Dissertations / Theses on the topic '3D printing architecture'

Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, February 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "June 2014."
Includes bibliographical references (page 34).
Modern masonry construction finds itself in a cyclical pattern of "more of the same," insisting on standardized, basic designs consisting of little more than uniform stones laid in regular courses, which do little to add to the variability of the modem world. While these forms attain a surety in structural stability, they offer little in the form of variable aesthetics. 3D-printing, consistently hailed as one of the most promising developments of the 21 " century, allowing individuals from every walk of life to create and produce in real time, has, contrarily, failed to grasp our greater aspirations in the field of Architecture. Most attempts at the incorporation of 3D-printing technology in Architecture have simply been to scale the technologies to print larger and larger objects, eventually working up to entire buildings. While these efforts are beneficial in some ways, they consist of numerous drawbacks which make these types of strategies ultimately implausible, at least for the moment. Modern construction, once thought to be secure in its standards of structure and implementation, is now being challenged to develop designs far more elaborate than their "glass tower" counterparts by pushing the boundaries of what architectural moves are possible. The long held beliefs that stone must be orthogonal and uniform to be utilized in large-scale construction projects are being revamped in the wake of the 3D printing boom. This thesis seeks to find a synthesis between these two methods of modern construction, unifying the versatility and variability of 3D-printing and the stability and natural aesthetic of masonry, to create viable and aesthetically appealing architectural forms for the 2 1st century.
by Adam M. Blakeway.
S.B.

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 121).
This thesis project is a speculative proposal; it assumes that 3D printing technology is a major manufacturing and construction method in the future. The industrial revolution that has begun in the 19th century was the transition to a new manufacturing process. This transition included going from hand production to machine production and eventually changed the entire way of making things, buying things, moving things, and etc. The changes of our life led to the transformation of our cities. Current cities were formed based on the Industrial Supply Chain that enables flow of materials and products from supplier to customer. This supply chain decided locations of factories, retails, roads, ports, warehouses, and etc that have structured cities. In recent years, 3D printing has attracted increasing attention. The prospect of printing machines has inspired enthusiasts to proclaim that 3D printing will bring "the next industrial revolution", while others have reacted with skepticism and point to the technology's current limitations. However, 3D printing could proliferate rapidly over the coming decade. Improvements in speed and performance could enable unprecedented levels of mass customization, simplified supply chains, and even the "democratization" of manufacturing as consumers begin to print their own products. Although there has been a number of studies on the 3D Printing technology itself and its impact on economy, less attentions have been paid to its spatial impact or impact on our cities. As the industrial revolution transformed cities, 3D Printing is expected to change our current cities in many ways, as it will change the way of making, moving, buying things again. The fact that 3D Printing can be done near the point of consumption, implies several possible scenarios of future cities This thesis illustrates different degrees of influence of the technology in the city of Sana'a, Yemen. The city has four distinct areas currently: the historical world heritage site, a partially protected area, a modernized area, and an informal settlement. The four distinct areas will be changed in different ways by different uses of 3D printing technology. The tower house, which is one of the most significant building typologies of the city, is used to examine and compare the influences of the technology. More specifically, the ornament of the tower house and possible scenarios of transformation are the main design focus of the project. Ornament will appear in different scales and configurations in the future city of Sana'a, from high resolution ornament to inhabitable ornament.
by Kyungsik Kim.
M. Arch.

Projektet syftar till att föreslå en rimlig riktning för hur additiva produktionsmetoder, alltså tillverkningsmetoder som använder lager-på-lager-teknik, kan tänkas påverka arkitekturen, att försöka sätta sig in i teknikerna och komma fram till vilken riktning som upplevs mest givande eller gångbar. Hur ska man nyttja potentialen med den nya tekniken på ett bra sätt? Jag har försökt ta fram en produkt som nyttjar potentialen hos de additiva produktionsmetoderna och som upplevs tänkbar för fullskalig realisering i byggsektorn i en närliggande framtid. Produkten består av en metod för framställning av en sandwichkonstruktion med hög trähalt och troligen lång livslängd. Metoden minskar byggsektorns klimatbelastning och kan ge stora rumsliga kvaliteter och formgivningsmöjligheter. Jag har genom fysiska experiment och utforskande av olika digitala fabrikationsmetoder försökt att visualisera och identifiera möjligheter med dessa nya tekniska hjälpmedel. Genom praktiska tester har jag prövat mina föreställningar av hur dessa metoder kan användas på effektiva sätt. Projektet vidga-des från att initialt omfatta additiva produktionsmetoder till att senare under tillämpningsfasen även omfatta digitala hjälpmedel såsom fotogrammetri och verktyg för parametrisk design. Projektet har resulterat i ett tillvägagångsätt för printning av cellulosabaserade sandwichkonstruktioner i printade formverk av återvinningsbar biokomposit.
The project aims to propose a direction for how additive manufacturing methods can influence architecture, to study the techniques and find out which direction could be perceived as most rewarding or viable. How to use the potential of the new technology in a good way? I have tried to develop a product that utilizes the potential of the additive manufacturing methods and which is conceivable for full-scale realization in the construction sector in the near future. The product consists of a method for producing long lasting sandwich constructions with high wood content. The method reduces the building industry's climate impact and can provide great spatial qualities and design possibilities. Through physical experiments and exploration of various digital fabrication methods, I have tried to visualize and identify possibilities with these new technological aids. Through practical tests, I have tested my ideas of how these methods can be used effectively. The project was expanded from initially studying additive production methods to, later during the application phase, also include digital aids such as photogrammetry and tools for parametric design. The project has resulted in a strategy for printing cellulose-based sandwich constructions in printed molds of recyclable biocomposite.

The Nordin group at Brigham Young University has been focused on developing 3D printing technology for fabrication of lab-on-a-chip (microfluidic) devices since 2013. As we showed in 2015, commercial 3D printers and resins have not been developed to meet the highly specialized needs of microfluidic device fabrication. We have therefore created custom 3D printers and resins specifically designed to meet these needs. As part of this development process, ad hoc 3D printer control software has been developed. However, the software is difficult to modify and maintain to support the numerous experimental iterations of hardware used in our custom 3D printers. This highlights the need for modular yet reliable system software that is easy to use, learn, and work with to adapt to the unique challenges of a student workforce. This thesis details the design and implementation of new 3D printer system software that meets these needs. In particular, a software engineering principle-based design approach is taken that lends itself to several specific development patterns that permit easy incorporation of new hardware into a 3D printer to enable rapid evaluation of and development with such new hardware.

Current debates on design and manufacturing support the claim that the ‘Third Industrial Revolution’ has already started due to Additive Manufacturing (AM) and 3D Printing. The process of solidifying liquid or powder using a binding agent or a melting laser can save time and transportation costs associated with importing primary material if locally sourced material is available. This research investigates a framework approach, titled SAFE, for discussing the functionality, economic viability, production feasibility, and aesthetic and cultural value lent by 3D printing on an architectural scale through a construction known as a Mashrabiya. This traditional window screen has distinguished aesthetic, cultural yet functional constraints, and there is a manufacturing gap in the market that makes it a viable product option to be 3D printed. The practical element and design process related to reviving this screen are examined, from complex geometry development to cost and fabrication estimations. 3D printing technologies potentially offer solutions to solve issues in construction and assembly times, reduce labour costs, and address the loss of hand craft making skills in a variety of cultures, typically Middle Eastern ones; this was a factor in the abandonment of old Mashrabiya in houses typified with Bahrain as a case. Presently, there is a growing wealth of literature that highlights not only the strength of Mashrabiya as a design concept but also as a possible 3D printed product. Interviews with a total of 42 local Bahraini manufacturers, academics and architects as well as 4 case studies and 2 surveys and 11 focus groups are hybrid mixed methods used to define a new 3D printed Mashrabiya (3DPM) prototype. The future of the 3D Mashrabiya prototype is further supported by economic forecasts, market research, and interviews with global manufacturers and 3D printing designers’ insights into the subject in an accretive design process. The research contributes to an understanding of the implications of technologies that enable mass customisation in the field of 3D-printed architecture in general and in the Bahraini market in particular. The process for developing a prototype screen and in determining its current economic value will prove significant in predicting the future benefits and obstacles of 3D-printed large scale architectural products in the coming five years as advised by industry experts. The main outcomes relate to establishing boundaries determining the validity of using 3D printing and a SAFE framework to produce a parametric Mashrabiya and other similar heritage architectural archetypes. This can be used to enhance the globalism of the design of Middle Eastern dwellings and to revive social identity and cultural traditions through innovative and reasonable yet superior design solutions using a hybrid architectural design language.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-68).
This work, supported by the Media Lab Consortium, evaluates the design of a Variable Impedance Prosthetic (VIPr) socket for a transtibial amputee using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Compliant features are seamlessly integrated into a 3D printed socket to achieve lower interface peak pressures over bony protuberances by using anthropomorphic data acquired through surface scanning and magnetic resonance imaging techniques. An inverse linear mathematical transformation spatially maps quantitative measurements (bone tissue depth) of the human residual limb to the corresponding socket shape and impedance characteristics. The CAD/CAM VIPr socket is compared to a state-of-the-art prosthetic socket of similar internal geometry and shape, designed by a prosthetist using conventional methods. An active, bilateral transtibial male amputee of weight 70 kg walks on a force plate loaded 5-meter walkway, at self-selected speeds while synchronized ground reaction forces, motion capture data and socket residual limb interface pressures are measured for the evaluated sockets. We anticipated a decreased average interface pressure (measured using the Teksan F-SocketTM pressure sensors) in the VIPr socket, especially over stiff anatomical landmarks including the fibula head, the tibia, lateral and medial femoral condyles and medial tibial flare. Contact interface pressure recorded during stance of a complete gait cycle indicated a 15% and 17% reduction at toe-off and heel-strike respectively at the fibula head while the subject uses a VIPr socket in comparison to a conventional socket of similar internal shape. A corresponding 7% and 8% reduction in pressure is observed along the tibia. Similar trends of high-pressure reductions are observed during stair ascent trials with the VIPr socket.
by David Moinina Sengeh.
S.M.

One of the greatest obstacles to clinical translation of bone tissue engineering is the inability to effectively and efficiently vascularise scaffolds. This limits the size of defects that can be repaired, as blood perfusion is necessary to provide nutrient and waste exchange to tissue at the core of scaffolds. The goal of this work was to systematically explore whether architecture, at a scale of hundreds of microns, can be used to direct the growth of microvessels into the core of scaffolds. A pipeline was developed for the production of hydroxyapatite surfaces with controlled architecture. Three batches of hydroxyapatite were used with two different particle morphologies and size distributions. On sintering, one batch remained phase pure and the other two batches were biphasic mixtures of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and hydroxyapatite. Sample production methods based on slip casting of a hydroxyapatite-gelatin slurry were explored. The most successful of these involved the use of curable silicone to produce moulds of high-resolution, three dimensional (3D) printed parts with the desired design. Parts were dried and sintered to produce patterned surfaces with higher resolution than obtainable through conventional 3D printing techniques. Given the difficulties associated with the structural reproducibility of concave pores architectures in 3D reported in the literature, in this work, a 2.5D model has been developed that varies architectural parameters in a controlled manner. Six contrasting architectures consisting of semi-circular ridges and grooves were produced. Grooves and ridges were designed to have widths of 330 μm and 660 μm, with periodicities, respectively, of 1240 μm and 630 μm. Groove depth was varied between 150 μm and 585 μm. Co-cultures of endothelial cells and osteoblasts were optimised and used to grow microcapillary-like structures (referred to as "microvessels") on substrates. Literature shows that these precursors to microcapillaries contain lumina and can produce functional vasculature, demonstrating their clinical promise. The effects of the composition and surface texture of grooved samples on microvessel formation were studied. It was found that surface microtopography and phase purity (α-TCP content) did not affect microvessel formation. However, hydroxyapatite architecture was found to significantly affect microvessel location and orientation. Microvessels were found to form predominantly in grooves or between convexities. Two metrics - the degree of alignment (DOA) and the degree of containment (DOC) - were developed to measure the alignment of endothelial cell structures and their localisation in grooves. For all patterned samples, the CD31 (an endothelial cell marker) signal was at least 2.5 times higher along grooves versus perpendicular to grooves. In addition, the average signal was at least two times higher within grooves than outside grooves for all samples. Small deep grooves had the highest DOA and DOC (6.13 and 4.05 respectively), and individual, highly aligned microvessels were formed. An image analysis method that compares sample X-ray microtomography sections to original designs to quantify architectural distortion was developed. This method will serve as a useful tool for improvements to architectural control for future studies. This body of work shows the crucial influence of architecture on microvessel self-assembly at the hundreds of micron scale. It also highlights that microvessel formation has a relatively low sensitivity to phase composition and microtopography. These findings have important implications for the design of porous scaffolds and the refinement of fabrication technologies. While important results were shown for six preliminary architectures, this work represents a toolkit that can be applied to screen any 2.5D architecture for its angiogenic potential. This work has laid the foundations that will allow elucidating the precise correspondence between architecture and microvessel organisation, ultimately enabling the "engineering" of microvasculature by tuning local scaffold design to achieve desirable microvessel properties.

The article analyses the development of technologies used in construction. It is a short retrospective review of achievements in this sphere: from Great Pyramid of Giza to 3D printers’ usage for construction materials.
Стаття є аналізом розвитку технологій, що використовуються в будівництві. Це короткий ретроспективний огляд досягнень в цій області: від великої піраміди Гізи до використання 3D-принтерів для створення будівельних матеріалів.
Статья представляет собой анализ развития технологий, используемых в строительстве. Это короткий ретроспективный обзор достижений в этой области: от великой пирамиды Гизы до использования 3D-принтеров для создания строительных материалов.

Purpose: There is today limitations of what is possible to design and in fact produce. In industrial construction the focus is on standardization which impedes an individual design form, which can be considered an architectural quality. The potential of 3Dprinting is growing, which is benefitting design freedom. The goal was to evaluate how 3D-printing in Sweden today could increase architects possibilities at the design process and be production adapted. Method: In a case study at Tengbom in Jönköping, interviews were included with three architects. In addition, a literature review, a telephone interview and a focus group interview formed the basis of the collected material. As an initial phase, a focus group interview was conducted, which resulted in the actors’ opinions about 3D-printing. The architect interviews contributed with high credibility regarding architectural qualities, which together with the other collection methods gave answers to the studies questions. Findings: The study shows that it is possible to print building components in Sweden. However it is not possible, with 3D-printing, to produce entire buildings. It can be shown that there are obstacles for the introduction of the technology, such as economy, Swedish laws and lack of knowledge. These should be reviewed to allow 3D-printing as a manufacturing method. With Rapid Ornament Production larger architectural qualities will conduce to, where 3D-printing allows unique solutions. Solutions no other technology can achieve. Implications: Customized and varied buildings can be achieved thanks to 3D-printing. Building components such as light weight walls, ornaments and details can be produced in Sweden today. One advantage of 3D-printing as a technology, is that it provides greater freedom between design and production. For further development of 3Dprinting a greater knowledge is recommended for industry stakeholders, regarding the drawing tools as well as the 3D-printing technology. Limitations: The result is applicable to architects, working at architectural offices similar to Tengbom in Jönköping. There have not been deeper studies regarding of printing technologies, finances, materials, time or law. A case study as research strategy entails an interpretation of the opinions, which limits the generalization of the results. Keywords: 3D-printing, design, production, architectural qualities, possibilities, limitations, industrial construction.
Syfte: Det finns idag begränsningar för vad som är möjligt att utforma och faktiskt producera. I industriellt byggande ligger fokus på standardisering som försvårar ett individuellt formspråk, vilket kan anses vara en arkitektonisk kvalitet. Potentialen för 3D-printing växer, vilket gynnar utformningsfriheten. Målet var att utvärdera hur 3D-printing i Sverige idag skulle kunna öka arkitektens möjligheter vid utformning och vara produktionsanpassat. Metod: I en fallstudie på Tengbom i Jönköping, ingick intervjuer med tre arkitekter. Utöver detta har en litteraturstudie, telefonintervju och en fokusgrupp legat till grund för insamlat material. Som ett inledande skede genomfördes en fokusgrupp, vilken resulterade i aktörers åsikter om 3D-printing. Arkitektintervjuerna bidrog med hög trovärdighet gällande arkitektoniska kvaliteter, vilket tillsammans med övriga insamlingsmetoder gav svar på studiens frågeställningar. Resultat: Studien visar att det är möjligt att skriva ut byggkomponenter i Sverige. Dock är det inte möjligt att med 3D-printing tillverka hela byggnader. Det kan påvisas att det finns hinder för införandet av tekniken, så som ekonomi, svensk lagstiftning samt bristande kunskap. Dessa bör ses över för att möjliggöra 3D-printing som tillverkningsmetod. I och med Rapid Ornament Production kan större arkitektoniska kvaliteter främjas, där 3D-printing möjliggör unika lösningar. Lösningar ingen annan teknik kan åstadkomma. Konsekvenser: Kundanpassad och varierad bebyggelse kan åstadkommas tack vare 3D-printing. Byggkomponenter så som, lättväggar, ornament och detaljer kan tillverkas i Sverige idag. En fördel med 3D-printing som teknik, är att den ger större frihet mellan projektering och produktion. För vidare utveckling av 3D-printing rekommenderas ökad kunskap för branschens aktörer gällande ritverktygen samt 3D-printings-tekniken. Begränsningar: Resultatet är applicerbart för arkitekter, verksamma vid arkitektkontor av liknande storlek som Tengbom i Jönköping. Det har inte genomförts djupare studier gällande utskriftstekniker, ekonomi, material, tid eller juridik. Fallstudie som undersökningsstrategi innebär en tolkning av åsikter, vilket begränsar generaliseringen av resultatet. Nyckelord: 3D-printing, utformning, produktion, arkitektoniska kvaliteter, möjligheter, begränsningar, industriellt byggande.

We analyse the problem of creating didactic material for teaching and evaluating mathematics in the first year of a School of Architecture. By using visual programming, science professor used codes (formulae) to represent in a software their proposals, instead of drawing them themselves. Through this experience we create a database of codes with computational solutions that allows faculty to modify, reuse, visualise and print in the same platform that she students will use while developing their designs. In this way we aim to maximise the link between mathematics and design as fundamental base for the control of complex shapes.

Como lo hicieron el PC e Internet en materia de información y comunicación, la Fabricación Aditiva (FA) está revolucionando los procesos de diseño y fabricación, abriendo un nuevo paradigma de producción que genera cambios e innovaciones relevantes en muchos ámbitos. Su impacto actual en otros sectores sugiere que la FA tiene igual potencial para transformar los procesos productivos de la arquitectura y de la construcción. Por ello, la autora se pregunta qué tipo de cambios puede generar y si ello supondrá un cambio de paradigma productivo igualmente disruptivo en estos dos campos. Para responder a ambas cuestiones, la presente tesis ofrece una valoración crítica del potencial de la FA aplicada a la arquitectura, analizando su impacto sobre los procesos de diseño y construcción. La primera parte incluye un estudio transversal de varios sectores de actividad, que permite constatar cómo esta tecnología está generando transformaciones radicales, con implicaciones globales de carácter social, económico y ambiental. En la segunda parte, se analiza la adaptación de la FA a los condicionantes propios de la arquitectura. Para ello, se presentan las iniciativas pioneras en su aplicación a gran escala y los proyectos dirigidos por la autora en el marco académico, que investigan qué procesos son necesarios para implementar esta tecnología desde y hacia el proyecto arquitectónico. Estos trabajos de investigación y experimentación multidisciplinar combinan la búsqueda de nuevos materiales, la creación de herramientas a medida y la programación de códigos de diseño específicos. Por último, se ofrece una síntesis de los resultados que sirve de base para valorar los avances recientes en la aplicación de la FA en la arquitectura, a escala mundial. En conjunto, la tesis demuestra que la investigación en este campo está en plena ebullición y que las aplicaciones de la FA van a generar cambios muy importantes, que suponen el inicio de un nuevo paradigma para el diseño arquitectónico y la construcción.
As did the PC and the Internet for the information and communication realms, Additive Manufacturing (FA) is revolutionizing the design and manufacturing processes, opening up a new production paradigm that generates significant changes and innovations in many areas. Its current impact on other sectors suggests that AM has the same potential to transform the production processes of architecture and construction. The author thus wonders what kind of changes can it generate and whether they will imply a productive paradigm shift that is equally disruptive in these two fields. To answer both questions, this thesis offers a critical assessment of the potential of AM applied to architecture, analyzing its impact on the design and construction processes. The first part includes a cross-sectional study of several activity sectors, which allows seeing how this technology is generating radical transformations, with social, economic and environmental implications at a global scale. The second part analyses the adaptation of AM to the specific conditions of architecture. The thesis presents the pioneering initiatives of its application at largescale, and the projects directed by the author in the academic context, which investigate what processes are necessary to implement this technology to and from the architectural project. These experimental and multidisciplinary works combine the research of new materials, the creation of custom devices and the programming of specific design codes. The synthesis of the results is later used as a reference to identify and assess the current progress in implementing AM technologies in architecture, worldwide. Altogether, the thesis demonstrates that research in this field is currently in full swing. Moreover, the most recent applications also indicate that AM is on track to generate significant changes, which represents the beginning of a new paradigm for architectural design and construction.

La fabrication additive impacte les savoirs faire traditionnels du métier de fondeur. Des nouvelles machines déposant couche par couche sable et liant permettent une fabrication d'outillage de fonderie sur mesure, unitaire et plus complexe. Dans le cadre de la présente thèse, on s’intéresse au développement de nouvelles méthodologies de conception des moules et des noyaux de fonderie sable. La réflexion prend en compte le domaine de conception mécanique, les contraintes, l'obtention d'une pièce optimisée, les contraintes des techniques de fabrication additive et de fonderie. Un premier chapitre fait un état de l’art de la technique, indiquant que des opportunités de recherches sont à saisir. Le deuxième chapitre propose une méthodologie de conception d’optimisation - - de la masse et maitrise du refroidissement du moule par la variation de l’épaisseur et conductivité thermique locale du moule. Un troisième chapitre s’intéresse à l’impact thermique de l’architecturation des parois. Le quatrième chapitre offre une méthodologie de conception en grappe, permettant d’optimiser la compacité du bac de fabrication. Cette méthode s’intéresse à l’imbrication du jet de coulée. Finalement, le cinquième chapitre propose de pallier le problème des points chauds grâce à la fabrication additive multimatériaux. Pour argumenter ces chapitres, des essais de conductivité thermique, de résistance mécanique, des simulations, des fabrications, coulées, et analyses sont réalisés. Ainsi, ces nouvelles règles métiers bénéficieront aux fondeurs de demain
Additive manufacturing impacts the traditional skills of the foundry profession. New machines depositing layer by layer sand and binder allow a manufacturing of custom foundry tools, unitary, and more complex. In this thesis, we are interested in the development of new methodologies for the design of molds and cores for sand foundries. The reflection takes into account the geometrical design, the design constraints, the constraints of additive manufacturing and foundry techniques. A first chapter describes the state of the art, indicating that research opportunities are to be seized. The second chapter proposes a design methodology for optimizing the mass and controlling the mold’s cooling speed by varying - - the thickness and local thermal conductivity of the mold. A third chapter deals with the study of the thermal impact by the architecture of the walls.The fourth chapter offers a cluster design methodology, allowing the optimization of the compactness of the manufacturing build volume. This method also proposes a novel design by nesting the casting sprues. Finally, the fifth chapter proposes to overcome the problem of hot spots by using multi-material additive manufacturing.To support these chapters, tests of thermal conductivity, mechanical resistance, simulations, manufacturing, casting, and analyzes are carried out. Thus, these new manufacturing guidelines will benefit the founders of tomorrow

The miniaturization of projection technology has enabled a new class of lightweight mobile devices with embedded projectors. Projection engines as small as a postage stamp are currently being embedded in thousands of mobile devices. Mobile projector-based devices differ in very fundamental ways from the display-based devices we commonly use. Mobile projectors can be carried with the user and project imagery into almost any space, projected content is visible to multiple users and supports social interaction, physical objects and surfaces can be augmented with projected content, and embedded projectors can enable new form-factors for mobile displays. This research investigates the potential of mobile projectors as a new platform for human-computer interaction. I aim to demonstrate that the unique affordances created by the miniaturization of projection technology can inspire new and compelling interaction with single-users, multi-users, the environment, and projector-embedded objects. This research presents a comprehensive survey of mobile projector-based interaction – documenting interaction with historic projection devices; introducing novel interaction techniques, metaphors, and principles for mobile projector-based systems; providing implementation details of functional prototype devices using mobile projectors; presenting technical innovations, such as the development of specialized projectors and custom marker tracking algorithms; and detailing results from preliminary user testing with the prototype systems created. This research forms a systematic investigation of the past, the present, and a possible future for interaction using mobile projectors.

Orientação: André Ricardo de Brito Caiado
As novas tecnologias, impõem novas ideias e condições de trabalho em qualquer profissão, na arquitetura, quando o arquiteto se interessa pelas novas tendências, verifica-se que o projeto se descomplexa, oferecendo respostas e soluções mais pragmáticas. O seu aproveitamento e aplicabilidade, revela-se não só, para projetar, como para o representar. Para além da realidade virtual, da realidade aumentada, das imagens a 360 graus, e da prototipagem rápida, tem-se revelado uma nova abertura para um espaço de uma grande utilidade prática que é a fabricação de maquetas e peças que possuem uma geometria, de difícil de construção, segundo o método usual e corrente. Existem algumas diferenças entre as maquetas de montagem manual e as de prototipagem rápida. No mercado existem três máquinas geralmente utilizadas por ateliers de arquitetura, são: a fresa ou tupia, a cortadora laser, e a impressora 3D. Atualmente já existem impressoras 3D a preços acessíveis, mas as dimensões com que estão capacitadas para reproduzir objetos, são reduzidas. O seu volume de trabalho, face às escalas usadas na Arquitetura, torna-se ineficaz. A presente dissertação, visa no interesse da Arquitetura, criar uma ferramenta multifuncional capaz de melhorar a eficiência, a eficácia e a qualidade de trabalho de um arquiteto, na produção de maquetas de objetos arquitetónicos.
New technologies, drag and impose new ideas and working conditions in any profession, in architecture, more and more, the architect is focused on these new trends. If the project is using the new technologies, the offering answers and solutions are more pragmatic. Its utilization, and applicability is revealed not only to project, but also to represent it. In addition to virtual reality, augmented reality, 360-degree images, and of rapid prototyping, a new opening has been revealed for a space of great practical utility, which is the manufacture of models and pieces that have a geometry, difficult to construct, according to the usual and current method. There are some differences between analog or manual production models and rapid prototyping models. In the market there are three machines generally used by architecture offices, they are: the milling cutter, the cutter, and the 3D printer. There are now affordable 3D printers, but the dimensions with which they are able to reproduce objects are very small. Its workload, compared to the scales used in Architecture, becomes ineffective. The aim of this dissertation is to create a multifunctional tool capable of improving the efficiency, effectiveness and quality of work of an architect in the production of models of architectural objects.

The essence of this dissertation was to explore the synergies between fashion and architecture to inform the design of a resource rich environment.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Architecture
unrestricted

Additive Manufacturing (AM) allows for the creation of elements with novel forms and functions. Utilizing AM in development of components of civil infrastructure allows for achieving more advanced, innovative, and unique performance characteristics. The research presented in this dissertation is focused on development of a better understanding of the fabrication challenges and opportunities in AM of cement-based materials. Specifically, challenges related to printability and opportunities offered by 3D-printing technology, including ability to fabricate intricate structures and generate unique and enhanced mechanical responses have been explored. Three aspects related to 3D-printing of cement-based materials were investigated. These aspects include: fresh stability of 3D-printed elements in relation to materials rheological properties, microstructural characteristics of the interfaces induced during the 3D-printing process, and the mechanical response of 3D-printed elements with bio-inspired design of the materials’ architecture. This research aims to contribute to development of new pathways to obtain stability in freshly 3D-printed elements by determining the rheological properties of material that control the ability to fabricate elements in a layer-by-layer manner, followed by the understanding of the microstructural features of the 3D-printed hardened cement paste elements including the interfaces and the pore network. This research also introduces a new approach to enhance the mechanical response of the 3D-printed elements by controlling the spatial arrangement of individual filaments (i.e., materials’ architecture) and by harnessing the weak interfaces that are induced by the 3D-printing process.