Academic literature on the topic '3D visualisations for SEA reporting'

Fingal’s Cave: an Audiovisual Experience is an immersive virtual reality application that combines 3D models, a narrative soundscape and interactive auralisation in a recreation of a visit to Fingal’s Cave. This research explores the importance of audio in heritage visualisations and its practical implementation. Fingal’s Cave is a sea cave on the Isle of Staffa off the west coast of Scotland revered for its extraordinary acoustics. Audio is extremely important in the history and culture of Fingal’s Cave and it has long been romanticised, inspiring countless folklore, art, poetry and music. The visualisation is designed to encourage viewers to become a part of the cultural narrative and explore the cave for themselves, move around and speak to hear their voice auralised as it would be inside the cave. This is the first time the acoustic characteristics of a heritage site have been included in a visualisation in this interactive manner. This paper reviews whether auralisation is effective and meaningful and supports a creative response to heritage sites. The impact of the visualisation in terms of engaging with communities of interest and in the field of audio in heritage visualisation is discussed. The research suggests it is necessary that audio be included in heritage visualisations to give a full and complete understanding of how people experience it.

Abstract Sargassum forests play an important role in coastal waters as habitats for marine organisms, including commercial species. However, human activities have negatively affected their distribution causing a worldwide decline of Sargassum forests. Mapping and monitoring the distribution and biomass of these habitats using acoustic remote sensing techniques is key for their conservation. Nonetheless, most researches based on acoustic remote sensing methods focus on estimations of macrophyte area and its canopy height, and less researches reporting 3D visualization of these habitats. This study demonstrates the use of high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetric data to visualize the 3D structure of Sargassum forests. Comparing acoustic data and underwater camera photos collected in field surveys, we identified Sargassum individuals as vertical clusters of contiguous sounding points with a base close to the sea bottom in the sounding data of the MBES. Using this criterion, we could distinguish Sargassum echoes, visualize the 3D structure of Sargassum forests and estimate the number of Sargassum individuals in the survey area. Using the relation between thallus length and dry weight of sampled Sargassum plants, standing stock and biomass could be estimated assuming the thallus length was the height of Sargassum plants identified with the MBES.

We assessed the vertical accuracies and uncertainties of three freely-available global DEMs as inputs to elevation-based sea-level rise vulnerability assessment of Mindanao, Philippines – an area where above average SLR of 14.7 mm/year was recently found. These DEMs are the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM, ASTER Global DEM (GDEM Version 2), and ALOS World 3D-30 (AW3D30). Using 2,076 ground control points, we computed each DEM’s vertical accuracies and uncertainties, and from these we determined the smallest increment of sea-level rise (SLRI_min) that should be considered when using the DEMs for SLR impact assessment, as well as the Minimum Planning Timeline (TL_min) for an elevation-based SLR assessment. Results of vertical accuracy assessment revealed Root Mean Square Errors of 9.80 m for ASTER GDEM V2, 5.16 m for SRTM DEM, and 4.32 m for AW3D30. Vertical uncertainties in terms of the Linear Error at 95 % Confidence (LE95) were found to be as follows: 19.21 m for ASTER GDEM V2, 10.12 m for SRTM DEM, and 8.47 m for AW3D30. From these, we found that ASTER GDEM2 is suitable to model SLR increments of at least 38.41 m and it will take 2,613 years for the cumulative water level increase of 14.7 mm/year to reach the minimum SLR increment afforded by this DEM. For the SRTM DEM, SLRI_min and TL_min were computed as 20.24 m and 1,377 years, respectively. For the AW3D30, SLRI_min and TL_min were computed as 16.92 m and 1,151 years, respectively. These results suggest that the readily available global DEMs' suitability for mapping coastal inundations due to SLR in our study area is limited by their low vertical accuracies and high uncertainties. All the three DEMs do not have the necessary accuracy and minimum uncertainties that will make them suitable for mapping inundations of Mindanao at smaller increments of SLR (e.g., SLR ≤ 5 m). Hence, users who apply any of these DEMs for SLR impact assessment at SLRIs lower than the DEM’s SLRI_min must be cautious in reporting the areas of SLR vulnerable zones. Reporting the inundated areas as a range instead of a singular value for a given SLR scenario can highlight the inherent accuracy and uncertainty of the DEM used in the assessment.

AbstractThe Mid North Sea High (MNSH) is located on the UKCS in quadrants 35–38 and 41–43. It is a large structural high that is flanked by the mature hydrocarbon provinces of the Central North Sea (CNS) to the NE and the Southern North Sea (SNS) to the SE. In the MNSH region, the source and reservoir intervals that characterize the SNS (Westphalian, Lower Permian) are absent and therefore the area is relatively underexplored compared to the SNS Basin (c. one well per 1000 km2). Nevertheless, two discoveries in Dinantian reservoirs (Breagh and Crosgan) prove that a working petroleum system is present, potentially charged either via lateral migration from the SNS or from within the lower Carboniferous itself. Additionally, gas was found in the Z2 carbonate (lower Zechstein Group) in Crosgan, with numerous other wells in the area reporting hydrocarbon shows in this unit. The results of the interpretation of recently acquired 2D and 3D seismic reflection datasets over parts of UKCS quadrants 36, 37 and 42 are presented and provide insight into both the geology and prospectivity of this frontier area.This study suggests that intra-Zechstein clinoform foresets represent an attractive, hitherto overlooked, exploration target. The Zechstein Group sits on a major unconformity, probably reflecting Variscan-related inversion and structural uplift. Below it, fault blocks and faulted folds occur, containing pre-Westphalian Carboniferous and Devonian sediments, both of which contain potential reservoirs. In the lower Zechstein, a large build-up is observed, covering a total area of 2284 km2. This is bounded on its margins by seismically defined clinoforms, with maximum thicknesses of 0.12 s two-way time (c. 240–330 m). This rigid, near-tabular unit is clearly distinguished from the overlying deformed upper Zechstein evaporites. In map-view, a series of embayments and promontories are observed at the build-up margins. Borehole data and comparisons with nearby discoveries (e.g. Crosgan) suggest this build-up to represent a Z1–Z2 sulphate–carbonate platform, capped by a minor Z3 carbonate platform. Interpreted smaller pinnacle build-ups are observed away from the main bank. The seismic character, geometry, size and inferred composition of this newly described Zechstein platform are similar to those of platforms hosting notable hydrocarbon discoveries in other parts of the Southern Permian Basin. The closest of these discoveries to the study area is Crosgan, which is characterized by the Z2 carbonate clinothem (Hauptdolomit Formation) as a proven reservoir.

The paper presents the source base of figured forms of the so-called "Egyptian" faience, stored in the archaeological funds of the Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve. Historiographical review, in relation to the findings from the territory of the Krasnodar region, complements it. The author tested the method of cross-comparison of data from academic literature and archival data and materials of scientific reports. This opens up new opportunities for the study of funeral and memorial cults of the indicated region in the 1st century B.C. – 3d century A.D. The core content of the study is related to the comparison of different types of sources used to form the database created on a reference group of shapes from faience. The author aimed to trace the processes of formation of the source base from the stage of excavation to the creation of reporting and accounting documentation and the subsequent publication of the extracted materials. The paper summarizes for the first time the materials from the territory of Krasnodar region available for the author. These data provide to determine that some types of amulets could be produced from local raw materials at the manufacturing basis of the cities-policies of the Northern Black Sea region. In some field reports, the problem of incompleteness of the primary source base was identified. In some cases, collections’ inventories of the items do not correspond to the data recorded in the course of their scientific processing. Their comparison with the records of the archive and archaeological museum collections allows the author to eliminate the occurring contradictions. Information about amulets and the conditions for their findings contained in academic publications may add details. However, these articles do not acquire the status of a scientific source.

Summary Time-lapse 3D, or 4D, seismic imaging has been analyzed by the industry for more than a decade, with a growing number of successful cases being reported in the literature. Two of the most recent 4D case studies1 reporting success are Draugen in the Norwegian North Sea and Gannet-C on the U.K. continental shelf. Both have been technical successes, providing good images of time-lapse changes in the reservoir. These 4D results have changed drilling locations and reduced the risk associated with costly field development decisions. (Note: from this point forward, "4D" is used to refer to time-lapse seismic imaging.) The focus of this paper is quantifying the economic impact of 4D. After reviewing some ways that 4D can impact reservoir management, an economic model is developed that can quantify that impact. The decision tree model uses Bayes' theorem to compute the modified probabilities resulting from 4D. The model indicates that, for the case of drilling an infill well, 4D information adds considerable value to the project, even considering that the 4D information is not perfect. Introduction Time-lapse 3D, or 4D, seismic imaging has been reported as "successful" in several recent publications,1-3 but what does "successful"a actually mean? One definition can be that a 4D seismic difference image was calculated and validated with known reservoir conditions at the wells. Such a result would be a technical success because the reservoir change generated a seismic difference that was strong enough to be observed above the seismic repeatability noise.4 But did the 4D result impact the management of the reservoir? If not, the 4D project would have been largely an academic exercise, and it would be hard to justify the cost of the project. But, if the 4D results were used to impact reservoir management (e.g., by helping to make or change reservoir development or production decisions), the 4D project could also be termed a business success.5 But did the improved reservoir management generate more revenue for the company than the 4D project cost the company? If not, one would have to question, as the accountants surely will, whether the company actually benefited from the 4D project. However, if the revenue exceeded the cost, then the project would also be considered an economic success. This line of reasoning suggests that the ultimate success of a 4D project is at least as dependent on reservoir management and economic issues as it is on technical issues. Further, projects are increasingly expected not only to be economic successes, but also to quantify the likely economic impact before project funding is approved. Therefore, it is important to know how to quantify the predicted economic impact of 4D projects. However, before quantifying an economic impact, the reservoir management impact must be quantified. For example, a commonly stated impact of 4D is saving the cost of a well, for which an economic benefit is fairly easy to quantify as the cost of the well. However, another impact could be to confirm assumptions about the presence and sealing characteristics of faults. But, if nothing changes, has there been an impact? Perhaps, if the confirmation reduces the level of uncertainty associated with future production estimates and development decisions. Uncertainty can kill projects, so reducing that uncertainty can allow projects to proceed and add value to the company. These two issues, defining reservoir management impact and quantifying economic impact, will be discussed in the sections that follow. It is assumed in this paper that 4D projects have been, are, or will be technical successes; this is done to allow a focus on the economic issues of quantifying value. The issues of technical risk have been well discussed elsewhere.4,6,7 Defining Reservoir Management Impact Information must be used to impact reservoir management, but there are many different potential uses, some more obvious than others. While it is not possible to generate an exhaustive list, this section lists and discusses some of the most beneficial and common impacts. In general, field economics can be improved by accelerating production, increasing or extending plateau production rate, reducing the rate of decline after plateau, or extending field life to delay abandonment. A new well, properly placed, can achieve all of these benefits, although the plateau production rate is often limited by external constraints and is thus not changeable. If poorly placed, the well may encounter high water saturation immediately, or it may water out rapidly, for example. Given the resulting range of possible economic outcomes, information such as 4D that helps to guide the placement of the well can have a significant, and quantifiable, value. Avoiding Poor Well Placement. 4D results can prevent poor well placement by assessing the state of the reservoir at a planned well location. If oil has been produced from the location, or soon will be, it would not be an economic location for the well. The value of this 4D information is saving the cost of an unnecessary well. In areas in which the cost of drilling wells is greater than the cost of a 4D project, this alone can be a significant impact. Optimizing Placement of New Wells. When 4D results are used to plan a new well location, it is possible to optimize the placement of that well. When undrained compartments are identified by 4D, one can locate a well within the compartment to access the additional reserves. Alternatively, wells can be located away from advancing fluid fronts and/or protected from fronts by natural flow barriers within the field. By doing so, it may be possible to extend plateau production or decrease the decline rate after plateau. Locating Undrained Reservoir Compartments. When 4D indicates no reservoir change in areas expected to be in production, it is likely that those areas of the reservoir are isolated reservoir compartments. This represents oil that was booked as recoverable but will not be recovered with the current well pattern, resulting in a shortening of plateau production and lower ultimate recovery. By locating the compartment, 4D serves to quantify the lost reserves and allow placement of a well to access it. Identifying Drained Areas/Fluid Fronts. Locating drained areas and fluid fronts with 4D gives a direct indication of the flow units in the reservoir. With this information, it is possible to anticipate early breakthrough, potentially in time to adjust field production rates to prevent breakthrough from occurring. This information is also important for locating new wells away from fluid fronts to extend the plateau and accelerate production.

AbstractThe airborne NOAA Wide Swath Radar Altimeter (WSRA) is a 16 GHz digital beamforming radar altimeter that produces a topographic map of the waves as the aircraft advances. The wave topography is transformed by a two-dimensional FFT into directional wave spectra. The WSRA operates unattended on the aircraft and provides continuous real-time reporting of several data products: (1) significant wave height, (2) directional ocean wave spectra, (3) the wave height, wavelength, and direction of propagation of the primary and secondary wave fields, (4) rainfall rate and (5) sea surface mean square slope (mss). During hurricane flights the data products are transmitted in real-time from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft through a satellite data link to a ground station and on to the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for use by the forecasters for intensity projections and incorporation in hurricane wave models. The WSRA is the only instrument that can quickly provide high-density measurements of the complex wave topography over a large area surrounding the eye of the storm.

Marine plastic pollution represents a major problem owing to its increasing presence in the environment, persistence and ability to spread in every compartment in the form of small plastic particles, namely microplastics (MPs). Studies concerning MPs abundance in the Mediterranean Sea are growing, but their occurrence in the Southern regions remains largely unexplored. In this study, distribution, abundance, size, and polymer type of microplastics were investigated in surface water samples collected with a Manta net (200 μm mesh size) and in 118 marine specimens of commercial interests, including fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks, during Spring and Autumn 2019 EU H2020 Claim Project sampling Campaigns in the Gulf of Gabes (Southern Mediterranean Sea). Laboratory characterization showed significant plastic pollution concentrations, with an average abundance of 312,887 and 77,110 items/km2 in surface water samples collected in Spring and Autumn, respectively. A 3D hydrodynamic and Tracking Model was used to identify dispersal and transport pathways of the floating plastics, reporting a seasonal variability observed in MPs distribution between I (Spring) and II Campaign (Autumn). Despite the high values of MPs abundance found in surface water samples, an overall low frequency of ingestion among studied species was observed, with a maximum value of 20% of individuals (in Scomber scombrus) found with ingested MPs. The present study contributes to expand our state of knowledge regarding MPs pollution level in water and biota samples collected in the Gulf of Gabes, an area of particular interest for its biological resources, but still little investigated.

Image 1: View from Geodha Sgoilt towards the sea stacks, Uig, Isle of Lewis. Image credit: George Jaramillo.IntroductionOver the cliffs of Mangerstadh on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, is a small plot of land called Geodha Sgoilt that overlooks the North Atlantic Ocean (Image 1). On the site is a small dirt gravel road and the remnants of a World War II listening station. Below, sea stacks rise from the waters, orange and green cliff sides stand in defiance to the crashing waves. An older gentleman began to tell me of what he believed could be located here on the site. A place where visitors could learn of the wonders of St Kilda that contained all types of new storytelling technologies to inspire them. He pointed above the ruined buildings, mentioning that a new road for the visitors’ vehicles and coaches would be built. With his explanations, you could almost imagine such a place on these cliffs. Yet, before that new idea could even be built, this gentleman and his group of locals and incomers had to convince themselves and others that this new heritage centre was something desired, necessary and inevitable in the development of the Western Isles.This article explores the developing relationships that come about through design innovation with community organisations. This was done through a partnership between an academic institution and a non-profit heritage community group as part of growing study in how higher education design research can play an active partner in community group development. It argues for the use of design thinking and innovation in improving strategy and organisational processes within non-profit organisations. In this case, it looks at what role it can play in building and enabling organisational confidence in its mission, as well as, building “beyond the museum”. The new approach to this unique relationship casts new light towards working with complexities and strategies rather than trying to resolve issues from the outset of a project. These enabling relationships are divided into three sections of this paper: First it explores the context of the island community group and “building” heritage, followed by a brief history of St Kilda and its current status, and designation as a World Heritage site. Second, it seeks the value of developing strategy and the introduction of the Institute of Design Innovation (INDI). This is followed by a discussion of the six-month relationship and work that was done that elucidates various methods used and ending with its outcomes. The third section reflects upon the impacts at the relationship building between the two groups with some final thoughts on the partnership, where it can lead, and how this can represent new ways of working together within community groups. Building HeritageCurrent community research in Scotland has shown struggles in understanding issues within community capability and development (Barker 11; Cave 20; Jacuniak-Suda, and Mose 23) though most focus on the land tenure and energy (McMorran 21) and not heritage groups. The need to maintain “resilient” (Steiner 17) communities has shown that economic resilience is of primary importance for these rural communities. Heritage as economic regenerator has had a long history in the United Kingdom. Some of these like the regeneration of Wirksworth in the Peak District (Gordon 20) have had great economic results with populations growing, as well as, development in the arts and design. These changes, though positive, have also adversely impacted the local community by estranging and forcing lower income townspeople to move away due to higher property values and lack of work. Furthermore, current trends in heritage tourism have managed to turn many rural regions into places of historic consumption (Ronström 7) termed “heritagisation” (Edensor 35). There is thus a need for critical reflection within a variety of heritage organisations with the increase in heritage tourism.In particular, existing island heritage organisations face a variety of issues that they focus too much on the artefactual or are too focused to strive for anything beyond the remit of their particular heritage (Jacuniak-Suda, and Mose 33; Ronström 4). Though many factors including funding, space, volunteerism and community capability affect the way these groups function they have commonalities that include organisational methods, volunteer fatigue, and limited interest from community groups. It is within this context that the communities of the Outer Hebrides. Currently, projects within the Highlands and islands focus on particular “grassroots” development (Cave 26; Robertson 994) searching for innovative ways to attract, maintain, and sustain healthy levels of heritage and development—one such group is Ionad Hiort. Ionad Hiort Ionad Hiort is a community non-profit organisation founded in 2010 to assist in the development of a new type of heritage centre in the community of Uig on the Isle of Lewis (“Proposal-Ionad Hiort”). As stated in their website, the group strives to develop a centre on the history and contemporary views of St Kilda, as well as, encouraging a much-needed year-round economic impetus for the region. The development of the group and the idea of a heritage centre came about through the creation of the St Kilda Opera, a £1.5 million, five-country project held in 2007, led by Scotland’s Gaelic Arts agency, Proiseact nan Ealan (Mckenzie). This opera, inspired by the cliffs, people, and history of St Kilda used creative techniques to unite five countries in a live performance with cliff aerobatics and Gaelic singing to present the island narrative. From this initial interest, a commission from the Western Isles council (2010), developed by suggestions and commentary from earlier reports (Jura Report 2009; Rebanks 2009) encouraged a fiercely contentious competition, which saw Ionad Hiort receive the right to develop a remote-access heritage centre about the St Kilda archipelago (Maclean). In 2013, the group received a plot of land from the local laird for the establishment of the centre (Urquhart) thereby bringing it closer to its goal of a heritage centre, but before moving onto this notion of remote-heritage, a brief history is needed on the archipelago. Image 2: Location map of Mangerstadh on the Isle of Lewis and St Kilda to the west, with inset of Scotland. Image credit: © Crown Copyright and Database Right (2017). Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence).St KildaSt Kilda is an archipelago about 80 kilometres off the coast of the Outer Hebrides in the North Atlantic (Image 2). Over 2000 years of habitation show an entanglement between humans and nature including harsh weather, limited resources, but a tenacity and growth to develop a way of living upon a small section of land in the middle of the Atlantic. St Kilda has maintained a tenuous relationship between the sea, the cliffs and the people who have lived within its territory (Geddes, and Gannon 18). Over a period of three centuries beginning in the eighteenth century an outside influence on the island begin to play a major role, with the loss of a large portion of its small (180) population. This population would later decrease to 100 and finally to 34 in 1930, when it was decided to evacuate the final members of the village in what could best be called a forced eviction.Since the evacuation, the island has maintained an important military presence as a listening station during the Second World War and in its modern form a radar station as part of the Hebridean Artillery (Rocket) Range (Geddes 14). The islands in the last thirty years have seen an increase in tourism with the ownership of the island by the National Trust of Scotland. The UNESCO World Heritage Organisation (UNESCO), who designated St Kilda in 1986 and 2004 as having outstanding universal value, has seen its role evolve from not just protecting (or conserving) world heritage sites, but to strategically understand sustainable tourism of its sites (“St Kilda”). In 2012, UNESCO selected St Kilda as a case study for remote access heritage conservation and interpretation (Hebrides News Today; UNESCO 15). This was partly due to the efforts of 3D laser scanning of the islands by a collaboration between The Glasgow School of Art and Historic Environment Scotland called the Centre for Digital Documentation and Visualisation (CDDV) in 2009.The idea of a remote access heritage is an important aspect as to what Ionad Hiort could do with creating a centre at their site away from St Kilda. Remote access heritage is useful in allowing for sites and monuments to be conserved and monitored “from afar”. It allows for 3D visualisations of sites and provides new creative engagements with a variety of different places (Remondino, and Rizzi 86), however, Ionad Hiort was not yet at a point to even imagine how to use the remote access technology. They first needed a strategy and direction, as after many years of moving towards recognition of proposing the centre at their site in Uig, they had lost a bit of that initial drive. This is where INDI was asked to assist by the Highlands and Islands Enterprise, the regional development organisation for most of rural Scotland. Building ConfidenceINDI is a research institute at The Glasgow School of Art. It is a distributed, creative collective of researchers, lecturers and students specialising in design innovation, where design innovation means enabling creative capabilities within communities, groups and individuals. Together, they address complex issues through new design practices and bespoke community engagement to co-produce “preferable futures” (Henchley 25). Preferable futures are a type of future casting that seeks to strive not just for the probable or possible future of a place or idea, but for the most preferred and collectively reached option for a society (McAra-McWilliam 9). INDI researches the design processes that are needed to co-create contexts in which people can flourish: at work, in organisations and businesses, as well as, in public services and government. The task of innovation as an interactive process is an example of the design process. Innovation is defined as “a co-creation process within social and technological networks in which actors integrate their resources to create mutual value” (Russo‐Spena, and Mele 528). Therefore, innovation works outside of standard consultancy practices; rather it engenders a sense of mutual co-created practices that strive to resolve particular problems. Examples include the work that has looked at creating cultures of innovation within small and medium-sized enterprises (Lockwood 4) where the design process was used to alter organisational support (Image 3). These enterprises tend to emulate larger firms and corporations and though useful in places where economies of scale are present, smaller business need adaptable, resilient and integrated networks of innovation within their organisational models. In this way, innovation functioned as a catalyst for altering the existing organisational methods. These innovations are thus a useful alternative to existing means of approaching problems and building resilience within any organisation. Therefore, these ideas of innovation could be transferred and play a role in enabling new ways of approaching non-profit organisational structures, particularly those within heritage. Image 3: Design Council Double Diamond model of the design process. Image credit: Lockwood.Developing the WorkIonad Hiort with INDI’s assistance has worked together to develop a heritage centre that tries to towards a new definition of heritage and identity through this island centre. Much of this work has been done through local community investigations revolving around workshops and one-on-one talks where narratives and ideas are held in “negative capability” (McAra-McWilliam 2) to seek many alternatives that would be able to work for the community. The initial aims of the partnership were to assist the Uig community realise the potential of the St Kilda Centre. Primarily, it would assist in enabling the capabilities of two themes. The first would be, strategy, for Ionad Hiort’s existing multi-page mission brief. The second would be storytelling the narrative of St Kilda as a complex and entangled, however, its common views are limited to the ‘fall from grace’ or ‘noble savage’ story (Macdonald 168). Over the course of six months, the relationship involved two workshops and three site visits of varying degrees of interaction. An initial gathering had InDI staff meet members of Ionad Hiort to introduce members to each other. Afterwards, INDI ran two workshops over two months in Uig to understand, reflect and challenge Ionad Hiort’s focus on what the group desired. The first workshop focused on the group’s strategy statement. In a relaxed and facilitated space in the Uig Community Hall, the groups used pens, markers, and self-adhesive notes to engage in an open dialogue about the group’s desires. This session included reflecting on what their heritage centre could look like, as well as what their strategy needed to get there. These resulted in a series of drawings of their ‘preferred’ centre, with some ideas showing a centre sitting over the edge of the cliffs or one that had the centre be an integral component of the community. In discussing that session, one of members of the group recalled:I remember his [one of INDI’s staff] interrogation of the project was actually pretty – initially – fairly brutal, right? The first formal session we had talking about strategy and so on. To the extent that I think it would be fair to say he pissed everybody off, right? So much so that he actually prompted us to come back with some fairly hard hitting ripostes, which, after a moment’s silence he then said, ‘That’s it, you’ve convinced me’, and at that point we kind of realised that that’s what he’d been trying to do; he’d been trying to really push us to go further in our articulation of what we were doing and … why we were doing it in this particular way than we had done before. (Participant A, 2016).The group through this session found out that their strategy could be refined into a short mission statement giving a clear focus as to what they wanted and how they wanted to go about doing it. In the end, drawings, charts, stories (Image 4) were drawn to reflect on what the community had discussed. These artefacts became a key role-player in the following months of the development of the group. Image 4: View of group working through their strategy workshop session. Image credit: Fergus Fullarton-Pegg (2014). The second set of workshops and visits involved informal discussion with individual members of the group and community. This included a visit to St Kilda with members from INDI, Ionad Hiort and the Digital Design Studio, which allowed for everyone to understand the immensity of the project and its significance to World Heritage values. The initial aims thus evolved into understanding the context of self-governance for distributed communities and how to develop the infrastructure of development. As discussed earlier, existing development processes are useful, though limited to only particular types of projects, and as exemplified in the Highlands and Islands Enterprise and Western Isles Council commission, it tends to put communities against each other for limited pots of money. This existing system can be innovated upon by becoming creative liaisons, sharing and co-creating from existing studies to help develop more effective processes for the future of Ionad Hiort and their ‘preferable future’. Building RelationshipsWhat the relationship with GSA has done, as a dialogue with the team of people that have been involved, has been to consolidate and clarify our own thinking and to get us to question our own thinking across several different aspects of the whole project. (Participant A, 2016)As the quote states, the main notion of using design thinking has allowed Ionad Hiort to question their thinking and challenge preconceptions of what a “heritage centre” is, by being a critical sounding board that is different from what is provided by consultants and other stakeholders. Prior to meeting INDI, Ionad Hiort may have been able to reach their goal of a strategy, however, it would have taken a few more years. The work, which involved structured and unstructured workshops, meetings, planning events, and gatherings, gave them a structured focus to move ahead with their prospectus planning and bidding. INDI enabled the compression and focus of their strategy making and mission strategy statement over the course of six months into a one-page statement that gave direction to the group and provided the impetus for the development of the prospectus briefs. Furthermore, INDI contributed a sense of contemporary content to the historic story, as well as, enable the community to see that this centre would not just become another gallery with café. The most important outcome has been an effective measure in building relationships in the Outer Hebrides, which shows the changing roles between academic and third sector partnerships. Two key points can be deemed from these developing relationships: The first has been to build a research infrastructure in and across the region that engages with local communities about working with the GSA, including groups in North Uist, Barra and South Uist. Of note is a comment made by one of the participants saying: “It’s exciting now, there’s a buzz about it and getting you [INDI] involved, adding a dimension—we’ve got people who have got an artistic bent here but I think your enthusiasm, your skills, very much complement what we’ve got here.” (Participant B, 2016). Second, the academic/non-profit partnership has encouraged younger people to work and study in the area through a developing programme of student research activity. This includes placing taught masters students with local community members on the South Uist, as well as, PhD research being done on Stornoway. These two outcomes then have given rise to interest in not only how heritage is re-developed in a community, but also, encourages future interest, by staff and students to continue the debate and fashion further developments in the region (GSAmediacentre). Today, the cliffs of Mangerstadh continue to receive the pounding of waves, the blowing wind and the ever-present rain on its rocky granite surface. The iterative stages of work that the two groups have done showcase the way that simple actions can carve, change and evolve into innovative outcomes. The research outcomes show that through this new approach to working with communities we move beyond the consultant and towards an ability of generating a preferable future for the community. In this way, the work that has been created together showcases a case study for further island community development. We do not know what the future holds for the group, but with continued support and maintaining an open mind to creative opportunities we will see that the community will develop a space that moves “beyond the museum”. AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank Ionad Hiort and all the residents of Uig on the Isle of Lewis for their assistance and participation in this partnership. For more information on their work please visit http://www.ionadhiort.org/. The author also thanks the Highlands and Islands Enterprise for financial support in the research and development of the project. Finally, the author thanks the two reviewers who provided critical commentary and critiques to improve this paper. ReferencesBarker, Adam. “Capacity Building for Sustainability: Towards Community Development in Coastal Scotland.” Journal of Environmental Management 75.1 (2005): 11-19. 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The present paper deals with the redesign of cyclic variation of a set of fan outlet guide vanes by means of high-fidelity full-annulus CFD. The necessity for the aerodynamic redesign originated from a change to the original project requirement, when the customer requested an increase in specific thrust above the original engine specification. The main objectives of this paper are: 1) make use of 3D CFD simulations to accurately model the flow field and identify high-loss regions; 2) elaborate an effective optimisation strategy using engineering judgement in order to define realistic objectives, constraints and design variables; 3) emphasise the importance of parametric geometry modelling and meshing for automatic design optimisation of complex turbomachinery configurations; 4) illustrate that the combination of advanced optimisation algorithms and aerodynamic expertise can lead to successful optimisations of complex turbomachinery components within practical time and costs constrains. The current design optimisation exercise was carried out using an in-house set of software tools to mesh, resolve, analyse and optimise turbomachinery components by means of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations. The original configuration was analysed using the 3D CFD model and thereafter assessed against experimental data and flow visualisations. The main objective of this phase was to acquire a deep insight of the aerodynamics and the loss mechanisms. This was important to appropriately limit the design scope and to drive the optimisation in the desirable direction with a limited number of design variables. A mesh sensitivity study was performed in order to minimise computational costs. Partially converged CFD solutions with restart and response surface models were used to speed up the optimisation loop. Finally, the single-point optimised circumferential stagger pattern was manually adjusted to increase the robustness of the design at other flight operating conditions. Overall, the optimisation resulted in a major loss reduction and increased operating range. Most important, it provided the project with an alternative and improved design within the time schedule requested and demonstrated that CFD tools can be used effectively not only for the analysis but also to provide new design solutions as a matter of routine even for very complex geometry configurations.

An extensive numerical study was accomplished in order to accompany an experimental research program. The present work is focussed on the influence of the shape and the inclination of film cooling holes on the aerodynamic of the turbine cooling flow. Four different cooling hole geometries located on the suction side of a large scale turbine cascade were modelled and numerically simulated over the entire range of practically applicable blowing ratios. The thermodynamic conditions chosen, were in order to simulate comparable engine conditions. Having computer limitations in mind, former simulations had to cope with either of two limitations. Meshing the entire domain led to an insufficient grid resolution in the vicinity of the ejection area, omitting valuable detailed flow information. In contrast, the so-called local approach (Vogel, 1996) overcame this problem by isolating an area close to the ejection zone, hence leading to a proper numerical resolution. A major drawback of this method is the required assumption for a limiting streamsurface, which often led to an inaccurate pressure distribution on the blade surface. Therefore, a new numerical technique in applying a 3D Navier-Stokes code on cooling flow problems — the global approach — was used, overcoming the restrictions of the above mentioned approaches. In the frame of these numerical investigations the commercially available CFD-package FINE™/Turbo by NUMECA was used. The CFD-package incorporates a modern flow solver and the capability to perform multi-species computations, which was utilised herein. A second species (tracer gas) with the properties of air, was introduced, ejecting from the cooling plenum, hence strongly facilitating the visual detection of the emerging and dispersing cooling flow. The numerical resolution reached well over one million grid points. The distributions of the tracer concentration and the oil and dye visualisations clearly reveal a strong dependency between the cooling hole shape and the efficiency of the film cooling. A considerable increase in the latter could be achieved, if non-cylindrical cooling hole geometries were used. The CFD simulations are in a very good agreement with the measurements (Ganzert, Hildebrandt and Fottner, 2000), clearly uncoveringvery detailed flow phenomena, which could also be detected in the experimental results. It was found out that the shape and the inclination angle of the cooling holes are of paramount importance to the distributing pattern of the cooling air and hence to the cooling efficiency.

This paper is the first part of a two part paper reporting the improvement of efficiency of a one-and-half stage high work axial flow turbine by non-axisymmetric endwall contouring. In this first paper the design of the endwall contours is described and the CFD flow predictions are compared to five-hole-probe measurements. The endwalls have been designed using automatic numerical optimization by means of an Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm, the flow being computed with the 3D RANS solver TRACE. The aim of the design was to reduce the secondary kinetic energy and secondary losses. The experimental results confirm the improvement of turbine efficiency, showing a stage efficiency benefit of 1%±0.4%, revealing that the improvement is underestimated by CFD. The secondary flow and loss have been significantly reduced in the vane, but improvement of the midspan flow is also observed. Mainly this loss reduction in the first row and the more homogeneous flow is responsible for the overall improvement. Numerical investigations indicate that the transition modeling on the airfoil strongly influences the secondary loss predictions. The results confirm that non-axisymmetric endwall profiling is an effective method to improve turbine efficiency, but that further modeling work is needed to achieve a good predictability.