Journal articles: '3D resonators'

1

Ding, Xukai, Jia JIA, Zhengcheng Qin, Zhihu Ruan, Liye Zhao, and Hongsheng Li. "A Lumped Mass Model for Circular Micro-Resonators in Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscopes." Micromachines 10, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060378.

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Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes (CVGs) with circular micro-resonators, such as hemispherical, ring, and disk resonators, exhibit excellent performances and have extraordinary potential. This paper discusses a generalized lumped mass model for both 3D and planar circular micro-resonators, establishing the relationship between the modal effective mass, the modal equivalent force, and the point displacement of the resonator. The point displacement description of a continuous circular resonator’s motion is defined from the view of capacitance measurement. The modal effective mass is, consequently, determined by the kinetic and the potential energy of the structure and is computed with numerical simulations. Moreover, the modal equivalent force, which can be theoretically calculated for any configuration of discrete electrodes, is deduced by using the concept of force density and the force distribution function. By utilizing the lumped mass model in this paper, the stiffness softening, the mode tuning, and the quadrature correction of the micro-resonators are investigated in detail. The theoretical model is verified by both the finite element method (FEM) and the experiments.

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Almuhlafi, Ali M., and Omar M. Ramahi. "A Highly Sensitive 3D Resonator Sensor for Fluid Measurement." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 17, 2023): 6453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146453.

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Planar sub-wavelength resonators have been used for sensing applications, but different types of resonators have different advantages and disadvantages. The split ring resonator (SRR) has a smaller sensing region and is suitable for microfluidic applications, but the sensitivity can be limited. Meanwhile, the complementary electric-LC resonator (CELCR) has a larger sensing region and higher sensitivity, but the topology cannot be easily designed to reduce the sensing region. In this work, we propose a new design that combines the advantages of both SRR and CELCR by incorporating metallic bars in a trapezoid-shaped resonator (TSR). The trapezoid shape allows for the sensing region to be reduced, while the metallic bars enhance the electric field in the sensing region, resulting in higher sensitivity. Numerical simulations were used to design and evaluate the sensor. For validation, the sensor was fabricated using PCB technology with aluminum bars and tested on dielectric fluids. The results showed that the proposed sensor provides appreciably enhanced sensitivity in comparison to earlier sensors.

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Awerkamp, Parker A., David Hill, Davin Fish, Kimi Wright, Brandt Bashaw, Gregory P. Nordin, and Ryan M. Camacho. "Self-Sustaining Water Microdroplet Resonators Using 3D-Printed Microfluidics." Micromachines 15, no. 4 (March 22, 2024): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15040423.

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Microdroplet resonators provide an excellent tool for optical studies of water, but water microdroplets are difficult to maintain outside a carefully controlled environment. We present a method for maintaining a water microdroplet resonator on a 3D-printed hydrophobic surface in an ambient environment. The droplet is maintained through a passive microfluidic system that supplies water to the droplet through a vertical channel at a rate equivalent to its evaporation. In this manner, we are able to create and passively maintain water microdroplet resonators with quality factors as high as 3×108.

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Plazinic, Ana, Milka Potrebic, Dejan Tosic, and Milan Plazinic. "Compact microwave triple-mode bandpass filter in planar technology." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 14, no. 2 (2017): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee170117003p.

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This paper introduces a novel microwave planar filter design using triple?mode resonator. In order to achieve the filter size reduction we use the multilayer technology. The structure consists of two dielectric layers separated by a common ground plane. The triple ? mode resonator consists of two dualmode resonators which are placed on different sides of dielectric layers. Electrical connection between the two resonators is realized by using a via-hole. We use the dual-mode resonator with the short circuited central stub. The filter is designed for the center frequency of 1 GHz. In order to reduce the simulation time for the filter design, we propose a new circuit model, because the circuitlevel simulations are significantly faster than three-dimensional electromagnetic (3D EM) simulations. The 3D filter structure is decomposed into domains and each of them is modeled by a microwave network. The results of the 3D EM simulation and circuit-level simulation are in good agreement.

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Chen, Wen, Linwei Zhang, Shangshu Yang, Wenhan Jia, Songsong Zhang, Yuandong Gu, Liang Lou, and Guoqiang Wu. "Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis and Characterization of Quasi-Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091118.

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In this work, three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEA) of quasi-surface acoustic wave (QSAW) resonators with high accuracy is reported. The QSAW resonators consist of simple molybdenum (Mo) interdigitated transducers (IDT) on solidly mounted stacked layers of AlN/Mo/Si. Different to the SAW resonators operating in the piezoelectric substrates, the reported resonators are operating in the QSAW mode, since the IDT-excited Rayleigh waves not only propagate in the thin piezoelectric layer of AlN, but also penetrate the Si substrate. Compared with the commonly used two-dimensional (2D) FEA approach, the 3D FEA method reported in this work shows high accuracy, in terms of the resonant frequency, temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF), effective coupling coefficient (keff2) and frequency response. The fabricated QSAW resonator has demonstrated a keff2 of 0.291%, series resonant frequency of 422.50 MHz, and TCF of −23.418 ppm/°C in the temperature range between 30 °C and 150 °C, for the design of wavelength at 10.4 μm. The measurement results agree well with the simulations. Moreover, the QSAW resonators are more mechanically robust than lamb wave devices and can be integrated with silicon-based film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) devices to offer multi-frequency function in a single chip.

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Udaondo, Carlos, Carlos Collado, and Jordi Mateu. "Quasi-3D Model for Lateral Resonances on Homogeneous BAW Resonators." Micromachines 14, no. 11 (October 25, 2023): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14111980.

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Lateral modes are responsible for the in-band spurious resonances that appear on BAW resonators, degrading the in-band filter response. In this work, a fast computational method based on the transmission line matrix (TLM) method is employed to model the lateral resonances of BAW resonators. Using the precomputed dispersion curves of Lamb waves and an equivalent characteristic impedance for the TE1 mode, a network of transmission lines is used to calculate the magnitude of field distributions on the electrodes. These characteristics are specific to the stack layer configuration. The model’s implementation is based on nodal Y matrices, from which particle displacement profiles are coupled to the electric domain via piezoelectric constitutive relations. Consequently, the input impedance of the resonator is obtained. The model exhibits strong agreement with FEM simulations of FBARs and SMRs, and with measurements of several SMRs. The proposed model can provide accurate predictions of resonator input impedance, which is around 200 times faster than conventional FEM.

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Gao, Weirui, Qian Zhang, Jie Sun, and Kai Guo. "A novel 3D-printed magnesium alloy phononic crystal with broadband bandgap." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 8 (February 28, 2023): 085103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0135770.

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This study proposes a novel approach to designing and fabricating a phononic crystal with embedded high-density resonators from 3D-printed magnesium alloy. The band structure and vibration suppression characteristics of the proposed structure are investigated using theoretical calculations and finite-element analysis. The bandgaps of the proposed phononic crystal are tuned using their superior structural design by changing the resonators. The effects of resonator mass on vibration suppression performance are also studied. The bandgap position and bandwidth are adjusted by changing the geometric parameters, broadening the application range. In addition, experiments are conducted to verify the bandgap accuracy. This study provides a new idea for constructing a 3D-printed magnesium alloy phononic crystal.

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Zeissler, Katharina. "3D-printed nanoscale resonators." Nature Electronics 4, no. 11 (November 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00678-7.

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Costa Baptista, Josué, Roland Fotsing, Jacky Mardjono, Daniel Therriault, and Annie Ross. "Acoustic modelling of 3D-printed hybrid materials: a preliminary study." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 266, no. 2 (May 25, 2023): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc_2023_0018.

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Analytical and finite element (FE) models are developed to predict the sound absorption coefficient of hybrid materials obtained through assembly of folded quarter-length resonators and periodic porous material. The analytical model uses the sum of the acoustic admittances. The acoustic admittance of resonators is simulated with Stinson's model. Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) model and transfer matrix method (TMM) are used to calculate the acoustic admittance of 1, 2 and 4-layers of porous materials with different geometric parameters. The FE model is implemented using the COMSOL Multiphysics. The helical tubes are simulated using the visco-thermal acoustic module while the porous layers are simulated with JCAL poro-acoustic module. 30-mm thick samples of hybrid materials are produced via additive manufacturing (AM). Normal incident sound absorption coefficient of the hybrid materials is measured using an impedance tube. The experimental and simulated sound absorption coefficients are compared. The impact of the structure parameters (resonator diameter and length as well as number of porous layers) on the sound absorption is assessed. The hybrid materials present low frequency and broadband sound absorption. Higher broadband sound absorption is obtained with 4-layers of porous material. Low frequency absorption ( 1000 Hz) is achieved with long folded resonators (L 100 mm).

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Velasco, Jaime, Ignacio Parellada-Serrano, and Carlos Molero. "Fully Metallic Reflectarray for the Ku-Band Based on a 3D Architecture." Electronics 10, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 2648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212648.

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This document presents the design and manufacture of a reflectarray (RA) antenna for the Ku-band that is based on a fully-metallic 3D architecture. The reflectarray unit cell is formed by a square-shaped waveguide section ending in a short circuit, which is the reflectarray back ground plane. Each cell has the ability of configuring the phase of its own reflected field by means of resonators perforated on the walls of the cell waveguide section. The resonator-based waveguide cell introduces the 3D character to the design. The geometry of the resonators and the size variation introduces the phase behavior of each cell, thus, conforming the radiation pattern of the reflectarray. This design explores the potential of phase value truncation (six states and two states) and demonstrates that proper pattern results can be obtained with this phase truncation.

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Crnojevic-Bengin, Vesna, and Djuradj Budimir. "Novel 3D Hilbert microstrip resonators." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 46, no. 3 (2005): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.20943.

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12

Hu, Baofa, Zhiwei Li, Yuanjie Wan, Peng Zhou, Chunquan Zhang, and Haisheng San. "3D Printed Pressure Sensor Based on Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator." Measurement Science Review 21, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2021-0011.

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Abstract This paper reports a 3-dimentional (3D) pressure sensor based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. The SAW resonators were designed and fabricated on 128°Y-X LiNbO3 substrate using the MEMS technology. The pressure sensing structure was 3D-printed using polyactic acid plastic, and two SAW resonators were integrated in the 3D-printed chamber structure for both temperature and pressure sensing. The SAW-based gas pressure sensors demonstrate a sensitivity of 589 ppm/MPa at the pressure range of 100-600 kPa and temperature of 40 °C.

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MILJANOVIĆ, DEJAN M., MILKA M. POTREBIĆ, DEJAN V. TOŠIĆ, and ZORAN STAMENKOVIĆ. "DESIGN OF MINIATURIZED BANDPASS FILTERS USING QUASI-LUMPED MULTILAYER RESONATORS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 06 (May 14, 2014): 1450083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500832.

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A novel design procedure for a compact multilayer bandpass filter is proposed and examined. The filter is realized using quasi-lumped multilayer resonators. Based on the orientation of these coupled-resonator pairs, a second-order bandpass filter is realized with transmission zeros. In order to achieve a low external quality factor, i.e., a wider filter bandwidth, different types of feeder realization are considered. The design methodology with all relevant steps is presented and the equivalent-circuit of the resonator is also derived and verified. The filter design is simulated using a 3D electromagnetic model and validated by measurements on the fabricated filter. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.

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Frezza, Fabrizio, Lara Pajewski, Emanuele Piuzzi, Cristina Ponti, and Giuseppe Schettini. "Radiation-Enhancement Properties of an X-Band Woodpile EBG and Its Application to a Planar Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/729187.

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A woodpile Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) material has been designed, by using an in-house code that implements the Fourier Modal Method (FMM). A couple of alumina-woodpile samples have been fabricated. Several results have been collected for the transmission behaviour of the woodpile and of resonators with woodpile mirrors, in a shielded anechoic chamber, by using a vector network analyzer, in the 8–12 GHz range. These new experimental data highlight interesting properties of 3D EBG resonators and suggest possible innovative applications. Comparisons of the collected results with FMM show a satisfactory agreement. An application of the EBG resonator has been considered, for gain enhancement of a microstrip antenna: an increase of about 10 dB in the broadside gain has been measured; experimental data and numerical results obtained with the commercial software HFSS show a good agreement. A comparison is presented between EBG resonator antennas and two-dimensional uniform arrays. Finally, HFSS results are provided for EBG resonator antennas working at higher frequencies or with a more selective superstrate: a gain enhancement of more than 18 dB is achieved by such antennas.

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ARISTARKHOV, G. M., I. N. KIRILLOV, V. V. KUVSHINOV, and A. V. MARKOVSKIY. "SELECTIVE PROPERTIES OF TWO-RESONATOR STRUCTURES AND HIGHLY SELECTIVE FILTERS BASED ON THEM." T-Comm 17, no. 8 (2023): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2023-17-8-21-29.

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An increase in the frequency selectivity of microstrip filters is traditionally achieved by forming transient response zeros at final frequencies. In this case, the specified requirements for the selectivity of filters are provided with a smaller number of resonators, and, consequently, lower loss es in the passband are achieved in more compact structures. Thus, the effectiveness of this approach to the synthesis of microstrip filters is determined by the number of transient response zeros that can potentially be formed in various structures. One way to form damping transient response zeros is to introduce additional cross-couplings between non-adjacent resonators. However, when synthesizing highly selective filters based on such widely used N-resonator structures, a limited number of transient response zeros equal to N-2 is formed. At the same time, two-resonator structures are known in which a much larger number of transient response zeros is formed, which is several times greater than the number of resonators in them. However, each of these structures has its own specific frequency-selective properties, which limits the scope of their wide application as universal links. The aim of this work is the synthesis of highly selective two-cavity structures with various types of frequency characteristics, which expands the scope of such structures. The frequency properties of microstrip two-resonator structures of a new type, which have broad functionality and increased frequency selectivity, are studied. It is shown that in multistage structures on two half-wave hairpin resonators, under certain conditions, a significant number of transient response zeros is formed, which is two to three times greater than the number of resonators in the filter, and parasitic transmission bands also degenerate. Depending on the ratio of the coefficients of electromagnetic interaction in different sections of the length of the coupled resonators, they acquire the properties of both single-band and multi-band bandpass filters, as well as low-pass filters. The noted features predetermine the possibility of wide application of these structures as both independent compact filters and basic units as part of higher-order filters with a significantly limited number of resonators. The results of electrodynamic 3D modeling and experimental studies of the proposed structures are presented, which are in good agreement.

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Dogra, Sourabh, and Arpan Gupta. "Design, Manufacturing, and Acoustical Analysis of a Helmholtz Resonator-Based Metamaterial Plate." Acoustics 3, no. 4 (October 16, 2021): 630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics3040040.

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Acoustic metamaterials are materials artificially engineered to control sound waves, which is not possible with conventional materials. We have proposed a design of an acoustic metamaterial plate with inbuilt Helmholtz resonators. The plate is made of Polylactic acid (PLA) which is fabricated using an additive manufacturing technique. It consists of Helmholtz resonator-shaped cavities of different sizes. In this paper, we have analyzed the acoustic properties of the Helmholtz resonators-based metamaterial plate experimentally as well as numerically. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical results. These types of 3D-printed metamaterial plates can find their application where high sound transmission loss is required to create a quieter ambience. There is an additional advantage of being lightweight because of the Helmholtz resonator-shaped cavities built inside the plate. Thus, these types of metamaterial plates can find their application in the design sector requiring lighter materials with high sound transmission loss.

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Awerkamp, Parker A., Davin Fish, Madison King, David Hill, Gregory P. Nordin, and Ryan M. Camacho. "3D printed mounts for microdroplet resonators." Optics Express 30, no. 2 (January 5, 2022): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.447776.

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Vidana Morales, Ruth Yadira, Susana Ortega Cisneros, Jose Rodrigo Camacho Perez, Federico Sandoval Ibarra, and Ricardo Casas Carrillo. "3D Simulation-Based Acoustic Wave Resonator Analysis and Validation Using Novel Finite Element Method Software." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082715.

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This work illustrates the analysis of Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators (FBAR) using 3D Finite Element (FEM) simulations with the software OnScale in order to predict and improve resonator performance and quality before manufacturing. This kind of analysis minimizes manufacturing cycles by reducing design time with 3D simulations running on High-Performance Computing (HPC) cloud services. It also enables the identification of manufacturing effects on device performance. The simulation results are compared and validated with a manufactured FBAR device, previously reported, to further highlight the usefulness and advantages of the 3D simulations-based design process. In the 3D simulation results, some analysis challenges, like boundary condition definitions, mesh tuning, loss source tracing, and device quality estimations, were studied. Hence, it is possible to highlight that modern FEM solvers, like OnScale enable unprecedented FBAR analysis and design optimization.

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Goryacheva, Natalia G., Mariana V. Prosviryakova, Galina V. Novikova, Vladimir F. Storchevoy, and Alexander V. Storchevoy. "Technological process scheme of the three-stage microwave convection hop drying." BIO Web of Conferences 66 (2023): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236608001.

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At a temperature of 110 ° C, the concentration of alpha-acid reaches 67.5%, beta-acid - 59%, which reduces the consumer properties of hops. The aim of the study is to develop a microwave convective hop dry-er, which provides a process flow rate of less than 0.5 to equalize the mois-ture content of hops in the structure during transportation through a toroi-dal resonator. We used the programs CST Microwave Studio 2018, Com-pass 3D V20. The hop dryer contains two truncated conical and toroidal resonators. In the central cylinder of the toroidal resonator there is no EMPSWH, here the moisture in the hop cones is equalized. In the capacitor part of the resonator, the electric field strength is sufficient to reduce the bacterial contamination of hops. A dielectric grid electric drive conveyor and a perforated ceramic trough are laid along all resonators. The techno-logical scheme of the process provides for determining the amount of evaporated moisture from each resonator, air flow, and the required power of heat guns. The electrical circuit provides control of three magnetrons and a conveyor. The expected specific heat consumption is 3.54 MJ/kg. The total air consumption is 300 m3/h, with a hop dryer capacity of 100 kg/h.

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Baran, Błażej, Krystian Machaj, Ziemowit Malecha, and Krzysztof Tomczuk. "Numerical Study of Baroclinic Acoustic Streaming Phenomenon for Various Flow Parameters." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030854.

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The article presents a numerical study of the large-amplitude, acoustically-driven streaming flow for different frequencies of the acoustic wave and different temperature gradients between hot and cold surfaces. The geometries studied were mainly two-dimensional rectangular resonators of different lengths, but also one three-dimensional rectangular resonator and one long and narrow channel, representative of a typical U-shaped resistance thermometer. The applied numerical model was based on the Navier–Stokes compressible equations, the ideal gas model, and finite volume discretization. The oscillating wall of the considered geometries was modeled as a dynamically moving boundary of the numerical mesh. The length of the resonators was adjusted to one period of the acoustic wave. The research confirmed that baroclinic acoustic streaming flow was largely independent of frequency, and its intensity increased with the temperature gradient between the hot and cold surface. Interestingly, a slight maximum was observed for some oscillation frequencies. In the case of the long and narrow channel, acoustic streaming manifested itself as a long row of counter-rotating vortices that varied slightly along the channel. 3D calculations showed that a three-dimensional pair of streaming vortices had formed in the resonator. Examination of the flow in selected cross-sections showed that the intensity of streaming gradually decreased as it approached the side walls of the resonator creating a quasi-parabolic profile. The future development of the research will focus on fully 3D calculations and precise identification of the influence of the bounding walls on the streaming flow.

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Carriere, P. R., P. Frigola, R. Agustsson, M. H. Chou, A. N. Cleland, T. Horn, M. Kelly, S. V. Kutsaev, R. Povey, and A. Y. Smirnov. "First cryogenic test results of 3D-printed resonators for quantum bits." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1241, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1241/1/012046.

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Abstract Quantum computers (QC) have the potential to efficiently solve problems currently unfeasible on even the fastest generation of classical computers. The building block of a QC is a quantum bit (qubit). Encoding and reading qubit states coupled via high-Q resonant cavity modes is a solution to maintaining qubit states; however there is a need for simple, scalable and robust fabrication techniques capable of realizing high density cavity arrays. RadiaBeam is developing a novel approach utilizing metal additive manufacturing(AM) using both laser and electron beam powder bed fusion. Using a 6GHz quarter wave resonator (QWR), we fabricated several niobium and titanium alloy QWR cavities and characterized their superconducting RF performance. In this letter, we provide the details of the first 3D-printed qubit cavities design and fabrication, and compare their Q-factors, measured at dilution fridge temperatures, against the machined Nb resonators.

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Almuhlafi, Ali M., Mohammed S. Alshaykh, Mansour Alajmi, Bassam Alshammari, and Omar M. Ramahi. "A Microwave Differential Dielectric Sensor Based on Mode Splitting of Coupled Resonators." Sensors 24, no. 3 (February 5, 2024): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24031020.

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This study explores the viability of using the avoided mode crossing phenomenon in the microwave regime to design microwave differential sensors. While the design concept can be applied to any type of planar electrically small resonators, here, it is implemented on split-ring resonators (SRRs). We use two coupled synchronous SRRs loaded onto a two-port microstrip line system to demonstrate the avoided mode crossing by varying the distance between the split of the resonators to control the coupling strength. As the coupling becomes stronger, the split in the resonance frequencies of the system increases. Alternatively, by controlling the strength of the coupling by materials under test (MUTs), we utilize the system as a microwave differential sensor. First, the avoided mode crossing is theoretically investigated using the classical microwave coupled resonator techniques. Then, the system is designed and simulated using a 3D full-wave numerical simulation. To validate the concept, a two-port microstrip line, which is magnetically coupled to two synchronous SRRs, is utilized as a sensor, where the inter-resonator coupling is chosen to be electric coupling controlled by the dielectric constant of MUTs. For the experimental validation, the sensor was fabricated using printed circuit board technology. Two solid slabs with dielectric constants of 2.33 and 9.2 were employed to demonstrate the potential of the system as a novel differential microwave sensor.

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Liu, Shoubin, Jingxuan Ma, Xianfeng Yang, Yuxin Sun, Jialing Yang, and Xin Wang. "Theoretical 3D Model of Thermoelastic Damping in Laminated Rectangular Plate Resonators." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 12 (November 9, 2018): 1850158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418501584.

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Thermoelastic damping (TED) can lead to energy loss in microscale resonators, which is an intrinsic mechanism. To minimize the energy loss, it is required to determine the TED of resonators. Laminated plate resonators are commonly used in practice. However, existing researches on TED of the laminated resonators use mainly the one-dimensional (1D) heat conduction model, as the 3D governing equation is complicated, which cannot show the influences of boundary conditions along the supporting edges. In this paper, the governing equation of thermoelastic problems with 3D heat conduction was established for the out-of-plane vibration of the laminated rectangular plate. The analytical expression of the TED was derived using its physical meaning, namely, the ratio of the energy dissipated to the total elastic strain energy stored per cycle of vibration. It was found that the size and shape of the plate affect crucially the TED. The values of TED for higher-order vibration modes were also evaluated. Most importantly, the influences of supporting conditions and heat conduction conditions along the four edges were studied, which is the first report for laminated plates. The present approach can provide guidance for the design of high-quality bilayered resonators.

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Sinulingga, Emerson Pascawira, and Abdul Risyal Nasution. "Compact 3D monolithic microwave integrated circuit bandpass filter based on meander resonator for 5G millimeter-wave." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i1.pp157-165.

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Bandpass filters for millimeter-wave band applications are typically designed using resonators. However, the design of a multilayer coplanar waveguide (CPW) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) bandpass filter for 5G millimeter-wave band, n257 with operating frequencies from 26.5 to 29.5 GHz is still not available. Therefore, in this work, a compact bandpass filter for 5G millimeter-wave application was designed with multilayer CPW MMIC bandpass filter based on a meander resonator. The meander resonator of the bandpass filter was designed using low-loss multilayer CPW lines. In designing the bandpass filter, the resonator length and perturbation was utilized to optimize the resonance and bandwidth, and meander resonator was used to miniaturize the bandpass filter. As result, a compact bandpass filter with size of 0.75×0.75 mm<sup>2</sup> for 5G millimeter-wave band n257 was achieved. It has bandwidth of 3 GHz, an insertion loss of -2.87 dB and a return loss of -11.1 dB at frequency 28 GHz.

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Dhakal, Pashupati. "Superconducting Radio Frequency Resonators for Quantum Computing: A Short Review." Journal of Nepal Physical Society 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v7i3.42179.

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Superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) technology is being used not only in discovery science programs and basic research but also for several applications that benefit society more directly. The advantage of superconducting resonators over those made of normal-conducting metal is their ability to store electromagnetic energy with much lower dissipation. The high-quality factor and longer dissipation time provided by these superconducting resonators can deliver superior performance. Currently, the quantum processing architecture uses resonators and interconnecting circuits operating in the microwave regime with superconducting strip-line technology and low noise electronic devices for switching and communication. The performance of these devices can be enhanced by embedding them in 3D SRF cavity resonators to prolong the coherence time, which improves the utility of the device by reducing error rates and allowing more manipulations (calculations) before the quantum state decays. Here, we present a short review of current microwave technology used in quantum computers and progress towards the 3D resonators to enhance thecoherence time.

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Cingolani, Matteo, Gioia Fusaro, and Massimo Garai. "The influence of thermo-hygrometric conditions on metamaterials' acoustic performance: an investigation on a 3D printed coiled-up resonator." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 4 (February 1, 2023): 3045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0428.

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In the last decades, coiled-up resonators have become popular within the metamaterial research community for narrow band, low frequency resonances combined to subwavelength thickness. Such structures are particularly suited to one of the most widespread manufacturing processes, i.e. PET-based 3D printing. Acoustic performance of coiled-up resonators depends on the geometrical parameters' variation, which is influenced by thermo-hygrometric conditions; however, the deformation itself needs to be further investigated. For this reason, the present paper evaluates the correlation between temperature, relative humidity, and the geometrical parameters' (spiral length and hole diameter) deformations and, consequently, the acoustic performance of a 3D printed coiled-up resonator. A combined approach through analytical, numerical, and experimental measurements quantified the frequency shift of the resonance peaks (within 300 Hz - 5000 Hz) in terms of sound absorption coefficient increasing the temperature (T=10-50° C), and the relative humidity (RH=20-80 %) of the samples. Relative humidity variations turned neglectable discrepancies on sound absorption's peaks. On the other hand, the increase in temperature caused a frequency peaks' shift following an exponential trend: this behavior is straight related to the exponential relationship between the temperature and specific volume function of polyethylene resins.

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Le, Trung-Thanh, and Laurence W. Cahill. "The Design of 4×4 Multimode Interference Coupler Based Microring Resonators on an SOI Platform." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 4 (June 27, 2023): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2010.4.1117.

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This paper would like to propose a novel microring resonator based on 4×4 multimode interference (MMI) couplers. The device acts as two separate microring resonators just in one structure. The transfer matrix method and the three dimensional beam propagation method (3D-BPM) are used to verify the working principle of the device. The device is then designed on silicon on insulator (SOI) technology. This device may be a very promising building block for optical switches, filters, add-drop multiplexers, delay lines and modulators.

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Le, Trung-Thanh, and Laurence W. Cahill. "The Design of 4×4 Multimode Interference Coupler Based Microring Resonators on an SOI Platform." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 2 (June 26, 2023): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2009.2.928.

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This paper would like to propose a novel microring resonator based on 4 ×4 multimode interference (MMI) couplers. The device acts as two separate microring resonators just in one structure. The transfer matrix method and the three dimensional beam propagation method (3D-BPM) are used to verify the working principle of the device. The device is then designed on silicon on insulator (SOI) technology. This device may be a very promising building block for optical switches, filters, add-drop multiplexers, delay lines and modulators.

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Herter, Jonas, Valentin Wunderlich, Christian Janeczka, and Vanessa Zamora. "Experimental Demonstration of Temperature Sensing with Packaged Glass Bottle Microresonators." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 4321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124321.

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Whispering gallery mode (WGM) glass bottle microresonators are potential highly sensitive structures for a variety of physical and bio-chemical sensing applications. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the practical use of glass bottle resonators as temperature sensors. The basic parameters, such as WGM resonance wavelengths, free spectral ranges, and Q factors, have been investigated by coupling light from a tapered fiber to the bottle structure. We show the spectral characteristics of the WGMs by choosing different bottle dimensions and taper diameters. For practical measurements, a robust 3D-printed package that includes the bottle resonator and the tapered fiber has been proposed. The packaged bottle has a central diameter Dc = 207 µm and a length L = 300 µm. Temperature sensing experiments were also performed. A linear response of the WGM shifts as a function of the temperature is confirmed. The fitted experimental data indicate a temperature sensitivity of 10.5 pm/K at λ ~ 1550 nm, resulting in a limit of detection of 0.06 K. These values can be compared with values reported for other WGM resonators. Additionally, bottle resonators are made with simple splicing methods and their assembly method can be easily defined due to large coupling tolerances.

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Ranji, Ahmad Rahbar, Vijayakanthan Damodaran, Kevin Li, Zilang Chen, Shahpour Alirezaee, and Mohammed Jalal Ahamed. "Recent Advances in MEMS-Based 3D Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscope (HRG)—A Sensor of Choice." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101676.

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Macro-scale, hemispherical-shaped resonating gyroscopes are used in high-precision motion and navigation applications. In these gyroscopes, a 3D wine-glass, hemispherical-shaped resonating structure is used as the main sensing element. Motivated by the success of macroscale hemispherical shape gyroscopes, many microscale hemispherical-shaped resonators have been produced due to the rapid advancement in semiconductor-based microfabrication technologies. The dynamic performance of hemispherical resonators depends on the degree of symmetry, uniformity of thickness, and surface smoothness, which, in turn, depend on the type of materials and fabrication methods. The main aim of this review paper is to summarize the materials, characterization and fabrication methods reported in the literature for the fabrication of microscale hemispherical resonator gyroscopes (µHRGs). The theory behind the development of HRGs is described and advancements in the fabrication of microscale HRGs through various semiconductor-based fabrication techniques are outlined. The integration of electrodes with the hemispherical structure for electrical transduction using other materials and fabrication methods is also presented. A comparison of different materials and methods of fabrication from the point of view of device characteristics and dynamic performance is discussed. This review can help researchers in their future research and engineers to select the materials and methods for µHRG development.

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Heshmati, Sajjad, and Abolfazl Rahmani. "Comparison of Resonance Modes in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Microsphere Structures." Journal of Sensors 2024 (January 10, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6642397.

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In this article, we have investigated the performance of a resonator in 2D, in an asymmetric form using the physical method and using the Matlab software, we have analyzed it in 3D. According to the simulation results, in asymmetric 2D and 3D structures, whispering gallery modes, or resonances appeared at similar wavelengths for the same radial and polar mode number. Also, the results obtained from the simulations indicated that the resonances of the asymmetric 2D structure would occur at wavelengths close to the wavelengths of 3D structure and the resonance wavelengths for transverse electric (TE) and while transverse magnetic (TM) modes would not change by altering the lateral mode number. Accordingly, 2D structures can be used to obtain resonance wavelengths in microsphere resonators. Achieving results with high accuracy, as well as faster speed offered by smaller meshing volume is one of the advantages of 2D structures in the physical method.

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Dutta, Bimal Raj, Binod Kumar Kanaujia, and Chhaya Dalela. "3D FSS with multiple transmission zeros and pseudo elliptic response." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1292.

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The three-dimensional frequency selective surface (3D FSS) with band reject multiple transmission zeros and pseudo-elliptic response is designed from two-dimensional (2D) periodic array of shielded micro strip lines to realize wide out-of–band radio wave rejection. The 3D FSS array consists of multimode cavities whose coupling with air can be controlled to obtain a desired frequency range. The proposed FSS with shorting via to ground exhibits pseudo-elliptic band-reject response in the frequency range from 6GHz to 14GHz. As the plane wave of linear polarization incidents perpendicularly to the shielded micro strip line with perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary walls, two quasi-TEM modes are obtained known as air mode and substrate mode. The first 3D FSS design is a combination of two or more resonators. Furthermore, second 3D FSS design with three shorting vias result more elliptic band reject frequency response and a pass band transmission pole. All in phase resonators of design give transmission poles and out of phase combination of resonators give transmission zeros respectively. The proposed 3D FSS is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS software. These designs exhibit an improved performance for many practical applications such as antenna sub-reflector, and spatial filters.

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Juros, Klara, and Aleksander Kras. "Connections between unit cells in locally resonant metamaterials and their impact on the effectiveness of noise mitigation by its base structure." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011028.

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Locally resonant metamaterials (LRS) for sound and vibration mitigation have been a widely investigated topic in the field of acoustic in recent years. Many articles and projects describe fundamental problems of LRS design, numerical simulation, and laboratory measurements. However, there is a noticeable knowledge gap between laboratory prototypes and the mass production (development for a wide-scale implementation) of metamaterials structures. In general, the LRS prototypes require specific boundary conditions, for example, equal spacing between the individual resonators and separate attachment of each resonator to its base. These conditions allow for many simplifications in calculations. At the same time, these boundary conditions create a problem when it comes to the mass production of the LRS structures. Creating a connection between adjacent resonators would allow easier postprocessing of structures ex. attaching the structure to the base and keeping specified distances between resonators. This project investigates the possibilities of creating connections between adjacent unit cells and their influence on the simulation and measurement results. The effect on the simulated band gaps and sound transmission loss is investigated at the stage of numerical simulations. The prototypes of structures are 3D printed and tested. The laboratory measurement results are compared with simulations and further discussed.

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Pisarev, Pavel, and Karina Akhunzianova. "Numerical and Experimental Studies of Acoustic Processes in Model Channels for the Development of Wideband Single-Layer Sound-Absorbing Structures." E3S Web of Conferences 446 (2023): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344601008.

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In this paper, the results of numerical and experimental studies of the acoustic efficiency of a group of prismatic resonators of different volumes at an acoustic pressure level of 130 dB were presented. The prototype was developed, and representative samples of fragments of different-height sound-absorbing structures were manufactured by 3D-printing. Laboratory tests of the samples were carried out on the interferometer with normal incidence of sound waves. The acoustic efficiency of the developed sound-absorbing structures was experimentally confirmed. The different-height sound-absorbing structures allow to extend the broadband of the prismatic resonator group.

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Govorun, I. V., B. A. Belyaev, Ya B. Zav’yalov, T. Y. Shumilov, A. O. Afonin, A. V. Ugryumov, and R. G. Galeev. "10 GHz MONOLITHIC FILTER BASED ON STRIPLINE RESONATORS WITH SPLIT CONDUCTOR." Доклады Российской академии наук. Физика, технические науки 513, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s268674002306007x.

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The monolithic design of the compact bandpass filter X-band is made on technology of multilayered printed circuit boards. A quarter-wave stripline resonators of the filter have two conductors divided by the layer prepreg having low parameters which is bonding together a design. This eliminates influence of prepreg on the characteristics of the devices, ensuring good repeatability of filters in mass production. For increase the high-frequency stopband of filter, one of the conductors of each resonator is cut in half by a transverse slit. The constructive sizes of the device were obtained by parametric synthesis using the electrodynamic analysis of its 3D model. The experimental data of five-order filter are in good agreement with the electromagnetic simulation of filters 3D model. An experimental device has a central frequency of the passband of 10 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 5.7%, its dimensions and weight are 18.0 × 5.4 × 2.1 mm and 0.5 g. The important advantage of the developed design is the possibility of its installation on the board using the surface mounting method.

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Qian, Yicong, Yao Shuai, Chuangui Wu, Wenbo Luo, Xinqiang Pan, and Wanli Zhang. "Designed Structures of Interdigital Electrodes for Thin Film SAW Devices." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (October 14, 2023): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101929.

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This paper studied the impact of the microstructure of interdigital electrodes on the performance of surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators and proposed an innovative piston, dummy finger and tilt (PDT) structure, which was then applied to the GLONASS L3 band filters. Through the adoption of 3D finite element simulation (FEM), photolithography, and testing on an incredible high-performance surface acoustic wave (I.H.P. SAW) substrate, it is concluded that the total aperture length is 20T (T is period), resulting in a more optimal resonator performance; changing the width and length of the piston can suppress transverse modes spurious, but it does not enhance impedance ratio; to further improve the quality of the SAW resonator, the proposed PDT structure has been experimentally proven to not only effectively suppress transverse modes spurious but also possess a high impedance ratio. By utilizing a PDT structure within a “T + π” topology circuit, we successfully designed and manufactured a GLONASS L3 band filter with a bandwidth of 8 MHz and an insertion loss of 3.73 dB. The design of these resonators and filters can be applied to the construction of SAW filters in similar frequency bands such as BeiDou B2 band or GPS L2/L5 band.

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Dai, Steve. "Localized Temperature Stability in Multilayer LTCC." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.303.

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Low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) is a multilayer 3D packaging, interconnection, and integration technology. One of the advantages of LTCC is the ability it affords to integrate passive components via the cofiring processes. For LTCC modules with embedded resonator functions targeting high frequency applications, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) is a critical parameter. The base dielectrics of commercial LTCC systems have a τf in the range of −50 ppm/°C to −80 ppm/°C. This study explores a method to achieve zero or near zero τf embedded resonators by incorporating τf compensating materials locally into a multilayer LTCC structure. Chemical interactions and physical compatibility between the τf modifiers and the host LTCC dielectrics are investigated. A stripline (SL) ring resonator with near zero τf is demonstrated in a nonzero τf commercial LTCC.

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Dai, Steve. "Localized Temperature Stability in A Multilayer LTCC Package." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-wa3-paper3.

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Low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) is a multilayer 3D packaging, interconnection, and integration technology. One of the advantages of LTCC is the ability it affords to integrate passive components via the cofiring processes. For LTCC modules with embedded resonator functions targeting high frequency applications, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) is a critical parameter. The base dielectrics of commercial LTCC systems have a τf in the range −50 ∼ −80 ppm/°C. This study explores a method to achieve zero or near zero τf embedded resonators by incorporating τf compensating materials locally into a multilayer LTCC structure. Chemical interactions and physical compatibility between the τf modifiers and the host LTCC dielectrics are investigated. A stripline (SL) ring resonator with near zero τf is demonstrated in a non-zero τf commercial LTCC.

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Miljanović, Dejan, Milka Potrebić, and Dejan V. Tošić. "Design of Microwave Multibandpass Filters with Quasilumped Resonators." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/647302.

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Design of RF and microwave filters has always been the challenging engineering field. Modern filter design techniques involve the use of the three-dimensional electromagnetic (3D EM) solvers for predicting filter behavior, yielding the most accurate filter characteristics. However, the 3D EM simulations are time consuming. In this paper, we propose electric-circuit models, instead of 3D EM models, suitable for design of RF and microwave filters with quasilumped coupled resonators. Using the diakoptic approach, the 3D filter structure is decomposed into domains that are modeled by electric networks. The coupling between these domains is modeled by capacitors and coupled inductors. Furthermore, we relate the circuit-element values to the physical dimensions of the 3D filter structure. We propose the filter design procedure that is based on the circuit models and fast circuit-level simulations, yielding the element values from which the physical dimensions can be obtained. The obtained dimensions should be slightly refined for achieving the desired filter characteristics. The mathematical problems encountered in the procedure are solved by numerical and symbolic computations. The procedure is exemplified by designing a triple-bandpass filter and validated by measurements on the fabricated filter. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.

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Tasolamprou, Anna C., Despoina Mentzaki, Zacharias Viskadourakis, Eleftherios N. Economou, Maria Kafesaki, and George Kenanakis. "Flexible 3D Printed Conductive Metamaterial Units for Electromagnetic Applications in Microwaves." Materials 13, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 3879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173879.

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In this work we present a method for fabricating three dimensional, ultralight and flexible millimeter metamaterial units using a commercial household 3D printer. The method is low-cost, fast, eco-friendly and accessible. In particular, we use the Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing technique and we fabricate flexible conductive Spilt Ring Resonators (SRRs) in a free-standing form. We characterized the samples experimentally through measurements of their spectral transmission, using standard rectangular microwave waveguides. Our findings show that the resonators produce well defined resonant electromagnetic features that depend on the structural details and the infiltrating dielectric materials, indicating that the thin, flexible and light 3D printed structures may be used as electromagnetic microwave components and electromagnetic fabrics for coating a variety of devices and infrastructure units, while adapting to different shapes and sizes.

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Khosravi, Farhad, Cristian L. Cortes, and Zubin Jacob. "Spin photonics in 3D whispering gallery mode resonators." Optics Express 27, no. 11 (May 20, 2019): 15846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.015846.

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Pałczyński, Tomasz, and K. Kantyka. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Pipeline with Resonator." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2019-0003.

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Abstract This article presents the current state of the art regarding the use resonators in straight pipes. There is considerable need to control and reduce pressure pulsation in pipelines supplied with pulsating flows. The use of a Helmholz resonator introduces an additional degree of freedom to the analysed dynamic system. Building on previous experimental investigations by the authors, which identified the nonlinear properties of straight pipes supplied with pulsating flows, this study describes an experimental test rig, measurement methods and mechanical analogies for one (1DOF) and two (2DOF) degrees of freedom. The results are presented in the form of a 3D map of amplitude-frequency characteristics, as a function of the resonator volume determined by piston height. The dynamic properties of the described system are presented as amplitude-phase characteristics, based on a comparison of the numerical and experimental results.

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Nikulina, A. V., and T. A. Kuchmenko. "Sorption properties of modifiers of piezoquartz resonators based on 3d-elements." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-2-268-272.

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Transition metals are complexing substances, that is why being incorporated into the sensor modifiers, they can improve detection discrimination. The method of piezoelectric microweighting was used to study the sorption characteristics of the films based on partially soluble phosphates of 3d-elements (manganese (II), iron (II and III), nickel, copper, zinc, chromium) and coatings bearing partially soluble ferrous salts (hydrated oxide, fluoride, carbonate, sulfide, phosphate). The salts were created immediately prior to analysis, with bee glue as a filming agent. The method of immersion sensors in suspension of the filming agent and partially soluble salt, that was kept homogeneous by ultrasonic bath, was recognized the best way of film formation. Sorption characteristics of the composed coatings of piezoelectric resonator were estimated by the area under sorption kinetic curve and by peak value of sensor oscillation frequency drop during analysis of equilibrium gaseous form received over pure substances (water, phenol, isopropanol, isobutanol, acetous acid, chloroform, benzene, toluene, acetone, ethyl acetate, ammonia, diethyl amine, triethylamine, tert-butylamine, benzylamine). It was possible to determine the identifying variables Aij, minimax values of those allow to detect individual substances in the mixed vapour. Modifier application of piezoelectric resonators of phosphates of different 3d-elements is more efficient than use of different salts of one element. The shortcoming of the proposed modifiers is temporarily stable amine (ammonia) complexation. Those analytes desorption from the films proceeds slowly, it is determined by the bond strength of complexes and takes from 2 to 6 hours. However, array of seven sensors, modified by phosphates of transition metals of group IV, allows to detect oxygen- and nitrogen-based compounds vapours in the mixed vapour as well as to detect ammonia, diethyl amine and triethylamine individually.)

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Peskov N. Yu., Egorova E. D., Sergeev A. S., and Tsarkov I. M. "High-selective spatially-extended Bragg resonators implementing three-dimensional distributed feedback for powerful free electron lasers." Technical Physics Letters 49, no. 4 (2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2023.04.55880.19375.

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Novel scheme of Bragg resonators implementing three-dimensional distributed feedback is proposed. The study of their electrodynamic characteristics in the framework of the coupled wave approach has been carried out and high selective properties for the three mode indices have been demonstrated under conditions of substantial oversize. The results of the theoretical analysis are corroborated by the 3D simulations. The prospects of using these resonators in the project of a super-power terahertz-band free electron laser, which is currently being developed at the BINP RAS (Novosibirsk) in collaboration with the IAP RAS (Nizhny Novgorod), are discussed. Keywords: free-electron lasers, high-power terahertz radiation, Bragg resonators, three-dimensional distributed feedback, mode selection.

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Domingo-Roca, Roger, Euan Foster, and Joseph C. Jackson-Camargo. "Acoustic bandgaps in polyatomic chains of 3D-printed resonators." AIP Advances 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 125306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0071874.

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Azemi, Saidatul N., Thomas Baum, Kamran Ghorbani, and Wayne S. T. Rowe. "3D‐tapered resonators for FSSs with incident angle independence." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 11, no. 15 (October 26, 2017): 2228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2016.0954.

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Wang, Guanghui, Wenxiang Jiao, Yuming Dong, Lei Wei, Dora Juan Juan Hu, Ping Shum, and Xuping Zhang. "The Numerical Modeling of 3D Microfiber Couplers and Resonators." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28, no. 15 (August 1, 2016): 1707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2016.2551323.

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Naghizadeh, Solmaz, and Şükrü Ekin Kocabaş. "Guidelines for designing 2D and 3D plasmonic stub resonators." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 34, no. 1 (December 22, 2016): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.34.000207.

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Prosviryakova, M. V., B. G. Ziganshin, Y. K. Shogenov, O. V. Mikhailova, and A. A. Tikhonov. "Modular microwave unit for heat treatment of raw materials at factory-farm enterprises." BIO Web of Conferences 52 (2022): 00047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225200047.

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The objective of the work is to develop a microwave unit with removable modules for continuous heat treatment and disinfection of animal-derived raw materials of different structures with resonators, providing electromagnetic safety without shielding and high electric field intensity with reduced operating costs while preserving the feeding value of the product. The study includes 3D modeling of resonators for each module using CST Microwave Studio software and multi-criteria evaluation of regression models of process parameters, allowing one to estimate the feeding value of the product. The first module is designed for heat treatment of secondary animal-derived raw materials, including frozen blocks of meat waste. There are modules can be installed simultaneously or separately in the microwave unit, depending on demand and available raw materials. All modules are removable and easy to clean after completion of heat treatment, and the source block is closed and is subject only to maintenance inspection. Studies of electromagnetic safety for the perforated cylindrical resonator were performed. The operating modes of the second module were found, the duration of defrosting and heating of the animal colostrum was 10–15 min with the generator power of 4.8 kW and energy costs of 0.18–0.20 kW·h/kg.

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Zhang, Xiu Yin, and Jin-Xu Xu. "Multifunctional Filtering Circuits: 3D Multifunctional Filtering Circuits Based on High-Q Dielectric Resonators and Coaxial Resonators." IEEE Microwave Magazine 21, no. 3 (March 2020): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2019.2958164.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D resonators'

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