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Journal articles on the topic '3D printed sensors'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Abdalla, Aya, and Bhavik Anil Patel. "3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 14, no. 1 (June 5, 2021): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-091120-093659.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently emerged as a novel approach in the development of electrochemical sensors. This approach to fabrication has provided a tremendous opportunity to make complex geometries of electrodes at high precision. The most widely used approach for fabrication is fused deposition modeling; however, other approaches facilitate making smaller geometries or expanding the range of materials that can be printed. The generation of complete analytical devices, such as electrochemical flow cells, provides an example of the array of analytical tools that can be developed. This review highlights the fabrication, design, preparation, and applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors. Such developments have begun to highlight the vast potential that 3D printed electrochemical sensors can have compared to other strategies in sensor development.
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2

Li, Bo, Lifan Meng, Hongyu Wang, Jing Li, and Chunmei Liu. "Rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2016-0117.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing technology. Making full use of the advantages of 3D printing, the authors study on a new method for fabrication of an eddy current sensor. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors establish a 3D model using SolidWorks. And the eddy current sensor is printed by the fused deposition modeling method. Findings Measurement results show that the 3D printing eddy current sensor has a wider linear measurement range and better linearity than the traditional manufacturing sensor. Compared to traditional eddy current sensor fabrication method, this 3D printed sensor can be fabricated at a lower cost, and the fabrication process is more convenient and faster. Practical implications This demonstrated 3D printing process can be applied to the 3D printing of sensors of more sophisticated structures that are difficult to fabricate using conventional techniques. Originality/value In this work, the process of rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing is presented. Sensors fabricated with the 3D printing possess lots of merits than traditional manufactures. 3D printed sensors can be customized according to the configuration of the overall system, thus reducing the demand of sensor's rigid mounting interfaces. The 3D printing also reduce design costs as well as shortens the development cycle. This allows for quick translation of a design from concept to a useful device.
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3

Zhu, Zhijie, Hyun Soo Park, and Michael C. McAlpine. "3D printed deformable sensors." Science Advances 6, no. 25 (June 2020): eaba5575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba5575.

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The ability to directly print compliant biomedical devices on live human organs could benefit patient monitoring and wound treatment, which requires the 3D printer to adapt to the various deformations of the biological surface. We developed an in situ 3D printing system that estimates the motion and deformation of the target surface to adapt the toolpath in real time. With this printing system, a hydrogel-based sensor was printed on a porcine lung under respiration-induced deformation. The sensor was compliant to the tissue surface and provided continuous spatial mapping of deformation via electrical impedance tomography. This adaptive 3D printing approach may enhance robot-assisted medical treatments with additive manufacturing capabilities, enabling autonomous and direct printing of wearable electronics and biological materials on and inside the human body.
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Brounstein, Zachary, Jarrod Ronquillo, and Andrea Labouriau. "3D Printed Chromophoric Sensors." Chemosensors 9, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110317.

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Eight chromophoric indicators are incorporated into Sylgard 184 to develop sensors that are fabricated either by traditional methods such as casting or by more advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing. The sensors exhibit specific color changes when exposed to acidic species, basic species, or elevated temperatures. Additionally, material properties are investigated to assess the chemical structure, Shore A Hardness, and thermal stability. Comparisons between the casted and 3D printed sensors show that the sensing devices fabricated with the advanced manufacturing technique are more efficient because the color changes are more easily detected.
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5

Košir, Tilen, and Janko Slavič. "Modeling of Single-Process 3D-Printed Piezoelectric Sensors with Resistive Electrodes: The Low-Pass Filtering Effect." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010158.

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Three-dimensional printing by material extrusion enables the production of fully functional dynamic piezoelectric sensors in a single process. Because the complete product is finished without additional processes or assembly steps, single-process manufacturing opens up new possibilities in the field of smart dynamic structures. However, due to material limitations, the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors contain electrodes with significantly higher electrical resistance than classical piezoelectric sensors. The continuous distribution of the capacitance of the piezoelectric layer and the resistance of the electrodes results in low-pass filtering of the collected charge. Consequently, the usable frequency range of 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors is limited not only by the structural properties but also by the electrical properties. This research introduces an analytical model for determining the usable frequency range of a 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor with resistive electrodes. The model was used to determine the low-pass cutoff frequency and thus the usable frequency range of the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor. The low-pass electrical cutoff frequency of the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor was also experimentally investigated and good agreement was found with the analytical model. Based on this research, it is possible to design the electrical and dynamic characteristics of 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors. This research opens new possibilities for the design of future intelligent dynamic systems 3D printed in a single process.
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6

Maurizi, Marco, Janko Slavič, Filippo Cianetti, Marko Jerman, Joško Valentinčič, Andrej Lebar, and Miha Boltežar. "Dynamic Measurements Using FDM 3D-Printed Embedded Strain Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122661.

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3D-printing technology is opening up new possibilities for the co-printing of sensory elements. While quasi-static research has shown promise, the dynamic performance has yet to be researched. This study researched smart 3D structures with embedded and printed sensory elements. The embedded strain sensor was based on the conductive PLA (Polylactic Acid) material. The research was focused on dynamic measurements of the strain and considered the theoretical background of the piezoresistivity of conductive PLA materials, the temperature effects, the nonlinearities, the dynamic range, the electromagnetic sensitivity and the frequency range. A quasi-static calibration used in the dynamic measurements was proposed. It was shown that the temperature effects were negligible, the sensory element was linear as long as the structure had a linear response, the dynamic range started at ∼ 30 μ ϵ and broadband performance was in the range of few kHz (depending on the size of the printed sensor). The promising results support future applications of smart 3D-printed systems with embedded sensory elements being used for dynamic measurements in areas where currently piezo-crystal-based sensors are used.
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7

Kowalska, Aleksandra, Robert Banasiak, Andrzej Romanowski, and Dominik Sankowski. "3D-Printed Multilayer Sensor Structure for Electrical Capacitance Tomography." Sensors 19, no. 15 (August 4, 2019): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153416.

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Presently, Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is positioned as a relatively mature and inexpensive tool for the diagnosis of non-conductive industrial processes. For most industrial applications, a hand-made approach for an ECT sensor and its 3D extended structure fabrication is used. Moreover, a hand-made procedure is often inaccurate, complicated, and time-consuming. Another drawback is that a hand-made ECT sensor’s geometrical parameters, mounting base profile thickness, and electrode array shape usually depends on the structure of industrial test objects, tanks, and containers available on the market. Most of the traditionally fabricated capacitance tomography sensors offer external measurements only with electrodes localized outside of the test object. Although internal measurement is possible, it is often difficult to implement. This leads to limited in-depth scanning abilities and poor sensitivity distribution of traditionally fabricated ECT sensors. In this work we propose, demonstrate, and validate experimentally a new 3D ECT sensor fabrication process. The proposed solution uses a computational workflow that incorporates both 3D computer modeling and 3D-printing techniques. Such a 3D-printed structure can be of any shape, and the electrode layout can be easily fitted to a broad range of industrial applications. A developed solution offers an internal measurement due to negligible thickness of sensor mount base profile. This paper analyses and compares measurement capabilities of a traditionally fabricated 3D ECT sensor with novel 3D-printed design. The authors compared two types of the 3D ECT sensors using experimental capacitance measurements for a set of low-contrast and high-contrast permittivity distribution phantoms. The comparison demonstrates advantages and benefits of using the new 3D-printed spatial capacitance sensor regarding the significant fabrication time reduction as well as the improvement of overall measurement accuracy and stability.
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8

Alsharari, Meshari, Baixin Chen, and Wenmiao Shu. "3D Printing of Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensors Using Graphene Based Composites." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 21, 2018): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130792.

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In this research, we present the development of 3D printed, highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors using Graphene based composites. Graphene, a 2D material with unique electrical and piezoresistive properties, has already been used to create highly sensitive strain sensors. In this new study, by co-printing Graphene based Polylactic acid (PLA) with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on Graphene composites can be 3D printed for the first time in strain sensors. The fabrication process of all materials is fully compatible with fused deposition modeling (FDM) based 3D printing method, which makes it possible to rapidly prototype and manufacture highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors. The mechanical properties, electrical properties, sensitivity of the 3D printed sensors will be presented.
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9

Guo, Shuang-Zhuang, Kaiyan Qiu, Fanben Meng, Sung Hyun Park, and Michael C. McAlpine. "3D Printed Stretchable Tactile Sensors." Advanced Materials 29, no. 27 (May 5, 2017): 1701218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201701218.

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10

Clement, Navya, and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian. "3D Printed Ionogels In Sensors." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials 62, no. 5 (September 29, 2022): 632–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2022.2126784.

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11

Gassmann, Stefan, Sathurja Jegatheeswaran, Till Schleifer, Hesam Arbabi, and Helmut Schütte. "3D Printed PCB Microfluidics." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (March 19, 2022): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030470.

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The combination of printed circuit boards (PCB) and microfluidics has many advantages. The combination of electrodes, sensors and electronics is needed for almost all microfluidic systems. Using PCBs as a substrate, this integration is intrinsic. Additive manufacturing has become a widely used technique in industry, research and by hobbyists. One very promising rapid prototype technique is vat polymerization with an LCD as mask, also known as masked stereolithography (mSLA). These printers are available with resolutions down to 35 µm, and they are affordable. In this paper, a technology is described which creates microfluidics on a PCB substrate using an mSLA printer. All steps of the production process can be carried out with commercially available printers and resins: this includes the structuring of the copper layer of the PCB and the buildup of the channel layer on top of the PCB. Copper trace dimensions down to 100 µm and channel dimensions of 800 µm are feasible. The described technology is a low-cost solution for combining PCBs and microfluidics.
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12

Cennamo, Nunzio, Lorena Saitta, Claudio Tosto, Francesco Arcadio, Luigi Zeni, Maria Elena Fragalá, and Gianluca Cicala. "Microstructured Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Inkjet 3D Printing Using Photocurable Resins with Tailored Refractive Index." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152518.

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In this work, a novel approach to realize a plasmonic sensor is presented. The proposed optical sensor device is designed, manufactured, and experimentally tested. Two photo-curable resins are used to 3D print a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. Both numerical and experimental analyses are presented in the paper. The numerical and experimental results confirm that the 3D printed SPR sensor presents performances, in term of figure of merit (FOM), very similar to other SPR sensors made using plastic optical fibers (POFs). For the 3D printed sensor, the measured FOM is 13.6 versus 13.4 for the SPR-POF configuration. The cost analysis shows that the 3D printed SPR sensor can be manufactured at low cost (∼15 €) that is competitive with traditional sensors. The approach presented here allows to realize an innovative SPR sensor showing low-cost, 3D-printing manufacturing free design and the feasibility to be integrated with other optical devices on the same plastic planar support, thus opening undisclosed future for the optical sensor systems.
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13

Marasso, Simone Luigi, Matteo Cocuzza, Valentina Bertana, Francesco Perrucci, Alessio Tommasi, Sergio Ferrero, Luciano Scaltrito, and Candido Fabrizio Pirri. "PLA conductive filament for 3D printed smart sensing applications." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 4 (May 14, 2018): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2016-0150.

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Purpose This paper aims to present a study on a commercial conductive polylactic acid (PLA) filament and its potential application in a three-dimensional (3D) printed smart cap embedding a resistive temperature sensor made of this material. The final aim of this study is to add a fundamental block to the electrical characterization of printed conductive polymers, which are promising to mimic the electrical performance of metals and semiconductors. The studied PLA filament demonstrates not only to be suitable for a simple 3D printed concept but also to show peculiar characteristics that can be exploited to fabricate freeform low-cost temperature sensors. Design/methodology/approach The first part is focused on the conductive properties of the PLA filament and its temperature dependency. After obtaining a resistance temperature characteristic of this material, the same was used to fabricate a part of a 3D printed smart cap. Findings An approach to the characterization of the 3D printed conductive polymer has been presented. The major results are related to the definition of resistance vs temperature characteristic of the material. This model was then exploited to design a temperature sensor embedded in a 3D printed smart cap. Practical implications This study demonstrates that commercial conductive PLA filaments can be suitable materials for 3D printed low-cost temperature sensors or constitutive parts of a 3D printed smart object. Originality/value The paper clearly demonstrates that a new generation of 3D printed smart objects can already be obtained using low-cost commercial materials.
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14

Joung, Kwan-Young, Sung-Yong Kim, Inpil Kang, and Sung-Ho Cho. "3D-Printed Load Cell Using Nanocarbon Composite Strain Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 3675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113675.

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The development of a 3D-Printed Load Cell (PLC) was studied using a nanocarbon composite strain sensor (NCSS) and a 3D printing process. The miniature load cell was fabricated using a low-cost LCD-based 3D printer with UV resin. The NCSS composed of 0.5 wt% MWCNT/epoxy was used to create the flexure of PLC. PLC performance was evaluated under a rated load range; its output was equal to the common value of 2 mV/V. The performance was also evaluated after a calibration in terms of non-linearity, repeatability, and hysteresis, with final results of 2.12%, 1.60%, and 4.42%, respectively. Creep and creep recovery were found to be 1.68 (%FS) and 4.16 (%FS). The relative inferiorities of PLC seem to originate from the inherent hyper-elastic characteristics of polymer sensors. The 3D PLC developed may be a promising solution for the OEM/design-in load cell market and may also result in the development of a novel 3D-printed sensor.
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15

Bogue, Robert. "3D printing: an emerging technology for sensor fabrication." Sensor Review 36, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-07-2016-0114.

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Purpose This study aims to provide a technical insight into sensors fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) printing methods. Design/methodology/approach Following an introduction to 3D printing, this article first discusses printed sensors for strain and allied variables, based on a diverse range of principles and materials. It then considers ultrasonic and acoustic sensor developments and provides details of a sensor based on 3D printed electronic components for monitoring food quality in real-time. Finally, brief concluding comments are drawn. Findings Several variants of the 3D printing technique have been used in the fabrication of a range of sensors based on many different operating principles. These exhibit good performance and sometimes unique characteristics. A key benefit is the ability to overcome the limitations of conventional manufacturing techniques by creating complex shapes from a wide range of sensing materials. Originality/value 3D printing is a new and potentially important sensor fabrication technology, and this article provides details of a range of recently reported developments.
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16

Dhinesh, S. K., and K. L. Senthil Kumar. "A Review on 3D Printed Sensors." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 764 (March 7, 2020): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/764/1/012055.

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17

Ni, Yujie, Ru Ji, Kaiwen Long, Ting Bu, Kejian Chen, and Songlin Zhuang. "A review of 3D-printed sensors." Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 52, no. 7 (January 31, 2017): 623–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2017.1287082.

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18

Hu, Guohong, Fengli Huang, Chengli Tang, Jinmei Gu, Zhiheng Yu, and Yun Zhao. "High-Performance Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Printed with 3D Microstructures." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 3417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193417.

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Flexible pressure sensors have been widely used in health detection, robot sensing, and shape recognition. The micro-engineered design of the intermediate dielectric layer (IDL) has proven to be an effective way to optimize the performance of flexible pressure sensors. Nevertheless, the performance development of flexible pressure sensors is limited due to cost and process difficulty, prepared by inverted mold lithography. In this work, microstructured arrays printed by aerosol printing act as the IDL of the sensor. It is a facile way to prepare flexible pressure sensors with high performance, simplified processes, and reduced cost. Simultaneously, the effects of microstructure size, PDMS/MWCNTs film, microstructure height, and distance between the microstructures on the sensitivity and response time of the sensor are studied. When the microstructure size, height, and distance are 250 µm, 50 µm, and 400 µm, respectively, the sensor shows a sensitivity of 0.172 kPa−1 with a response time of 98.2 ms and a relaxation time of 111.4 ms. Studies have proven that the microstructured dielectric layer printed by aerosol printing could replace the inverted mold technology. Additionally, applications of the designed sensor are tested, such as the finger pressing test, elbow bending test, and human squatting test, which show good performance.
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Hampel, Benedikt, Marco Tollkühn, and Meinhard Schilling. "Anisotropic magnetoresistive sensors for control of additive manufacturing machines." tm - Technisches Messen 86, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0016.

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AbstractMagnetic sensors are employed for dimensional measurements by detection of sensor motion relative to a small magnet. This is widely used everywhere in industrial automation, car industry and in many home appliances. The use of magnetic sensors in machines for additive manufacturing improves control and long term reliability by non contact position measurements. Magnetic sensors with linearized characteristic based on the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect can replace mechanical switches, while specialized AMR angle sensors are preferred for the measurement of rotational motions. Both are easy to use and can be integrated with help of 3D printed holders at low cost. In this work, appropriate sensors are selected, integrated and discussed regarding magnetic disturbance signals apparent in low-cost 3D printers.
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20

He, Xu, Yuchen Lin, Yuchen Ding, Arif M. Abdullah, Zepeng Lei, Yubo Han, Xiaojuan Shi, Wei Zhang, and Kai Yu. "Reshapeable, rehealable and recyclable sensor fabricated by direct ink writing of conductive composites based on covalent adaptable network polymers." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 015301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ac37f2.

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Abstract Covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers doped with conductive nanoparticles are an ideal candidate to create reshapeable, rehealable, and fully recyclable electronics. On the other hand, 3D printing as a deterministic manufacturing method has a significant potential to fabricate electronics with low cost and high design freedom. In this paper, we incorporate a conductive composite consisting of polyimine CAN and multi-wall carbon nanotubes into direct-ink-writing 3D printing to create polymeric sensors with outstanding reshaping, repairing, and recycling capabilities. The developed printable ink exhibits good printability, conductivity, and recyclability. The conductivity of printed polyimine composites is investigated at different temperatures and deformation strain levels. Their shape-reforming and Joule heating-induced interfacial welding effects are demonstrated and characterized. Finally, a temperature sensor is 3D printed with defined patterns of conductive pathways, which can be easily mounted onto 3D surfaces, repaired after damage, and recycled using solvents. The sensing capability of printed sensors is maintained after the repairing and recycling. Overall, the 3D printed reshapeable, rehealable, and recyclable sensors possess complex geometry and extend service life, which assist in the development of polymer-based electronics toward broad and sustainable applications.
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Theisen, Adam, Max Ungar, Bryan Sheridan, and Bradley G. Illston. "More science with less: evaluation of a 3D-printed weather station." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 4699–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4699-2020.

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Abstract. A weather station built using 3D-printed parts and low-cost sensors, based on plans and guidance provided by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 3D-Printed Automatic Weather Station Initiative, was deployed alongside an Oklahoma Mesonet station to compare its performance against standard commercial sensors and determine the longevity and durability of the system. Temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, and precipitation measurements were collected over an 8-month field deployment in Norman, Oklahoma. Measurements were comparable to the commercial sensors except for wind direction, which proved to be problematic. Longevity and durability of the system varied, as some sensors and 3D-printed components failed during the deployment. Overall, results show that these low-cost sensors are comparable to the more expensive commercial counterparts and could serve as viable alternatives for researchers and educators with limited resources for short-term deployments. Long-term deployments are feasible with proper maintenance and regular replacement of sensors and 3D-printed components.
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Palanisamy, Srinivasan, Muthuramalingam Thangaraj, Khaja Moiduddin, and Abdulrahman M. Al-Ahmari. "Fabrication and Performance Analysis of 3D Inkjet Flexible Printed Touch Sensor Based on AgNP Electrode for Infotainment Display." Coatings 12, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030416.

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It is possible to employ printed capacitive sensors in car bezel applications because of its lower cost and higher detecting capabilities. In this paper, a flexible sensor for automotive entertainment applications has been developed using an electrode flexible sensor with an interdigitated pattern printed on it using screen printing and 3D printing fabrication processes. Design concerns such as electrode overlap, electrode gap and width on capacitance changes, and production costs were studied. In addition, a new generation of flexible printed sensors has been developed that can outperform conventional human–machine interface (HMI) sensors. The capacitance of the design pattern may be optimized by using a 15mm overlap and 0.5mm electrode line width. Due to the precision of interpolation, overlap has a larger effect on sensor performance than it would have without it.
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Wong, Tat Hang, Davide Asnaghi, and Suk Wai Winnie Leung. "Mechatronics Enabling Kit for 3D Printed Hand Prosthesis." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.81.

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AbstractNew advances in both neurosciences and computational approaches have changed the landscapes for smart devices design serving mobility-related disabilities. In this paper we present the integration of affordable robotics and wearable sensors through our mechatronic product platform, Sparthan, to enable accessibility of the technology in both the power prosthesis and neurorehabilitation space. Sparthan leverages 3rd party EMG sensors, Myo armband, to process muscles sensor data and translate user intention into hand movements. Key innovation includes the modularity, scalability and high degree of customization the solution affords to the target users. User-centered design approaches and mechatronic system design are detailed to demonstrate the versatility of integrative systems and design. What started off as an engineering research endeavor is also positioned to be deployed to deliver real-world impact, especially for prosthesis users in developing countries.
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Ragazou, Katerina, Rallis Lougkovois, Vassiliki Katseli, and Christos Kokkinos. "Fully Integrated 3D-Printed Electronic Device for the On-Field Determination of Antipsychotic Drug Quetiapine." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 4753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144753.

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In this work, we developed a novel all-3D-printed device for the simple determination of quetiapine fumarate (QF) via voltammetric mode. The device was printed through a one-step process by a dual-extruder 3D printer and it features three thermoplastic electrodes (printed from a carbon black-loaded polylactic acid (PLA)) and an electrode holder printed from a non-conductive PLA filament. The integrated 3D-printed device can be printed on-field and it qualifies as a ready-to-use sensor, since it does not require any post-treatment (i.e., modification or activation) before use. The electrochemical parameters, which affect the performance of the sensor in QF determination, were optimized and, under the selected conditions, the quantification of QF was carried out in the concentration range of 5 × 10−7–80 × 10−7 mol × L−1. The limit of detection was 2 × 10−9 mol × L−1, which is lower than that of existing electrochemical QF sensors. The within-device and between-device reproducibility was 4.3% and 6.2% (at 50 × 10−7 mol × L−1 QF level), respectively, demonstrating the satisfactory operational and fabrication reproducibility of the device. Finally, the device was successfully applied for the determination of QF in pharmaceutical tablets and in human urine, justifying its suitability for routine and on-site analysis.
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Histed, Rebecca, Justin Ngo, Omar A. Hussain, Chantel K. Lapins, Omid Fakharian, Kam K. Leang, Yiliang Liao, and Matteo Aureli. "Ionic polymer metal composite compression sensors with 3D-structured interfaces." Smart Materials and Structures 30, no. 12 (November 12, 2021): 125027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac3431.

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Abstract In this paper, we report the development of tailored 3D-structured (engineered) polymer-metal interfaces to create enhanced ‘engineered ionic polymer metal composite’ (eIPMC) sensors towards soft, self-powered, high sensitivity strain sensor applications. We introduce a novel advanced additive manufacturing approach to tailor the morphology of the polymer-electrode interfaces via inkjet-printed polymer microscale features. We hypothesize that these features can promote inhomogeneous strain within the material upon the application of external pressure, responsible for improved compression sensing performance. We formalize a minimal physics-based chemoelectromechanical model to predict the linear sensor behavior of eIPMCs in both open-circuit and short-circuit sensing conditions. The model accounts for polymer-electrode interfacial topography to define the inhomogeneous mechanical response driving electrochemical transport in the eIPMC. Electrochemical experiments demonstrate improved electrochemical properties of the inkjet-printed eIPMCs as compared to the standard IPMC sensors fabricated from Nafion polymer sheets. Similarly, compression sensing results show a significant increase in sensing performance of inkjet-printed eIPMC. We also introduce two alternative methods of eIPMC fabrication for sub-millimeter features, namely filament-based fused-deposition manufacturing and stencil printing, and experimentally demonstrate their improved sensing performance. Our results demonstrate increasing voltage output associated to increasing applied mechanical pressure and enhanced performance of the proposed eIPMC sensors against traditional IPMC based compression sensors.
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Choudhary, H., D. Vaithiyanathan, and H. Kumar. "A Review on 3D printed force sensors." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1104, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1104/1/012013.

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Chang, Sang-Mi, Chong-Yun Kang, and Sunghoon Hur. "Short Review of 3D Printed Piezoelectric Sensors." JOURNAL OF SENSOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 31, no. 5 (September 30, 2022): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46670/jsst.2022.31.5.279.

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Hendrich, Norman, Florens Wasserfall, and Jianwei Zhang. "3D Printed Low-Cost Force-Torque Sensors." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 140569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3007565.

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Qu, Juntian, Qiyang Wu, Tyler Clancy, Qigao Fan, Xin Wang, and Xinyu Liu. "3D-Printed Strain-Gauge Micro Force Sensors." IEEE Sensors Journal 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 6971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.2976508.

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Kim, Eugene, Seyedmeysam Khaleghian, and Anahita Emami. "Behavior of 3D Printed Stretchable Structured Sensors." Electronics 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010018.

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Piezoresistive structures inspired by serpentines, auxetic, and kirigami arrangements have demonstrated good flexibility and sensitivity under tension. Piezoresistive structures display optimal performance when the characteristics entail reliable stretchability and repeatability. These structures can be implemented as wearable sensors by compressing and elongating the conductive nanocomposites to vary the flow of electrons and to provide resistance change. To guarantee the reliability of these structures for strain sensing, it is important that the resistance change in these structures remains constant under repeated loads. In this study, the performance of different piezoresistive structures under cyclic tensile load is investigated and compared. Based on the performance of different types of structures, novel hybrid structures have been also proposed to design for both high stretchability and sensitivity of piezoresistive sensors. All the structures were tested with position limits rather than a fixed force to avoid permanent deformation. First, small position limits were used to determine Young’s Modulus, then a 10-cycle tensile test with larger position limits was used to further study the electromechanical behavior of different piezoresistive structures under larger deformation and repetition. Finally, the gage factor was derived for all the studied structures, and they were re-categorized based on properties’ similarities.
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Langlois, Kevin, Ellen Roels, Gabriël Van De Velde, Cláudia Espadinha, Christopher Van Vlerken, Tom Verstraten, Bram Vanderborght, and Dirk Lefeber. "Integration of 3D Printed Flexible Pressure Sensors into Physical Interfaces for Wearable Robots." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062157.

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Sensing pressure at the physical interface between the robot and the human has important implications for wearable robots. On the one hand, monitoring pressure distribution can give valuable benefits on the aspects of comfortability and safety of such devices. Additionally, on the other hand, they can be used as a rich sensory input to high level interaction controllers. However, a problem is that the commercial availability of this technology is mostly limited to either low-cost solutions with poor performance or expensive options, limiting the possibilities for iterative designs. As an alternative, in this manuscript we present a three-dimensional (3D) printed flexible capacitive pressure sensor that allows seamless integration for wearable robotic applications. The sensors are manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques, which provides benefits in terms of versatility of design and implementation. In this study, a characterization of the 3D printed sensors in a test-bench is presented after which the sensors are integrated in an upper arm interface. A human-in-the-loop calibration of the sensors is then shown, allowing to estimate the external force and pressure distribution that is acting on the upper arm of seven human subjects while performing a dynamic task. The validation of the method is achieved by means of a collaborative robot for precise force interaction measurements. The results indicate that the proposed sensors are a potential solution for further implementation in human–robot interfaces.
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Samarentsis, Anastasios G., Georgios Makris, Sofia Spinthaki, Georgios Christodoulakis, Manolis Tsiknakis, and Alexandros K. Pantazis. "A 3D-Printed Capacitive Smart Insole for Plantar Pressure Monitoring." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 9725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249725.

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Gait analysis refers to the systematic study of human locomotion and finds numerous applications in the fields of clinical monitoring, rehabilitation, sports science and robotics. Wearable sensors for real-time gait monitoring have emerged as an attractive alternative to the traditional clinical-based techniques, owing to their low cost and portability. In addition, 3D printing technology has recently drawn increased interest for the manufacturing of sensors, considering the advantages of diminished fabrication cost and time. In this study, we report the development of a 3D-printed capacitive smart insole for the measurement of plantar pressure. Initially, a novel 3D-printed capacitive pressure sensor was fabricated and its sensing performance was evaluated. The sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 1.19 MPa−1, a wide working pressure range (<872.4 kPa), excellent stability and durability (at least 2.280 cycles), great linearity (R2=0.993), fast response/recovery time (142–160 ms), low hysteresis (DH<10%) and the ability to support a broad spectrum of gait speeds (30–70 steps/min). Subsequently, 16 pressure sensors were integrated into a 3D-printed smart insole that was successfully applied for dynamic plantar pressure mapping and proven able to distinguish the various gait phases. We consider that the smart insole presented here is a simple, easy to manufacture and cost-effective solution with the potential for real-world applications.
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Hinojo, Antonio, Enric Lujan Lujan, Sergi Colominas, and Jordi Abella. "Hydrogen Sensor with 3D Printed BaCe0.6Zr0.3Y0.1O3-α electrolyte for High-Temperature Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 61 (October 9, 2022): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02612267mtgabs.

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Fusion energy is considered a promising source of energy for the near future. The most efficient reaction for that purpose is the fusion of deuterium and tritium, two hydrogen isotopes, to release helium, neutrons and energy. To assure the correct operation of this technology, new online devices able to monitor hydrogen isotopes will be required. Electrochemical sensors based on solid-state proton conductor ceramics can be used for that purpose. These materials have attracted significant interest because of their chemical and physical durability, especially at elevated temperatures. These electrolytes are perovskite-type materials with electrical carriers, positive holes, excess electrons and oxide ion vacancies. In previous work [1], amperometric hydrogen sensors based on BaCe0.6Zr0.3Y0.1O3-α (BCZY) electrolyte have been developed and tested in hydrogen atmospheres obtaining good results. These prototypes were constructed using 13 mm BCZY disks obtained by uniaxial pressure. In the present work, hydrogen sensors based on BCZY were constructed and evaluated in amperometric mode. The BCZY powder was disk-shaped using uniaxial pressure and 3D printing. Sensors were constructed as follows: first, sintered disks were platinized using platinum ink. Then, disks were sealed with a glass binder to alumina tubes. This way, the external face of the disk acted as a working electrode (WE) and the inner part of the sensor as a counter electrode (CE). 3D printed disks were fabricated using a Delta WASP 2040 ceramic 3D printer. For that, the ceramic powder was mixed with PEG400 and water until a viscous paste was obtained. Once green bodies were dried, they were heated for debinding and sintering using an optimized thermal program to reduce porosity. XRD (for crystallographic phases) and SEM (for microstructural defects and sintering) were used for the 3D printed and uniaxial pressed sintered disks characterization. The amperometric response of sensors constructed with both electrolytes (the uniaxially pressed and the 3D printed disks) was compared. [1] A. Hinojo, I. Soriano, J. Abellà, S. Colominas, Evaluation of High-Temperature Hydrogen Sensors Based on BaCe0.6Zr0.3Y0.1O3-α and Sr(Ce0.9Zr0.1)0.95Yb0.05O3-α Perovskites for Industrial Applications, Sensors. 20 (2020) 7258. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247258.
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Wolterink, Gerjan, Pedro Dias, Remco G. P. Sanders, Frodo Muijzer, Bert-Jan van Beijnum, Peter Veltink, and Gijs Krijnen. "Development of Soft sEMG Sensing Structures Using 3D-Printing Technologies." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 4292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154292.

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3D printing of soft EMG sensing structures enables the creation of personalized sensing structures that can be potentially integrated in prosthetic, assistive and other devices. We developed and characterized flexible carbon-black doped TPU-based sEMG sensing structures. The structures are directly 3D-printed without the need for an additional post-processing step using a low-cost, consumer grade multi-material FDM printer. A comparison between the gold standard Ag/AgCl gel electrodes and the 3D-printed EMG electrodes with a comparable contact area shows that there is no significant difference in the EMG signals’ amplitude. The sensors are capable of distinguishing a variable level of muscle activity of the biceps brachii. Furthermore, as a proof of principle, sEMG data of a 3D-printed 8-electrode band are analyzed using a patten recognition algorithm to recognize hand gestures. This work shows that 3D-printed sEMG electrodes have great potential in practical applications.
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Kalas, David, Silvan Pretl, Jan Reboun, Radek Soukup, and Ales Hamacek. "Towards Hand Model with Integrated Multichannel Sensor System for Thermal Testing of Protective Gloves." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 62, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.13264.

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This paper deals with the development of a temperature sensor system consisting of multiple temperature sensors integrated into a model of a human hand and a system for data collection, processing and 3D visualization. The measuring part of the system uses temperature sensors TMP05, which enable daisy chain serial connection. The individual chains are then connected to the microprocessor. The microprocessor controls the temperature measurement and sends data to the computer, where data is processed, evaluated and visualized. The temperature sensors are mounted on flexible printed circuit boards which are placed into the human hand model and subsequently fixed by a UV curable adhesive. The model of the human hand is designed in accordance with the standard models for the production of rubber gloves and it is made on a 3D printer of polyamide PA6 filled with short carbon fibers. The final version of the system will have approximately two hundred sensors, which will be concentrated mainly in the area of fingers and back of the hand.
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He, Shan, Shilun Feng, Anindya Nag, Nasrin Afsarimanesh, Tao Han, and Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay. "Recent Progress in 3D Printed Mold-Based Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030703.

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The paper presents a review of some of the significant research done on 3D printed mold-based sensors performed in recent times. The utilization of the master molds to fabricate the different parts of the sensing prototypes have been followed for quite some time due to certain distinct advantages. Some of them are easy template preparation, easy customization of the developed products, quick fabrication, and minimized electronic waste. The paper explains the different kinds of sensors and actuators that have been developed using this technique, based on their varied structural dimensions, processed raw materials, designing, and product testing. These differences in the attributes were based on their individualistic application. Furthermore, some of the challenges related to the existing sensors and their possible respective solutions have also been mentioned in the paper. Finally, a market survey has been provided, stating the estimated increase in the annual growth of 3D printed sensors. It also states the type of 3D printing that has been preferred over the years, along with the range of sensors, and their related applications.
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Han, Tao, Sudip Kundu, Anindya Nag, and Yongzhao Xu. "3D Printed Sensors for Biomedical Applications: A Review." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071706.

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This paper showcases a substantial review on some of the significant work done on 3D printing of sensors for biomedical applications. The importance of 3D printing techniques has bloomed in the sensing world due to their essential advantages of quick fabrication, easy accessibility, processing of varied materials and sustainability. Along with the introduction of the necessity and influence of 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of sensors for different healthcare applications, the paper explains the individual methodologies used to develop sensing prototypes. Six different 3D printing techniques have been explained in the manuscript, followed by drawing a comparison between them in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, materials being processed, resolution, repeatability, accuracy and applications. Finally, a conclusion of the paper is provided with some of the challenges of the current 3D printing techniques about the developed sensing prototypes, their corresponding remedial solutions and a market survey determining the expenditure on 3D printing for biomedical sensing prototypes.
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Ikei, Alec, James Wissman, Kaushik Sampath, Gregory Yesner, and Syed N. Qadri. "Tunable In Situ 3D-Printed PVDF-TrFE Piezoelectric Arrays." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 5032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155032.

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In the functional 3D-printing field, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) has been shown to be a more promising choice of material over polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), due to its ability to be poled to a high level of piezoelectric performance without a large mechanical strain ratio. In this work, a novel presentation of in situ 3D printing and poling of PVDF-TrFE is shown with a d33 performance of up to 18 pC N−1, more than an order of magnitude larger than previously reported in situ poled polymer piezoelectrics. This finding paves the way forward for pressure sensors with much higher sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, the ability of in situ pole sensors to demonstrate different performance levels is shown in a fully 3D-printed five-element sensor array, accelerating and increasing the design space for complex sensing arrays. The in situ poled sample performance was compared to the performance of samples prepared through an ex situ corona poling process.
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Hu, Baofa, Zhiwei Li, Yuanjie Wan, Peng Zhou, Chunquan Zhang, and Haisheng San. "3D Printed Pressure Sensor Based on Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator." Measurement Science Review 21, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2021-0011.

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Abstract This paper reports a 3-dimentional (3D) pressure sensor based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. The SAW resonators were designed and fabricated on 128°Y-X LiNbO3 substrate using the MEMS technology. The pressure sensing structure was 3D-printed using polyactic acid plastic, and two SAW resonators were integrated in the 3D-printed chamber structure for both temperature and pressure sensing. The SAW-based gas pressure sensors demonstrate a sensitivity of 589 ppm/MPa at the pressure range of 100-600 kPa and temperature of 40 °C.
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Ifedapo Abdullahi, Salami, Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, and Noreha Abd Malik. "Design, simulation and practical experimentation of miniaturized turbine flow sensor for flow meter assessment." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1501.

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Flow sensors are very essential in many aspects of our daily lives. Many of the industrial processes need a very consistent flow sensor to monitor and check for irregularities in their system. Therefore, flow sensor is an important tool for advanced operation in industrial environment. In this paper, the design and development of a 3D fabricated flow sensor was carried out using SolidWork 3D CAD. SolidWork Flow Simulation was used to model the effect the turbine flow sensor would have on a constant flowing water while MATLAB Simulink flow graph was created to visualize the effect of turbine flow sensor response with voltage input. Afterwards, the design was 3D printed using UP Plus 2 3D printer. The experimentation involved selection of sensors, coding to control the turbine flow sensor and automatic data logging and storage. During the design phase, the sensors and actuators were assembled using locally sourced material. Subsequently, under controlled laboratory environment, the turbine flow sensor was tested using a DC motor which was programmed to control the revolution per minute(rpm) of the turbine flow sensor. The rpm and velocity of the turbine flow meter was measured and stored in a database via Microsoft Excel using Cool Term Software. A total number of 517 readings were analysed to evaluate the performance of the turbine flow sensor. The result shows that the turbine flow meter is responsive to the motor input voltage and yielded accurate measurement of rpm and velocity of turbine flow meter.
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Arris, Farrah Aida, Denesh Mohan, and Mohd Shaiful Sajab. "Facile Synthesis of 3D Printed Tailored Electrode for 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol (3-MCPD) Sensing." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030383.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has allowed enormous advancement in technology and material development; thus, it requires attention in developing functionalized printed materials. AM can assist in efficiently manufacturing complex tailored electrodes for electrochemical sensing in the food industry. Herein, we used a commercial fused deposition modeling (FDM) filament of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) for FDM 3D printing of a self-designed electrode with minimal time and cost compared to a commercial electrode. A graphene-based ABS conductive filament (ABS-G) was used to fabricate the conductive electrode in a dual-nozzle FDM 3D printer. The electrochemically conductive 3D printed electrode was characterized using cyclic voltammetry and tested against standard 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) with known concentrations using an amperometric detection method. Results showed a basis for promising application to detect and quantify 3-MCPD, a food contaminant known for its carcinogenic potential. The fabrication of functionalized 3D printed polymer electrodes paves way for the development of complete 3D printable electrochemical sensors. Under optimal conditions, this newly synthesized electrochemical sensor exhibited sensitivity with a linear response range from 6.61 × 10−4 to 2.30 × 10−3 µg/mL with an estimated limit of detection of 3.30 × 10−4 µg/mL against 3-MCPD.
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42

Wang, Jilong, Yan Liu, Siheng Su, Junhua Wei, Syed Rahman, Fuda Ning, Gordon Christopher, Weilong Cong, and Jingjing Qiu. "Ultrasensitive Wearable Strain Sensors of 3D Printing Tough and Conductive Hydrogels." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111873.

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In this study, tough and conductive hydrogels were printed by 3D printing method. The combination of thermo-responsive agar and ionic-responsive alginate can highly improve the shape fidelity. With addition of agar, ink viscosity was enhanced, further improving its rheological characteristics for a precise printing. After printing, the printed construct was cured via free radical polymerization, and alginate was crosslinked by calcium ions. Most importantly, with calcium crosslinking of alginate, mechanical properties of 3D printed hydrogels are greatly improved. Furthermore, these 3D printed hydrogels can serve as ionic conductors, because hydrogels contain large amounts of water that dissolve excess calcium ions. A wearable resistive strain sensor that can quickly and precisely detect human motions like finger bending was fabricated by a 3D printed hydrogel film. These results demonstrate that the conductive, transparent, and stretchable hydrogels are promising candidates as soft wearable electronics for healthcare, robotics and entertainment.
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Barrett-Snyder, Kieran, Susan Lane, Nathan Lazarus, W. Alberts, and Brendan Hanrahan. "Printing a Pacinian Corpuscle: Modeling and Performance." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050574.

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The Pacinian corpuscle is a highly sensitive mammalian sensor cell that exhibits a unique band-pass sensitivity to vibrations. The cell achieves this band-pass response through the use of 20 to 70 elastic layers entrapping layers of viscous fluid. This paper develops and explores a scalable mechanical model of the Pacinian corpuscle and uses the model to predict the response of synthetic corpuscles, which could be the basis for future vibration sensors. The −3dB point of the biological cell is accurately mimicked using the geometries and materials available with off-the-shelf 3D printers. The artificial corpuscles here are constructed using uncured photoresist within structures printed in a commercial stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer, allowing the creation of trapped fluid layers analogous to the biological cell. Multi-layer artificial Pacinian corpuscles are vibration tested over the range of 20–3000 Hz and the response is in good agreement with the model.
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Allmendinger, Lea, Simon Hazubski, and Andreas Otte. "Conceptualization of an Anthropomorphic Replacement Hand with a Sensory Feedback System." Prosthesis 4, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 695–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis4040055.

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In this paper, a concept for an anthropomorphic replacement hand cast with silicone with an integrated sensory feedback system is presented. In order to construct the personalized replacement hand, a 3D scan of a healthy hand was used to create a 3D-printed mold using computer-aided design (CAD). To allow for movement of the index and middle fingers, a motorized orthosis was used. Information about the applied force for grasping and the degree of flexion of the fingers is registered using two pressure sensors and one bending sensor in each movable finger. To integrate the sensors and additional cavities for increased flexibility, the fingers were cast in three parts, separately from the rest of the hand. A silicone adhesive (Silpuran 4200) was examined to combine the individual parts afterwards. For this, tests with different geometries were carried out. Furthermore, different test series for the secure integration of the sensors were performed, including measurements of the registered information of the sensors. Based on these findings, skin-toned individual fingers and a replacement hand with integrated sensors were created. Using Silpuran 4200, it was possible to integrate the needed cavities and to place the sensors securely into the hand while retaining full flexion using a motorized orthosis. The measurements during different loadings and while grasping various objects proved that it is possible to realize such a sensory feedback system in a replacement hand. As a result, it can be stated that the cost-effective realization of a personalized, anthropomorphic replacement hand with an integrated sensory feedback system is possible using 3D scanning and 3D printing. By integrating smaller sensors, the risk of damaging the sensors through movement could be decreased.
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Omar, Muhamad Huzaifah, Khairunisak Abdul Razak, Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab, and Hairul Hisham Hamzah. "Recent progress of conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymers/carbon nanomaterials using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) method as emerging electrochemical sensing devices." RSC Advances 11, no. 27 (2021): 16557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra01987b.

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This minireview discusses the current on-demand applications of the conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymer/carbon nanomaterial filaments, printed using the FDM 3D printing method, in developing electrochemical sensors and biosensors.
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Emon, Md, and Jae-Won Choi. "Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Embedded in 3D Printed Tires." Sensors 17, no. 3 (March 22, 2017): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17030656.

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Vlachakis, Christos, Jack McAlorum, and Marcus Perry. "3D printed cement-based repairs and strain sensors." Automation in Construction 137 (May 2022): 104202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104202.

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48

Khosravani, Mohammad Reza, and Tamara Reinicke. "3D-printed sensors: Current progress and future challenges." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 305 (April 2020): 111916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.111916.

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Hashemi Sanatgar, Razieh, Aurélie Cayla, Jinping Guan, Guoqiang Chen, Vincent Nierstrasz, and Christine Campagne. "Piezoresistive Properties of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanocomposites." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 2981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14152981.

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An increasing interest is focused on the application of 3D printing for sensor manufacturing. Using 3D printing technology offers a new approach to the fabrication of sensors that are both geometrically and functionally complex. This work presents the analysis of the 3D-printed thermoplastic nanocomposites compress under the applied force. The response for the corresponding resistance changes versus applied load is obtained to evaluate the effectiveness of the printed layer as a pressure/force sensor. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and high-structured carbon black (Ketjenblack) (KB) in the polylactic acid (PLA) matrix were extruded to develop 3D-printable filaments. The electrical and piezoresistive behaviors of the created 3D-printed layers were investigated. The percolation threshold of MWNT and KB 3D-printed layers are 1 wt.% and 4 wt.%, respectively. The PLA/1 wt.% MWNT 3D-printed layers with 1 mm thickness exhibit a negative pressure coefficient (NPC) characterized by a decrease of about one decade in resistance with increasing compressive loadings up to 18 N with a maximum strain up to about 16%. In the cyclic mode with a 1 N/min force rate, the PLA/1 wt.% MWNT 3D-printed layers showed good performance with the piezoresistive coefficient or gauge factor (G) of 7.6 obtained with the amplitude of the piezoresistive response (Ar) of about -0.8. KB composites could not show stable piezoresistive responses in a cyclic mode. However, under high force rate compression, the PLA/4 wt.% KB 3D-printed layers led to responses of large sensitivity (Ar = −0.90) and were exempt from noise with a high value of G = 47.6 in the first cycle, which is a highly efficient piezoresistive behavior.
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Siradjuddin, Indrazno, Rendi Pambudi Wicaksono, Anggit Murdani, Denda Dewatama, Ferdian Ronilaya, Erfan Rohadi, and Rosa Andrie Asmara. "A low cost 3D-printed robot joint torque sensor." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 11006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819711006.

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Technological advances allow researchers to develop advanced arm robots and can safely work side by side with humans Therefore, a robot arm controller can be designed in such way that the robot arm can move along the desired trajectories and act upon external influences, in this last case, the torque sensor plays an important rule. Currently torque sensors are available in the market has a high price. In this work, an inexpensive robot joint torque sensor is presented. Most parts of this sensor are made using 3D printers. While the other components are easily can be found in the market and with a relatively low-costs. The development of this sensor is intended to facilitate the prototyping of the robot arm for educational and research purposes. The basic idea of the sensor mechanism is to convert torque into a force absorbed by a spring. Then, the encoder senses the direction and the value of the input torque. This torque sensor can be easily too customized. Thus this sensor can be tailored to the needs by replacing some parts such as encoder and spring. The mechanism of this sensor can also be adjusted with the actuator to be paired. Experiments have been conducted to verify the accuracy and the performance of the proposed torque sensor.
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