Academic literature on the topic '3D Structural geological modelling'
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Journal articles on the topic "3D Structural geological modelling"
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de Kemp, Eric A. "Spatial agents for geological surface modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 6661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021.
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Abstract. Increased availability and use of 3D-rendered geological models have provided society with predictive capabilities, supporting natural resource assessments, hazard awareness, and infrastructure development. The Geological Survey of Canada, along with other such institutions, has been trying to standardize and operationalize this modelling practice. Knowing what is in the subsurface, however, is not an easy exercise, especially when it is difficult or impossible to sample at greater depths. Existing approaches for creating 3D geological models involve developing surface components that represent spatial geological features, horizons, faults, and folds, and then assembling them into a framework model as context for downstream property modelling applications (e.g. geophysical inversions, thermo-mechanical simulations, and fracture density models). The current challenge is to develop geologically reasonable starting framework models from regions with sparser data when we have more complicated geology. This study explores the problem of geological data sparsity and presents a new approach that may be useful to open up the logjam in modelling the more challenging terrains using an agent-based approach. Semi-autonomous software entities called spatial agents can be programmed to perform spatial and property interrogation functions, estimations and construction operations for simple graphical objects, that may be usable in building 3D geological surfaces. These surfaces form the building blocks from which full geological and topological models are built and may be useful in sparse-data environments, where ancillary or a priori information is available. Critical in developing natural domain models is the use of gradient information. Increasing the density of spatial gradient information (fabric dips, fold plunges, and local or regional trends) from geologic feature orientations (planar and linear) is the key to more accurate geologic modelling and is core to the functions of spatial agents presented herein. This study, for the first time, examines the potential use of spatial agents to increase gradient constraints in the context of the Loop project (https://loop3d.github.io/, last access: 1 October 2021) in which new complementary methods are being developed for modelling complex geology for regional applications. The spatial agent codes presented may act to densify and supplement gradient as well as on-contact control points used in LoopStructural (https://www.github.com/Loop3d/LoopStructural, last access: 1 October 2021) and Map2Loop (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288476, de Rose et al., 2020). Spatial agents are used to represent common geological data constraints, such as interface locations and gradient geometry, and simple but topologically consistent triangulated meshes. Spatial agents can potentially be used to develop surfaces that conform to reasonable geological patterns of interest, provided that they are embedded with behaviours that are reflective of the knowledge of their geological environment. Initially, this would involve detecting simple geological constraints: locations, trajectories, and trends of geological interfaces. Local and global eigenvectors enable spatial continuity estimates, which can reflect geological trends, with rotational bias, using a quaternion implementation. Spatial interpolation of structural geology orientation data with spatial agents employs a range of simple nearest-neighbour to inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) and quaternion-based spherical linear rotation interpolation (SLERP) schemes. This simulation environment implemented in NetLogo 3D is potentially useful for complex-geology–sparse-data environments where extension, projection, and propagation functions are needed to create more realistic geological forms.
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Thapa, Prem Bahadur. "An approach towards integrated modelling of 3D geology and landslide susceptibility in the Lesser Himalaya of central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 47, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v47i1.23106.
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An approach towards integrated modelling of 3D geology and landslide susceptibility was performed with the application of GOCAD and GIS. Rock unit outcrops and orientation vectors were utilised in 3D geological modelling (geomodelling) whereas landslides and their causative variables were evaluated in the susceptibility model. Occurrence of landslides in the modelling site is the direct result of major rainstorms (extreme weather events) and their spatial localisation is greatly controlled by slope gradients, structural aspect of geological settings, and human interventions. The probability of future landslides was predicted through statistical algorithms (multivariate technique of logistic regression) and modelling result was validated by computing success rate in which AUC value is 93.78% indicating the model is valid with prediction accuracy of 0.5 to 1 (total area) and confirming the selected variables have positive influence on landslide susceptibility. Finally, 3D geological and landslide susceptibility models were integrated to illustrate virtual reality of the scenario.
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Kassymkanova, Khaini Kamal, Sara Istekova, Kanay Rysbekov, Bakytzhan Amralinova, Guldana Kyrgizbayeva, Saule Soltabayeva, and Gulnara Dossetova. "Improving a geophysical method to determine the boundaries of ore-bearing rocks considering certain tectonic disturbances." Mining of Mineral Deposits 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining17.01.017.
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Purpose is to improve a geophysical method of determining the boundaries of ore-bearing rocks and tectonic disturbances under complex mining and geological conditions while developing 3D geological models. Methods. 3D geological models of natural objects were developed on the basis of complex structural, geological-geophysical, and lithological facies analysis with the wide use of modern 3D seismic exploration technologies taking into consideration the parameters for prediction and selection of optimal factors for ore deposit development. Findings. The scientifically substantiated result is represented by the increased reliability and efficiency of seismic exploration for singling out the ore horizons and ore bodies as well as tectonic disturbances at different depths by specifying geological structures of the prospective areas and sites under study. Originality. Basing on the carried out studies, methods of the development of 3D geological models to study depth geological inhomogeneities of the ore-bearing complexes under complex mining and geological conditions were improved. Practical implications. The obtained results of 3D modelling of geological media basing on the applied 3D seismic exploration will help increase a confidence factor of scientifically substantiated prediction of ore deposits, provide optimal development of complex ore objects, reduce risks, and increase economic efficiency of solid deposit development under complex mining and geological conditions.
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Alvarado-Neves, Fernanda, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Alexander R. Cruden, and Robin Armit. "Three-dimensional geological modelling of igneous intrusions in LoopStructural v1.5.10." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 5 (March 5, 2024): 1975–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1975-2024.
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Abstract. Over the last 2 decades, there have been significant advances in the 3D modelling of geological structures via the incorporation of geological knowledge into the model algorithms. These methods take advantage of different structural data types and do not require manual processing, making them robust and objective. Igneous intrusions have received little attention in 3D modelling workflows, and there is no current method that ensures the reproduction of intrusion shapes comparable to those mapped in the field or in geophysical imagery. Intrusions are usually partly or totally covered, making the generation of realistic 3D models challenging without the modeller's intervention. In this contribution, we present a method to model igneous intrusions in 3D considering geometric constraints consistent with emplacement mechanisms. Contact data and inflation and propagation direction are used to constrain the geometry of the intrusion. Conceptual models of the intrusion contact are fitted to the data, providing a characterisation of the intrusion thickness and width. The method is tested using synthetic and real-world case studies, and the results indicate that the method can reproduce expected geometries without manual processing and with restricted datasets. A comparison with radial basis function (RBF) interpolation shows that our method can better reproduce complex geometries, such as saucer-shaped sill complexes.
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Calcagno, Philippe, Joëlle Lazarre, Gabriel Courrioux, and Patrick Ledru. "3D geometric modelling of an external orogenic domain: a case history from the western Alps (massif de Morges, Pelvoux)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.178.4.263.
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Abstract Describing the 3D geometry of geological surfaces is a fundamental step to infer their structural history, especially when they have recorded successive deformation phases. This study aims at testing the contribution of 3D modelling to the understanding of orogenic domains. It focuses on the cover/basement contact of an External Crystalline Massif of the French Alps considered as a marker of the finite deformation at orogen scale. This contact is observable in outliers of Mesozoic cover in the test area located in the Massif de Morges (Pelvoux Massif). A 3D geometric model has been built from map and cross-section data derived from field structural and kinematic observations using STRIM software (Matra Datavision). 3D modelling ensures geometric consistency of geological interpretation. Moreover, the model has been unfolded to restore surfaces and to quantify shortening. Together with field analyses, those results show that two sub-perpendicular phases of deformation related to the Alpine cycle have occurred. The first and main one consisted of the NNE-SSW inversion of previous extensional paleo-faults that controlled the geometry of the Tethyan margin. The second one was an E-W compression of post-Early Oligocene age.
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TROCMÉ, VINCENT, EMILY ALBOUY, JEAN-PAUL CALLOT, JEAN LETOUZEY, NICOLAS ROLLAND, HASSAN GOODARZI, and SALMAN JAHANI. "3D structural modelling of the southern Zagros fold-and-thrust belt diapiric province." Geological Magazine 148, no. 5-6 (August 5, 2011): 879–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000446.
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Abstract3D modelling of geological structures is a key method to improve the understanding of the geological history of an area, and to serve as a drive for exploration. Geomodelling has been performed on a large 60000 km2 area of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of Iran, to reconcile a vast but heterogeneous dataset. Topography, geological surface data and dips, outcrop surveys, and well and seismic data were integrated into the model. The method was to construct a key surface maximizing the hard data constraints. The Oligo-Miocene Top Asmari layer was chosen, as this formation was regionally deposited before the main Zagros collision phase and because the numerous outcrops allow proper control of the bed geometry in the fold cores. Interpreted seismic data have been integrated to interpolate the surfaces at depth within the synclines. Several conceptual models of fold geometry have been applied to estimate the best way to convert seismic time signal to depth. Several deeper horizons down to Palaeozoic strata were deduced from this key horizon by applying palaeo-thickness maps. During the construction, the 3D interpolated surfaces could be reconverted to time, using a velocity model, and compared with previous seismic interpretations. This exercise obliged us to revise some early interpretations of seismic lines that were badly tied to wells. The 3D modelling therefore clearly improves regional interpretation. In addition, the 3D model is the only tool that allows drawing consistent cross-sections in areas where there are no seismic lines. Emerging Hormuz salt diapirs were added to the model. Dimensions and shapes of the individual diapirs were modelled using a statistical survey on the cropping out Hormuz structures. Modelling reliably demonstrated that the diapirs, when piercing, show a constant mushroom shape whose diameter depends on the stratigraphic depth of observation. This observation allowed us to exemplify relations between the pre-existing diapirs and the anticlines of the area, and to highlight the morphological changes from the inner onshore areas to the coastal and offshore areas. In addition, one of the surprising results of this study was the observation of the increasing diameter of the diapirs at the time of the Zagros collision and folding event, with growth strata and overhangs on the flanks of the diapirs.
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Volanis, George, Demitrios Galanakis, Nikolaos Bolanakis, Emmanuel Maravelakis, Ruben Paul Borg, and Georgios E. Stavroulakis. "Modelling and Stability Assessment of the Rock Cliffs and Xrobb l-Ġħaġin Neolithic Structure in Malta." Heritage 7, no. 6 (June 3, 2024): 2944–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage7060138.
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The stability of rock cliffs is a longstanding issue and is of practical significance. This case study demonstrates the application and use of advanced 3D modeling techniques, concentrating on the geological formations of the Xrobb l-Ġħaġin peninsula on the south-east coast of Malta, where the Xrobb l-Ġħaġin Neolithic site is located. In order to utilize a static and dynamic analysis of the investigated scenario, a 3D finite element model (FEM) of the geological formation in which the monument is set had to be created. To this end, 3D scanning, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and oblique photogrammetry were first used with state-of-the-art commercial packages for mesh reconstruction. As a result, a geometric and finite element model (FEM) was created, suitable for both static and dynamic analysis. In the second stage, a parametric investigation of the material properties of the structural system of the geological substrate was sought. The structural response of the system was evaluated for different loading scenarios assuming nonlinear finite element analysis. Collapse case scenarios were investigated for standard and weakened materials, predicting which components would collapse first and under which case of weakened materials the collapse occurs. Among other aspects, the main novelty of this paper lies in the integrated approach and multidisciplinary paradigm that supplement the available historical knowledge for this specific cultural heritage Neolithic site towards its conservation.
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Wang, Shuqin, Minghui Liu, Bing Bo, Hongfei Ma, Tianyu Zheng, and Yujie Gao. "MODELING of Water Saturation in Shallow Sandstone Oilfield." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2706, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2706/1/012083.
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Abstract 3D geological modeling technology has achieved visualization of underground reservoirs in oil and gas fields, and has been widely applied in oil and gas field development. 3D geological modeling includes structural modeling and attribute modeling, and strata and faults can be completed based on data from oil and gas field exploration and development. The porosity and permeability in the geological attribute model can be established based on logging interpretation conclusions and other relevant data, The establishment of a saturation model has always been a difficulty in 3D geological modelling. As the water saturation, is different from porosity and permeability of an oil field. Saturation is distributed under the control of factors such as gravity and capillary force, and cannot be established through spatial simulation interpolation. Instead, the influence of factors such as gravity and capillary force should be considered. This article takes the shallow sandstone M oilfield in Kazakhstan as an example, and establishes the J function of the oilfield by combining the capillary pressure experiment of the core well, in order to establish an oilfield saturation model.
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Cudrigh-Maislinger, Susanna. "3D geological modelling - Through the example of Karawanken Tunnel project, northern section." Geomechanics and Tunnelling 11, no. 5 (October 2018): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/geot.201800025.
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ΜΑΝΟΥΤΣΟΓΛΟΥ, Ε., Ε. ΣΠΥΡΙΔΩΝΟΣ, Α. SOUJON, and V. JACOBSHAGEN. "Revision of the geological map and 3D modelling of the geological structure of the Samaria Gorge Region, W. Crete." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16940.
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The island of Crete is situated near the front of an active plate margin. Therefore, it is of great interest in the framework of the International Continental Drilling Project (I.C.D.P.). A short review of the digital modelling methods, their applications in the geosciences and the associated advantages is also presented. The digital 3-dimensional geometric model of the geological structure of the Samaria Gorge region is based on the study of the stratigraphy and the tectonic evolution of the metamorphic rocks of the Plattenkalk group in SW Crete. Data from the geological map of Greece (Vatolakkos sheet, 1:50.000) and from the literature have been supplemented by geological mapping and structural analyses. In our study we applied interactive 3D CAD methods implemented in the integrated software package SURPAC2000. The surface geology has been draped over a digital elevation model of the topography in order to model the geometry of the subsurface structures. Two hypotheses about the geological structure of the region are examined: a) the one given by the existing geological map, which proposes a syncline structure and b) the one resulting from the combination of existing data, corrections carried out through repeated 3D simulations and new field observations. After distinguishing in the S of the study area the Trypali union, overthrusted on the Plattenkalk group, we propose an anticline structure with a NNE/SSW striking axis dipping to the NE.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "3D Structural geological modelling"
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Montsion, Rebecca. "3D Regional Geological Modelling in Structurally Complex Environments: Gaining Geological Insight for the Northern Labrador Trough." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36539.
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3D geological modelling is becoming an effective tool for communication and development of geological understanding. This is due to increased computer performance and availability of improved geological modelling software. 3D geological modelling technology has reached the stage where it can be implemented in regionally extensive and geologically complex settings, with the ability to achieve geological insight beyond what could otherwise have been gained through 2D investigations alone. Insight includes better constrained fault and horizon topologies, refined fold geometries, improved understanding of tectonic processes, and characterization of deformational events. By integrating field observations, aeromagnetic maps, and 3D modelling techniques in the northern Labrador Trough, a regionally extensive and structurally complex geological environment, regional faults geometries and topological relationships were refined. Additionally, a new fault, the Ujaralialuk Fault, and two shear zones were interpreted. During modelling, several challenges were identified, including higher computational costs for regionally extensive models, sparse 3D constraints, algorithmic limitations related to complex geometries, and the large investment of time and effort required to produce a single model solution. A benefit of this investigation is that new insight was also gained for a greenfields region which may assist future exploration efforts. Developing 3D models in challenging environments allows for better definition of future workflow requirements, algorithm enhancements, and knowledge integration. These are needed to achieve a geologically reasonable modelling standard and gain insight for poorly constrained geological settings.
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Ninasdotter, Holmström Matilda, and Sofia Korhonen. "Visualization: The Human Brain and Developing Spatial Ability in Structural Geological Education." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256185.
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Spatial ability and the skill to visualize objects is necessary for earth scientist, especially structural geologist. For this reason, undergraduate students within earth science needs to learn this skills, and how is the best way to teach this skills. To implement 3D thinking in undergraduate teaching, three strategies are presented. The first one is to separate and combine objects, which includes to see geological differences and categorize them. Secondly, visualize objects, both many and single ones and see which ones who are connected. Third and lastly is still and moving objects which involves geological processes. It is important to give students time to develop their spatial abilities and help them during the learning process. Another aspect to this is the path of information within the human brain when visualizing an object. The result shows that the process starts with the human eye which perceive the object and its attributes, then the geniculate nucleus sorts the information and directs it toward the visual primary cortex located in the occipital lobe. The primary visual cortex then send the information though the ventral- and dorsal steam which produces a visualization. Aspects which can affect the spatial ability may be earlier experiences, age and the way each person perceive the object. These factors effects how hard humans think the process of visualization is. The questionnaire showed that 3D models help students to visualize and should be used more in undergraduate teaching.Förmågan att visualisera objekt och förstå dem är nödvändig för en geovetare, speciellt inom strukturgeologi. Därför är det viktigt att studenter på kandidatprogram i geovetenskap får tillfälle att lära sig den förmågan. För att implementera 3D-tänkande i undervisningen har tre strategier tagits fram. Den första är att separera och kombinera objekt, vilket inkluderar att se geologiska skillnader och kategorisera dem. Den andra är att visualisera ett eller flera objekt och se vilka som är kopplade till varandra. Den tredje är att se objekt som är i stilla eller i rörelse, vilket involverar geologiska processer. Det är viktigt att ge studenterna tid för att utveckla sin spatiala förmåga och att hjälpa dem under utvecklingen. Arbetet syftar också till att ta reda på hur visuell information bearbetas av den mänskliga hjärnan. Först bearbetas informationen av ögat, sen till geniculate nucleus som sorterar informationen och skickar den till det primära visuella cortex som ligger i occipital-loben. Därefter processas informationen av ventrala och dorsala stammen och det är här som en visualisering produceras. Faktorer så som ålder, tidigare erfarenheter och hur ögat uppfattar objekten påverkar hur visualiseringen blir och hur svårt individen uppfattar processen. Enkätundersökningen visade på att 3D-modeller hjälper studenter att visualisera och borde användas mer i undervisning på kandidatnivå.
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Laouici, Imadeddine. "Geological knowledge formalization and automation of the structural interpretation process for building 3D architectures of the sub-surface." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. https://theses.univ-orleans.fr/prive/accesESR/2024ORLE1072_va.pdf.
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Les systèmes actuels utilisés pour construire des modèles géologiques structuraux 3D offrent des solutions performantes pour les représentations géométriques, mais reposent souvent sur les interprétations des experts et le formalisme mathématique en place. L'un des principaux verrous scientifiques réside dans l'incapacité de ces systèmes à s’impliquer dans le processus d’interprétation, en raison de l’utilisation tacite des connaissances par les experts. Cela entraîne des difficultés dans le partage et l'intégration des connaissances au sein des systèmes, ainsi qu'une complexité accrue pour reproduire et communiquer les modèles. Ce travail de recherche explore une approche innovante de modélisation, axée sur la notion d'interprétation et l'utilisation explicite des connaissances. Deux contributions majeures sont proposées : un formalisme pour l’interprétation et un cadre ontologique pour formaliser les connaissances mobilisées par les experts durant le processus de modélisationCurrent systems used to build 3D structural geological models offer essential solutions for geometric representations, but often rely on expert interpretations and the existing mathematical formalism. One of the scientific challenges is the inability of these systems to be deeply involved in the interpretation process due to the tacit use of knowledge by experts. This leads to problems of sharing and integrating knowledge in systems, as well as issues in reproducing and communicating models. This research explores an innovative modeling approach, centered on the notion of interpretation and the explicit use of knowledge. In this context, two major contributions are proposed: an interpretation formalism supported by a prototype algorithm, and an ontological framework to formalize the knowledge used by experts during the modeling process
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Laurent, Gautier. "Prise en compte de l'histoire géologique des structures dans la création de modèles numériques 3D compatibles." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0057/document.
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La modélisation des structures géologiques est une étape cruciale de la construction de géomodèles. Elles conditionnent la répartition spatiale des propriétés du sous-sol et la connexion des différents volumes rocheux qui le constituent. Cependant, les données disponibles s'avèrent incomplètes et incertaines. A cela s'ajoute une incertitude sur les phénomènes géologiques ayant conduit à la formation des structures modélisées. De multiples interprétations sont donc généralement possibles. Les méthodes classiques de modélisation des structures reposent principalement sur une approche géométrique, statique et déterministe. En d'autres termes, l'approche consiste à déterminer la meilleure représentation possible des structures en se fondant sur des critères qui portent principalement sur la géométrie actuelle des structures, comme la minimisation de leur courbure, et sur leur compatibilité avec les données dans leur état actuel. L'histoire tectonique des structures n'est prise en compte que de manière indirecte par le modélisateur et la compatibilité cinématique et mécanique du modèle structural reste complexe à évaluer. Cette thèse explore différentes méthodes de modélisations permettant de mieux prendre en compte l'histoire tectonique des structures. Trois approches complémentaires sont développées. La première propose un opérateur cinématique représentant les déplacements associés aux failles. Il tire son originalité du système de coordonnées curvilinéaires utilisé pour décrire l'espace de la faille et de l'intégration progressive des déplacements permettant de contrôler leur évolution. La seconde approche propose un outil de déformation pseudo-mécanique permettant l'édition interactive des modèles structuraux et la simulation approchée de l'histoire tectonique qui leur est associée. Il repose sur un algorithme de déformation original, basé sur des éléments rigides, issu du domaine de l'infographie. Enfin, une troisième approche permet de répercuter l'historique de déformation sur le système de coordonnées utilisé pour la simulation des propriétés du sous-sol. Nous montrons comment ce système peut être construit grâce à la restauration des structures. Cette approche permet de modéliser les propriétés du sous-sol en s'appuyant sur des paléodistances compatibles avec l'ensemble des hypothèses structurales, cinématiques et mécaniques établies lors de la construction de l'histoire tectonique du géomodèle. Ces différentes approches ouvrent des portes prometteuses dans la prise en compte des aspects historiques, cinématiques et mécanique dans la modélisation des structures et des propriétés du sous-sol. Elles s'attachent à accroître la compatibilité des géomodèles et à simplifier la paramétrisation des déformations géologiques afin de faciliter la résolution de problèmes structuraux par des approches inversesThe main approaches to the modelling of geological structures are mainly geometrical, static and deterministic. In other terms, their geometry and connections are determined by applying criteria based on the compatibility with available data in their current state. The evolution of the geological structures is only integrated indirectly by the modeller and the kinematical and mechanical compatibility of the produced models remain difficult to assess. This thesis explores different methods which aim at better including the evolution of geological structures in the modelling process. Three complementary approaches are developed. First, a kinematical fault operator based on a 3D curvilinear fault frame is presented. It aims at progressively deforming the structures surrounding faults. The second approach is based on a pseudo-mechanical deformation tool inspired form computer graphics, based on rigid elements. It is used to interactively editing the structures and approximately simulate their deformation history. The last proposal is to compute the paleo-geographical coordinates from the restoration of geological structures. This way, the heterogeneities are characterised based on paleo-geographic distances which are compatible with the structural, kinematical and mechanical hypotheses specified when building the geological model. These different contributions open numerous perspectives to better take into account the evolution of the geological structures when modelling the subsurface and its heterogeneities. They help us to increase the compatibility of geomodels and simplify the parameterization of geological deformation to facilitate the characterisation of geological structures by inverse approaches
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Sonibare, Wasiu Adedayo. "Structure and evolution of basin and petroleum systems within a transformrelated passive margin setting : data-based insights from crust-scale 3D modelling of the Western Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96832.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the crustal structure, and assesses the qualitative and quantitative impacts of crust-mantle dynamics on subsidence pattern, past and present-day thermal field and petroleum system evolution at the southern South African continental margin through the application of a multi-disciplinary and multi-scale geo-modelling procedure involving both conceptual and numerical approaches. The modelling procedure becomes particularly important as this margin documents a complex interaction of extension and strike-slip tectonics during its Mesozoic continental rifting processes. Located on the southern shelf of South Africa, the Western Bredasdorp Basin (WBB) constitutes the focus of this study and represents the western section of the larger Bredasdorp sub-basin, which is the westernmost of the southern offshore sub-basins. To understand the margin with respect to its present-day structure, isostatic state and thermal field, a combined approach of isostatic, 3D gravity and 3D thermal modelling was performed by integrating potential field, seismic and well data. Complimenting the resulting configuration and thermal field of the latter by measured present-day temperature, vitrinite reflectance and source potential data, basin-scale burial and thermal history and timing of source rock maturation, petroleum generation, expulsion, migration and accumulation were forwardly simulated using a 3D basin modelling technique. This hierarchical modelling workflow enables geologic assumptions and their associated uncertainties to be well constrained and better quantified, particularly in three dimensions. At present-day, the deep crust of the WBB is characterised by a tripartite density structure (i.e. prerift metasediments underlain by upper and lower crustal domains) depicting a strong thinning that is restricted to a narrow E-W striking zone. The configuration of the radiogenic crystalline crust as well as the conductivity contrasts between the deep crust and the shallow sedimentary cover significantly control the present-day thermal field of the study area. In all respects, this present-day configuration reflects typical characteristics of basin evolution in a strike-slip setting. For instance, the orientations of the deep crust and fault-controlled basin-fill are spatially inconsistent, thereby indicating different extension kinematics typical of transtensional pull-apart mechanisms. As such, syn-rift subsidence is quite rapid and short-lived, and isostatic equilibrium is not achieved, particularly at the Moho level. Accompanied syn-rift rapid subsidence and a heat flow peak led to petroleum preservation in the basin since the Early Cretaceous. Two additional post-rift thermal anomalies related to the Late Cretaceous hotspot mechanism and Miocene margin uplift in Southern Africa succeeded the syn-rift control on maturation. This thermal maturity of the five mature source rocks culminated in four main generation and three main accumulation phases which characterise the total petroleum systems of the WBB. The Campanian, Eocene and Miocene uplift scenarios episodically halted source maturation and caused tertiary migration of previously trapped petroleum. Petroleum loss related to the spill point of each trap configuration additionally occurs during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene and Oligocene-Early Miocene. The timing and extent of migration dynamics are most sensitive to the geological scenario that combined faulting, intrusive seal bypass system and facies heterogeneity. In fact, for models that do not incorporate facies heterogeneity, predicted past and present-day seafloor leakage of petroleum is largely underestimated. This complex interplay of generation and migration mechanisms has significant implications for charging of petroleum accumulations by multiple source rocks. Due to early maturation and late stage tertiary migration, the syn-rift source rocks particularly Mid Hauterivian and Late Hauterivian source intervals significantly control the extent of petroleum accumulation and loss in the basin. Lastly, the modelled 3D crustal configuration and Mezosoic to Cenozoic thermal regime of the WBB dispute classic uniform lithospheric stretching for the southern South African continental margin. Rather, this PhD thesis confirms that differential thinning of the lithosphere related to a transtensional pull-apart mechanism is the most appropriate for accurately predicting the evolution of basin and petroleum systems of the margin. Also, the presented 3D models currently represent the most advanced insights, and thus have clear implications for assessing associated risks in basin and prospect evaluation of the margin as well as other similar continental margins around the world.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die korsstruktuur en evalueer die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe impakte van kors-mantel-dinamika op insinkingspatroon, die termiese veld en petroleumstels evolusie aan die suidelike Suid-Afrikaanse kontinentale grens, in die hede en die verlede, deur die toepassing van ’n multidissiplinêre en multiskaal-geomodelleringsprosedure wat beide konseptuele en numeriese benaderings behels. Die modelleringsprosedure veral is belangrik aangesien hierdie kontinentale grens ’n komplekse interaksie van uitbreidings- en strekkingsparallelle tektoniek gedurende die Mesosoïese vastelandskeurprosesse daarvan dokumenteer. Omdat dit op die suidelike platvorm van Suid-Afrika geleë is, maak die Westelike Bredasdorp Kom (WBK) die fokus van hierdie studie uit, en verteenwoordig dit die westelike deel van die groter Bredasdrop-subkom, wat die verste wes is van die suidelike aflandige subkomme. Om die grens met betrekking tot sy huidige struktuur, isostatiese staat en termiese veld te verstaan, is ’n kombinasie benadering bestaande uit isostatiese, 3D-gravitasie- en 3D- termiese modellering gebruik deur potensiëleveld-, seismiese en boorgatdata te integreer Ondersteunend totot die gevolglike konfigurasie en termiese veld van die laasgenoemde deur middel van hedendaagse temperatuur, soos gemeet, vitriniet-refleksiekoëffisiënt en bronpotensiaal data, komskaal-begrawing en termiese geskiedenis en tydsberekening van brongesteentematurasie, is petroleumgenerasie, -uitwerping, -migrasie en -akkumulasie in die toekoms gesimuleer deur gebruik te maak van ’n 3D-kommodelleringstegniek. Hierdie hierargiese modelleringswerkvloei maak dit moontlik om geologiese aannames en hulle geassosieerde onsekerhede goed aan bande te lê en beter te kwantifiseer, veral in drie dimensies. In die hede word die diep kors van die WBK gekarakteriseer deur ’n drieledige digtheidstruktuur (met ander woorde voorrift-metasedimente onderlê deur bo- en benedekors domeine) wat dui op ’n baie wesenlike verdunning, beperk tot ’n dun O-W-strekkingsone. Die konfigurasie van die radiogeniese kristallyne kors, sowel as die konduktiwiteitskontraste tussen die diep kors en die vlak sedimentêre dekking, beheer grotendeels die hedendaagse termiese veld van die studiearea. Hierdie hedendaagse konfigurasie weerspieël in alle opsigte tipiese eienskappe van kom-evolusie in ’n skuifskeur omgewing. Byvoorbeeld, Die oriëntasies van die diep kors en verskuiwingbeheerde komsedimentasie byvoorbeeld is ruimtelik inkonsekwent en dui daardeur op verskillende ekstensiekinematika, tipies van transtensionale tensiemeganisme. As sulks, is sin-rift-versakking taamlik vinnig en kortstondig, en word isostatiese ekwilibrium nie by die Moho-vlak, in die besonder, bereik nie. Samehangende sin-rift vinnige versakking en hittevloeihoogtepunt het gelei tot petroleum behoud in die kom sedert die vroeë Kryt. Twee bykomende post-rift termiese anomalieë wat verband hou met die laat Kryt-“hotspot” meganisme en die Mioseense kontinentale grensopheffing in Suidelike Afrika het die sin-rift-beheer met maturasie opgevolg. Hierdie termiese maturiteit van die vyf gematureerde brongesteentes het in vier hoofgenerasie- en drie hoofakkumulasie fases, wat die totaliteit van die petroleumstelsels van die WBK karakteriseer, gekulmineer. Die Campaniese, Eoseense en Mioseense opheffings senarios het episodies bronmaturasie gestop en tersiêre migrasie van petroleum wat vroeër opgevang was veroorsaak. Addisioneel vind petroleumverlies gekoppel aan die spilpunt van elke opvanggebiedkonfigurasie tydens die laat Kryt-Paleoseen en Oligoseenvroeë Mioseen plaas. Die tydstelling en omvang van migrasiedinamika is die sensitiefste vir die geologiese scenario wat verskuiwing, seëlomseilingstelsel en fasiesheterogeniteit kombineer. Trouens, vir modelle wat nie fasiesheterogeniteit inkorporeer nie, is voorspellings van vroeëre en huidige seebodemlekkasie van petroleum grotendeels onderskattings. Hierdie komplekse wisselwerking van generasie- en migrasiemeganismes het beduidende implikasies vir die laai van petroleumakkumulasies deur veelvoudige brongesteentes. Vanweë vroeë maturasie en laatstadiumtersiêre migrasie, oefen die sin-rift-brongesteentes, veral middel Hauterivium- en laat Hauteriviumbronintervalle, beduidende beheer oor die omvang van petroleumakkumulasie en -verlies in die kom uit. Laastens weerspreek die gemodelleerde 3D-korskonfigurasie en Mesosoïese-tot-Senosoïesetermiese regime van die WBK ’n klassieke uniforme litosferiese rekking vir die suidelike Suid- Afrikaanse kontinentale grens. Inteendeel, hierdie PhD-proefskrif bevestig dat ’n differensiële verdunning van die litosfeer, gekoppel aan ’n transtensiemeganisme, die beste geskik is om ’n akkurate voorspelling oor die evolusie van kom- en petroleumstelsels van die kontinentale grens mee te maak. Verder, verteenwoordig die 3D-modelle, wat hier aangebied word, tans die mees gevorderde insigte, en het hierdie modelle dus duidelike implikasies vir die assessering van verwante risiko’s in kom- en petroleum teikene valuering van die kontinentale grens, so wel as van ander soortgelyke kontinentale grense regoor die wêreld.
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Haslam, Richard Brooke. "3D geological modelling of superficial deposits, bedrock stratigraphy and fracture networks, Dounreay, Scotland : implications for subsurface contaminant pathways." Thesis, Keele University, 2012. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3863/.
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Any industrial site producing contaminants (including chemical and radiological materials), will be constructed on or below the surface, whose associated properties determine how fluid and contaminants travel. The Dounreay Nuclear Power Establishment offers a unique opportunity to understand bedrock geology, superficial deposits, shallow fractures, and their controls on fluid and contaminant pathways. This is due to its complex history, possible contaminants and extensive prior site investigations. Three-dimensional geological modelling is becoming an integral part of site investigations as affordable technology becomes more powerful. Using previously collected, data and state-of-the-art modelling, a high-resolution geological model has been created based on understanding the cyclicity of the Devonian sedimentation of the Orcadian Basin. This underlies the site providing a framework for discrete fracture network and stochastic facies modelling. A discrete fracture network, for three fracture sets, has been created for the bedrock geology through statistical analysis of scanline and borehole data, and stochastic simulations of fracture intensity throughout the geological model. Due to the heterogeneity of the superficial deposits, a stochastic simulation was used to interpolate five distinct superficial facies, considered to influence contaminant pathways and identified from geotechnical logs; 1–Clay, 2–Sand, 3–Gravel, 4–Silt and 5–Peat. Fracture intensity of the hydraulically conductive bedding-parallel fracture set decreases logarithmically with increasing depth. The decreasing fracture intensity of the bedding-parallel fractures reflects a decreasing horizontal hydraulic conductivity, which at 100m levels off and becomes approximately equal to the vertical hydraulic conductivity. The superficial deposits are predominantly clay, with the maximum hydraulic conductivity associated with the gravel facies. The gravel facies provide connectivity from the land surface to the bedrock and associated fracture networks. Methodologies used here can be applied to any site investigation, providing adequate data is available, and by integration, analysis and three-dimensional modelling of the shallow subsurface, a better understanding of contaminant pathways and uncertainties can therefore be achieved.
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Alcalde, Martín Juan. "3D seismic imaging and geological modeling of the Hontomin CO2 storage site, Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284824.
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This thesis is organized as a compendium of three scientific articles, describing the geological characterization of the Hontomín site for Geological Storage of CO2 by means of 3D seismic data, acquired for this purpose, as well as the available well-log and regional data. The three articles form the core of this thesis and constitute the main scientific effort developed therein. These are:
• Alcalde, J., Martí, D., Calahorrano, A., Marzán, I., Ayarza, P., Carbonell, R., Juhlin, C. and Pérez-Estaún, A. 2013a. Active seismic characterization experiments of the Hontomín research facility for geological storage of CO2, Spain. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 19, 785-795.
• Alcalde, J., Martí, D., Juhlin, C., Malehmir, A., Sopher, D., Saura, E., Marzán, I., Ayarza, P., Calahorrano, A., Pérez-Estaún, A., and Carbonell, R. 2013b. 3D Reflection Seismic Imaging of the Hontomín structure in the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (Spain). Solid Earth4, pp. 481-496.
• Alcalde, J., Marzán, I., Saura, E., Martí, D., Ayarza, P., Juhlin, C., Pérez-Estaún, A., and Carbonell, R. 2014. 3D geological characterization of the Hontomín CO2 storage site, Spain: multidisciplinary approach from seismics, well-logging and regional data. Tectonophysics (accepted).
The thesis begins with an Introduction (Chapter I), in which the motivations and aims of the thesis are presented. These include the problematic derived from anthropogenic emissions of CO2, and present Carbon Capture and Storage technology as an effective method to reach energetic sustainability. This chapter also includes the state-of-the-art seismic reflection method applied to CO2 storage, as well as an outline of the regional and local geology of the study area.
The first article (Alcalde et al., 2013a) constitutes Chapter II of the thesis. It presents and describes the active seismic experiments conducted at the Hontomín site for the seismic characterization. The data acquisition is described in detail, with an emphasis on the most relevant factors that affected the quality of the acquired data. These factors include the geomorphological/topographical aspects of the study area, logistical issues during the acquisition. The effects on the seismic records of a near-surface velocity inversion are also discussed. This contribution also shows a preliminary seismic image of the subsurface, which allows outlining the general dome shape of the target structure.
The second article (Alcalde et al., 2013b) comprises Chapter III of the thesis. It outlines the processing applied to the seismic data that led to the final migrated seismic image. It includes a detailed discussion about which processes were more effective in enhancing the quality of the obtained image. The image was judged to be suitable for interpretation and constitutes the primary seismic model, to be used as reference baseline during the monitoring stage. Furthermore, the top of the Jurassic dome structure was mapped, allowing us to provide an overall estimation of the size of the target structure, which is a 107 m2 elongated dome with a maximum CO2 storage capacity of 1.2 Gt.
The third article (Alcalde et al., 2014), included in Chapter IV of the thesis, focuses on the interpretation of the seismic image and the building of a 3D geological model. The quality of the seismic data required a geologically driven approach to enable interpretation. This approach used a conceptual model as reference, which was inferred in the first place from the correlation of the available well-log data and later improved by the seismic facies analysis and the regional geological data. The conceptual model was used to interpret the seismic data and resulted in a 9-layered 3D geological model and a thorough description of the fault system present in the area.Esta tesis tiene como objetivo la caracterización geológica 3D de la Planta de Desarrollo Tecnológico para el Almacenamiento Geológico de CO2 de Hontomín (Burgos). Esta caracterización se ha llevado a cabo mediante el procesado y la interpretación de datos de sísmica de reflexión 3D adquiridos para ese propósito en verano de 2010.
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Ortega, Ramirez Miriam Patricia. "Analysis of soil structural and transfer properties using pore scale images and numerical modelling." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU017/document.
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.Dans cette thèse, il a été étudié la structure des milieux poreux, en particulier sur des sols sableux et un paquet virtuel de sphères; Sur la base de références bibliographiques, nos propres outils ont été créés pour calculer la porosité, la surface spécifique et la distribution de la taille des pores. Nous avons construit un algorithme pour résoudre l'équation de diffusion de l'advection directement sur la structure du milieu poreux (en utilisant un résultat d'image 3D du scan $ mu $ CT du support poreux). Nous avons utilisé l'opérateur de division pour calculer la partie advective avec une méthode de volume fini (FV), mettant en œuvre un schéma de réduction de la variation totale (TVD). La partie diffusion a été calculée en utilisant une méthode de FV et avec l’aide du logiciel MUMPS pour résoudre le système linéaire résultant. A partir du champ de concentration obtenu avec l’algorithme et suivant une méthode de moyenne volumique, nous avons calculé les propriétés macroscopiques de: dispersivité et coefficient de dispersion à Pe = 223,23,2.3,0,23 pour un échantillon de sable de Fontainbleau NE34. Nous avons observé que ces résultats dépendent de la qualité de l'image 3D. Les propriétés structurelles et de transport ont été étudiées à l'aide d'images 3D à différentes résolutions. Les images à différentes résolutions ont été appelées images redimensionnées, elles ont été générées numériquement et prises directement à partir du micro CT scan. Comme premier résultat, nous avons proposé un critère basé sur la distribution de la taille des pores pour déterminer si une résolution d'image 3D convient ou non au calcul de la perméabilité d'un matériau granulaire avec une méthode de volume fini (FV). Dans un deuxième résultat, nous avons montré comment les propriétés des macros de transport de soluté sont moins affectées par une détérioration de la résolution que la propriété d’écoulement de la perméabilité (les deux cas sont calculés par une méthode FV). Et comme troisième résultat, nous avons montré qu'une image numérique redimensionnée préserve davantage le comportement des propriétés macroscopiques qu'une image réelle redimensionnéeIn this thesis it was studied the structure of the porous media, particularly on a sandy soils and a virtual pack of spheres; based on bibliographic references here were generated our own tools to compute the porosity, specific surface and pore size distribution. We built an algorithm to solve advection diffusion equation directly on the porous media structure (using a 3D image result of the $mu $ CT scan of the porous media). We used the splitting operator to compute the advective part with a Finite Volume (FV) method, implementing a Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) scheme. The diffusion part was computed using with a FV method with the assistance of the MUMPS software to solve the resulting linear system. From the concentration field obtained with the algorithm and following a volume averaging method, we computed the macroscopic properties of: dispersivity and dispersion coefficient at Pe=223,23,2.3,0.23 for a sample of Fontainbleau NE34 sand. We observing that these results depend on the quality of the 3D image, structural and transport properties were studied using 3D images at different resolutions. The images at different resolutions were called rescaled images, and they were generated numerically and taken directly from the micro CT scan. As a first result we proposed a criterion based on the pore size distribution to assess if a 3D image resolution is suitable or not for permeability computation of a granular material with a finite volume (FV) method. As a second result we showed how the solute transport macro properties are less affected by a deterioration of the resolution than the flow property of permeability (both cases computed through a FV method). And as a third result we showed that a numerical rescaled image preserve the behavior of the macroscopic properties more than a real rescaled image
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Abus, Eren Deniz. "3D Structural and Geophysical Investigation of the Vlore-Elbasan Tectonic Lineament in the Albanide Orogenic Belt, Albania." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1432140759.
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DAMASCENO, CRISTIANE SILVA ROCHA. "GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMECHANICS MODELLING 3D AND STABILITY ANALYSES 2D OF THE SLOPES OF THE MORRO DA MINA MINE, CONSELHEIRO LAFAIETE, MG, BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12068@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
O trabalho propõe uma metodologia para elaboração de modelos geológicos e geomecânicos (3D) e realização de análises de estabilidade (2D)de taludes rochosos de minas a céu aberto, com base nos dados da mina de Morro da Mina, fornecidos pela empresa VALE, a qual esta pertence. A metodologia está dividida em duas etapas: modelagem e análises de estabilidade. Para a modelagem, foi utilizado o software Petrel 2004, que oferece ferramentas geoestatísticas, possibilitando a extrapolação das informações geotécnicas pontuais c`, fi, RQD, Q e RMR, obtidas por meio de testemunhos de sondagem, para o maciço inteiro. Utilizou-se a técnica de Krigagem Ordinária. O modelo gerado representou bem a distribuição destas propriedades no espaço. Na etapa de análise de estabilidade, foram utilizadas seções resultantes da modelagem geomecânica. Dois tipos de análises foram realizados: análises cinemáticas, com utilização do software Dips, da Rocscience, e análises por equilíbrio limite dos taludes globais e das bancadas, utilizando-se o software Slide 5.0, também da Rocscience. No primeiro tipo, realizado com dois conjuntos de mapeamentos diferentes, foi constatado que as bancadas devem receber bastante atenção nesta mina, e no segundo tipo, foi verificada a segurança quanto à ruptura circular das bancadas e taludes globais, porém recentemente ocorreu uma ruptura em um dos locais analisados. Os programas RocData 4.0 e RocProp, ambos da Rocscience, foram utilizados para estimar os parâmetros de resistência de Mohr-Coulomb, e os softwares AutoCAD 2004 e Microsoft Office Excel auxiliaram na preparação dos arquivos de entrada no Petrel 2004 e no Slide 5.0.
This work presents a methodology to develop geological and geomechanic models (3D) and to carry out stability analyses (2D) of rock slopes of open pit mine, based on data of Morro da Mina mine, provided by the mining company VALE. The methodology is divided in two stages: modelling and stability analyses. For the modelling, the software Petrel 2004, which allows the use of geostatistical tools, was used, being possible the spatial distribution of geotechnical information, obtained from borehole cores, for the whole rock mass. The technique of Ordinary Kriging was used. The modeled properties were the following: c`, fi, RQD, Q e RMR. The generated model represented well the spatial distribution of these properties. The stability analyses were carried out using 2D sections and the necessary rock mass parameters were obtained from the geomechanical model. Two types of analyses were carried out: kinematic analyses, with use of the software Dips, from Rocscience, and limit equilibrium analyses of the global slopes and the benches, where the software Slide 5.0, also from Rocscience was used. The Kinematic analyses, carried out considering two sets of joint orientations, suggested that the benches have to receive enough attention in this mine, and the limit equilibrium analyses for circular failure of the benches and global slopes indicated high factors of safety. However, before this work initiating a failure already had happened in one of the sections analyzed. The programs RocData 4.0 and RocProp, both from Rocscience, were used to estimate the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters, and the programs AutoCAD 2004 and Microsoft Office Excel helped at the development of the input files in the Petrel 2004 and Slide 5.0.
Books on the topic "3D Structural geological modelling"
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Odling, Noelle E. Structural analysis and three-dimensional modelling at Gamsberg, N.W. Cape. [Cape Town]: University of Cape Town Dept. of Geology, Chamber of Mines Precambrian Research Unit, 1987.
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Odling, Noelle E. Structural analysis and three-dimensional modelling at Gamsberg, N. W. Cape. Cape Town: Dept. of Geology, University of Cape Town, 1987.
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Sri Lanka) International Seminar on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (2000 Colombo. Modelling and analysis of structures in 2D, modelling and analysis of structures in 3D, design of RC beams and columns, integrated analysis and design of frames and buildings. Colombo: ACECOMS, 2000.
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Angelita, De Palo, ed. A digital approach to field geology: From digital field mapping to 3D geological modelling through online web publishing : a new methodology for the third-millenium geologist. Saarbrücken: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011.
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Zakrevskiy, Konstatin. Geological 3D Modelling. EAGE Publications bv, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/9789073781962.
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Zakrevskiy, Konstatin. ebook - Geological 3D Modelling. EAGE Publications bv, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/9789462820043.
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Structural and tectonic modelling and its application to petroleum geology: Proceedings of Norwegian Petroleum Society workshop, 18-20 October 1989, Stavanger, Norway. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "3D Structural geological modelling"
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Pan, Xiaohua, Jian Chu, Zarli Aung, Kiefer Chiam, and Defu Wu. "3D Geological Modelling: A Case Study for Singapore." In Information Technology in Geo-Engineering, 161–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32029-4_14.
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Xianhai, Meng, Li Jigang, and Yang Qin. "3D Structural Geological Modeling Based on Morphing Field." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 149–57. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2386-6_20.
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Aug, Christophe, Jean-Paul Chilès, Gabriel Courrioux, and Christian Lajaunie. "3D Geological Modelling and Uncertainty: The Potential-field Method." In Geostatistics Banff 2004, 145–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3610-1_15.
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Lewis, P. "3D Canopy Modelling as a Tool in Remote-Sensing Research." In Functional-Structural Plant Modelling in Crop Production, 219–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-6034-3_19.
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Kesharwani, Asheesh, Anand Kumar, and Jitendra Bhaskar. "Modelling and Structural Analysis of 3D Printed Auxetic Structure." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 85–98. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1894-2_9.
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Wycisk, Peter. "3D Geological and Hydrogeological Modelling – Integrated Approaches in Urban Groundwater Management." In Management of Water, Energy and Bio-resources in the Era of Climate Change: Emerging Issues and Challenges, 3–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05969-3_1.
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Gundesø, R., and O. Egeland. "SESIMIRA—A New Geological Tool for 3D Modelling of Heterogeneous Reservoirs." In North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs—II, 363–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0791-1_31.
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Iarussi, Emmanuel, Felix Thomsen, and Claudio Delrieux. "Generative Modelling of 3D In-Silico Spongiosa with Controllable Micro-structural Parameters." In Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2020, 785–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59725-2_76.
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Fournillon, A., S. Viseur, B. Arfib, and J. Borgomano. "Insights of 3D Geological Modelling in Distributed Hydrogeological Models of Karstic Carbonate Aquifers." In Advances in Research in Karst Media, 257–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12486-0_39.
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Galvanetto, U., F. Scabbia, and M. Zaccariotto. "Accurate numerical integration in 3D meshless peridynamic models." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 457–63. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348443-75.
Full textConference papers on the topic "3D Structural geological modelling"
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Luo, Yu, Long Xin Li, Yu Chao Zhao, Rong Wang, Ahmadreza Younessi, Yongsheng Zhou, and Chris Burns. "3D Geomechanical Modelling for Complex Geological Setting: A Case Study from XGS Field." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22988-ms.
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Abstract A 3D geomechanical model is built for the XGS field, located in Sichuan province, onshore China. The field is in a faulted anticline consisting of three main reservoir layers. The main reservoirs are in the crest of an anticline structure bounded between major revers faults. The model captures all the structural complexities and the spatial variation of the geomechanical properties and parameters for the entire XGS field. The structural model is built using the interpreted horizons and faults form the surface seismic tied to the markers interpreted from the well data. The 3D grid is constructed for the entire field, extended to the ground level, to use as a framework for the 3D geomechanical model. The well-centric geomechanical models prepared for the 14 offset wells are used in combination to the surface seismic attributes to model the lithology and petrophysical properties for the entire grid. These data are then used to calculate and propagate the geomechanical properties and parameters. The 3D geomechanical model is designed to captures the spatial variation of pore pressure, in-situ stresses, the rock mechanical properties and parameters. The grid has higher resolution in the main target for the underground gas storage (UGS) operation and its immediate overburden caprock layer. This is done to capture and investigate the vertical and lateral variations in the vicinity of the UGS reservoir in more detail. The rock mechanical properties and parameters are dominantly governed by the lithology. This is while the pore pressure and the in-situ stresses are mainly governed by the geological structure. That has been said, a stress contrast is observed between the shale and carbonate layers. The model suggests that the field is in a strike-slip stress regime. The reservoir rock which consists of fractured dolomite is competent and stiff while the shale caprock is relatively weaker. A comprehensive approach is developed to capture the complexities of the structure and properties of the XGS field. A robust workflow is implemented to propagate the geomechanical properties and parameters to maintain their consistency for the entire studied area.
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Luo, Yu, Long Xin Li, Yu Chao Zhao, Rong Wang, Ahmadreza Younessi, Yongsheng Zhou, and Chris Burns. "3D Geomechanical Modelling for Complex Geological Setting: A Case Study from XGS Field." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22988-ea.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A 3D geomechanical model is built for the XGS field, located in Sichuan province, onshore China. The field is in a faulted anticline consisting of three main reservoir layers. The main reservoirs are in the crest of an anticline structure bounded between major revers faults. The model captures all the structural complexities and the spatial variation of the geomechanical properties and parameters for the entire XGS field. The structural model is built using the interpreted horizons and faults form the surface seismic tied to the markers interpreted from the well data. The 3D grid is constructed for the entire field, extended to the ground level, to use as a framework for the 3D geomechanical model. The well-centric geomechanical models prepared for the 14 offset wells are used in combination to the surface seismic attributes to model the lithology and petrophysical properties for the entire grid. These data are then used to calculate and propagate the geomechanical properties and parameters. The 3D geomechanical model is designed to captures the spatial variation of pore pressure, in-situ stresses, the rock mechanical properties and parameters. The grid has higher resolution in the main target for the underground gas storage (UGS) operation and its immediate overburden caprock layer. This is done to capture and investigate the vertical and lateral variations in the vicinity of the UGS reservoir in more detail. The rock mechanical properties and parameters are dominantly governed by the lithology. This is while the pore pressure and the in-situ stresses are mainly governed by the geological structure. That has been said, a stress contrast is observed between the shale and carbonate layers. The model suggests that the field is in a strike-slip stress regime. The reservoir rock which consists of fractured dolomite is competent and stiff while the shale caprock is relatively weaker. A comprehensive approach is developed to capture the complexities of the structure and properties of the XGS field. A robust workflow is implemented to propagate the geomechanical properties and parameters to maintain their consistency for the entire studied area.
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Sudiro, P., A. Mantegazzi, V. Pozzovivo, and G. Codegone. "3D Field Structural Model Update by Incorporating Geosteering 2D Structural Interpretations in UGS Reservoir Application. Northern Italy." In SPE Europe Energy Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/220015-ms.
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Abstract Geosteering consists in the integration of different formation evaluation and drilling technologies, together with 3D and 2D reservoir modelling, to optimize the placement of highly deviated wells within a selected interval of the reservoir. During geosteering, the 2D structural model is constantly updated to fit the geological model to the observed data, in order to plan the required trajectory adjustments and keep the wellbore within the target interval. The introduction of deep reading measurements and inversion modelling allows consistently mapping and tracing one or multiple formation boundaries along the wellbore, without ever crossing these boundaries. Incorporating reservoir and near-reservoir data acquired during geosteering operations allows improving the 3D field models for future planning of new wells. The presented case study shows how, integrating high-resolution 2D structural mapping delineated during the geosteering of two wells drilled in a UGS field, can improve the quality of the field 3D structural model. The scalability of the process means that both the information from new wells drilled and from reprocessed legacy data can be incorporated, enhancing the structural understanding of the sub-surface. In the current application, two wells were imported and processed together, but there is no limitation to the number or sequence of well data imported and reprocessed: as new wells are drilled, these can be added to the 3D structural model for further processing and refinement. Alternatively, if suitable data were available form older wells that were not used to adjust the 3D structural model, they could be reanalyzed and reintegrated to update the structural model.
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W. Hobbs, R., and A. J. Wild. "Fast 3D Modelling of Complex Geological Structures." In 60th EAGE Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201408291.
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Marin, M., R. Raine, G. Bancala, F. Ceci, S. Ratti, A. Sirtori, M. O’ Grady, C. Lydon, and M. MacKenzie. "3D Structural Modelling of a Geothermal Prospect South of Antrim, Northern Ireland. A Multidisciplinary Geophysical-Geological Approach." In Fifth EAGE Global Energy Transition Conference & Exhibition (GET 2024), 1–5. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202421086.
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Llanes, J., M. Delgado, and J. E. Juri. "Novel Unsupervised Algorithm for 3D Reservoir Modeling Based on Percolation in Complex Networks." In SPE Argentina Region Young Professionals Symposium. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/223500-ms.
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Abstract Three-dimensional reservoir models are an essential decision-making tool for geoscientists to understand the by-passed oil in multilayer fluvial systems in San Jorge Basin. The dedicated reservoir teams spend significant amounts of time to build three-dimensional models to decrease risk in the implementation of chemical EOR projects, particularly in the assessment of reservoir connectivity. Traditional 3D static reservoir modelling requires important effort to construct the structural models, interwell correlation and facies modeling. The objective of this work is to present the implementation of a computational algorithm that generates three-dimensional reservoir models. We successfully tested its capability to adequately represent the structural model, interwell correlation, and facies propagation from the well log data without any previous interpretation. This work is based on the application of label propagation/ label spreading on the graph network using the three-dimensional percolation theory with considerations of the phase transition of the system. This methodology is powerful, since it does not consider the distance between the input data, but rather its distance in a graph network. The results of the novel unsupervised algorithm show a good match between the existing 3D geological models made by experienced geologists and the model made by the computational algorithm implemented. Finally, we performed several sensitivity analyses to better understand the tuning parameters. This novel approach for 3D reservoir modelling is characterized by the percolation in complex networks. One of the keys is that the generated 3D reservoir models have an unbiased geological interpretation and have the capability to quickly downscale/upscale the 3D grid with tuning parameters.
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Risyad, M. "3D Natural Fracture Prediction Using Integrated Method of Structural Restoration and Geomechanical Forward Modelling: Case Study in South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-g-150.
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Naturally fractured reservoir has important role in oil and gas development in onshore South Sumatra Basin Indonesia. There are several fields in Indonesia have hydrocarbon (oil or gas) potential in this type of reservoir. One of the fields is Northeast Betara operated by PetroChina International Jabung Ltd. The Northeast Betara structure consists of a basement high with tertiary burial that has been inverted due to compressive stresses during Late Miocene – Pliocene. The company plans to develop Lower Talang Akar Formation (LTAF) conglomeratic sand reservoir of Northeast Betara field which is believed to be naturally fractured. Well-B was drilled targeting conglomerate and fractured basement reservoir in the field. Unfortunately, even the Well-B intersected more fractures, the hydrocarbon test result was under expectation compared to previous Well-A 5 Km away, which encountered similar reservoir but shows better production test. Due to productivity discrepancy, this study is conducted to answer this issue by predicting natural fracture distribution across the field. An integrated structural restoration and geomechanical forward modelling is carried out thoroughly in order to better target the next well intersecting productive fractures. Structural restoration with finite element method provides layer geometries from initial deposition to the present day enabling explicit coupling with Stress Simulation engine at each geological time. Forward modelling could then be achieved by applying strain boundary conditions at the base of the model using known differential vertical displacement from one geological time to the next and lateral strain at the vertical boundaries of the model. Geomechanical forward modelling (GFM) simulates the evolution of structures of a geomechanical model from deposition up to present day and captures the geomechanical details with geological time. The main result of the study is plastic shear strains across the field, which subsequently converted into fracture density with orientation and inclination and can delineate the location of productive fractures. The fracture planes are defined by orientation and inclination matched over >85% of the observed fractures in the wells. Simulation results suggest that most fractures in the location of Well-A in the field are critically stressed and therefore expected to have better hydrocarbon production potential. This paper showcases approach of advanced geomechanical technique to predict 3D natural fracture distribution using existing data. The result will be used as reference to determine further development strategy.
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Tsusaka, K., H. Montani, Y. G. I. Goyara, A. Mohamad-Hussein, and J. P. Joonnekindt. "An Advanced 3D Geomechanical Forward Modelling Technique to Predict Sub-Seismic Fault Distribution in a Giant Oilfield, Offshore Abu Dhabi." In International Geomechanics Conference. ARMA, 2024. https://doi.org/10.56952/igs-2024-0167.
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ABSTRACT: Understanding the distribution of natural fractures is important for reservoir modelling to reproduce production history and for drilling operation to optimize well trajectory and required mud weight. The present study sought to model spatial distribution of sub-seismic faults developed by sedimentation, updoming and regional tectonic activities experienced in a giant oilfield, offshore Abu Dhabi. The study applied finite element analysis to reproduce the present-day geological structure in the field. Paleo-formation surfaces were created by using 3D structural restoration. A 3D geomechanical forward modelling simulated the evolution of geological structure from the time of deposition to the present day through sequential sedimentation process. The numerical simulation results appropriately reproduced the seismic structure from the viewpoint of geometry of dome structure and thickness of each formation. The distribution of rock strain by the simulation showed good agreement with the location of the seismic faults. The orientation of the fractures estimated in the simulation also showed good agreement with that of the fractures interpreted by borehole wall image log. The 3D geomechanical numerical simulation presented in this study significantly contributes on predicting the areas in which the fractures are likely to develop in response to the evolution of geological structure. 1. INTRODUCTION In development of oil and gas reservoirs, understanding of the spatial distribution of natural fractures makes a significant contribution to reservoir modelling to reproduce hydrocarbon production history. Prediction of the fractured areas is also important to optimize well trajectory and required mud weight to avoid excessive mud loss or kick in drilling operation. Additionally, in carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) projects, the distribution of natural fracture network in the not only reservoir but also caprock is one of the key issues to prevent unexpected migration of CO2 injected and to ensure the containment. The extent and network pattern of faults in the subsurface is interpreted and mapped by 3D seismic reflection imagery. Although sub-seismic faults and fractures below the limit of seismic resolution are interpreted by borehole image log, it is not always straightforward to evaluate the spatial distribution between the boreholes.
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Suresh More, Varsha, S. C. Malviya, Sanjoy Mukherjee, and Deelip Singh. "Structural and Fracture Intensity Modelling, an Integrated Approach for Fracture Basement Characterization: A Case Study of Mumbai High Field, Western Offshore India." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216840-ms.
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Abstract Fractured Basement reservoir is unconventional in the context of reservoir nature and the process involved in its reservoir characterization. Hydrocarbon is established in Basement reservoir in sporadic manner in Mumbai High area of Western Offshore India. Basement in Mumbai High is found to be prospective near fault zones, at junctions of significant tectonic cross trends and fault bounded high. The present study carried reservoir characterization through Geo-Cellular Modelling (GCM) using seismic attribute, log data, well data and geological structural modelling. The present study has been carried out on LUMINA processed seismic data with an objective to model the Basement reservoir and possible play consolidation in Mumbai High area. The workflow adopted for this study includes structural modelling, Fracture attribute analysis, Discontinuity modelling and generation of Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) modelling. The properties derived from the well and seismic attribute studies is transformed to a geological model through GCM populated with Fracture Intensity as property for reservoir characterisation, which is further used to derive DFN. The accuracy of fracture characterization based on integrated model has been verified by drilling results of recent wells in the area, which are used in this case study. The case study demonstrates that the model built on integrated approach explain the distribution pattern of fractures in 3D space and helped in planning well path for successfully intersecting the fractures and establishing hydrocarbons. The paper comprise of illustration of three wells (WELL 11, 20 and 23) as case study which demonstrate fracture reservoir and also the analysis of Critically Stress Fracture (CSF). The Mohr diagrams illustrates the critically stressed fracture at virgin condition and also suggests that stimulation job can help in increasing open fractures. In few wells stimulation job was carried out which yielded positive results. By adopting this workflow we can characterise fault and structural setting of the study area along with fracture intensity for unconventional Basement reservoir. Further, this workflow can act as a tool for predictive fracture modelling.
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A. Froyland, L., A. Laksa, K. Strom, and J. Pajchel. "A 3D cellular, smooth boundary representation modelling system for geological structures." In 55th EAEG Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201411433.
Full textReports on the topic "3D Structural geological modelling"
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de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331097.
Full textAbstract:
Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.
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de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331871.
Full textAbstract:
Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.
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Schetselaar, E. 3D geological modelling. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296306.
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Sharpe, D. R., A. F. Bajc, A. K. Burt, C. Logan, R. P M Mulligan, H. A. J. Russell, and B. Todd. Developments in a surficial stratigraphic framework for 3D geological modelling. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/299800.
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Li, Z., K. M. Bethune, G. Chi, S. A. Bosman, and C D Card. Preliminary 3D modelling and structural interpretation of southeastern Athabasca Basin. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/292715.
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RIENÄCKER, Julia, Ronny LÄHNE, Wolfgang GOSSEL, and Peter WYCISK. Geological 3D model of Halle/Saale – complex fault-zone modelling (Germany). Cogeo@oeaw-giscience, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5242/iamg.2011.0118.
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Logan, C. E., M. J. Hinton, D. R. Sharpe, G. A. Oldenborger, H. A. J. Russell, and A. J. M. Pugin. Spiritwood Buried Valley 3D geological modelling - part of a multidisciplinary aquifer characterization workflow. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296444.
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Montsion, R., E. A. de Kemp, J. Lydon, P. Ransom, and J. Joseph. 3D stratigraphic, structural and metal zonation modelling of the Sullivan Mine, Kimberly, BC. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296341.
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Hillier, M. J., E. A. de Kemp, and E. M. Schetselaar. Implicit 3D modelling of geological surfaces with the generalized radial basis functions (GRBF) algorithm. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296342.
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Hillier, M. J., E. A. de Kemp, and E. M. Schetselaar. Implicit 3D modelling of geological surfaces with the Generalized Radial Basis Functions (GRBF) algorithm. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/301665.
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