Journal articles: '3D WOVEN COMPOSITES'

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Siddique, Amna, Baozhong Sun, and Bohong Gu. "Structural influences of two-dimensional and three-dimensional carbon/epoxy composites on mode I fracture toughness behaviors with rate effects on damage evolution." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718819871.

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This paper reports the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of two-dimensional (2D) plain woven composite and three-dimensional (3D) angle-interlock woven composite. The fracture toughness behaviors were tested with double cantilever beam method at the different loading rates from 0.5 to 100 mm/min. Critical strain energy release rate was calculated to compare the difference between the 2D and the 3D woven composites. The fractographs were photographed with scanned electronic microscopy and optical microscopy to show the fracture morphologies. We found that the 3D angle-interlock woven composite has high fracture toughness than that of 2D woven composite. The binder yarns resist the crack initiation and propagation to increase the fracture toughness. While the lower in-plane stiffness of the 3D woven composites should be considered fully for designing the 3D woven composites.

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Hamada, Hiroyuki, Akihiro Fujita, Zenichiro Maekawa, and Masaya Kotaki. "Bending Properties of 3D Glass Woven Fabric Reinforced Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 2, no. 4 (July 1993): 096369359300200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359300200406.

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3D glass woven fabric (PARABEAM) reinforced composites are of particular interest to composite industry, because light weight large scale composite structures can be fabricated. Bending properties of hybrid composites with 3D fabric and chopped strand mat were possible to be estimated by using theory of composite beam. The relations between thickness, weight and bending properties of the 3D composites could be drawn for designing composite structure.

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Fan, Wei, Dan-dan Li, Jia-lu Li, Juan-zi Li, Lin-jia Yuan, Li-li Xue, Run-jun Sun, and Jia-guang Meng. "Electromagnetic properties of three-dimensional woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composite." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 20 (July 31, 2017): 2353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517723022.

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To investigate the reinforcement architectures effect on the electromagnetic wave properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, three-dimensional (3D) interlock woven fabric/epoxy composites, 3D interlock woven fabric with stuffer warp/epoxy composites, and 3D orthogonal woven fabric/epoxy composites were studied by the free-space measurement system. The results showed that the three types of 3D woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composites had a slight difference in electromagnetic wave properties and the absorption was their dominant radar absorption mechanism. The electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the three types of composites were more than 90% (below −10 dB) over the 11.2–18 GHz bandwidth, and more than 60% (below −4 dB) over the 8–12 GHz bandwidth. Compared with unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics, the three kinds of 3D woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composites exhibited better electromagnetic wave absorption properties over a broadband frequency range of 8–18 GHz. Therefore, the three kinds of 3D woven composite are expected to be used as radar absorption structures due to their excellent mechanical properties and outstanding absorption capacity. The total electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the three types of 3D carbon fiber woven composites are all larger than 46 dB over the 8–12 GHz bandwidth, which is evidence that the three types of 3D carbon fiber woven composites can be used as excellent shielding materials for electromagnetic interference.

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Tripathi, Lekhani, and B. K. Behera. "Review: 3D woven honeycomb composites." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 28 (July 9, 2021): 15609–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06302-5.

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Hu, Qiaole, Hafeezullah Memon, Yiping Qiu, Wanshuang Liu, and Yi Wei. "A Comprehensive Study on the Mechanical Properties of Different 3D Woven Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Composites." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122765.

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In this work, the tensile, compressive, and flexural properties of three types of 3D woven composites were studied in three directions. To make an accurate comparison, three 3D woven composites are made to have the same fiber volume content by controlling the weaving parameters of 3D fabric. The results show that the 3D orthogonal woven composite (3DOWC) has better overall mechanical properties than those of the 3D shallow straight-joint woven composite (3DSSWC) and 3D shallow bend-joint woven composite (3DSBWC) in the warp direction, including tension, compression, and flexural strength. Interestingly their mechanical properties in the weft direction are about the same. In the through-thickness direction, however, the tensile and flexural strength of 3DOWC is about the same as 3DSBW, both higher than that of 3DSSWC. The compressive strength, on the other hand, is mainly dependent on the number of weft yarns in the through-thickness direction.

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Zhu, Liming, Lihua Lyu, Xuefei Zhang, Ying Wang, Jing Guo, and Xiaoqing Xiong. "Bending Properties of Zigzag-Shaped 3D Woven Spacer Composites: Experiment and FEM Simulation." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071075.

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Conventionally laminated spacer composites are extensively applied in many fields owing to their light weight. However, their impact resistance, interlaminar strength, and integrity are poor. In order to overcome these flaws, the zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were rationally designed. The zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer fabrics with the basalt fiber filaments tows 400 tex (metric count of yarn) used as warp and weft yarns were fabricated on a common loom with low-cost processing. The zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were obtained using the VARTM (vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding) process. The three-point bending deformation and effects of damage in zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were studied both in experiment and using the finite element method (FEM). The bending properties of zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites with different direction, different numbers of weaving cycle, and different heights were tested in experiments. In FEM simulation, the geometrical model was established to analyze the deformation and damage based on the 3D woven composite structure. Compared with data obtained from the experiments and FEM simulation, the results show good agreement and also prove the validity of the model. Based on the FEM results, the deformation, damage, and propagation of stress obtained from the model are very helpful in analyzing the failure mechanism of zigzag-shaped 3D woven composites. Furthermore, the results can significantly guide the fabrication process of real composite materials.

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Lu, Huaiyu, Licheng Guo, Gang Liu, and Li Zhang. "A progressive damage model for 3D woven composites under compression." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 28, no. 6 (August 22, 2018): 857–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789518793994.

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A progressive damage model is proposed to investigate the damage initiation and evolution of 3D woven composites under uniaxial compression at a micromechanical level. The typical compressive experiments were carried out. Based on the observations, the compression failure modes of 3D woven composites mainly include fiber kinking, transverse failure of fiber tow, matrix fracture, and interfacial debonding. The initial damage criteria are according to the physically based failure criteria for the fiber kinking, the Puck criteria for the transverse failure of fiber tow, and the maximum stress criterion for the matrix. The damage of fiber tow–matrix interfacial is simulated through cohesive contact. Particularly, the fiber’s initial misalignment angle is taken into account in the damage model. The simulated compression results agree well with the experimental ones. The compressive stress–strain response of the 3D woven composite is forecasted. The damage evolution of each constituent of the 3D woven composite is obtained. The results show that the influence of the fiber’s initial misalignment angle on the compression strength of the 3D woven composite needs to be considered.

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Jiang, Jiasong, Chunxiao Liao, and Luoqing Zhou. "Development and anti-bending behavior of a ‘π’ shape 3D woven composite." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 31, no. 5 (March 2012): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684412437268.

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Hollow woven composites are widely used as matrix in aeronautics and vehicles. This paper develops a new ‘π’ shape of 3D woven hollow composite to optimize its bending property. The new structure composite is woven with overlapping warp integral panel enhancing method. In order to weave it out, a new structure of heald has been innovated. Three specimens with different thickness of panels are manufactured by this method. The anti-bending performances of the composites are carried out by four-point bending tests. The experimental results show that with an increase of the number of the composites layers, the Young's modulus and failure loads of the composites are increased significantly.

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Bilisik, Kadir. "Multiaxis 3D Woven Preform and Properties of Multiaxis 3D Woven and 3D Orthogonal Woven Carbon/Epoxy Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 29, no. 8 (May 27, 2009): 1173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684409103153.

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10

Wu, Xiaochuan, Zhongde Shan, Feng Liu, and Yuan Wang. "Mechanical properties of 3D-woven composites with guide sleeves." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 12 (March 23, 2016): 1571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316636461.

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In this study, the preforms of 3D woven composite materials were made by a flexible oriented 3D composite woven process. The vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process was used to impregnate the preforms. The short-beam shear test, the compression test, and SEM were used to investigate the interlaminar shear performance and the compression behavior of the 3D woven composite with guide sleeves, and the effect of the guide sleeves on the above properties. It is indicated that the interlaminar shear behavior of 3D woven composites with guide sleeves showed the typical fracture characteristics of a pseudoplastic material. And the fracture modes of interlaminar shear mainly include interlaminar shear fracture and tensile fracture of fibers at the bottom. The interlaminar shear strength of materials increased with the diameter and interval of guide sleeves decreasing. Furthermore, the loss of in-plane compression properties of the materials brought by guide sleeves could be effectively avoided by reasonable control of the diameter and the volume fracture of guide sleeves.

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11

Behera, B. K., and B. P. Dash. "Mechanical behavior of 3D woven composites." Materials & Design 67 (February 2015): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.020.

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P.C. Aiman, D., M. F. Yahya, M. R. Ahmad, and S. A. Ghani. "Impact Resistance of 3D Woven Composites Impacted by Different Impactor Shapes." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27715.

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The aim of this study was to investigate impact resistance of 3D woven composites, impacted by three different impactor shapes. An experimental study was carried out to compare the impact resistance on four types of 3D woven fiberglass composites. Impact resistance test will be performed using standard method ASTM D2444, with a set up initial impact energy is 20 J, velocity of 3.4901 m/s, height of 0.6163m and mass applied is 3.29 kg. Three different impactor shapes which are hemispherical, conical and ogival were used for testing woven fabric composite impact test. Hand lay-up technique was used to fabricate the composites. From results, 4 float Layer-to-layer Interlock (4L) gave the highest impact resistance for all impactor shapes with 6258.0 N for hemispherical impactor, 4000.1 N for conical impactor and 3750.7 N for ogival impactor. Ogival impactor tends to penetrate the woven composite samples better compared to conical and hemispherical impactors.

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13

Wang, Shan Li, and Lian He Yang. "Study on Numetrical Representation of Topological Architecture of 3D Woven Composites." Advanced Materials Research 331 (September 2011): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.331.171.

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The numetrical representation of yarn structure of reinforcing material has become a precondition in designing architecture and predicting properties of 3D woven composites. The numetrical representation of topological architecture of woven is discussed in this paper. Yarns are sub-classified and according to the warp yarns fabric directions. A key control point method was proposed to solve the descriptive issue of arbitrary 3D woven composite architecture . In the end, the contrastive tests are done to verify the method.

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Muthukumar, M., J. Prasath, S. Sathish, G. Ravikumar, YM Desai, and NK Naik. "3D layer-to-layer orthogonal interlock woven composites under monotonic loading: Multiscale modeling." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, no. 17 (April 28, 2017): 1263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417706555.

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Multiscale modeling of 3D layer-to-layer orthogonal interlock woven composite structure for elastic and strength behavior is presented. Due to the inherent nature of weaving, 3D woven composites can be represented by repetitive unit cells at the meso level. The present study focuses on identifying different types of repetitive unit cells considering both the geometry and the boundary conditions. For a typical 3D layer-to-layer orthogonal interlock woven composite, there are eight types of meso repetitive unit cells taking into account both the geometry and the boundary conditions. Additionally, for a practical situation, fiber volume fraction (Vf) in the impregnated strand is not uniform throughout the cross-section. In other words, Vf would be different for different micro repetitive unit cells. The properties of the macro structure, i.e. the 3D woven composite structure has been determined by applying periodic boundary conditions at micro and meso levels and iso-strain conditions at the macro level using finite element analysis. The continuity between the blocks is provided by merging the nodes in the intersection regions. The effect of different Vf at different locations in the transverse cross-section of the strand on the elastic and the strength properties of 3D layer-to-layer woven composite structure is presented.

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15

Zhu, Liming, Huawei Zhang, Jing Guo, Ying Wang, and Lihua Lyu. "Axial Compression Experiments and Finite Element Analysis of Basalt Fiber/Epoxy Resin Three-Dimensional Tubular Woven Composites." Materials 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 2584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112584.

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In order to avoid the delamination of traditional tubular composite materials and reduce its woven cost, on an ordinary loom, the three-dimensional (3D) tubular woven fabrics were woven with basalt filament tows, and then the 3D tubular woven composites were prepared with epoxy resin by a hand layup process. The wall thickness of the 3D tubular woven composite was thin, and was only 2 mm thick. Through experiments and finite element method (FEM) simulation, the axial compression properties of the material were analyzed. The results show that the material 2 mm thick has good axial compression performance, the maximum load value of the experiment is 10,578 N, and the maximum load value of the finite element simulation is 11,285 N. The error between the two is 6.68%, indicating that the experiment and simulation have a good consistency. The failure mode of the material is also analyzed through finite element method simulation in the paper, thus revealing the failure stress propagation, local stress concentration, and failure morphology of the material. It provides an effective reference for the design and application of the 3D tubular woven composite.

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Tao, Wei, Ping Zhu, Di Wang, Changhu Zhao, and Zhao Liu. "Progressive damage modelling and experimental investigation of three-dimensional orthogonal woven composites with tilted binder." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 70–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718821888.

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This paper investigates the tensile properties of 3D orthogonal woven carbon fiber composites with tilted binder by experiment and simulation. The tensile failure strain and fracture mode of this composite show distinguished discrepancy with idealized 3D orthogonal woven composites experimentally. In order to explain this specific failure mechanism, a unit cell finite element model incorporated with damage models of constituents is established to reproduce the damage initiation and propagation of 3D orthogonal woven composites with tilted binder during tensile test. A three-dimensional failure criterion based on Hashin's criterion and Pinho's criterion is utilized to describe the progressive damage of yarns, while the non-linear behavior of the matrix is predicted by Drucker-Prager yield criterion. Besides, a traction-separation law is applied to predict the damage of yarn-matrix interface. The proposed unit cell model is correlated and validated by global stress–strain curves, DIC full-field strain distributions and modulus history curve. The damage evolution process of 3D orthogonal woven carbon fiber composites with tilted binder, including fiber tow failure, matrix cracking, and interfacial debonding, is recorded and investigated by the modulus history curve from simulation.

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Mahmood, Ansar, Xinwei Wang, and Chuwei Zhou. "Elastic analysis of 3D woven orthogonal composites." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 1, no. 3 (October 20, 2011): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20439371111181233.

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18

ZHOU, Chu-wei. "Micro Mechanical Model of 3D Woven Composites." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 18, no. 1 (February 2005): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1000-9361(11)60280-x.

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Cox, B. N., and M. S. Dadkhah. "The Macroscopic Elasticity of 3D Woven Composites." Journal of Composite Materials 29, no. 6 (April 1995): 785–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839502900606.

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20

Tan, P., L. Tong, and G. P. Steven. "Modeling Approaches for 3D Orthogonal Woven Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 17, no. 6 (April 1998): 545–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449801700605.

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Umer, R., H. Alhussein, J. Zhou, and WJ Cantwell. "The mechanical properties of 3D woven composites." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 12 (November 30, 2016): 1703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316681187.

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In this work, three types of 3D woven fabric (orthogonal, angle interlock, and layer-to-layer) were used to study the effect of weaving architecture on processing and mechanical properties. In order to characterize the fabrics for liquid composite molding processes, the compaction and permeability characteristics of the reinforcements were measured as function of fiber volume fraction. High compaction pressures were required to achieve a target fiber volume fraction of 0.65, due to presence of through-thickness binder yarns that restricts fiber nesting. In-plane permeability experiments were completed and flow front patterns were obtained to understand the anisotropy in the laminates. The resin transfer molding process was then used to manufacture panels that were then tested under quasi-static flexure and low-velocity impact conditions. It was found that the flexural strength and modulus were higher along the weft direction, where high in-plane permeability of the reinforcement was observed, due to fiber alignment. Impact tests on composite plates based on the three types of fabric indicated that the orthogonal system offered a slightly higher perforation resistance and lower levels of damage at any given energy.

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Dadkhah, M. S., B. N. Cox, and W. L. Morris. "Compression-compression fatigue of 3D woven composites." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43, no. 12 (December 1995): 4235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(95)00137-k.

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23

Kabir, S. M. Fijul, Kavita Mathur, and Abdel-Fattah M. Seyam. "Maximizing the Performance of 3D Printed Fiber-Reinforced Composites." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5050136.

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Fiber-reinforced 3D printing technology offers significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the resulting composites relative to 3D printed (3DP) polymer-based composites. However, 3DP fiber-reinforced composite structures suffer from low fiber content compared to the traditional composite, such as 3D orthogonal woven preforms solidified with vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) that impedes their high-performance applications such as in aerospace, automobile, marine and building industries. The present research included fabrication of 3DP fiberglass-reinforced nylon composites, with maximum possible fiber content dictated by the current 3D printing technology at varying fiber orientations (such as 0/0, 0/90, ±45 and 0/45/90/−45) and characterizing their microstructural and performance properties, such as tensile and impact resistance (Drop-weight, Izod and Charpy). Results indicated that fiber orientation with maximum fiber content have tremendous effect on the improvement of the performance of the 3DP composites, even though they inherently contain structural defects in terms of voids resulting in premature failure of the composites. Benchmarking the results with VARTM 3D orthogonal woven (3DOW) composites revealed that 3DP composites had slightly lower tensile strength due to poor matrix infusion and voids between adjacent fiber layers/raster, and delamination due to lack of through-thickness reinforcement, but excellent impact strength (224% more strong) due to favorable effect of structural voids and having a laminated structure developed in layer-by-layer fashion.

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Cui, Jing Rui, Li Hua Lv, Xiao Wang, Chun Yan Wei, Yong Zhu Cui, and Jing Yang. "Preparation of 3D Honeycomb Basalt Fibers Woven Composites." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.111.

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The ordinary loom was used to weave different sections of 3D honeycomb fabrics based on the reasonable design of maps and parameters. It could save production cost to ordinary loom used to weave 3D fabrics and controllability of fabrics was good. The fabric was used as enhance phase, 307-3 polyester resin was used as matrix, and VARTM process was used in making 3D honeycomb basalt fibers woven composites. The composites can overcome the shortcomings such as poor integrity, easy to be cracked, low interlaminar strength and easy to be damaged. This study provides theoretical guidance for 3D textile composites.

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Dastan, Tohid, Sayyed MAHDI Hejazi, and Mohammad Sheikhzadeh. "A parametric investigation into the flexural properties of singly curved composites reinforced with 3D-integrated woven fabrics." Journal of Industrial Textiles 49, no. 10 (December 10, 2018): 1411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718817558.

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In this study, the effect of curvature on the flexural behavior of 3D integrated woven fabric composites was initially investigated. After optimizing the effect of curvature, two strengthening methods (thickening upper skin and foam-filling) were applied on curved 3D integrated woven fabric composites separately and simultaneously. Normalized-weight flexural properties were used as an efficiency index to analyze and compare the efficiency of both methods. Results showed that as curvature increases from 0 to 0.007 and 0.014 cm−1, peak load increases about 29.8 and 36.7%, respectively. In addition, as upper skin thickness increases, most of flexural properties increase and then decrease. Moreover, flexural properties improved by injecting polyurethane foam into the empty core. Furthermore, applying both methods on curved 3D integrated woven fabric composite sample made an outstanding improvement in flexural properties. That is, the flexural peak load, stiffness, and total energy absorption increased 244.4, 142.7, and 496.4%, respectively, in comparison to the unreinforced 3D integrated woven fabric composite sample. Based on the normalized results, it could be concluded that applying thickening upper skin and foam-filling the core methods separately have no considerable improvement in specific flexural properties; however, applying both methods simultaneously improved specific peak load and specific total energy absorption 35.3 and 134.1%, respectively.

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Yang, Cai Yun, Xiu Ping Zan, Zhen Ying Hu, and Jing Li. "Research of 3D Woven C/C Composites Bending Properties." Advanced Materials Research 366 (October 2011): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.366.95.

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Two different kinds of structural preforms were designed and manufactured, which were 3D layer-to-layer angle-interlock structure and 3D solid orthogonal panel structure. C/C composites were made first by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and then liquid resin impregnation for complementation. The bending properties of the two 3D woven reinforced C/C composites were tested and analyzed. The inner microstructures were investigated by SEM. The results show that the bending property of 3D solid orthogonal panel preform reinforced C/C composites is higher than that of 3D layer-to-layer angle-interlock preform reinforced C/C composites, and the bending rupture of the former is brittle, the latter is tough.

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Bilisik, Kadir. "Multiaxis three-dimensional weaving for composites: A review." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 7 (February 1, 2012): 725–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511435013.

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The aim of this study is to review three-dimensional (3D) fabrics and a critical review is especially provided on the development of multiaxis 3D woven preform structures and techniques. 3D preforms are classified based on various parameters depending on the fiber sets, fiber orientation and interlacements, and micro–meso unit cells and macro geometry. Biaxial and triaxial two-dimensional (2D) fabrics have been widely used as structural composite parts in various technical areas. However, they suffer delamination between their layers due to the lack of fibers. 3D woven fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to the presence of Z-fibers. However, the 3D woven fabrics have low in-plane properties. Multiaxis 3D knitted fabrics have no delamination and their in-plane properties are enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. However, they have limitations regarding multiple layering and layer sequences. Multiaxis 3D woven fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to Z-fibers and in-plane properties enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. Also, the layer sequence can be arranged based on end-use requirements. However, the multiaxis 3D weaving technique is at an early stage of development and needs to be fully automated. This will be a future technological challenge in the area of multiaxis 3D weaving.

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Kashif, Muhammad, Syed Talha Ali Hamdani, Yasir Nawab, Muhammad Ayub Asghar, Muhammad Umair, and Khubab Shaker. "Optimization of 3D woven preform for improved mechanical performance." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 7 (March 16, 2018): 1206–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718760802.

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For structural design applications, through-thickness characteristics of reinforcement played a vital role, which is why 3D woven preforms are recommended for such applications. These characteristics are mainly dependent on the fiber and yarn positioning in reinforcement. Although research has been conducted for characterizing woven composites, special attention has not been made on weave pattern parameter which directly affects the mechanical performance of composites. In this research work, 3D orthogonal layer to layer and through thickness woven structures with different interlocking patterns have been thoroughly studied for their mechanical properties, thickness, air permeability and areal density. Natural fibers when used with biodegradable matrix find use in structural, as well as low to medium impact applications for automobiles. Jute yarn was used to produce four-layered 3D woven structures, as synthetic fibers will not give a biodegradable composite part. The focus of this study is to optimize weave pattern, which is robust in design, degradable preforms and easy to reproduce. The main objective of this research focused on the effectiveness of weaving patterns on physical and mechanical properties as well as to optimize the weave pattern for optimum performance. Grey relational analysis was used for the optimization of the robust weave pattern. The results showed that hybrid structures can be useful for improving the properties of the orthogonal layer to layer and through thickness woven structures. It was also noted that weft-way 3D woven structures can provide comparable mechanical properties with warp-way 3D woven structures.

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Wang, Jingjing, Lihua Lyu, Jing Guo, Xiaoqing Xiong, Ying Wang, and Fang Ye. "Axial Compression Properties of Special-Shaped 3D Tubular Woven Composites." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.2.3.

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Axial compression properties of special-shaped 3D tubular woven composites with basalt fiber filament tows were studied. Special-shaped 3D tubular woven fabrics composites with three different thicknesses were woven on an ordinary loom and fabricated by the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Load-displacement and energy-displacement curves were obtained from experimental tests. Results showed that for special-shaped 3D tubular woven composites, the load and energy absorption were greater with thickness and the compression property improved. Through the analysis of the mathematical equation and correlation coefficient of the load-displacement and energy-displacement relation, the fitting effect of the curves were good. The mathematical equation of the method could be used to simplify the functional relationship between load, energy, and displacement.

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Li, Juanzi, Wei Fan, Tao Liu, Linjia Yuan, Lili Xue, Wensheng Dang, and Jiaguang Meng. "The temperature effect on the inter-laminar shear properties and failure mechanism of 3D orthogonal woven composites." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 23-24 (June 3, 2020): 2806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520927009.

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Recent increases in the use of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, especially for high-temperature applications, has induced new challenges in evaluating their mechanical properties. The effects of temperature on the shear performance of 3-dimensional orthogonal and 2-dimensional plain woven composites were compared in this study through double-notch shear tests. A scanning electron microscope was employed to investigate the fiber/matrix interface properties to reveal the failure characteristics. The results showed that temperature had a visible impact on the inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS), deformation modes, and failure mechanism. The ILSS decreased as temperature increased, which was caused by the degradation of the matrix properties and fiber/matrix interface properties at high temperature. A finite element model was established to analyze the transient deformation process and the damage mechanism of the 3D orthogonal woven composite. This indicated that Z-binder yarns could improve the delamination resistance of 3D orthogonal woven composites, especially under high temperatures. The changes in failure modes of the 3D orthogonal woven composites was put down to thermal softening of the epoxy resin caused by high temperature and the undulation of the yarns.

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Fan, Shang Wu, Li Tong Zhang, Lai Fei Cheng, and Fang Xu. "Microstructure and Compressive Behaviour of 3D Needled C/SiC Composites." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1599.

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The 3D needled C/SiC composites were fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration combined with liquid melt infiltration. The microstructure and compressive behavior of 3D needled C/SiC composites were investigated. The results indicated that the 3D needled C/SiC composites were composed of the layers of 0 ° non-woven fiber cloth, short fiber web, 90 ° non-woven fiber cloth, and needle fibers. The materials were composed of carbon fiber, PyC, Si, and SiC. SiC and Si were mostly distributed in the short fiber web layers. Local C/C units (local carbon fiber reinforced PyC) were formed in the fiber bundles of non-woven fiber cloth. A great deal of pores and cracks existed in the 3D needled C/SiC composites. The pores less than 10 μm were generally located in the non-woven cloth layers, while the big pores were in the short fiber web layers. The cracks were regularly presented in the Si and SiC region of the composites and were normal to the axial direction of the fiber bundles. The compressive strengths perpendicular and parallel to the non-woven fiber cloth were about 118±18 MPa and 260±41 MPa, respectively. The compressive fractography revealed stepwise fracture along fiber layers direction.

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32

Mahmood, Ansar, Xin Wei Wang, and Chu Wei Zhou. "Generic Geometric Model for 3D Woven Interlock Composites." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.478.

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The mechanical properties of 3D woven interlock composites (3DWIC) can be tailored via design of their weave architecture. This paper presents a geometric model called Generic Geometric Model (GG-Model) which delineates the weave architecture of 3DWIC based on its realistic internal geometry i.e. geometry of the cross-section and path of tows. In GG-Model, the cross-section of tows has been described through a novel shape function called “Generic Shape Function (GSF)”. The GG-Model uses manufacturer and weaver specified data to calculate geometric parameters of the 3DWIC and the reinforcing fabric. The GG-Model is then validated by comparing modeled parameters with experimental data. Strong correlation is found between modeled parameters and experimental data.

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Bannister, M. K., R. Braemar, and P. J. Crothers. "The mechanical performance of 3D woven sandwich composites." Composite Structures 47, no. 1-4 (December 1999): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8223(00)00035-0.

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Mishra, Rajesh. "Drape behavior of 3D woven glass-epoxy composites." Polymer Composites 37, no. 2 (August 23, 2014): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.23202.

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Siyuan, Yao, and Chen Xiuhua. "Tension-compression fatigue behavior of 3D woven composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 388 (July 19, 2018): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/388/1/012016.

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Sheng, Shang Zhong, and Suong van Hoa. "Modeling of 3D Angle Interlock Woven Fabric Composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705703016001206.

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Cox, Brian N., Mahyar S. Dadkhah, and W. L. Morris. "On the tensile failure of 3D woven composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 27, no. 6 (January 1996): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-835x(95)00053-5.

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Ansar, Mahmood, Wang Xinwei, and Zhou Chouwei. "Modeling strategies of 3D woven composites: A review." Composite Structures 93, no. 8 (July 2011): 1947–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.03.010.

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Quinn, J. P., A. T. McIlhagger, and R. McIlhagger. "Examination of the failure of 3D woven composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 39, no. 2 (February 2008): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.10.012.

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Dhiman, Sarvesh, Prasad Potluri, and Christopher Silva. "Influence of binder configuration on 3D woven composites." Composite Structures 134 (December 2015): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.126.

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Wang, Liyong, Xiaohua Liu, Sidra Saleemi, Yinjiang Zhang, Yiping Qiu, and Fujun Xu. "Bending properties and failure mechanisms of three-dimensional hybrid woven spacer composites with glass and carbon fibers." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 21-22 (March 18, 2019): 4502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519837730.

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Three-dimensional (3D) woven spacer composites are competitive materials in aerospace fields due to their excellent integrated, light-weight structure. The face sheets of the 3D woven spacer composites are crucial for the mechanical properties. In this study, 3D hybrid composites, which are composed of glass and carbon fibers in the face sheets and glass fiber in the core layer as reinforcement and epoxy resin as the matrix, were designed and fabricated. The bending test results show that with the increase of the carbon fibers in the face sheets, the normalized bending strength of hybrid spacer composites showed limited improvement, while their normalized bending moduli and bending stiffnesses were significantly improved. The optical and scanning electron microscope images of the fractured surfaces reveal that the fibers in the top face sheet, which is under compression by the indenter, are damaged first and cause the failure of the entire structure, whereas the fibers in the bottom face sheets are stretched during the bending test and slightly damaged. In addition, in the failure cross-sections, pull-out of the carbon fibers is observed due to its limited interfacial bonding with the epoxy resin. This work could help optimize 3D hybrid woven spacer composite structures for better performance and lower cost.

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Sujarwadi, Roni, and Tresna Priyana Soemardi. "Mechanical Characteristics Testing of Biodegradable Ramie Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid (PLA) Fabricated with Hot-Press Molding." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.517.

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In this research, composite material was fabricated from both renewable resources and biodegradable materials: ramie woven fabric as reinforcement and 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) filament as resin matrix. The laminate composites were produced using a film stacking method and processed using hot-press molding. The mechanical properties of woven ramie fabric, PLA matrix, and laminate composites were investigated. It is shown that the breaking force of the plain woven ramie fabric in the warp direction was greater than in the weft direction. Further, the tensile and impact properties of laminate at warp direction higher than weft direction when ramie fabric reinforcement is used. In addition, scanning electron microscopy examination of laminate composite showed good bonding between ramie fiber and PLA matrix. In summary, laminated composites based on polylactic acid and woven ramie fabric display good performance capability, which can use for the development of engineering applications.

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Jabbar, Abdul, Mehmet Karahan, Muhammad Zubair, and Nevin Karahan. "Geometrical Analysis of 3D Integrated Woven Fabric Reinforced Core Sandwich Composites." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 1(133) (February 28, 2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7507.

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The variability of the internal geometry parameters, such as the waviness of yarns, cross sections of yarns and local fibre volume fraction of 3-dimensional (3D) integrated woven core sandwich composites affects their mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to define the geometrical and structural parameters of 3D integrated woven core sandwich composites, including the fold ratio of pile threads, the fabric areal weight and the fibre volume fraction by changing the core thickness of 3D sandwich core fabric. 3D fabrics with different core thicknesses were used for reinforcement. It was confirmed that the pile fold ratio, slope angle and pile length increase with an increase in the core thickness of the fabric. The difference between the calculated and experimental areal weights of fabrics was in the range of 5-13%. A novel approach was also presented to define the fibre volume fraction of 3D woven core sandwich composites.

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Umair, Muhammad, Syed Talha Ali Hamdani, Muhammad Ayub Asghar, Tanveer Hussain, Mehmet Karahan, Yasir Nawab, and Mumtaz Ali. "Study of influence of interlocking patterns on the mechanical performance of 3D multilayer woven composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 7 (January 10, 2018): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417751059.

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Three-dimensional multilayer woven composites are mostly used in high-performance applications due to their excellent out-of-plane mechanical performance. The current research presents an experimental investigation on the mechanical behavior of three-dimensional orthogonal layer-to-layer interlock composites. The glass filament yarn and carbon tows were used as reinforcement in warp and weft directions respectively, whereas epoxy was used as a resin for composite fabrication. Three different types of orthogonal layer to layer interlock namely warp, weft, and bi-directional interlock composites were fabricated and the effect of interlocking pattern on their mechanical performance was evaluated. The evaluation of the mechanical performance was made on the basis of tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strength, and dynamic mechanical analysis of composites in warp and weft directions. It was found that warp and weft interlock composites showed better tensile behavior as compared to bi-directional interlock composite both in the warp and weft directions, due to the presence of less crimp as compared to the bi-directional interlock composite. However, the bi-directional interlock composite exhibited considerably superior impact strength and three-point bending strength as compared to the other structures under investigation. These superior properties of bi-directional interlock composites were achieved by interlocking points in warp and weft directions simultaneously, creating a more compact and isotropic structure. Tan delta values of dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that bi-directional interlock composite displayed the highest capacity of energy dissipation in the warp and weft directions while weft interlock structures displayed highest storage and loss moduli in the warp direction.

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Yin, Jian, Hong Bo Zhang, Xiang Xiong, and Hui Jin Tao. "Ablation Behaviors of 3D Fine Woven Pierced Carbon/Carbon Composites." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.864.

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The ablation behaviors of 3D fine woven pierced carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were tested on an arc heater and their ablation morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It shows that ablation of 3D fine woven pierced C/C composites tends to start at interfaces, defects and pores. Cracks mainly yield at the boundaries of carbon fiber bundles, interfaces of carbon fiber felts during the ablating processes. The ablation properties of 3D C/C composites in parallel direction are better than that in vertical direction. In addition, the work indicates that the ablation process is mainly controlled by mechanical denudation.

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Xue, Jiaming, Weidong Wen, and Haitao Cui. "Fatigue life prediction method for notched 3D woven composites based on progressive damage and field intensity." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502097832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020978326.

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To solve the problem of fatigue life prediction of notched 3D woven composites, a novel fatigue life prediction method based on progressive damage and field intensity theory is proposed. By analyzing the initial loading process of 3D woven composite structure based on progressive damage method, the stress field when the fatigue damage develops gently and the dangerous area where the fatigue damage occurs first are obtained. Then combining with the concept of notch field intensity function, the failure criteria of composites and the three-dimensional space vector stress field intensity method, the fatigue damage degree field intensity of the fiber yarns in the dangerous area is analyzed and the most damaged fiber yarn is found. The fatigue life of the structure is calculated with the field intensity equivalent stress and the S-N curve of this fiber yarn. In order to verify the effectiveness of this method, the fatigue life of notched 3D woven composites under several stress levels is predicted and compared with the existing experimental data. The compared results show that the fatigue life prediction values are all within the two-fold error bounds of the experimental data, which are in good agreement with experimental results. Compared with the progressive damage fatigue life prediction method of woven composites, the prediction accuracy of the method proposed in this paper is improved by 31.5% on average, and the calculation efficiency is also greatly improved.

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47

Yu, B., R. S. Bradley, C. Soutis, P. J. Hogg, and P. J. Withers. "2D and 3D imaging of fatigue failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 77 (October 2015): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.013.

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Zhu, Lvtao, Mahfuz Bin Rahman, and Zhenxing Wang. "Effect of Structural Differences on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Integrated Woven Spacer Sandwich Composites." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154284.

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Three-dimensional integrated woven spacer sandwich composites have been widely used as industrial textiles for many applications due to their superior physical and mechanical properties. In this research, 3D integrated woven spacer sandwich composites of five different specifications were produced, and the mechanical properties and performance were investigated under different load conditions. XR-CT (X-ray computed tomography) images were employed to visualize the microstructural details and analyze the fracture morphologies of fractured specimens under different load conditions. In addition, the effects of warp and weft direction, face sheet thickness, and core pile height on the mechanical properties and performance of the composite materials were analyzed. This investigation can provide significant guidance to help determine the structure of composite materials and design new products according to the required mechanical properties.

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El Kadi, Michael, Panagiotis Kapsalis, Danny Van Hemelrijck, Jan Wastiels, and Tine Tysmans. "Influence of Loading Orientation and Knitted Versus Woven Transversal Connections in 3D Textile Reinforced Cement (TRC) Composites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 4517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134517.

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As previous research has shown, the use of 3D textiles does not only facilitate the manufacturing process of Textile Reinforced Cement (TRC) composites but also influences the mechanical properties of the TRC. A fundamental understanding of the contribution of the transversal connections in the 3D textile to the loadbearing behavior of 3D TRCs is, however, still lacking in the literature. Therefore, this research experimentally investigates two different parameters of 3D TRCs; firstly, the 3D textile typology, namely knitted versus woven transversal connections, is investigated. Secondly, the influence of the stress direction with respect to the orientation of these connections (parallel or perpendicular) is studied. A clear influence of the orientation is witnessed for the woven 3D TRC system while no influence is observed for the knitted 3D TRC. Both woven and knitted 3D TRC systems show an increased post-cracking bending stiffness compared to an equivalent 2D system (with the same textiles but without transversal connections), yet the woven 3D TRC clearly outperforms the knitted 3D TRC.

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Xu, Fujun, Liangang Zheng, Kun Zhang, Mohamed Amine Aouraghe, Sidra Saleemi, Yanhong Cao, and Yiping Qiu. "Mechanical Properties and Failure Analysis of 3D-Woven Copper Wire/Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites." AATCC Journal of Research 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.7.5.3.

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Three-dimensional woven fabrics with excellent structural integrity are a very promising structure for multifunctional materials hybridized with various yarns. To systematically investigate mechanical properties and failure analysis of 3D-woven hybrid composites, copper wire/glass fiber composites with two hybrid structures, single-face copper wire (SF-CW) and double-face copper wire (DF-CW), were fabricated and tested. The SF-CW hybrid composites showed excellent tensile strength (1214 MPa) and bending strength (964 MP), which was greater than that of the DF-CW hybrid composites. Additionally, the compression strength and impact resistance of both composites exhibited comparable properties with traditional materials. Furthermore, all failure cross sections showed superior structural integrity and anti-delaminate properties, demonstrating that 3D-woven composites can be a good candidate platform by hybridization with various multifunctional yarns.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D WOVEN COMPOSITES'

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