e validar o modelo CERES-Rice, presente na plataforma DSSAT, em relação à estimativa de produtividade para a cultivar IRGA 424 no Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando apenas informações encontradas na literatura. O trabalho também visa o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo para auxiliar na formatação dos dados meteorológicos, a comparação do resultado obtido através modelo CERES-Rice com o estimado pelo SimulArroz e também avaliar a resposta obtida pelo modelo CERES-Rice ao estimar a data de florescimento. Após a aplicação do algoritmo, os dados meteorológicos para uso no DSSAT e SimulArroz foram exportados com sucesso. Apesar de não ter sido implementado nenhum recurso extra, o método utilizado proporciona a possibilidade de novas funções, como por exemplo, técnicas de preenchimento de dados. Para o processo de calibração dos coeficientes genéticos, foi utilizado o módulo GENCALC, também incluso no DSSAT. Após o processo de calibração, foi realizada a validação nos demais. Os resultados para produtividade foram considerados aceitáveis, uma vez que maior parte dos valores encontravam-se abaixo de 15%, apenas um dos resultados apresentou erro de 16,88%. Os valores simulados pelo modelo CERES-Rice apresentou um erro menor que o SimulArroz. Entretanto, a análise estatística aponta que ambos os resultados foram considerados bons. Apesar disso, o trabalho não aconselha a substituição do uso do modelo SimulArroz nas simulações do Rio Grande do Sul, mas propõe uma análise no modelo CERES-Rice, para averiguar a possibilidade de incorporar partes do seu código fonte no modelo SimulArroz, assim como também há o do ORYZA2000 e InfoCrop. O resultado da simulação obteve valores em dias após a semeadura inferiores ao dos valores experimentais, com uma média de 23 dias para os dados de Cachoeirinha e 25 para os de Uruguaiana. Esse resultado com os coeficientes genéticos utilizados no presente trabalho, o modelo não foi capaz de estimar a data de florescimento dentro dos limites aceitáveis, sendo necessário realizar um novo ajuste de coeficientes.
CERES-Rice is a model that simulates the development and productivity of a cultivar. To achieve this, it is necessary to obtain the genetic coefficients of the cultivar through the calibration process. The genetic coefficients describe the behavior of the plant in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. The gaol of the present work was to calibrate and validate the CERES-Rice model, included in the DSSAT platform, to estimate the productivity for the cultivar IRGA 424 in Rio Grande do Sul, using only information found in the literature. The work also aims to develop na algorithm to aid in the formatting of meteorological data, the comparison of the result obtained through the CERES-Rice model with that estimated by SimulArroz and also to evaluate the response obtained by the CERES-Rice model when estimating the date of flowering. After the application of the algorithm, the meteorological data for use in the DSSAT and SimulArroz were exported successfully. Although no extra features have been implemented, the method used provides the possibility of include new functions, such as data-filling techniques. For the calibration process of the genetic coefficients, the GENCALC module was used, also included in the DSSAT. After the calibration process, the other validations were performed. The results for productivity were considered acceptable, since most of the values were below 15%, only one of the results showed an error of 16,88%. The values found by the CERES-Rice model obtained a smaller error than the SimulArroz. However, the statistical analysis indicates that both results were considered good. Despite this, the paper does not recommend replacing the SimulArroz model in the simulations of Rio Grande do Sul, but proposes an analysis in the CERES-Rice model, to investigate the possibility of incorporating parts of its source code into the SimulArroz model, as well as there are from ORYZA2000 and InfoCrop. The results of the simulation obtained values in days after sowing inferior to those of the experimental values, with a mean of 23 days for the data of Cachoeirinha and 25 for those of Uruguaiana. This result with the genetic coefficients used in the present study, the model was not able to estimate the date of flowering within the acceptable limits, being necessary to perform a new adjustment of coefficients.
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Gallo, Gaetano. "Impact of 48V E/E systems in Hybrid Racing Cars." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
In this work, the possible benefits and drawbacks of 48 Volt E/E systems in MotorSport will be analyzed.
MotorSport has always been a lauchpad for new technologies, and in recent years the necessity to increase the electrical power on cars has become a key study topic.
Increasing the voltage level is one possible solution to mitigate the downsides of increased power.
In this dissertation the technologies currently available on the market will be analyzed, with a focus on 48 Volt systems that are already deployed on hybrid vehicles.
Subsequently, a real racing car E/E architecture will be analyzed and the impact of an installation of a 48 Volt system will be evaluated.
There follows a discussion on vehicle power supply technologies that are already available and the challenges of the supply systems for the future, ending with a set of simulations and considerations about the power supply system of the car under
evaluation.
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Watson, Kevin. "The phonetics and phonology of plosive leniton in Liverpool." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490864.
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Cunnings, Ian. "English word formation : morphological constraints and their time-course during processing." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486733.
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The plurals-inside-compounds effect has been one of the most widely studied morphological phenomena in the psycholinguistics literature. Research has shown that there is both a restriction against regular but not irregular plurals inside compounds (*rats eater versus mice eater), and a general preference for non-heads to be singular (?mice eater versus mouse eater). The general preference for singular non-heads has been derived from a semantic constraint against non-heads marked for plural number semantics (Haskell, MacDonald & Seidenberg 2003),whereas the avoidance of regular plurals results from a morphological constraint against concatenative regular plural inflections (Gordon 1985, Kiparsky 1982, Pinker 1999). However, a restricted range of exceptions to the morphological constraint (buildings inspector) are in fact possible, but only when licensed by particular semantic properties (Alegre & Gordon 1999). Whether these constraints also apply to word formation by derivational suffixation is not known (*ratsless versus ?miceless versus ~ouseless), and the time-course of these constraints during online processing has not previously been examined.
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Clawson, David Ernest. "Effects of text materials on cultural learning among Taiwanese students in south-east England." Thesis, Open University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690042.
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Cushing, I. R. "Vocal effort levels and underlying acoustic phonetic characteristics." Thesis, University of Salford, 2010. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26631/.
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This thesis presents empirical research which investigates diverse vocal effort levels in anechoic conditions from a large number of British English speakers. Five vocal effort labels were stipulated: hushed, normal, raised, loud and shout. New results show similar averages to previous work, but lower standard deviations which are attributed to the more descriptive vocal effort labels used in this study. Building on this data, a phonetic investigation into vocal effort was carried out, taking its inspiration from the natural segmental variation in speech which occurs at different vocal efforts. Speech was split into voiced and unvoiced components which allowed for a more phonetically motivated profile of vocal effort. In a bid to mirror analysis with the speech communication chain of talker to listener, listening tests were conducted where subjects rated the perceived vocal effort level of isolated words. Listeners also rated perceived clarity of articulation, taking the assumption that different degrees of clarity are an inherent feature of different speech levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that listeners exploit the voiced-unvoiced distinction in their perception of vocal effort and clarity of articulation. The resulting validation equation from the multiple regression model showed that vocal effort levels can be reliably predicted.
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Ritter, Robert Mark. "The transformation of authority in print and the rise of house style." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530070.
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Ntleki, Mcebisi. "A study of the formal properties of the syntactic operations merge from a computational biolinguistic perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547785.
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Siddharthan, Advaith. "Syntactic simplification and text cohesion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407014.
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Serpollet, Noëlle. "Should and the subjunctive : a corpus-based approach to mandative constructions in English and French." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420182.
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Ioannou, Christos. "The importance of predator behaviour on risk to prey." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/275/.
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Both predator and prey have evolved to maximise reproductive success by balancing food intake with risk. There has been a bias in predator-prey studies, where prey behaviour has been examined in detail, yet predators are assumed to follow simplistic rules. I use three-spined sticklebacks predating upon invertebrate prey to test a range of ways in which prey risk was hypothesised to be affected by predator behaviour. The relationship between encounter rate and prey density has been recently shown not to be directly proportional, and theoretical arguments have been made that predator search behaviour can explain this trend. I test these arguments, and show acceleration of a predator's search path can in fact lead to the observed less-than-directly proportional relationship between prey density and encounter rate. The perceptual constraints of predators can have major impacts on prey risk. Once encountered, an attack was more likely when prey were encountered late in a search, probably due to a decrease in anti-predator vigilance as the fish became more habituated to the arena. In a subsequent study, larger groups of prey were more quickly found, as were larger numbers of groups. This led to the conclusion that the field of attention is a subset of the total visual field, and this is also supported by denser prey being more conspicuous. Although the predator responded to increased prey group size and density with a reduced time to detect and attack prey, attacks on such groups were less successful due to the confusion effect. Interestingly, I show the effect of prey density to be sensitive to spatial scale, where a large-scale measure of density affected conspicuousness and a small-scale measure affected attack success. This was explained by a reduction in the total number of prey in the visual field as a group of prey is approached and attacked. In the final chapter, I turn my attention to differences in temperament within a predator population, and how this affects prey risk. As expected, bolder fish represented a greater risk to the prey. However, as larger fish tended to be more bold, suggesting boldness was driven by their perception of predation risk, a within community behaviourally-mediated trophic cascade may occur. where the risk to prey is driven by their predators' own perceived risk of predation. This shows that optimal foraging decisions under the threat of predation, as well as perceptual constraints, can mediate the effect of predator behaviour on prey risk.
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Kurosaki, Shino. "An analysis of the knowledge and use of English collocations by French and Japanese learners." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/d65f4c4b-8bac-d738-3735-83b5e5e031a7/8/.
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While it has been recognized that the use of collocations is significant for L2 learners, much research has not been carried out on the knowledge and use of learner's collocations. The present study investigated differences on the knowledge and use of collocations between French and Japanese learners with regard to: 1) L1 influence; and 2) combinability and transparency influence. The test materials included four categories of the lexical collocations: 1) verb + noun; 2) delexicalised verb + noun; 3) adjective + noun; and 4) adverb + adjective. The two types of tasks, Multiple Choice Question Tasks and Translation Tasks, are performed, and the learner corpora are also investigated in order to examine whether the learners from different L1 backgrounds demonstrate different results. Since both French and English belong to IndoEuropean background languages, they share a number of cognate words. Thus, originally it was expected that L1 influence of the French learners would be higher in all of the four lexical collocations than that of Japanese learners, who have non-IndoEuropean backgrounds. Though L1 influence by both French and Japanese learners was demonstrated, the Japanese learners showed a greater L1 influence in the [adjective + noun] category than the French learners. The investigation also found that L1 influence does not necessarily result in accuracy of the collocations. With regard to the combinability and transparency influence, the results of the two types of tasks followed the previous remark made by Kellerman (1978) who argues that L2 learners are unable to transfer words with figurative meaning. However, some contrasted results were also identified in learner corpus investigation. Thus the combinability and transparency influence were not necessarily identified. The results of the present study have a potential to improve teaching/learning of collocations through recognizing the learners' tendencies of learning collocations.
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Smith, Nicholas. "A corpus-based investigation of recent change in the use of the progressive in British English." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594241.
Full textAbstract:
This is a study in the recent historical development of the English progressive construction. My primary aim is to determine how far usage of the progressive in written British English - specifically, printed (published) written prose texts of British English - has evolved in the last few decades of the twentieth century. In addressing this question I employ a corpus-based approach, focussing on two matching corpora of British English spanning the years 1961 to 1991/92. The progressive will be examined in respect of quantitative and qualitative changes over the period, with a focus on parts of the verb paradigm where change has been statistically significant In order to establish the pattern of diachronic development, the use of the progressive in each sampled period will be analysed in respect of a range of formal and functional characteristics and across a number of text types. I investigate some possible explanations for the evolution of the progressive in the late twentieth century. A number of functional and social factors are assessed, and particular attention is given to establishing the extent to which the theories of colloquialization, grammaticalization and language contact account for the development of the construction
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Dove, Elizabeth Constance. "Aspects of consonant description in the nineteenth century, with special reference to the ancient Indo-European Languages, Sanskrit, Greek and Latin." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407325.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is intended as a contribution to the study of the history of phonetic knowledge in the nineteenth century; in particular it aims at identifying some of the processes through which physiologists and philologists, i. e. Indo-European comparativists, came closer to each other and shared some of their learning. The thesis offers a detailed analysis of specific aspects of the pronunciation of consonants in the ancient Indo-European languages, Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, as described by nineteenth century European scholars. It concentrates on three specific aspects of the subject, `gutturals, `aspirates' and W. The term `guttural' (throat-sound), borrowed from Hebrew grammar, was used by most scholars throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth for sounds we now know as `velar', `uvular', `pharyngeal' or `glottal'. The gradual recognition of the cardinal points along this continuum by nineteenth century scholars is discussed, together with their precise place of articulation. Palatal sounds, both the phonetic sounds formed at the hard palate and the ca series of Sanskrit consonants, are also discussed. The term `aspirate' was used by various nineteenth century scholars for the aspirated stops of Sanskrit and Greek, and by some scholars also for fricatives. There were differences of opinion as to the exact pronunciation of the Greek and Sanskrit aspirates; some scholars regarded them as aspirated stops and some as fricatives, while yet others regarded them as stops followed closely by a fricative, whose nature again was disputed: either a homorganic fricative or an h. There were also those who regarded the h element as an aspirated, or delayed, onset to the following vowel. The nature of h also caused controversy. There were those who regarded it as a full `letter', and those who saw it as merely one of several possible initial vowel sounds. This argument was influenced by the fact that in written Greek h appears as a superscript diacritic, the spiritus aspen, which has a corresponding spiritus lenis, regarded by some scholars as a glottal stop. There seems to have been no doubt that the voiced Sanskrit h was a full `letter'.
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Thaisen, Jacob Ronnow. "Studies in the Orthography of Some Early Manuscripts of Chaucer's 'Canterbury tales'." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502580.
Full textAbstract:
The systems of spelling found in the extant manuscripts of a late Middle English text are rarely considered in discussions of the transmission of that text. If they are, scholars have typically used the occurrence of dialectal spellings to allocate manuscripts to geographical areas or the occurrence of identical spellings, often unusual spellings, in corresponding locations across the manuscripts to recover the usage of the presumed archetype. The basis for much of this scholarship has been profiles which rely upon text samples or which list what spellings are found in a manuscript but do not reveal the internal distribution of these spellings in that manuscript. This study considers the spelling and codicology of nine complete, textuallyimportant manuscripts of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, each of which was copied by a different scribe. The author semi-automatically indexes the electronic transcripts prepared by the Canterbury Tales Project from the spellings registered in the Project spelling databases for one of the tales. He extracts a comprehensive spelling profile for each manuscript from this index. The profiles correspond to the questionnaire used for Angus McIntosh, M.L. Samuels, et aI., A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (Aberdeen, 1986).
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Popescu, Carmen. "Teaching and learning English with humour : transcription, categorisation and analysis." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414599.
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Herat, Sandra Manel Florence. "The expression of syntax in Sri Lankan English : speech and writing." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399929.
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Barry, Angela Susan. "The form, function and distribution of high rising intonation in Southern Californian and Southern British English." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440927.
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Hong, Sun-ho. "Aspects of the syntax of wh-questions in English and Korean." Thesis, University of Essex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411217.
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