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Journal articles on the topic '3DAP'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 May 2024

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1

Vurpillot, F., A. Cerezo, D. Blavette, and D. J. Larson. "Modeling Image Distortions in 3DAP." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 3 (June 2004): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040486.

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A numerical model has been developed to simulate images obtained from the three-dimensional atom probe. This model was used to simulate the artefacts commonly observed in two-phase materials. This model takes into account the dynamic evolution of the atomic-scale shape of the specimen during field evaporation. This article reviews the model and its applications to some specific cases. Local magnification effects were studied as a function of the size, the shape, and the orientation of precipitated phases embedded in the matrix. Small precipitates produce large aberrations in good agreement with experiments. The magnification from such precipitates, as measured from the simulation, is only found to match the theoretical value for mesoscopic scale precipitates (size similar to the specimen size). Orientation effects are also observed in excellent agreement with experiments. The measured thickness of a grain-boundary-segregated film in the simulation is found to decrease with the angle between the normal to the grain boundary and the tip axis. Depth scaling artefacts caused by variation in the evaporation field of atoms in multilayer structures were successfully simulated and again showed good agreement with effects observed experimentally.

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2

Cerezo, Alfred, Peter H. Clifton, Sergio Lozano-Perez, Peter Panayi, Gang Sha, and George D. W. Smith. "Overview: Recent Progress in Three-Dimensional Atom Probe Instruments and Applications." Microscopy and Microanalysis 13, no. 6 (November 14, 2007): 408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760707095x.

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Over the last few years there have been significant developments in the field of three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analysis. This article reviews some of the technical compromises that have led to different instrument designs and the recent improvements in performance. An instrument has now been developed, based around a novel reflectron configuration combining both energy compensation and focusing elements, that yields a large field of view and very high mass resolution. The use of laser pulsing in the 3DAP, together with developments in specimen preparation methods using a focused ion-beam instrument, have led to a significant widening in the range of materials science problems that can be addressed with the 3DAP. Recent studies of semiconductor materials and devices are described.

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3

Schober, M., E. Eidenberger, P. Staron, and H. Leitner. "Critical Consideration of Precipitate Analysis of Fe–1 at.% Cu Using Atom Probe and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 1 (November 19, 2010): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610093955.

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AbstractAn Fe–1 at.% Cu model alloy was examined by atom probe (3DAP) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to verify the accordance of the gained results. The Fe-Cu alloy was heat-treated for various times at 500°C, forming Cu-rich precipitates within the Fe matrix. The chemical compositions of the precipitates and matrix found by 3DAP were used to calculate the magnetic scattering contrast. Additionally, a magnetic moment of the precipitates that contain a significant amount of Fe was taken into account for the calculation of magnetic scattering contrast. This in turn is used for the evaluation of the magnetic scattering curves gained by SANS. Both the 3DAP data as well as the scattering curves were analyzed with regard to radius, number density, and volume fraction of the precipitates as a function of aging time. The results yielded by both techniques are in good agreement and correspond to the development of the hardness of the alloy. Minor differences can be related to the cluster search algorithm used for the analysis of the 3DAP data as well as Fe overestimation based on different field phases.

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4

Komiya, Yoshiki, Shoichi Hirosawa, and Tatsuo Sato. "3DAP Analysis and Computer Simulation of Nanocluster Formation in the Initial Aging Stage of Al-Zn Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.437.

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The formation of nanoclusters in the early aging stage is not fully clarified due to their extremely small sizes. To clarify the atomic-scale clustering of solute atoms, a three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analysis and a Monte Carlo computer simulation have been conducted together for Al-Zn alloys. The nanoclusters in the alloy aged at room temperature were successfully detected in the obtained 3DAP maps. From these maps the growth behavior of nanoclusters during aging was experimentally examined. In the Monte Carlo simulation, on the other hand, many-body nearest neighbor interactions between atoms and between atoms and a vacancy were taken into account. The Zn concentration of the clusters calculated in the 4-body interaction model best agreed with that obtained experimentally, suggesting the importance of many-body interactions. Therefore, it was confirmed that the combined analysis of 3DAP and the well-constructed Monte Carlo simulation is useful to make clear the nanocluster formation in alloys.

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5

Warren, P. J., A. Cerezo, and G. D. W. Smith. "Observation of atomic planes in 3DAP analysis." Ultramicroscopy 73, no. 1-4 (June 1998): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(97)00165-4.

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6

Warren, PJ, A. Cerezo, and G. D. W. Smith. "Towards 3D lattice reconstruction with the Position Sensitive Atom Probe." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020559.

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3-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analysis enables 3D reconstruction of the chemical variations inside materials with near atomic resolution. This technique has enabled important insights into the phase chemistry and microstructure of a range of complex engineering materials. Although individual planes can be resolved when analysing in a direction close to a low-index pole, the spatial resolution of this technique has not been sufficient for reconstruction of all the original lattice positions. The spatial resolution is thought to be fundamentally limited by small lateral displacements of the atom on the surface of the specimen during the field evaporation process due primarily to interactions with the neighbouring surface atoms. It has therefore been considered that it will be impossible to correctly reconstruct the crystal lattice from 3DAP data. Recently, we have found that a 3DAP reconstruction of a region near a grain boundary in pure tungsten (an element renown for its good imaging and evaporation behaviour) revealed several different sets of crystallographic planes visible at angles up to 45° from the direction of analysis.

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7

Luo, Yi, and Xiao Chun Wu. "Investigation of Precipitation in a Aging Hardened Plastic Mould Steel." Advanced Materials Research 528 (June 2012): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.528.152.

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The aging hardened plastic mould steel 10Ni3MnCuAl after aging at 510 °C is investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electronic microscope (TEM) and three dimensional atom probe (3DAP). The results show that its microstructure is granular bainite after soluted. Its aging hardening is mainly due to the precipitation of a high density, nanoscale and fully coherent NiAl precipitation with the B2 structure for 4 h. Clusters associated precipitates from 3DAP results show that its aging hardening derives from multicomponent precipitate containing Fe, Ni, Al, Mn and Cu, and concentration of Fe decreases with the aging time, while that of Ni, Al, Mn and Cu are opposite, and the ratio between Ni and Al are roughly 1.

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8

Ohkubo, T., D. Nagahama, Isabelle Martin, and K. Hono. "Laser Assisted 3DAP Analysis of Bulk Metallic Glass." Materia Japan 46, no. 12 (2007): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.46.810.

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9

Ohkubo, T., H. Sepehri-Amin, T. T. Sasaki, and K. Hono. "Multi-scale characterization by FIB-SEM/TEM/3DAP." Microscopy 63, suppl 1 (October 30, 2014): i6—i7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfu046.

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10

Sasaki, T. T., T. Ohkubo, and K. Hono. "3DAP/TEM Study of Precipitation Hardened Magnesium Alloys." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 686–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617004093.

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11

Li, W. F., T. Ohkubo, T. Akiya, H. Kato, and K. Hono. "The role of Cu addition in the coercivity enhancement of sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 2 (February 2009): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0041.

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To understand the mechanism of the coercivity enhancement by a trace addition of Cu in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets, we investigated the microstructure difference between Cu-doped and Cu-free alloys using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and laser assisted three dimensional atom probe (LA-3DAP). From a serial sectioning back scattered electron (BSE) images of the Nd-rich phase obtained by an integration of the focused ion beam (FIB) and HRSEM technique, it was found that Cu addition leads to a continuous formation of Nd-rich thin layers along the grain boundaries. 3DAP analysis has shown that a thin Cu-rich layer with a thickness of approximately 2 nm is present at the interface between the Nd2Fe14B and Nd-rich phase grains.

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12

Jin, Man, Jing Li, and Guang Jie Shao. "Study of Cu Addition on Precipitation Behaviors and Mechanical Properties in AA6082 Al-Mg-Si Alloy." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.825.

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The precipitation behaviors and microstructures of nano-precipitates in AA6082 Al-Mg-Si alloy with and without Cu additions during heat treatment process were studied using hardness measurements, TEM, mechanical tests and 3DAP. Meanwhile, the softening process of 6082 alloys with Cu and without Cu, isothermally conditioned at 250°C, has also been investigated. It was found that the rate of age hardening, mechanical properties and thermal stability are higher for the Cu-containing alloy. The TEM and 3DAP observations showed that Q’ precipitates were existed after aged at 170°C for 8h in the alloy with Cu addition. Comparing the hardness, mechanical properties and thermal stability curves, it was concluded that the Q’ precipitates play a major role in improving the age hardening kinetics and properties of 6082 alloy with Cu addition.

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13

Vurpillot, F., L. Renaud, and D. Blavette. "A new step towards the lattice reconstruction in 3DAP." Ultramicroscopy 95 (May 2003): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(02)00320-0.

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14

Kelly, Thomas F., Tye T. Gribb, Jesse D. Olson, Richard L. Martens, Jeffrey D. Shepard, Scott A. Wiener, Thomas C. Kunicki, et al. "First Data from a Commercial Local Electrode Atom Probe (LEAP)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 3 (June 2004): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040565.

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The first dedicated local electrode atom probes (LEAP [a trademark of Imago Scientific Instruments Corporation]) have been built and tested as commercial prototypes. Several key performance parameters have been markedly improved relative to conventional three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) designs. The Imago LEAP can operate at a sustained data collection rate of 1 million atoms/minute. This is some 600 times faster than the next fastest atom probe and large images can be collected in less than 1 h that otherwise would take many days. The field of view of the Imago LEAP is about 40 times larger than conventional 3DAPs. This makes it possible to analyze regions that are about 100 nm diameter by 100 nm deep containing on the order of 50 to 100 million atoms with this instrument. Several example applications that illustrate the advantages of the LEAP for materials analysis are presented.

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15

Cerezo, A., P. J. Warren, and G. D. W. Smith. "The Position-Sensitive Atom Probe - A New Dimension In Atom Probe Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002050x.

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A possible description of the ideal microscope would be an instrument which was able to reconstruct, with atomic resolution and in 3 dimensions, both the position and the chemical identity of atoms in a material. The 3-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) is the technique which comes closest to this goal.The position-sensitive atom probe (PoSAP) was the first 3DAP. In the PoSAP, the high magnification of the field-ion microscope is combined with the time-of-flight mass spectroscopy of the atom probe, and position-sensitive detection based on a wedge-and-strip anode, Fig.1. This combination allows the chemical identity and the original surface position to be determined for single atoms removed from a field-ion specimen by pulsed field evaporation. Continued field evaporation and analysis builds up a 3D image of the distribution of all the atomic species originally present in the material, Fig. 2.

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16

Isheim, Dieter, Olof C. Hellman, David N. Seidman, Frédéric Danoix, Alain Bostel, and Didier Blavette. "Atomic-scale Study of a Transition Phase Precipitate and Its Interfacial Chemistry in an Fe−15 at.% Mo−5 at.% V Alloy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no. 5 (September 2001): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10005-001-0017-z.

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AbstractA Mo-rich precipitate in an Fe-rich matrix and the heterophase interface bounding the precipitate have been examined on an atomic scale by three-dimensional atom-probe (3DAP) microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Mo-rich precipitate was generated by isothermal solid-state decomposition at 500°C of an Fe-15 at.% Mo-5 at.% V alloy. After this heat treatment, TEM reveals a characteristic modulated strain contrast structure. The precipitate has a composition of Mo-13.0 at.% Fe-4.9 at.% V as measured by 3DAP microscopy. The alloy decomposes at a nearly constant 5 at.% V, constituting a metastable tie-line between Fe-rich and Mo-rich bcc solid solutions. The formation of the equilibrium intermetallic phases is kinetically impeded. A local vanadium enrichment of 21 at.% is detected at the interface of the precipitate in a matrix region about 0.27 nm or 1–2 atomic layers in thickness. The corresponding value of the Gibbsian interfacial excess of vanadium is 3.3 ± 1.3 nm−2.

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17

Kelly, T. F., P. P. Camus, D. J. Larson, and L. M. Holzman. "Atom probes of the future." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 834–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100171900.

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Atom probe microscopy, which is based on the first ever atomic-scale imaging technique, field ion microscopy (FIM), has entered a new era in its development. Three-dimensional atom probes (3DAP) are now operating which produce 3D images with atomic scale resolution. It appears that the technology will soon be at hand to make 3DAPs do everything that their predecessor, the conventional atom probe, now does and also reach the third dimension. These microscopes will be simpler, smaller, faster, and much more powerful than the conventional atom probe. Several developments are responsible for this suggestion. 1) Rapid pulsing schemes are being developed which will make it possible to achieve on the order of 106 pulses per second. 2) Highspeed position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) have been designed which can detect several ions in a givenpulse with very high precision. 3) New specimen geometries will soon become possible which will revolutionize the atom probe. Let us consider the ramifications of each of these developments in turn.

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18

Morita, M., Y. Hanaoka, N. Mayama, K. Suzuki, and M. Owari. "Atomic structure analysis of carbonaceous material by laser-assisted 3DAP." Surface and Interface Analysis 44, no. 6 (January 19, 2012): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.4821.

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19

Kaneko, T., S. Ito, C. Yamashita, N. Mayama, T. Iwata, M. Nojima, M. Taniguchi, and M. Owari. "Evaluation of the instrument for three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP)." Surface and Interface Analysis 40, no. 13 (December 2008): 1688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2962.

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20

Du, Yong. "Applications of TEM and 3DAP to Measurement of Phase Diagrams." Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 35, no. 5 (September 16, 2014): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-014-0337-3.

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21

Ogura, Tomo, Shoichi Hirosawa, Alfred Cerezo, and Tatsuo Sato. "Quantitative Correlation between Strength, Ductility and Precipitate Microstructures with PFZ in Al-Zn-Mg(-Ag, Cu) Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.431.

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The quantitative correlation between strength, ductility and precipitate microstructures in the vicinity of grain boundaries with precipitate free zones (PFZ) was evaluated for Al-Zn-Mg(-Ag, Cu) alloys using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) and tensile test. In the Al-Zn-Mg ternary and Cu-added alloys aged at 433K, larger widths of PFZ were observed by TEM and resulted in lower elongations to fracture, independent of the size of grain boundary precipitates. On the other hand, the elongation of the Ag-added alloy was higher, if compared at the same levels of proof stress, due to the much smaller width of PFZ. This strongly suggests that PFZ is harmful to fracture of the investigated alloys. From a 3DAP analysis, furthermore, it was revealed that Ag and Cu atoms are incorporated in the nanoclusters from the initial stage of aging. In this work, the elongation was well correlated to the width of PFZ, size of grain boundary precipitates and the level of proof stress, enabling to predict ductility of the alloys from known microstructural factors.

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22

Nogiwa, Kimihiro, Akihiko Nishimura, Hironori Ohba, Atsushi Yokoyama, Tadakatsu Ohkubo, and Kazuhiro Hono. "Characterization of Microstructures in ODS Steel by a Laser Assisted 3DAP." Materia Japan 47, no. 12 (2008): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.47.626.

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23

Kodzuka, M., T. Ohkubo, K. Hono, F. Matsukura, and H. Ohno. "3DAP analysis of (Ga,Mn)As diluted magnetic semiconductor thin film." Ultramicroscopy 109, no. 5 (April 2009): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.11.011.

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24

Mayama, N., C. Yamashita, T. Kaito, M. Nojima, and M. Owari. "Stress of needle specimen on the three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP)." Surface and Interface Analysis 40, no. 13 (November 25, 2008): 1610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2905.

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25

OH, J., T. OHKUBO, T. MUKAI, and K. HONO. "TEM and 3DAP characterization of an age-hardened Mg–Ca–Zn alloy." Scripta Materialia 53, no. 6 (September 2005): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.05.030.

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26

Liu, Wen Qing, Xiao Yong Zhu, Xiao Jiao Wang, and Xiang Yuan Xiong. "Study on Carbonitride Precipitating Process in Nb-V Micro-Alloyed Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.114.

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The carbonitrides precipitates in Nb-V micro-alloyed steels were investigated by 3DAP. Much difference in the composition and size of the precipitates were observed. It is proposed that the carbon atoms segregated first at the dislocation or vacancy, and the vanadium and niobium atoms diffused to these sites to form the V-C, V-Nb-C clusters, leading to the formation of (Nb,V)C complex phase. The composition becomes inhomogeneity as the precipitates grow up.

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27

Rüsing, Järg, Jason T. Sebastian, Olof C. Hellman, and David N. Seidman. "Three-dimensional Investigation of Ceramic/Metal Heterophase Interfaces by Atom-probe Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, no. 5 (September 2000): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010050.

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AbstractThe results of a three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analysis, on a subnanometer scale, of a ceramic/metal heterophase interface, MgO/Cu, are presented. Segregation of Ag, from the Cu (Ag) matrix, at MgO/Cu interfaces is investigated and the Gibbsian interfacial excess of silver is determined; the range is 2.33 × 1018 to 5.81 × 1018 m−2. Also, silver segregation at the same MgO/Cu interfaces is analyzed employing a new approach that utilizes a proximity histogram or proxigram.

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28

NAKO, Hidenori, Kozo OSAMURA, Hiroki ADACHI, Kazuhiro HONO, and Tadakatsu OHKUBO. "3DAP analysis of composition of metastable precipitates in Al-Zn-Mg based alloys." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 56, no. 11 (2006): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.56.655.

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29

Komiya, Yoshiki, Shoichi Hirosawa, and Tatsuo Sato. "Nano-scale Analysis of Solute Clusters in an Al-Zn Alloy by 3DAP." Materia Japan 46, no. 12 (2007): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.46.815.

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30

Chiba, T., M. Nojima, and M. Owari. "Improvement of a method for reconstructing the three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) data." Surface and Interface Analysis 38, no. 12-13 (2006): 1751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2445.

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31

Lefebvre, W., F. Danoix, G. Da Costa, F. De Geuser, H. Hallem, A. Deschamps, and M. Dumont. "3DAP measurements of Al content in different types of precipitates in aluminium alloys." Surface and Interface Analysis 39, no. 2-3 (2007): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2516.

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32

Jin, Man, Chao Feng Xia, and Guang Jie Shao. "The Study on Precipitation Characteristics in 6082 Aluminum Alloy with Cu Addition." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.122.

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The effects of Cu addition on precipitation characteristics in 6082 Al-Mg-Si alloy was investigated by means of DSC、TEM and 3DAP. It was found that addition of Cu has distinct effect on the precipitation and dissolution process of precipitates during heating by DSC measurement, the presence of Cu promotes the formation of GP zone or atomic clusters and accelerates the precipitation of β¢¢ . The precipitation sequence in the 6082 alloy with 0.6%Cu addition is as follows: SSSS atomic clusters/GP-zonesβ¢¢ + Q¢ Q¢.

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33

Li, Xiao Wei, Chao Liang Xu, Ying Hui An, Xiang Bing Liu, Fei Xue, Yuan Fei Li, and Wang Jie Qian. "The Studies of Irradiation Hardening and RIS on IASCC of Reactor Internals Bolts." Key Engineering Materials 871 (January 2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.871.92.

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IASCC of stainless steel has been the most important issue for internals BFBs. The inspection data analysis indicates that there is a closed relation between irradiation fluence and cracked BFBs distribution. Then the nanoindentation and 3DAP tests were carried out to study the hardening and radiation induced segregation (RIS) behaviors of the reactor internals stainless steel specimens irradiated with 6 MeV Xe ions at room temperature. It is indicated that higher irradiation damage will cause more significant hardening and RIS and consequently increase the IASCC susceptibility.

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34

Bai, Bing, Chang Yi Zhang, Pei Pei Zhang, and Wen Yang. "Effect of Precipitate on Thermal Aging Effect of 17-4PH Martensitic Stainless Steel Used as Valve Stem in Nuclear Power Plant." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.466.

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The valve stem used in the main steam system of nuclear power plant is usually 17-4PH martensitic stainless steel. When it served in 300°C for a long time, the thermal aging embrittlement of valve stem will be significant, with the performance of the ductile brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and the hardness increased, the upper stage energy (USE) decreased. It will increase the risk of brittle fracture of the valve stem, and seriously affect the safety and economic operation of nuclear power plant (NPP). Similar cases have occurred in foreign nuclear power plants. Therefore, it is important to study the thermal aging effect of the 17-4PH steel used as valves in nuclear power plant. In this work, the 17-4PH martensitic stainless steel samples served in nuclear power plant for many years were studied, and they exhibit obvious thermal aging embrittlement. By use of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and three-dimensional atomic probe (3DAP), the nanosize precipitate in stainless steel is studied. The results show that the size of the larger cluster (~7nm) in stainless steel increases and the volume fraction of the cluster with size of ~1nm increases obviously after thermal aging. The larger nanosize precipitate was growing up during long service at high temperature, and precipitation of the smaller ones continuously occurred. Combing with the results of 3DAP, the nanosize clusters were formed by segregation of Ni, Mn and other elements with Cu-rich cluster, which are mainly in the form of Cu core and Ni-Mn shell.

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35

CHI, Chengyu, Jianxin DONG, Wenqing LIU, and Xishan XIE. "3DAP INVESTIGATION OF PRECIPITATION BEHAVIOR OF Cu--RICH PHASE IN SUPER304H HEAT RESISTANT STEEL." ACTA METALLURGICA SINICA 46, no. 9 (November 30, 2010): 1141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1037.2009.00853.

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36

Hono, Kazuhiro, and Mitsuhiro Murayama. "3DAP Analysis of Solute Clusters and Precipitates in an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy." Materia Japan 38, no. 3 (1999): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.38.194.

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37

Fujii, Katsuhiko, Koji Fukuya, and Tadakatsu Ohkubo. "TEM and 3DAP Observation of Microstructural Evolution in Reactor Vessel Steels under Ion Irradiation." Materia Japan 47, no. 12 (2008): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.47.618.

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38

Ohkubo, T., I. Martin, and K. Hono. "3DAP and TEM analysis of crystallization in Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be metallic glass." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (July 21, 2003): 576–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603442888.

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39

Serizawa, Ai, Shoichi Hirosawa, and Tatsuo Sato. "3DAP Characterization and Thermal Stability of Nano-Scale Clusters in Al-Mg-Si Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.245.

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The formation of nano-scale clusters (nanoclusters) prior to the precipitation of the strengthening β" phase significantly influences the two-step aging behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloys. In this work, two types of nanoclusters are found to be formed at different temperatures. The characterization of these two nanoclusters has been performed from the viewpoints of composition and thermal stability using a three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Mg-Si co-clusters formed at room temperature (RT), Cluster(1), play a deleterious role in the subsequent formation of the β" phase because of the high thermal stability even at the bake-hardening (BH) temperature of 443K. In contrast, the nanoclusters formed by pre-aging at 373K, Cluster(2), are effective in the formation of the refined β", suggesting that Cluster(2) transforms more easily into the β" phase than Cluster(1). The quantitative estimation of the chemical compositions of the two nanoclusters suggests that the Mg/Si ratio is one of the key factors in addition to the internal structures consisting of Si, Mg and probably vacancies. The detailed two-step aging mechanism in Al-Mg-Si alloys is proposed based on the characteristics of the two types of nanoclusters.

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Luo, Yi. "Characterization of Nanoscale Precipitates in 10Ni3MnCuAl Steel by Three Dimensional Atom Probe Tomography." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2135.

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The precipitation hardened steel 10Ni3MnCuAl after solution heat treatment and aging at 510 °C is investigated by three dimensional atom probe (3DAP). The results show that the Ni, Mn, Al and Cu distribute uniformly in the steel after solution heat treatment, but they form multicomponent precipitates after aging and cause the hardness increase. The concentration ratio between Ni and Al in multicomponent precipitates is roughly 1, while the concentration of Fe decreases, and the distance between concentration peak of Cu and those of Ni and Al becomes wider with the aging time, which is related to the precipitation character of Cu in α-ferrite.

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Hatakeyama, Masahiko, Yasuyoshi Nagai, Masayuki Hasegawa, Tadakatsu Ohkubo, Morten Eldrup, and Bachu N. Singh. "3DAP Observation of Precipitates in Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy Heat Sink Material for the Divertor." Materia Japan 47, no. 12 (2008): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.47.634.

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KOMIYA, Yoshiki, Shoichi HIROSAWA, and Tatsuo SATO. "3DAP nano-scale analysis of solute clusters formed in a naturally aged Al-Zn alloy." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 56, no. 11 (2006): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.56.662.

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Hasting, H. K., W. Lefebvre, C. Marioara, J. C. Walmsley, S. Andersen, R. Holmestad, and F. Danoix. "Comparative study of the β″-phase in a 6xxx Al alloy by 3DAP and HRTEM." Surface and Interface Analysis 39, no. 2-3 (2007): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2487.

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Takaki, Yasuo, Yasuhiro Aruga, Masaya Kozuka, and Tatsuo Sato. "Effects of Pre-Aging and Natural Aging on Bake Hardening Behavior in Al-Mg-Si Alloys." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 1026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.1026.

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The effects of pre-aging and natural aging on the bake hardening behavior of Al-0.62Mg-0.93Si (mass%) alloy with multi-step aging process were investigated by means of Vickers hardness test, tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characteristics of nanoclusters (nano scale solute atom clusters) formed during pre-aging and natural aging were also investigated using the three dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analysis. The results revealed the occurrence of natural age hardening and that the bake hardening response was decreased after the extended natural aging even though the pre-aging was conducted before natural aging. Since the 3DAP results exhibited the Si-rich clusters were newly formed during extended natural aging, it was assumed that the Si-rich clusters caused the natural age hardening and the reduced bake hardening response corresponding to Cluster(1). The decrease of the bake hardening response was markedly higher in the later stage of bake hardening than in the early stage. The size of the β’’ precipitates were reduced with increasing the natural aging time. Exothermic peaks of Peak 2 and Peak 2’ were observed in the DSC curves for the alloys pre-aged at 363K. Peak 2’ became larger with the natural aging time. This is well understood by the following model. The transition from Cluster(2) to the β’’ phase occurs preferentially at the early stage of the bake hardening. Then the growth of the β’’ phase is inhibited by the presence of Cluster(1) at the later stage of bake hardening. The combined formation of Cluster(1) and Cluster(2) by the multi-step aging essentially affects the bake hardening response and the β’’ precipitates in the Al-Mg-Si alloys.

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Oberdorfer, Christian, and Guido Schmitz. "On the Field Evaporation Behavior of Dielectric Materials in Three-Dimensional Atom Probe: A Numeric Simulation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610093888.

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AbstractAs a major improvement in three-dimensional (3D) atom probe, the range of applicable material classes has recently been broadened by the establishment of laser-assisted atom probes (LA-3DAP). Meanwhile, measurements of materials of low conductivity, such as dielectrics, ceramics, and semiconductors, have widely been demonstrated. However, besides different evaporation probabilities, heterogeneous dielectric properties are expected to give rise to additional artifacts in the 3D volume reconstruction on which the method is based. In this article, these conceivable artifacts are discussed based on a numeric simulation of the field evaporation. Sample tips of layer- or precipitate-type geometry are considered. It is demonstrated that dielectric materials tend to behave similarly to metals of reduced critical evaporation field.

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Ohsaki, Satoru, Kazuhiro Hono, Hideyuki Hidaka, and Setsuo Takaki. "3DAP Observation of Carbon Atoms in Mechanically Milled Pearlitic Steel Powder by Three Dimensional Atom Probe." Materia Japan 44, no. 12 (2005): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.44.960.

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Toyama, Takeshi, Yasuyoshi Nagai, Masayuki Hasegawa, A. Almazouzi, E. van Walle, and R. Gerard. "3DAP Observation of Intergranular Phosphorus Segregation in Surveillance Test Specimen of Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel." Materia Japan 46, no. 12 (2007): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.46.812.

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Takahashi, Jun, and Toshimi Tarui. "3DAP Observation of Heavily Drawn High Carbon Steel Wire by Analysis Perpendicular to the Pearlitic Lamellae." Materia Japan 46, no. 12 (2007): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.46.813.

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Guo, Yanlin, Yang Li, Bin Liu, Wenqing Liu, Xue Liang, Qinfen Gu, and Qian Li. "Precipitation mechanism of Mg2Ni in Mg-Ni-Y studied by STEM, 3DAP and first-principles calculations." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 750 (June 2018): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.254.

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Liang, Qiming, Kebin Sun, Haijun Hu, Zhantao An, Jinping Liu, Xuehui Zhang, and Jianbo Zhang. "Effect of Mg on high temperature softening resistance of Cu–Cr–Fe alloy." Materials Express 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2022.2126.

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This paper focuses on researching the softening resistance performance of Mg alloy under high temperature and the evolution of microstructure during high-temperature treatment. The results showed that, compared with Cu-0.39Cr-0.12Fe alloy, Cu-0.38Cr-0.04Fe-0.08Mg alloy has higher resistance to softening temperature, hardness and conductivity, which were 40 °C, 13 HV, 5% IACS higher than that of Cu-0.39Cr-0.12Fe alloy. Both of the aging precipitated phase of two alloys are nano-Cr phase. Mg can inhibit the growing of nano-Cr phase and the grain recrystallization process significantly. According to 3DAP analysis, the interface structure of Cr/Mg/Cu is formed, which might be the key factor that results in the excellent softening resistance performance of Cu–Cr–Fe–Mg alloy.

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