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Journal articles on the topic '3D woven organic composites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2024

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1

Gigliotti, Marco, Yannick Pannier, Marie Christine Lafarie-Frenot, and Jean Claude Grandidier. "Some Examples of “Multi-Physical” Fatigue of Organic Matrix Composites for Aircraft Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 828 (March 2016): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.828.79.

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This paper presents, discusses and review some recent results concerning the interaction between mechanics and the environment during fatigue tests carried out under accelerated environmental conditioning of laminated and woven Organic Matrix Composites (OMC) for high temperature aircraft parts, the synergy between electrical and mechanical fields during electro-mechanical fatigue of composite laminates for fuselage applications the damage behavior of 3D woven OMC under thermal cycling.For all case studies, the capabilities of the PPRIME Institute to perform such tests reproducing “multi-physical” fatigue environment and characterizing the phenomenology associated to multi-physics coupling at several scales will be highlighted. The main issues related to the development of “multi-physics” models for proper interpretation of test results are also reviewed.

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2

Neumann, S. Ephraim, Junpyo Kwon, Cornelius Gropp, Le Ma, Raynald Giovine, Tianqiong Ma, Nikita Hanikel, et al. "The propensity for covalent organic frameworks to template polymer entanglement." Science 383, no. 6689 (March 22, 2024): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adf2573.

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The introduction of molecularly woven three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic framework (COF) crystals into polymers of varying types invokes different forms of contact between filler and polymer. Whereas the combination of woven COFs with amorphous and brittle polymethyl methacrylate results in surface interactions, the use of the liquid-crystalline polymer polyimide induces the formation of polymer-COF junctions. These junctions are generated by the threading of polymer chains through the pores of the nanocrystals, thus allowing for spatial arrangement of polymer strands. This offers a programmable pathway for unthreading polymer strands under stress and leads to the in situ formation of high-aspect-ratio nanofibrils, which dissipate energy during the fracture. Polymer-COF junctions also strengthen the filler-matrix interfaces and lower the percolation thresholds of the composites, enhancing strength, ductility, and toughness of the composites by adding small amounts (~1 weight %) of woven COF nanocrystals. The ability of the polymer strands to closely interact with the woven framework is highlighted as the main parameter to forming these junctions, thus affecting polymer chain penetration and conformation.

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3

Fan, Wei, Jingjing Dong, Bingxin Wei, Chao Zhi, Linjie Yu, Lili Xue, Wensheng Dang, and Long Li. "Fast and accurate bending modulus prediction of 3D woven composites via experimental modal analysis." Polymer Testing 78 (September 2019): 105938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105938.

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4

Foti, Federico, Yannick Pannier, Salvador Orenes Balaciart, Jean-Claude Grandidier, Marco Gigliotti, and Camille Guigon. "In-situ multi-axial testing of three-dimensional (3D) woven organic matrix composites for aeroengine applications." Composite Structures 273 (October 2021): 114259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114259.

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5

Ruggles-Wrenn, M. B., and S. A. Alnatifat. "Fully-reversed tension-compression fatigue of 2D and 3D woven polymer matrix composites at elevated temperature." Polymer Testing 97 (May 2021): 107179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107179.

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6

Wang, Caizheng, Dandan Su, Zhifeng Xie, Ke Zhang, Ning Wu, Meiyue Han, and Ming Zhou. "Low-velocity impact response of 3D woven hybrid epoxy composites with carbon and heterocyclic aramid fibres." Polymer Testing 101 (September 2021): 107314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107314.

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7

Gillet, Camille, Valérie Nassiet, Fabienne Poncin‐Epaillard, Bouchra Hassoune‐Rhabbour, and Tatiana Tchalla. "Chemical Behavior of Water Absorption in a Carbon/Epoxy 3D Woven Composite." Macromolecular Symposia 405, no. 1 (October 2022): 2100213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.202100213.

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8

Safari, Hamid, Mehdi Karevan, and Hassan Nahvi. "Mechanical characterization of natural nano-structured zeolite/polyurethane filled 3D woven glass fiber composite sandwich panels." Polymer Testing 67 (May 2018): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.03.018.

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9

Tripathi, Lekhani, and B. K. Behera. "Review: 3D woven honeycomb composites." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 28 (July 9, 2021): 15609–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06302-5.

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10

Bilisik, Kadir. "Multiaxis 3D Woven Preform and Properties of Multiaxis 3D Woven and 3D Orthogonal Woven Carbon/Epoxy Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 29, no. 8 (May 27, 2009): 1173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684409103153.

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11

Fan, Wei, Dan-dan Li, Jia-lu Li, Juan-zi Li, Lin-jia Yuan, Li-li Xue, Run-jun Sun, and Jia-guang Meng. "Electromagnetic properties of three-dimensional woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composite." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 20 (July 31, 2017): 2353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517723022.

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To investigate the reinforcement architectures effect on the electromagnetic wave properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, three-dimensional (3D) interlock woven fabric/epoxy composites, 3D interlock woven fabric with stuffer warp/epoxy composites, and 3D orthogonal woven fabric/epoxy composites were studied by the free-space measurement system. The results showed that the three types of 3D woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composites had a slight difference in electromagnetic wave properties and the absorption was their dominant radar absorption mechanism. The electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the three types of composites were more than 90% (below −10 dB) over the 11.2–18 GHz bandwidth, and more than 60% (below −4 dB) over the 8–12 GHz bandwidth. Compared with unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics, the three kinds of 3D woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composites exhibited better electromagnetic wave absorption properties over a broadband frequency range of 8–18 GHz. Therefore, the three kinds of 3D woven composite are expected to be used as radar absorption structures due to their excellent mechanical properties and outstanding absorption capacity. The total electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the three types of 3D carbon fiber woven composites are all larger than 46 dB over the 8–12 GHz bandwidth, which is evidence that the three types of 3D carbon fiber woven composites can be used as excellent shielding materials for electromagnetic interference.

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12

Behera, B. K., and B. P. Dash. "Mechanical behavior of 3D woven composites." Materials & Design 67 (February 2015): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.020.

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13

Lawrence, Logan, Andrew Cottrill, Amrita Valluri, Gaetano Marenzi, Krista Denning, Jagan Valluri, Pier Claudio, and James Day. "Minimally Manipulative Method for the Expansion of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Osseous Defects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030612.

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Lack of standardization of clinically compliant culture protocols of mesenchymal stem cells for re-implantation in humans have hindered clinical progress in the field of tissue regeneration to repair maxillofacial and orthopedic defects. The goal of this study was to establish a clinically relevant osteogenic protocol for collection and expansion of autologous stem cells to be used at Marshall University for re-implantation and repair of maxillofacial and orthopedic conditions. Human bone marrow (hBM) samples were collected from patients undergoing intramedullary nail fixation for closed femoral fractures. hBM mesenchymal cells were expanded by growing them first in Petri dishes for two weeks, followed by a week of culture using Perfecta 3D Hanging Drop Plates®. Various scaffold materials were tested and analyzed for cellular integration, vitality, and differentiation capacity of harvested hBM-MSCs including: 60/40 blend of hydroxyapatite biomatrix; Acellular bone composite discs; Allowash®, cancellous bone cubes; PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid); and Woven chitin derived fiber. We found that the 3D spheroid culture allowed production of hBM mesenchymal cells that retained osteoblast differentiation capacity over a monolayer culture of hBM-MSCs without the need to use chemical or hormonal modulation. We also observed that hydroxyapatite and Allowash cancellous bone scaffolds allowed better cell integration and viability properties as compared to other materials tested in this study. In conclusion, the multimodal culture methodology we developed creates actively differentiating stem-cell spheroids that can then be readily utilized in clinical practices to improve the regeneration of tissues of the head and the body.

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14

Siddique, Amna, Baozhong Sun, and Bohong Gu. "Structural influences of two-dimensional and three-dimensional carbon/epoxy composites on mode I fracture toughness behaviors with rate effects on damage evolution." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718819871.

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This paper reports the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of two-dimensional (2D) plain woven composite and three-dimensional (3D) angle-interlock woven composite. The fracture toughness behaviors were tested with double cantilever beam method at the different loading rates from 0.5 to 100 mm/min. Critical strain energy release rate was calculated to compare the difference between the 2D and the 3D woven composites. The fractographs were photographed with scanned electronic microscopy and optical microscopy to show the fracture morphologies. We found that the 3D angle-interlock woven composite has high fracture toughness than that of 2D woven composite. The binder yarns resist the crack initiation and propagation to increase the fracture toughness. While the lower in-plane stiffness of the 3D woven composites should be considered fully for designing the 3D woven composites.

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15

Zhu, Liming, Lihua Lyu, Xuefei Zhang, Ying Wang, Jing Guo, and Xiaoqing Xiong. "Bending Properties of Zigzag-Shaped 3D Woven Spacer Composites: Experiment and FEM Simulation." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071075.

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Conventionally laminated spacer composites are extensively applied in many fields owing to their light weight. However, their impact resistance, interlaminar strength, and integrity are poor. In order to overcome these flaws, the zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were rationally designed. The zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer fabrics with the basalt fiber filaments tows 400 tex (metric count of yarn) used as warp and weft yarns were fabricated on a common loom with low-cost processing. The zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were obtained using the VARTM (vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding) process. The three-point bending deformation and effects of damage in zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were studied both in experiment and using the finite element method (FEM). The bending properties of zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites with different direction, different numbers of weaving cycle, and different heights were tested in experiments. In FEM simulation, the geometrical model was established to analyze the deformation and damage based on the 3D woven composite structure. Compared with data obtained from the experiments and FEM simulation, the results show good agreement and also prove the validity of the model. Based on the FEM results, the deformation, damage, and propagation of stress obtained from the model are very helpful in analyzing the failure mechanism of zigzag-shaped 3D woven composites. Furthermore, the results can significantly guide the fabrication process of real composite materials.

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16

Bilisik, Kadir. "Multiaxis three-dimensional weaving for composites: A review." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 7 (February 1, 2012): 725–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511435013.

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The aim of this study is to review three-dimensional (3D) fabrics and a critical review is especially provided on the development of multiaxis 3D woven preform structures and techniques. 3D preforms are classified based on various parameters depending on the fiber sets, fiber orientation and interlacements, and micro–meso unit cells and macro geometry. Biaxial and triaxial two-dimensional (2D) fabrics have been widely used as structural composite parts in various technical areas. However, they suffer delamination between their layers due to the lack of fibers. 3D woven fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to the presence of Z-fibers. However, the 3D woven fabrics have low in-plane properties. Multiaxis 3D knitted fabrics have no delamination and their in-plane properties are enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. However, they have limitations regarding multiple layering and layer sequences. Multiaxis 3D woven fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to Z-fibers and in-plane properties enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. Also, the layer sequence can be arranged based on end-use requirements. However, the multiaxis 3D weaving technique is at an early stage of development and needs to be fully automated. This will be a future technological challenge in the area of multiaxis 3D weaving.

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17

Mahmood, Ansar, Xinwei Wang, and Chuwei Zhou. "Elastic analysis of 3D woven orthogonal composites." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 1, no. 3 (October 20, 2011): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20439371111181233.

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18

Cox, B. N., and M. S. Dadkhah. "The Macroscopic Elasticity of 3D Woven Composites." Journal of Composite Materials 29, no. 6 (April 1995): 785–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839502900606.

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19

ZHOU, Chu-wei. "Micro Mechanical Model of 3D Woven Composites." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 18, no. 1 (February 2005): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1000-9361(11)60280-x.

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20

Dadkhah, M. S., B. N. Cox, and W. L. Morris. "Compression-compression fatigue of 3D woven composites." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43, no. 12 (December 1995): 4235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(95)00137-k.

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21

Tan, P., L. Tong, and G. P. Steven. "Modeling Approaches for 3D Orthogonal Woven Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 17, no. 6 (April 1998): 545–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449801700605.

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22

Umer, R., H. Alhussein, J. Zhou, and WJ Cantwell. "The mechanical properties of 3D woven composites." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 12 (November 30, 2016): 1703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316681187.

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In this work, three types of 3D woven fabric (orthogonal, angle interlock, and layer-to-layer) were used to study the effect of weaving architecture on processing and mechanical properties. In order to characterize the fabrics for liquid composite molding processes, the compaction and permeability characteristics of the reinforcements were measured as function of fiber volume fraction. High compaction pressures were required to achieve a target fiber volume fraction of 0.65, due to presence of through-thickness binder yarns that restricts fiber nesting. In-plane permeability experiments were completed and flow front patterns were obtained to understand the anisotropy in the laminates. The resin transfer molding process was then used to manufacture panels that were then tested under quasi-static flexure and low-velocity impact conditions. It was found that the flexural strength and modulus were higher along the weft direction, where high in-plane permeability of the reinforcement was observed, due to fiber alignment. Impact tests on composite plates based on the three types of fabric indicated that the orthogonal system offered a slightly higher perforation resistance and lower levels of damage at any given energy.

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23

Lu, Huaiyu, Licheng Guo, Gang Liu, and Li Zhang. "A progressive damage model for 3D woven composites under compression." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 28, no. 6 (August 22, 2018): 857–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789518793994.

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A progressive damage model is proposed to investigate the damage initiation and evolution of 3D woven composites under uniaxial compression at a micromechanical level. The typical compressive experiments were carried out. Based on the observations, the compression failure modes of 3D woven composites mainly include fiber kinking, transverse failure of fiber tow, matrix fracture, and interfacial debonding. The initial damage criteria are according to the physically based failure criteria for the fiber kinking, the Puck criteria for the transverse failure of fiber tow, and the maximum stress criterion for the matrix. The damage of fiber tow–matrix interfacial is simulated through cohesive contact. Particularly, the fiber’s initial misalignment angle is taken into account in the damage model. The simulated compression results agree well with the experimental ones. The compressive stress–strain response of the 3D woven composite is forecasted. The damage evolution of each constituent of the 3D woven composite is obtained. The results show that the influence of the fiber’s initial misalignment angle on the compression strength of the 3D woven composite needs to be considered.

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24

Behera, Bijoya Kumar, and Lekhani Tripathi. "3D woven honeycomb composites: Manufacturing method, structure properties, and applications." Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology 8, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jteft.2022.08.00304.

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Honeycomb is an advanced material that is preferred in many engineering applications due to its high weight/strength ratio. High toughness and cost competitiveness were achieved because of improved production technology and innovative honeycomb core-face sheet combinations. In this study, the basic concept of preparation of 3D woven honeycomb structure, the role of various honeycomb structural parameters, weave architecture, fabrication of honeycomb composites and their mechanical characteristics (compression, flexural, and impact), and applications of 3D woven honeycomb composites are discussed with experimental evidence. The results show that 3D woven honeycomb composite is a good energy absorber in flatwise compression and impact deformation. 3D woven honeycomb composites have a promising future in lightweight load-bearing applications mainly due to their structural integrity and therefore, they can be actual alternatives for aluminum and other metal alloys.

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25

Hu, Qiaole, Hafeezullah Memon, Yiping Qiu, Wanshuang Liu, and Yi Wei. "A Comprehensive Study on the Mechanical Properties of Different 3D Woven Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Composites." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122765.

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In this work, the tensile, compressive, and flexural properties of three types of 3D woven composites were studied in three directions. To make an accurate comparison, three 3D woven composites are made to have the same fiber volume content by controlling the weaving parameters of 3D fabric. The results show that the 3D orthogonal woven composite (3DOWC) has better overall mechanical properties than those of the 3D shallow straight-joint woven composite (3DSSWC) and 3D shallow bend-joint woven composite (3DSBWC) in the warp direction, including tension, compression, and flexural strength. Interestingly their mechanical properties in the weft direction are about the same. In the through-thickness direction, however, the tensile and flexural strength of 3DOWC is about the same as 3DSBW, both higher than that of 3DSSWC. The compressive strength, on the other hand, is mainly dependent on the number of weft yarns in the through-thickness direction.

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26

Mishra, Rajesh Kumar, Michal Petru, Bijoya Kumar Behera, and Promoda Kumar Behera. "3D Woven Textile Structural Polymer Composites: Effect of Resin Processing Parameters on Mechanical Performance." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061134.

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This work presents the manufacture of polymer composites using 3D woven structures (orthogonal, angle interlock and warp interlock) with glass multifilament tows and epoxy as the resin. The mechanical properties were analyzed by varying the processing parameters, namely, add-on percentage, amount of hardener, curing time, curing temperature and molding pressure, at four different levels during the composite fabrication for three different 3D woven structures. The mechanical properties of composites are affected by resin infusion or resin impregnation. Resin infusion depends on many processing conditions (temperature, pressure, viscosity and molding time), the structure of the reinforcement and the compatibility of the resin with the reinforcement. The samples were tested for tensile strength, tensile modulus, impact resistance and flexural strength. Optimal process parameters were identified for different 3D-woven-structure-based composites for obtaining optimal results for tensile strength, tensile modulus, impact resistance and flexural strength. The tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus were found to be at a maximum for the angle interlock structure among the various 3D woven composites. A composition of 55% matrix (including 12% of hardener added) and 45% fiber were found to be optimal for the tensile and impact performance of 3D woven glass–epoxy composites. A curing temperature of about 140 °C seemed to be optimal for glass–epoxy composites. Increasing the molding pressure up to 12 bar helped with better penetration of the resin, resulting in higher tensile strength, modulus and impact performance. The optimal conditions for the best flexural performance in 3D woven glass–epoxy composites were 12% hardener, 140 °C curing temperature, 900 s curing time and 12 bar molding pressure.

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27

Wu, Xiaochuan, Zhongde Shan, Feng Liu, and Yuan Wang. "Mechanical properties of 3D-woven composites with guide sleeves." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 12 (March 23, 2016): 1571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316636461.

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In this study, the preforms of 3D woven composite materials were made by a flexible oriented 3D composite woven process. The vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process was used to impregnate the preforms. The short-beam shear test, the compression test, and SEM were used to investigate the interlaminar shear performance and the compression behavior of the 3D woven composite with guide sleeves, and the effect of the guide sleeves on the above properties. It is indicated that the interlaminar shear behavior of 3D woven composites with guide sleeves showed the typical fracture characteristics of a pseudoplastic material. And the fracture modes of interlaminar shear mainly include interlaminar shear fracture and tensile fracture of fibers at the bottom. The interlaminar shear strength of materials increased with the diameter and interval of guide sleeves decreasing. Furthermore, the loss of in-plane compression properties of the materials brought by guide sleeves could be effectively avoided by reasonable control of the diameter and the volume fracture of guide sleeves.

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28

Wang, Jingjing, Lihua Lyu, Jing Guo, Xiaoqing Xiong, Ying Wang, and Fang Ye. "Axial Compression Properties of Special-Shaped 3D Tubular Woven Composites." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.2.3.

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Axial compression properties of special-shaped 3D tubular woven composites with basalt fiber filament tows were studied. Special-shaped 3D tubular woven fabrics composites with three different thicknesses were woven on an ordinary loom and fabricated by the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Load-displacement and energy-displacement curves were obtained from experimental tests. Results showed that for special-shaped 3D tubular woven composites, the load and energy absorption were greater with thickness and the compression property improved. Through the analysis of the mathematical equation and correlation coefficient of the load-displacement and energy-displacement relation, the fitting effect of the curves were good. The mathematical equation of the method could be used to simplify the functional relationship between load, energy, and displacement.

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29

Lyu, TingTing, Yuan Gao, Xinghai Zhou, Liwei Wu, and Lihua Lyu. "Carbon nanotube to enhancing mechanical properties of three-dimensional woven modified-basalt fiber composites." Journal of Industrial Textiles 52 (August 2022): 152808372211102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837221110269.

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3D woven composites offer various high-performance characteristics and wide applications due to their lightweight, high strength, and good integrity. However, to exploit their structural advantages, it is necessary to improve the interface properties between reinforcement and matrix, and carbon nanotubes with excellent mechanical properties provide a good solution to improve the interface properties of composites. Based on this motivation, the goal of this study is to investigate the impact of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the tensile and bending properties of basalt fiber through-angle interlocking 3D woven composite, layered-angle interlocking 3D woven composite and orthogonal 3D woven composite. The obtained results indicated that the maximum warp and weft tensile loads of the layered-angle interlocking composites increased by 19.3% and 28.5% from 91,091.3N and 8,409.5N to 9,288.4N and 11,761.4N, respectively. The maximum warp and weft bending loads of 3D orthogonal composites were increased by 26.4% and 19.6% from 566.7N and 635.4N to 770.0N and 790.3N, respectively. O-MWCNTs contain -OH, -COOH and the unsaturated double bond can active functional groups and basalt fiber on the surface of the Si-OH and unsaturated double bonds in the reaction to form epoxy resin covalent bond to improve the interface between the fiber and matrix effect, which solved the key problem of interface outstanding performance of 3D woven modified-basalt fiber composites.

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30

Yu, Hang, Chenhui Zhu, Lu Yao, Yan Ma, Yang Ni, Shenkai Li, Huan Li, Yang Liu, and Yuming Wang. "The Two Stage Moisture Diffusion Model for Non-Fickian Behaviors of 3D Woven Composite Exposed Based on Time Fractional Diffusion Equation." Mathematics 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2023): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11051160.

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The moisture diffusion behaviors of 3D woven composites exhibit non-Fickian properties when they are exposed to a hydrothermal environment. Although some experimental works have been undertaken to investigate this phenomenon, very few mathematical works on non-Fickian moisture diffusion predictions of 3D woven composites are available in the literature. To capture the non-Fickian behavior of moisture diffusion in 3D woven composites, this study first utilized a time fractional diffusion equation to derive the percentage of moisture content of a homogeneous material under hydrothermal conditions. A two-stage moisture diffusion model was subsequently developed based on the moisture diffusion mechanics of both neat resin and 3D woven composites, which describes the initial fast diffusion and the long-term slow diffusion stages. Notably, the model incorporated fractional order parameters to account for the nonlinear property of moisture diffusion in composites. Finally, the weight gain curves of neat resin and the 3D woven composite were calculated to verify the fractional diffusion model, and the predicted moisture uptake curves were all in good agreement with the experimental results. It is important to note that when the fractional order parameter α < 1, the initial moisture uptake will become larger with a later slow down process. This phenomenon can better describe non-Fickian behavior caused by initial voids or complicated structures.

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31

Fan, Shang Wu, Li Tong Zhang, Lai Fei Cheng, and Fang Xu. "Microstructure and Compressive Behaviour of 3D Needled C/SiC Composites." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1599.

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The 3D needled C/SiC composites were fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration combined with liquid melt infiltration. The microstructure and compressive behavior of 3D needled C/SiC composites were investigated. The results indicated that the 3D needled C/SiC composites were composed of the layers of 0 ° non-woven fiber cloth, short fiber web, 90 ° non-woven fiber cloth, and needle fibers. The materials were composed of carbon fiber, PyC, Si, and SiC. SiC and Si were mostly distributed in the short fiber web layers. Local C/C units (local carbon fiber reinforced PyC) were formed in the fiber bundles of non-woven fiber cloth. A great deal of pores and cracks existed in the 3D needled C/SiC composites. The pores less than 10 μm were generally located in the non-woven cloth layers, while the big pores were in the short fiber web layers. The cracks were regularly presented in the Si and SiC region of the composites and were normal to the axial direction of the fiber bundles. The compressive strengths perpendicular and parallel to the non-woven fiber cloth were about 118±18 MPa and 260±41 MPa, respectively. The compressive fractography revealed stepwise fracture along fiber layers direction.

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32

Kamble, Zunjarrao, Rajesh Kumar Mishra, Bijoya Kumar Behera, Martin Tichý, Viktor Kolář, and Miroslav Müller. "Design, Development, and Characterization of Advanced Textile Structural Hollow Composites." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 3535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203535.

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The research is focused on the design and development of woven textile-based structural hollow composites. E-Glass and high tenacity polyester multifilament yarns were used to produce various woven constructions. Yarn produced from cotton shoddy (fibers extracted from waste textiles) was used to develop hybrid preforms. In this study, unidirectional (UD), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) fabric preforms were designed and developed. Further, 3D woven spacer fabric preforms with single-layer woven cross-links having four different geometrical shapes were produced. The performance of the woven cross-linked spacer structure was compared with the sandwich structure connected with the core pile yarns (SPY). Furthermore, three different types of cotton shoddy yarn-based fabric structures were developed. The first is unidirectional (UD), the second is 2D all-waste cotton fabric, and the third is a 2D hybrid fabric with waste cotton yarn in the warp and glass multifilament yarn in the weft. The UD, 2D, and 3D woven fabric-reinforced composites were produced using the vacuum-assisted resin infusion technique. The spacer woven structures were converted to composites by inserting wooden blocks with an appropriate size and wrapped with a Teflon sheet into the hollow space before resin application. A vacuum-assisted resin infusion technique was used to produce spacer woven composites. While changing the reinforcement from chopped fibers to 3D fabric, its modulus and ductility increase substantially. It was established that the number of crossover points in the weave structures offered excellent association with the impact energy absorption and formability behavior, which are important for many applications including automobiles, wind energy, marine and aerospace. Mechanical characterization of honeycomb composites with different cell sizes, opening angles and wall lengths revealed that the specific compression energy is higher for regular honeycomb structures with smaller cell sizes and a higher number of layers, keeping constant thickness.

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Cui, Jing Rui, Li Hua Lv, Xiao Wang, Chun Yan Wei, Yong Zhu Cui, and Jing Yang. "Preparation of 3D Honeycomb Basalt Fibers Woven Composites." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.111.

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The ordinary loom was used to weave different sections of 3D honeycomb fabrics based on the reasonable design of maps and parameters. It could save production cost to ordinary loom used to weave 3D fabrics and controllability of fabrics was good. The fabric was used as enhance phase, 307-3 polyester resin was used as matrix, and VARTM process was used in making 3D honeycomb basalt fibers woven composites. The composites can overcome the shortcomings such as poor integrity, easy to be cracked, low interlaminar strength and easy to be damaged. This study provides theoretical guidance for 3D textile composites.

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Wang, Shan Li, and Lian He Yang. "Study on Numetrical Representation of Topological Architecture of 3D Woven Composites." Advanced Materials Research 331 (September 2011): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.331.171.

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The numetrical representation of yarn structure of reinforcing material has become a precondition in designing architecture and predicting properties of 3D woven composites. The numetrical representation of topological architecture of woven is discussed in this paper. Yarns are sub-classified and according to the warp yarns fabric directions. A key control point method was proposed to solve the descriptive issue of arbitrary 3D woven composite architecture . In the end, the contrastive tests are done to verify the method.

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El Kadi, Michael, Panagiotis Kapsalis, Danny Van Hemelrijck, Jan Wastiels, and Tine Tysmans. "Influence of Loading Orientation and Knitted Versus Woven Transversal Connections in 3D Textile Reinforced Cement (TRC) Composites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 4517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134517.

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As previous research has shown, the use of 3D textiles does not only facilitate the manufacturing process of Textile Reinforced Cement (TRC) composites but also influences the mechanical properties of the TRC. A fundamental understanding of the contribution of the transversal connections in the 3D textile to the loadbearing behavior of 3D TRCs is, however, still lacking in the literature. Therefore, this research experimentally investigates two different parameters of 3D TRCs; firstly, the 3D textile typology, namely knitted versus woven transversal connections, is investigated. Secondly, the influence of the stress direction with respect to the orientation of these connections (parallel or perpendicular) is studied. A clear influence of the orientation is witnessed for the woven 3D TRC system while no influence is observed for the knitted 3D TRC. Both woven and knitted 3D TRC systems show an increased post-cracking bending stiffness compared to an equivalent 2D system (with the same textiles but without transversal connections), yet the woven 3D TRC clearly outperforms the knitted 3D TRC.

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Rahman, Mahfuz Bin, and Lvtao Zhu. "Low-Velocity Impact Response on Glass Fiber Reinforced 3D Integrated Woven Spacer Sandwich Composites." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 2311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062311.

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This study presents an experimental investigation on the low-velocity impact response of three-dimensional integrated woven spacer sandwich composites made of high-performance glass fiber reinforced fabric and epoxy resin. 3D integrated woven spacer sandwich composites with five different specifications were produced using a hand lay-up process and tested under low-velocity impact with energies of 5 J, 10 J, and 15 J. The results revealed that the core pile’s heights and diverse impact energies significantly affect the stiffness and energy absorption capacity. There is no significant influence of face sheet thickness on impact response. Moreover, the damage morphologies of 3D integrated woven spacer sandwich composites under different impact energies were analyzed by simple visualization of the specimen. Different damage and failure mechanisms were observed, including barely visible damage, visible damage, and clearly visible damage. Moreover, it was noticed that the damage of 3D integrated woven spacer sandwich composites samples only constraints to the impacted area and does not affect the integrity of the samples.

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Lu, Hongbo, Yancheng Liu, and Shibo Yan. "Experimental Study and Numerical Analysis of the Tensile Behavior of 3D Woven Ceramic Composites." Machines 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10060434.

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In this work, the tensile responses of 3D woven quartz fiber silica matrix composites were experimentally and numerically investigated. The ceramic composites reinforced by 3D layer-to-layer angle interlock woven preforms were manufactured and tested under warp direction tension. A numerical method is proposed to model the mechanical response of the ceramic composites under tension. The method is based on a mesoscopic single layer unit cell for the composites, using a progressive damage analysis approach to account for damage evolution. The predicted results are compared with experimental data, and good agreement in the stress–strain response up to the ultimate tensile strength of the composites is obtained. It has been demonstrated that the proposed numerical model based on a simple single layer unit cell is both efficient and effective in characterization of the mechanical behavior of the 3D layer-to-layer woven ceramic composites.

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Jiang, Jiasong, Chunxiao Liao, and Luoqing Zhou. "Development and anti-bending behavior of a ‘π’ shape 3D woven composite." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 31, no. 5 (March 2012): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684412437268.

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Hollow woven composites are widely used as matrix in aeronautics and vehicles. This paper develops a new ‘π’ shape of 3D woven hollow composite to optimize its bending property. The new structure composite is woven with overlapping warp integral panel enhancing method. In order to weave it out, a new structure of heald has been innovated. Three specimens with different thickness of panels are manufactured by this method. The anti-bending performances of the composites are carried out by four-point bending tests. The experimental results show that with an increase of the number of the composites layers, the Young's modulus and failure loads of the composites are increased significantly.

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Mahmood, Ansar, Xin Wei Wang, and Chu Wei Zhou. "Generic Geometric Model for 3D Woven Interlock Composites." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.478.

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The mechanical properties of 3D woven interlock composites (3DWIC) can be tailored via design of their weave architecture. This paper presents a geometric model called Generic Geometric Model (GG-Model) which delineates the weave architecture of 3DWIC based on its realistic internal geometry i.e. geometry of the cross-section and path of tows. In GG-Model, the cross-section of tows has been described through a novel shape function called “Generic Shape Function (GSF)”. The GG-Model uses manufacturer and weaver specified data to calculate geometric parameters of the 3DWIC and the reinforcing fabric. The GG-Model is then validated by comparing modeled parameters with experimental data. Strong correlation is found between modeled parameters and experimental data.

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Ricks, Trenton M., Evan J. Pineda, Brett A. Bednarcyk, Linda S. McCorkle, Sandi G. Miller, Pappu L. N. Murthy, and Kenneth N. Segal. "Multiscale Progressive Failure Analysis of 3D Woven Composites." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204340.

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Application of three-dimensional (3D) woven composites is growing as an alternative to the use of ply-based composite materials. However, the design, analysis, modeling, and optimization of these materials is more challenging due to their complex and inherently multiscale geometries. Herein, a multiscale modeling procedure, based on efficient, semi-analytical micromechanical theories rather than the traditional finite element approach, is presented and applied to a 3D woven carbon–epoxy composite. A crack-band progressive damage model was employed for the matrix constituent to capture the globally observed nonlinear response. Realistic microstructural dimensions and tow-fiber volume fractions were determined from detailed X-ray computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy data. Pre-existing binder-tow disbonds and weft-tow waviness, observed in X-ray CT scans of the composite, were also included in the model. The results were compared with experimental data for the in-plane tensile and shear behavior of the composite. The tensile predictions exhibited good correlations with the test data. While the model was able to capture the less brittle nature of the in-plane shear response, quantitative measures were underpredicted to some degree.

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Tripathi, Lekhani, and Bijoya Kumar Behera. "Flatwise compression behavior of 3D woven honeycomb composites." Journal of Industrial Textiles 52 (August 2022): 152808372211254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837221125483.

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Honeycomb being a cellular solid is a well-known core in sandwich structure and is considered an ideal structural material because of its high strength and shear stiffness, high impact strength, lower weight, excellent energy absorbing property, high crushing stress, and almost constant crushing force. In this study, 3D woven honeycomb structures were developed with different cell geometry by varying the cell size, free wall length, bonded wall length, opening angle, and the number of honeycomb layers keeping overall composite thickness and cell shape constant. The variation of cell geometry was carried out by changing the number of picks in the honeycomb wall. Composite samples were prepared from the honeycomb preforms with epoxy resin (matrix) using VARIM (vacuum-assisted resin infusion method) process and characterized for their flatwise compression behavior. It was found that the structural parameters influenced compression energy absorption. The results revealed that regular cell shape, smaller cell size, and higher number of layers of honeycomb composites exhibited higher specific energy absorption. These findings are useful in engineering design development and applications of 3D honeycomb composites.

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Siyuan, Yao, and Chen Xiuhua. "Tension-compression fatigue behavior of 3D woven composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 388 (July 19, 2018): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/388/1/012016.

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Sheng, Shang Zhong, and Suong van Hoa. "Modeling of 3D Angle Interlock Woven Fabric Composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705703016001206.

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Bannister, M. K., R. Braemar, and P. J. Crothers. "The mechanical performance of 3D woven sandwich composites." Composite Structures 47, no. 1-4 (December 1999): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8223(00)00035-0.

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Quinn, J. P., A. T. McIlhagger, and R. McIlhagger. "Examination of the failure of 3D woven composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 39, no. 2 (February 2008): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.10.012.

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Dhiman, Sarvesh, Prasad Potluri, and Christopher Silva. "Influence of binder configuration on 3D woven composites." Composite Structures 134 (December 2015): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.126.

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Mishra, Rajesh. "Drape behavior of 3D woven glass-epoxy composites." Polymer Composites 37, no. 2 (August 23, 2014): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.23202.

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Cox, Brian N., Mahyar S. Dadkhah, and W. L. Morris. "On the tensile failure of 3D woven composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 27, no. 6 (January 1996): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-835x(95)00053-5.

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Ansar, Mahmood, Wang Xinwei, and Zhou Chouwei. "Modeling strategies of 3D woven composites: A review." Composite Structures 93, no. 8 (July 2011): 1947–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.03.010.

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Jabbar, Abdul, Mehmet Karahan, Muhammad Zubair, and Nevin Karahan. "Geometrical Analysis of 3D Integrated Woven Fabric Reinforced Core Sandwich Composites." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 1(133) (February 28, 2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7507.

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The variability of the internal geometry parameters, such as the waviness of yarns, cross sections of yarns and local fibre volume fraction of 3-dimensional (3D) integrated woven core sandwich composites affects their mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to define the geometrical and structural parameters of 3D integrated woven core sandwich composites, including the fold ratio of pile threads, the fabric areal weight and the fibre volume fraction by changing the core thickness of 3D sandwich core fabric. 3D fabrics with different core thicknesses were used for reinforcement. It was confirmed that the pile fold ratio, slope angle and pile length increase with an increase in the core thickness of the fabric. The difference between the calculated and experimental areal weights of fabrics was in the range of 5-13%. A novel approach was also presented to define the fibre volume fraction of 3D woven core sandwich composites.

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