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Journal articles on the topic '3D printed foam'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Chen, Qiyi, Jiayu Zhao, Jingbo Ren, Lihan Rong, Peng‐Fei Cao, and Rigoberto C. Advincula. "3D Printed Multifunctional, Hyperelastic Silicone Rubber Foam." Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 23 (April 4, 2019): 1900469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900469.

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2

Bharath, H. S., Akshay Sawardekar, Sunil Waddar, P. Jeyaraj, and Mrityunjay Doddamani. "Mechanical behavior of 3D printed syntactic foam composites." Composite Structures 254 (December 2020): 112832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112832.

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3

Lappan, Tobias, Alexander Franz, Holger Schwab, Uta Kühn, Sven Eckert, Kerstin Eckert, and Sascha Heitkam. "X-ray particle tracking velocimetry in liquid foam flow." Soft Matter 16, no. 8 (2020): 2093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02140j.

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4

Yan, Leilei, Keyu Zhu, Yunwei Zhang, Chun Zhang, and Xitao Zheng. "Effect of Absorbent Foam Filling on Mechanical Behaviors of 3D-Printed Honeycombs." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092059.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) hexagonal honeycomb structures were fabricated by using 3D-printing technology. By filling with absorbent polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam, a novel absorbent-foam-filled 3D-printed honeycomb was obtained. The in-plane (L- and W-direction) and out-of-plane (T-direction) compressive performances were studied experimentally and numerically. Due to absorbent PMI foam filling, the elastic modulus, compressive strength, energy absorption per unit volume, and energy absorption per unit mass of absorbent-foam-filled honeycomb under L-direction were increased by 296.34%, 168.75%, 505.57%, and 244.22%, respectively. Moreover, the elastic modulus, compressive strength, energy absorption per unit volume, and energy absorption per unit mass, under W-direction, also have increments of 211.65%, 179.85, 799.45%, and 413.02%, respectively. However, for out-of-plane compression, the compressive strength and energy absorption per unit volume were enhanced, but the density has also been increased; thus, it is not competitive in energy absorption per unit mass. Failure mechanism and dimension effects of absorbent-foam-filled honeycomb were also considered. The approach of absorbent foam filling made the 3D-printed honeycomb structure more competitive in electromagnetic wave stealth applications, while acting simultaneously as load-carrying structures.
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5

Pathipaka, Ranjith Kumar, Kiran Kumar Namala, Nagasrisaihari Sunkara, and Chennakesava Rao Bandaru. "Damage characterization of sandwich composites subjected to impact loading." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 22, no. 7 (August 16, 2018): 2125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636218792717.

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Advanced composite materials are usually optimized to achieve balance of properties for given range of applications. In recent times, researchers had worked on the sandwich composites by using different foam and metal honeycomb as a core material. In the current project, honeycomb core is prepared by using 3D printed technology. In this case of sandwich composites, cross-linked polyethylene foam and 3D-printed polylactic acid honeycomb as core and GFRP is used as face sheet. The comparison is made between polyethylene foam and 3D printed honeycomb core sandwich composite in the aspect of toughness, strength, and modulus. The present study is to characterize the damages in the sandwich structure for the amount of energy absorbed by the structures such as delamination, indentation, crushing of foams, and debonding of face sheets and core material subjected to free fall impact. The contact force versus time, contact force versus deflection of plates with respect to impact energy levels of 9.3, 16.5, and 25.7 J and impact energy versus time are determined. The current research helps in determination of core materials effecting/absorbing the damage and behavior of sandwich materials subjected to impact loads.
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6

Patil, Balu, B. R. Bharath Kumar, and Mrityunjay Doddamani. "Compressive behavior of fly ash based 3D printed syntactic foam composite." Materials Letters 254 (November 2019): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.07.080.

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7

Mustapha, Khairul Azhar, Fadhilah Shikh Anuar, and Fatimah Al-Zahrah Mohd Saat. "Prediction of Slip Velocity at the Interface of Open-Cell Metal Foam Using 3D Printed Foams." Colloids and Interfaces 6, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids6040080.

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An open-cell metal foam gains a lot of interest from researchers due to its unique porous structure, which provides high surface area and good tortuosity, as well as being lightweight. However, the same structure also induces a massive pressure drop which requires an optimum design to suit applications, for example, a partially filled setup or staggered design. Thus, better attention to the slip velocity at the interface between the porous structure and non-porous region is required to maximize its potential, especially in thermal fluid applications. This study proposed a slip velocity model of an open-cell metal foam by using a reverse engineering method and 3D printing technology. A series of experiments and a dimensionless analysis using the Buckingham-Pi theorem were used to compute the slip velocity model. Results show that the pressure drop increases with decreasing pore size. However, the blockage ratio effects would be more significant on the pressure drop with foams of smaller pore sizes. The proposed slip velocity model for an open-cell metal foam agrees with the experimental data, where the predicted values fall within measurement uncertainty.
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8

Marquez-Montes, Raul A., Kenta Kawashima, Yoon Jun Son, Jason A. Weeks, H. Hohyun Sun, Hugo Celio, Víctor H. Ramos-Sánchez, and C. Buddie Mullins. "Mass transport-enhanced electrodeposition of Ni–S–P–O films on nickel foam for electrochemical water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 12 (2021): 7736–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta12097a.

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9

McDonald-Wharry, John, Maedeh Amirpour, Kim L. Pickering, Mark Battley, and Yejun Fu. "Moisture sensitivity and compressive performance of 3D-printed cellulose-biopolyester foam lattices." Additive Manufacturing 40 (April 2021): 101918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.101918.

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10

Zhao, Jian, Amir Kordijazi, Colin Valensa, Hathibelagal Roshan, Yugg Kolhe, and Pradeep K. Rohatgi. "Behavior of Steel Foam Sandwich Members Cast with 3D Printed Sand Cores." JOM 74, no. 5 (January 31, 2022): 2083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05157-8.

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11

Kao, Yi-Tang, Anish Ravindra Amin, Nolan Payne, Jyhwen Wang, and Bruce L. Tai. "Low-velocity impact response of 3D-printed lattice structure with foam reinforcement." Composite Structures 192 (May 2018): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.02.042.

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12

Shojaei, Mohammad Javad, Kofi Osei-Bonsu, Paul Grassia, and Nima Shokri. "Foam Flow Investigation in 3D-Printed Porous Media: Fingering and Gravitational Effects." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 21 (May 4, 2018): 7275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00136.

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13

Skawiński, Igor, and Tomasz Goetzendorf-Grabowski. "FDM 3D printing method utility assessment in small RC aircraft design." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-07-2018-0189.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility of manufacturing fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printed structures such as wings or fuselages for small remote control (RC) air craft and mini unmaned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Design/methodology/approach Material tests, design assumptions and calculations were verified by designing and manufacturing a small radio-controlled motor-glider using as many printed parts as possible and performing test flights. Findings It is possible to create an aircraft with good flight characteristics using FDM 3D printed parts. Current level of technology allows for reasonably fast manufacturing of 3D printed aircraft with good reliability and high success ratio of prints; however, only some of the materials are suitable for printing thin wall structures such as wings. Practical implications The paper proves that apart from currently popular small RC aircraft structural materials such as composites, wood and foam, there is also printed plastic. Moreover, 3D printing is highly competitive in some aspects such as first unit production time or production cost. Originality/value The presented manufacturing technique can be useful for quick and cost-effective creating scale prototypes of the aircraft for performing test flights.
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14

Farzinazar, Shiva, Yueping Wang, Charles Abdol-Hamid Owens, Chen Yang, Howon Lee, and Jaeho Lee. "Thermal transport in 3D printed shape memory polymer metamaterials." APL Materials 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 081105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094036.

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Shape memory polymers are gaining significant interest as one of the major constituent materials for the emerging field of 4D printing. While 3D-printed metamaterials with shape memory polymers show unique thermomechanical behaviors, their thermal transport properties have received relatively little attention. Here, we show that thermal transport in 3D-printed shape memory polymers strongly depends on the shape, solid volume fraction, and temperature and that thermal radiation plays a critical role. Our infrared thermography measurements reveal thermal transport mechanisms of shape memory polymers in varying shapes from bulk to octet-truss and Kelvin-foam microlattices with volume fractions of 4%–7% and over a temperature range of 30–130 °C. The thermal conductivity of bulk shape memory polymers increases from 0.24 to 0.31 W m−1 K−1 around the glass transition temperature, in which the primary mechanism is the phase-dependent change in thermal conduction. On the contrary, thermal radiation dominates heat transfer in microlattices and its contribution to the Kelvin-foam structure ranges from 68% to 83% and to the octet-truss structure ranges from 59% to 76% over the same temperature range. We attribute this significant role of thermal radiation to the unique combination of a high infrared emissivity and a high surface-to-volume ratio in the shape memory polymer microlattices. Our work also presents an effective medium approach to explain the experimental results and model thermal transport properties with varying shapes, volume fractions, and temperatures. These findings provide new insights into understanding thermal transport mechanisms in 4D-printed shape memory polymers and exploring the design space of thermomechanical metamaterials.
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15

Romero, Pablo E., Jose Arribas-Barrios, Oscar Rodriguez-Alabanda, Ramón González-Merino, and Guillermo Guerrero-Vaca. "Manufacture of polyurethane foam parts for automotive industry using FDM 3D printed molds." CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 32 (January 2021): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2021.01.019.

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16

Osei-Bonsu, Kofi, Paul Grassia, and Nima Shokri. "Effects of Pore Geometry on Flowing Foam Dynamics in 3D-Printed Porous Media." Transport in Porous Media 124, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 903–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-018-1103-5.

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17

Zhang, Pengfei, Donald Joseph Arceneaux, Zhen Liu, Peyman Nikaeen, Ahmed Khattab, and Guoqiang Li. "A crack healable syntactic foam reinforced by 3D printed healing-agent based honeycomb." Composites Part B: Engineering 151 (October 2018): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.06.005.

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18

Nace, Susan Erica, John Tiernan, Donal Holland, and Aisling Ni Annaidh. "A comparative analysis of the compression characteristics of a thermoplastic polyurethane 3D printed in four infill patterns for comfort applications." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 11 (July 22, 2021): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2020-0155.

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Purpose Most support surfaces in comfort applications and sporting equipment are made from pressure-relieving foam such as viscoelastic polyurethane. However, for some users, foam is not the best material as it acts as a thermal insulator and it may not offer adequate postural support. The additive manufacturing of such surfaces and equipment may alleviate these issues, but material and design investigation is needed to optimize the printing parameters for use in pressure relief applications. This study aims to assess the ability of an additive manufactured flexible polymer to perform similarly to a viscoelastic foam for use in comfort applications. Design/methodology/approach Three-dimensional (3D) printed samples of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are tested in uniaxial compression with four different infill patterns and varying infill percentage. The behaviours of the samples are compared to a viscoelastic polyurethane foam used in various comfort applications. Findings Results indicate that TPU experiences an increase in strength with an increasing infill percentage. Findings from the study suggest that infill pattern impacts the compressive response of 3D printed material, with two-dimensional patterns inducing an elasto-plastic buckling of the cell walls in TPU depending on infill percentage. Such buckling may not be a beneficial property for comfort applications. Based on the results, the authors suggest printing from TPU with a low-density 3D infill, such as 5% gyroid. Originality/value Several common infill patterns are characterised in compression in this work, suggesting the importance of infill choices when 3D printing end-use products and design for manufacturing.
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19

Shatalova, S., N. Chernysheva, V. Lesovik, M. Elistratkin, and Alena Sheremet. "DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION FOR 3D PRINTING OF WALL STRUCTURES." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 7, no. 10 (June 10, 2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2022-7-10-8-19.

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Construction 3D printing is one of the advanced construction technologies in the era of widespread digitalization. The main idea of construction printing is to create a finished product or structure with one installation according to a given digital model. One of the obstacles to widespread implementation is the lack of integrated solutions for the construction of printed walls, ensuring the fulfillment of both structural and thermal engineering requirements, as well as the lack of available materials that allow obtaining mixtures for construction printing, maximally optimized for the features of a 3D printer. At the same time, an important condition for the commercial attractiveness of 3D technologies is the minimization of initial costs, as well as the availability of raw materials that contribute to their development by small and medium-sized businesses. The article offers a comprehensive solution for the development and creation of wall structures, consisting in alternating printing with one device (in different modes) of a fixed formwork made of fine-grained concrete with filling the interior space with a foam concrete mixture based on gypsum cement binder. This solution ensures the fulfillment of structural and thermal engineering requirements based on available standard components (commodity binders), maximally optimized for the features of the construction printer.
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20

Zhou, Zhijie, Zhuohuan Hu, Dan Wang, and Hongwei Wu. "Visualized-experimental investigation on the melting performance of PCM in 3D printed metal foam." Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 31 (June 2022): 101298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101298.

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21

Zhang, Shuai, Xuetao Shi, Zhenyun Miao, Haibin Zhang, Xin Zhao, Kai Wang, Jianbin Qin, and Guangcheng Zhang. "3D‐Printed Polyurethane Tissue‐Engineering Scaffold with Hierarchical Microcellular Foam Structure and Antibacterial Properties." Advanced Engineering Materials 24, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 2101134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101134.

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22

Ge, Changfeng, Lakshmi Priyadarshini, Denis Cormier, Liao Pan, and Jonathan Tuber. "A preliminary study of cushion properties of a 3D printed thermoplastic polyurethane Kelvin foam." Packaging Technology and Science 31, no. 5 (June 21, 2017): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2330.

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23

Prajapati, Mayur Jiyalal, Chinmai Bhat, Ajeet Kumar, Saurav Verma, Shang-Chih Lin, and Jeng-Ywan Jeng. "Supportless Lattice Structure for Additive Manufacturing of Functional Products and the Evaluation of Its Mechanical Property at Variable Strain Rates." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 7954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227954.

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This study proposes an innovative design solution based on the design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) and post-process for manufacturing industrial-grade products by reducing additive manufacturing (AM) time and improving production agility. The design of the supportless open cell Sea Urchin lattice structure is analyzed using DfAM for material extrusion (MEX) process to print support free in any direction. The open cell is converted into a global closed cell to entrap secondary foam material. The lattice structure is 3D printed with Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) material and is filled with foam using the Hybrid MEX process. Foam-filling improves the lattice structure’s energy absorption and crash force efficiency when tested at different strain rates. An industrial case study demonstrates the importance and application of this lightweight and tough design to meet the challenging current and future mass customization market. A consumer-based industrial scenario is chosen wherein an innovative 3D-printed universal puck accommodates different shapes of products across the supply line. The pucks are prone to collisions on the supply line, generating shock loads and hazardous noise. The results show that support-free global closed-cell lattice structures filled with foam improve energy absorption at a high strain rate and enhance the functional requirement of noise reduction during the collision.
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Asmaria, Talitha, Rafida Rahmi, Muhammad Satrio Utomo, Franciska Pramuji Lestari, Aprillia Erryani, Patmah Fathoni, Tutun Nugraha, and Ika Kartika. "The 3D Printing in Material Research and Medical Physics Education and Its Accuracy Study." Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/1.06209.

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This study aims to construct prototypes using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology as a research apparatus and a physics education instrument, particularly in medical physics education. Two main designs of prototypes have been arranged. Two foam NaCl templates are drawn using computer-aided design (CAD) software. Image processing techniques achieve a 3D model of a thoracic vertebra. All 3D model data are printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. The prints of foam NaCl templates are utilized for holding the NaCl powder. The prototype of a human vertebra is used for visualization of the real condition of the human bone anatomy. The results of the prototypes are analyzed to investigate the similarity between the model and the prints. This investigation is done using a Vernier Caliper and CT Scan. The measurement using Caliper shows a higher percentage in likeness than the CT-Scan. All the accuracy study shows they have more than 83% in similarity. It can be concluded that all built prototypes have prominent exactitude and can support the material research using the printed NaCl templates. Hereafter, a bone mock-up’s genuine perception can function for further application, such as implant or surgery planning.
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Bainier, Marie, Arel Su, and Roger L. Redondo. "3D printed rodent skin-skull-brain model: A novel animal-free approach for neurosurgical training." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 23, 2021): e0253477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253477.

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In neuroscience, stereotactic brain surgery is a standard yet challenging technique for which laboratory and veterinary personnel must be sufficiently and properly trained. There is currently no animal-free training option for neurosurgeries; stereotactic techniques are learned and practiced on dead animals. Here we have used three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies to create rat and mouse skin-skull-brain models, specifically conceived for rodent stereotaxic surgery training. We used 3D models obtained from microCT pictures and printed them using materials that would provide the most accurate haptic feedback for each model—PC-ABS material for the rat and Durable resin for the mouse. We filled the skulls with Polyurethane expanding foam to mimic the brain. In order to simulate rodent skin, we added a rectangular 1mm thick clear silicone sheet on the skull. Ten qualified rodent neurosurgeons then performed a variety of stereotaxic surgeries on these rat and mouse 3D printed models. Participants evaluated models fidelity compared to cadaveric skulls and their appropriateness for educational use. The 3D printed rat and mouse skin-skull-brain models received an overwhelmingly positive response. They were perceived as very realistic, and considered an excellent alternative to cadaveric skulls for training purposes. They can be made rapidly and at low cost. Our real-size 3D printed replicas could enable cost- and time-efficient, animal-free neurosurgery training. They can be absolute replacements for stereotaxic surgery techniques practice including but not limited to craniotomies, screw placement, brain injections, implantations and cement applications. This project is a significant step forward in implementing the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) principles to animal experimentation. These 3D printed models could lead the way to the complete replacement of live animals for stereotaxic surgery training in laboratories and veterinary studies.
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Pérez Pico, Ana María, Félix Marcos Tejedor, Luis Carlos de Cáceres Orellana, Pablo de Cáceres Orellana, and Raquel Mayordomo. "Using Photogrammetry to Obtain 3D-Printed Positive Foot Casts Suitable for Fitting Thermoconformed Plantar Orthoses." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010024.

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The use of photogrammetry provides an inexpensive, alternative method that can simplify the processes traditionally carried out in the orthotics workshop. The objectives of this study are to develop a method based on photogrammetry to obtain 3D-printed positive foot casts for fabricating thermoconformed orthoses from a negative cast in phenolic foam. Using a basic Smartphone, a photo capture protocol for feet, free software and a 3D printer, we tested the suitability of the positive cast obtained to fabricate custom foot orthoses using thermoconformed 3 mm polypropylene in the orthotics laboratory. The results show that digitally fabricated casts provide a very close replicate of the positive casts obtained traditionally through plaster casting (maximum dimension discrepancy between casts of 2 mm in length and 0.4 mm in forefoot, midfoot and rearfoot measurements). They are also suitable for the process of fabricating 2- and 3-mm polypropylene thermoconformed plantar orthoses. Photogrammetry can be used as a new method to obtain a positive 3D foot cast suitable for fabricating custom orthoses, in a valid, safe, cleaner and more lasting procedure that removes the process of plaster casting.
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Osei-Bonsu, Kofi, Paul Grassia, and Nima Shokri. "Investigation of foam flow in a 3D printed porous medium in the presence of oil." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 490 (March 2017): 850–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.12.015.

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28

Condi Mainardi, Jessica, Catarina Bonini Demarchi, Mojtaba Mirdrikvand, Md Nurul Karim, Wolfgang Dreher, Kurosch Rezwan, and Michael Maas. "3D bioprinting of hydrogel/ceramic composites with hierarchical porosity." Journal of Materials Science 57, no. 5 (January 17, 2022): 3662–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06829-7.

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AbstractDirect 3D bioprinting of bioreactors containing microorganisms embedded inside hydrogel structures is a promising strategy for biotechnological applications. Nevertheless, microporous hydrogel networks hinder the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the cell and limit cell migration and proliferation. To overcome this drawback, we developed a feedstock for 3D bioprinting structures with hierarchical porosity. The feedstock is based on a highly particle-filled alumina/alginate nanocomposite gel with immobilized E. coli bacteria with the protein ovalbumin acting as foaming agent. The foamed nanocomposite is shaped into a porous mesh structure by 3D printing. The pore radius diameters inside the non-printed, non-foamed nanocomposite structure are below 10 µm, between 10 and 500 µm in the albumin-stabilized foam and with additional pores in the range of 0.5 and 1 mm in the printed mesh structure. The influence of albumin on the bubbles and hence pore formation was analyzed by means of interfacial shear rheology and porosity measurements with X-ray microtomography (µCT). Furthermore, averaged diffusion coefficients of water in printed and non-printed samples with different albumin concentrations were recorded using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography to assess the water content in the porous structure. Moreover, the effective viability and accessibility of embedded E. coli cells were analyzed for various material compositions. Here, the addition of albumin induced bacterial growth and the porosity increased the effective viability of the embedded bacteria, most likely because of enhanced accessibility of the cells. The experimental results demonstrate the potential of this approach for producing macroscopic bioactive materials with complex 3D geometries as a platform for novel applications in bioprocessing.
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Holmes, David W., Dilpreet Singh, Riki Lamont, Ryan Daley, David P. Forrestal, Peter Slattery, Edmund Pickering, Naomi C. Paxton, Sean K. Powell, and Maria A. Woodruff. "Mechanical behaviour of flexible 3D printed gyroid structures as a tuneable replacement for soft padding foam." Additive Manufacturing 50 (February 2022): 102555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102555.

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Кокоев, М. Н. "ARCHITECTURAL DECOR OF LOW-RISE BULDINGS AND THE BULDING 3D-PRINTER." Вестник ГГНТУ. Технические науки, no. 2(24) (August 25, 2021): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.2021.63.42.008.

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Рассматривается технология изготовления строительным 3D-принтером стен малоэтажных зданий с архитектурным декором. Каждую стену здания изготавливают в горизонтальном положении на площадке, покрытой антиадгезионным материалом. Вначале строят на площадке с помощью 3D-принтера несъемную опалубку из бетона по периметру стены. На площадке размещают оконные и дверные коробки, закладные элементы для монтажа электропроводки и других устройств. Укладывают нижний и верхний слои бетона с арматурными сетками, а промежуточный слой из пенобетона или иного материала с малой теплопроводностью. На поверхности уложенного бетона выполняют с помощью 3D-принтера рельефный архитектурный декор с использованием обычного или цветного бетона. При сборке малоэтажного здания готовые стены ставят в вертикальное положение и угловые стыки армируют. Для этого связывают сваркой вертикальные арматурные стержни с концами сеток. Далее закрывают стык стен угловой опалубкой и полость в угловом стыке заполняют бетоном. The article discusses the manufacturing technology for building the walls of low-rise buildings with architectural décor using 3D construction printer. Each wall of the building is made in a lying position on a site covered with anti-adhesive material. Initially, a permanent concrete formwork is built on site along the perimeter of the wall with a 3D printer. Then window and door frames, electrical, and plumbing embedded elements are positioned. Lay the lower and upper layers of concrete include a reinforcing mesh, and the intermediate layer is made of foam concrete or other material with lower thermal conductivity. The surface of the wall module can be covered with a décor printed using ordinary or colored concrete. When assembling a low-rise building, the finished walls are placed in a vertical position and the corner joints are reinforced. For this, vertical reinforcing bars are connected by welding to the ends of the meshes. Next, the wall joint is closed with corner formwork and the cavity in the corner joint is filled with concrete.
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Tao, Yubo, Peng Li, Hengwang Zhang, Sheldon Q. Shi, Jingfa Zhang, and Qing Yin. "Compression and flexural properties of rigid polyurethane foam composites reinforced with 3D-printed polylactic acid lattice structures." Composite Structures 279 (January 2022): 114866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114866.

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Luesutthiviboon, Salil, Daniele Ragni, Francesco Avallone, and Mirjam Snellen. "An alternative permeable topology design space for trailing-edge noise attenuation." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 20, no. 3-4 (March 28, 2021): 221–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475472x211003295.

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This study focuses upon a new permeable topology design concept as an alternative to porous metal foams, for turbulent boundary layer trailing-edge (TBL-TE) noise attenuation. The present permeable topology has unconventional characteristics with respect to the metal foams: a combination of low flow resistivity r and high form drag coefficient C. The unconventional characteristics are realized by a Kevlar-covered 3D-printed perforated structure. An experimental study featuring a NACA 0018 airfoil model with a Kevlar-covered 3D-printed TE insert at chord-based Reynolds numbers up to [Formula: see text] is carried out. The airfoil with this TE insert gives a broadband TBL-TE noise reduction up to approximately 5 dB, compared to a solid TE. This reduction varies only slightly with airfoil loading (lower than 1 dB variation), in contrast to the porous metal foams (up to 3 dB variation). When comparing the variation of noise attenuation given by all the permeable materials considered, the variation is found to decrease with the increasing C. This is because C specifies the permeable material's ability to withstand the increasing pressure difference, which causes cross flow that might interfere with the noise attenuation mechanism. Additionally, the drag coefficients as well as the roughness noise of the airfoil equipped with the present TE insert are also significantly lower than those of the metal-foam TE, and are mostly negligible compared to the fully solid airfoil. Based on the findings, design guidelines for permeable TE are proposed: the permeable material shall have a combination of a low flow resistivity and a high form drag coefficient as well as a negligible surface roughness.
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Harih, Gregor, Jasmin Kaljun, and Bojan Dolšak. "Influence of Product Interface Material Stiffness on Human Tactile Perception during a Grasping Task." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 8867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178867.

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When considering product handle ergonomics, authors have focused on product handle sizes and shapes, while handle materials have been largely ignored. Authors have shown that handles coated with rubber foam were more comfortable than stiff handles. However, they did not provide detailed material properties, nor did they investigate different stiffnesses and their impact on tactile perception during grasping. Therefore, in this article, we investigated the influence of product interface material stiffness using a common wood sawing task with a saw handle made of hard plastic and 3D-printed deformable material with different stiffnesses. The results showed that user tactile perception can be improved significantly where the 3D-printed cellular density, and, hence material stiffness, has a significant influence on the resulting tactile perception. However, results have shown that the material stiffness must be determined appropriately to maintain the stability of the products in hands. The results also suggest that the product interface material had a greater influence on the reported overall comfort rating than the product handle shape in the sawing task.
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Mackiewicz, Ewelina, Tomasz Wejrzanowski, Bogusława Adamczyk-Cieślak, and Graeme J. Oliver. "Polymer–Nickel Composite Filaments for 3D Printing of Open Porous Materials." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041360.

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Catalysis has been a key way of improving the efficiency-to-cost ratio of chemical and electrochemical processes. There have been recent developments in catalyst materials that enable the development of novel and more sophisticated devices that, for example, can be used in applications, such as membranes, batteries or fuel cells. Since catalytic reactions occur on the surface, most catalyst materials are based on open porous structures, which facilitates the transport of fluids (gas or liquid) and chemical (or electrochemical) specific surface activity, thus determining the overall efficiency of the device. Noble metals are typically used for low temperature catalysis, whereas lower cost materials, such as nickel, are used for catalysis at elevated temperatures. 3D printing has the potential to produce a more sophisticated fit for purpose catalyst material. This article presents the development, fabrication and performance comparison of three thermoplastic composites where PLA (polylactic acid), PVB (polyvinyl butyral) or ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) were used as the matrix, and nickel particles were used as filler with various volume fractions, from 5 to 25 vol%. The polymer–metal composites were extruded in the form of filaments and then used for 3D FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) printing. The 3D printed composites were heat treated to remove the polymer and sinter the nickel particles. 3D printed composites were also prepared using nickel foam as a substrate to increase the final porosity and mechanical strength of the material. The result of the study demonstrates the ability of the optimized filament materials to be used in the fabrication of high open porosity (over 60%) structures that could be used in high-temperature catalysis and/or electrocatalysis.
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Paquet, Elodie, Alain Bernard, Benoit Furet, Sébastien Garnier, and Sébastien Le Loch. "Foam additive manufacturing technology: main characteristics and experiments for hull mold manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2020-0137.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a novel methodology to produce a large boat hull with a foam additive manufacturing (FAM) process. To respond to shipping market needs, this new process is being developed. FAM technology is a conventional three-dimensional (3D) printing process whereby layers are deposited onto a high-pressure head mounted on a six-axis robotic arm. Traditionally, molds and masters are made with computer numerical control (CNC) machining or finished by hand. Handcrafting the molds is obviously time-consuming and labor-intensive, but even CNC machining can be challenging for parts with complex geometries and tight deadlines. Design/methodology/approach The proposed FAM technology focuses on the masters and molds, that are directly produced by 3D printing. This paper describes an additive manufacturing technology through which the operator can create a large part and its tools using the capacities of this new FAM technology. Findings The study shows a comparison carried out between the traditional manufacturing process and the additive manufacturing process, which is illustrated through an industrial case of application in the manufacturing industry. This work details the application of FAM technology to fabricate a 2.5 m boat hull mold and the results show the time and cost savings of FAM in the fabrication of large molds. Originality/value Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of the FAM technology are then discussed and novel features such as monitoring system and control to improve the accuracy of partly printed are highlighted.
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Park, Byung, David Hwang, Dong Kwon, Tae Yoon, and Youn-Woo Lee. "Fabrication and Characterization of Multiscale PLA Structures Using Integrated Rapid Prototyping and Gas Foaming Technologies." Nanomaterials 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8080575.

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Multiscale structured polymers have been considered as a promising category of functional materials with unique properties. We combined rapid prototyping and gas foaming technologies to fabricate multiscale functional materials of superior mechanical and thermal insulation properties. Through scanning electron microscope based morphological characterization, formation of multiscale porous structure with nanoscale cellular pores was confirmed. Improvement in mechanical strength is attributed to rearrangement of crystals within CO2 saturated grid sample. It is also shown that a post-foaming temperature higher than the glass transition temperature deteriorates mechanical strength, providing process guidelines. Thermal decomposition of filament material sets the upper limit of temperature for 3D printed features, characterized by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Porosity of the fabricated 3D structured polylactic acid (PLA) foam is controllable by suitable tuning of foaming conditions. The fabricated multiscale 3D structures have potential for thermal insulation applications with lightweight and reasonable mechanical strength.
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Liu, Wen-Chih, Chih-Hau Chang, Chung-Hwan Chen, Chun-Kuan Lu, Chun-Hsien Ma, Shin-I. Huang, Wei-Lun Fan, et al. "3D-Printed Double-Helical Biodegradable Iron Suture Anchor: A Rabbit Rotator Cuff Tear Model." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082801.

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Suture anchors are extensively used in rotator cuff tear surgery. With the advancement of three-dimensional printing technology, biodegradable metal has been developed for orthopedic applications. This study adopted three-dimensional-printed biodegradable Fe suture anchors with double-helical threads and commercialized non-vented screw-type Ti suture anchors with a tapered tip in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The in vitro study showed that the Fe and Ti suture anchors exhibited a similar ultimate failure load in 20-pound-per-cubic-foot polyurethane foam blocks and rabbit bone. In static immersion tests, the corrosion rate of Fe suture anchors was 0.049 ± 0.002 mm/year. The in vivo study was performed on New Zealand white rabbits and SAs were employed to reattach the ruptured supraspinatus tendon. The in vivo ultimate failure load of the Fe suture anchors was superior to that of the Ti suture anchors at 6 weeks. Micro-computed tomography showed that the bone volume fraction and bone surface density in the Fe suture anchors group 2 and 6 weeks after surgery were superior, and the histology confirmed that the increased bone volume around the anchor was attributable to mineralized osteocytes. The three-dimensional-printed Fe suture anchors outperformed the currently used Ti suture anchors.
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Neupetsch, Constanze, Eric Hensel, Michael Werner, Sven Meißner, Jan Troge, Welf-Guntram Drossel, and Christian Rotsch. "Development and Validation of Bone Models using Structural Dynamic Measurement Methods." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0086.

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AbstractVibration measurement and signal analysis methods are common to evaluate the functionality and characteristics of technical components in different industrial and scientific areas. Modal analysis for example is a standard method to characterize the dynamic behavior of a structure and enables the development of validated bone models. The state of the art of analyzing bone structures does not include the modal damping, although it has a significant influence on the dynamic characteristics. Within the presented investigations, the modal analyses have been performed contactless with respect to excitation and response acquisition, which implies that there are no influences of shakers or sensor couplings. Therefore, an automatic impulse hammer and a 3D Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer were used for excitation and response detection. Various supports of the test specimens, surface pretreatments, excitation points and excitation impulses were examined to optimize the measurement setup and process. Experimental modal analysis data were analyzed by curve fitting methods to determine the modal parameters. To evaluate different structures and effects of damping, 3D printed artificial bones and animal in vitro bones were used to perform the measurements. To produce the cortical layer of the artificial bone models, volume models were generated based on medical image data and printed by polyamide-based selective laser sintering. The cancellous bone was represented by different foam fillings for the artificial bones. Thereby, the variation of the porosity was achieved by using different mixing ratios of polyurethane foam and hardener. Furthermore, the modal damping parameters were determined from the measurement of animal bones. The measurement time was optimized during the practical implementation of the parameter determination to minimize the influence of drying and decomposition processes on the measurement results.
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Ayegba, Blessing Onyeche, King-James Idala Egbe, Ali Matin Nazar, Mingzhi Huang, and Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili. "Resource Efficiency and Thermal Comfort of 3D Printable Concrete Building Envelopes Optimized by Performance Enhancing Insulation: A Numerical Study." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031069.

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3D concrete printing has gained tremendous popularity as a promising technique with the potential to remarkably push the boundaries of conventional concrete technology. Enormous research efforts have been directed towards improving the material properties and structural safety of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) over the last decade. In contrast, little attention has been accorded to its sustainability performance in the built environment. This study compares the energy efficiency, operational carbon emission, and thermal comfort of air cavity 3DPC building envelopes against insulated models. Four insulations, namely expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), polyurethane foam (PUF), and fiberglass (FG), are iteratively paired with three different 3DPC mix designs, and their resulting performances are reported. A numerical optimization analysis is performed to obtain combinations of 3DPC building models and insulation with the least energy expenditure, carbon production, and thermal efficiency. The results indicate that insulation considerably enhances the overall environmental performance of 3DPC structures. The optimization process also demonstrates the potential of using 3D printable fiber reinforced engineered cementitious concrete (3DPFRECC) with polyurethane infill for amplified sustainable performance in modern construction.
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Efstathiadis, Alexandros, Ioanna Symeonidou, Konstantinos Tsongas, Emmanouil K. Tzimtzimis, and Dimitrios Tzetzis. "Parametric Design and Mechanical Characterization of 3D-Printed PLA Composite Biomimetic Voronoi Lattices Inspired by the Stereom of Sea Urchins." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7010003.

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The present work is focused on the analysis of the microstructure of the exoskeleton of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the extraction of design concepts by implementing geometrically described 3D Voronoi diagrams. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of dried sea urchin shells revealed a foam-like microstructure, also known as the stereom. Subsequently, parametric, digital models were created with the aid of the computer-aided design (CAD) software Rhinoceros 3D (v. Rhino 7, 7.1.20343.09491) combined with the visual programming environment Grasshopper. Variables such as node count, rod thickness and mesh smoothness of the biologically-inspired Voronoi lattice were adapted for 3D printing cubic specimens using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method. The filaments used in the process were a commercial polylactic acid (PLA), a compound of polylactic acid/polyhydroxyalkanoate (PLA/PHA) and a wood fiber polylactic acid/polyhydroxyalkanoate (PLA/PHA) composite. Nanoindentation tests coupled with finite element analysis (FEA) produced the stress–strain response of the materials under study and were used to simulate the Voronoi geometries under a compression loading regime in order to study their deformation and stress distribution in relation to experimental compression testing. The PLA blend with polyhydroxyalkanoate seems to have a minor effect on the mechanical behavior of such structures, whereas when wood fibers are added to the compound, a major decrease in strength occurs. The computational model results significantly coincide with the experimental results.
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Portanguen, Stéphane, Pascal Tournayre, Paul Gibert, Selma Leonardi, Thierry Astruc, and Pierre-Sylvain Mirade. "Development of a 3D Printer for the Manufacture of Functional Food Protein Gels." Foods 11, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030458.

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The use of additive manufacturing is growing in multiple sectors, including food, and its scientific and technological challenges form the subject of much ongoing research. One current hurdle is the implementation of the 3D printing process for meat protein matrices. This article gives an overview of the various 3D printers used to study the printability properties of foods and presents the development of a 3D printer designed to print food protein gels. Printhead development (flow rate and temperature control) and the modifications made to the printing plate (temperature control) are described and discussed in relation to the constraints highlighted in a first prototype. A second, developed prototype was characterized and validated. This last phase showed perfect control of the prototype in the purging of the extrusion system, the flow rate, the calibration and the displacement of the printhead, along with the temperatures at both printhead and plate. A study of the printed gels also revealed good repeatability of the printed gel geometry and pointed to new ways to improve the process. In the near future, the protein gels that will be printed from this prototype will serve as a base for texturizer-free functional foods for people with chewing difficulties.
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Ahlhelm, Matthias, Sergio H. Latorre, Hermann O. Mayr, Christiane Storch, Christian Freytag, David Werner, Eric Schwarzer-Fischer, and Michael Seidenstücker. "Mechanically Stable β-TCP Structural Hybrid Scaffolds for Potential Bone Replacement." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5100281.

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The authors report on the manufacturing of mechanically stable β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) structural hybrid scaffolds via the combination of additive manufacturing (CerAM VPP) and Freeze Foaming for engineering a potential bone replacement. In the first step, load bearing support structures were designed via FE simulation and 3D printed by CerAM VPP. In the second step, structures were foamed-in with a porous and degradable calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramic that mimics porous spongiosa. For this purpose, Fraunhofer IKTS used a process known as Freeze Foaming, which allows the foaming of any powdery material and the foaming-in into near-net-shape structures. Using a joint heat treatment, both structural components fused to form a structural hybrid. This bone construct had a 25-fold increased compressive strength compared to the pure CaP Freeze Foam and excellent biocompatibility with human osteoblastic MG-63 cells when compared to a bone grafting Curasan material for benchmark.
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McMillan, Alexandra, Armine Kocharyan, Simone E. Dekker, Elias George Kikano, Anisha Garg, Victoria W. Huang, Nicholas Moon, Malcolm Cooke, and Sarah E. Mowry. "Comparison of Materials Used for 3D-Printing Temporal Bone Models to Simulate Surgical Dissection." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 129, no. 12 (May 4, 2020): 1168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489420918273.

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Objective: To identify 3D-printed temporal bone (TB) models that most accurately recreate cortical mastoidectomy for use as a training tool by comparison of different materials and fabrication methods. Background: There are several different printers and materials available to create 3D-printed TB models for surgical planning and trainee education. Current reports using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic generated via fused deposition modeling (FDM) have validated the capacity for 3D-printed models to serve as accurate surgical simulators. Here, a head-to-head comparison of models produced using different materials and fabrication processes was performed to identify superior models for application in skull base surgical training. Methods: High-resolution CT scans of normal TBs were used to create stereolithography files with image conversion for application in 3D-printing. The 3D-printed models were constructed using five different materials and four printers, including ABS printed on a MakerBot 2x printer, photopolymerizable polymer (Photo) using the Objet 350 Connex3 Printer, polycarbonate (PC) using the FDM-Fortus 400 mc printer, and two types of photocrosslinkable acrylic resin, white and blue (FLW and FLB, respectively), using the Formlabs Form 2 stereolithography printer. Printed TBs were drilled to assess the haptic experience and recreation of TB anatomy with comparison to the current paradigm of ABS. Results: Surgical drilling demonstrated that FLW models created by FDM as well as PC and Photo models generated using photopolymerization more closely recreated cortical mastoidectomy compared to ABS models. ABS generated odor and did not represent the anatomy accurately. Blue resin performed poorly in simulation, likely due to its dark color and translucent appearance. Conclusions: PC, Photo, and FLW models best replicated surgical drilling and anatomy as compared to ABS and FLB models. These prototypes are reliable simulators for surgical training.
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SHATOV, S. V., M. V. SAVYTSKYI, O. I. HOLUBCHENKO, І. М. MATSIUK, and E. М. SHLIAHOV. "RESEARCH OF OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT SOLUTIONS FOR 3D-PRINTING OF BUILDING PRODUCTS." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 1 (May 27, 2022): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.220222.80.836.

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Raising of problem. Innovative technologies in construction include 3D printing of objects for various purposes. At the heart of 3D printing technology is the principle of layer-by-layer creation of a solid model. This technology is based on the use of construction 3D printers, which are divided into printers that print the entire building and printers that create separate structural elements for the installation of objects. By design, 3D printers are of the flight type (mainly in the form of bridge structures) and with cantilever work equipment in the form of manipulators. Innovative technologies in construction include 3D printing of objects for various purposes. At the heart of 3D printing technology is the principle of layer-by-layer creation of a solid model. This technology is based on the use of construction 3D printers, which are divided into printers that print the entire building and printers that create separate structural elements for the installation of objects. By design, 3D printers are of the flight type (mainly in the form of bridge structures) and with cantilever work equipment in the form of manipulators. Bridge-type printers allow you to get better products due to the precise positioning of the working equipment, especially the extruder, which directly feeds the mixture. In the short time of development of 3D printing in construction (15…16 years) created a large number of different 3D printers of the bridge type, but there is no information on their study and comparative analysis of characteristics, which will improve their design to improve the quality of construction. Purpose. Comparative analysis of the characteristics and performance of variant designs of bridge-type 3D printers. The results of the study. Based on the analysis of printer versions, an advanced 3D printer in the form of a bridge structure with an extruder with two outlets was developed. This can significantly increase the productivity of manufacturing products. Conclusion. Different types of construction bridge-type 3D printers are considered, which have shortcomings and require improvement. An advanced 3D printer design has been developed that allows multiple products to be printed simultaneously. The analysis of the indicators of the considered variants of 3D printers showed that the use of an improved printer will reduce 1,9… 2,7 times the cost of manufacturing 1 m3 of products and 1,8… 2,6 times reduce the metal content compared to other printers.
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45

Roach, Devin J., Andrew Rohskopf, Craig M. Hamel, William D. Reinholtz, Robert Bernstein, H. Jerry Qi, and Adam W. Cook. "Utilizing computer vision and artificial intelligence algorithms to predict and design the mechanical compression response of direct ink write 3D printed foam replacement structures." Additive Manufacturing 41 (May 2021): 101950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.101950.

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Khalid, Mohmmad, Biswajit Samir De, Aditya Singh, and Samaneh Shahgaldi. "Lignin Electrolysis at Room Temperature on Nickel Foam for Hydrogen Generation: Performance Evaluation and Effect of Flow Rate." Catalysts 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12121646.

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Water electrolysis is a thermodynamically energy-intensive process. One approach employed to make water electrolysis kinetically favorable is replacing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode by facile electrooxidation of biomass-feedstocks such as ethanol, methanol, glycerol, and lignin due to the presence of readily oxidizable functional groups. In this work, we report a simplistic approach for hydrogen generation by lignin electrolysis, utilizing a low-cost nickel foam as both anode and cathode sandwiched with hydroxide ion (OH-) exchange membrane in a 3D printed reactor. The performance of the lignin electrolysis was analyzed under various flow rates of anolyte (lignin)/catholyte (KOH) in the anode and cathode chambers. The lignin electrolysis outcompetes traditional water electrolysis by achieving higher current density in the applied voltage range from 0 to 2.5 V at room temperature. The charge transfer resistance for the lignin electrolysis is lower than that of the water electrolysis characterized by impedance spectroscopy. The enhanced current density from the lignin electrolysis at low overvoltage has been presumed from the oxidation of reactive functional groups present in the lignin, facilitating faster electron transfer. Moreover, the hydrogen production rate calculated from the chronoamperometry test of the lignin electrolysis is 2.7 times higher than that of water electrolysis. Thus, the electrochemical oxidation of lignin can potentially lower the capital cost of renewable hydrogen production.
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47

Barbosa, William S., Felipe C. Gouvea, Renan F. F. Wanderley, and Flavia M. Gonçalves. "Development of an open-source large 3D printer for PLA and ABS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2336, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2336/1/012001.

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Abstract The use of 3D printers in additive manufacturing are very common at the last years. The structure, size, movements and type of materials of the printers changes according the use, topology and form of the object that be printed. Although 3D printers are becoming more widespread in the industry and for residential consumers, the size and density of pieces is still a challenge principally at larger pieces. This paper presents all details and specifications of an open-source large 3D printer that uses PLA or ABS, with the aim to verify the impact of these transformations and uses for engineering and industry in general.
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48

Garcia, Elisa Aznarte, Cagri Ayranci, and Ahmed Jawad Qureshi. "Material Property-Manufacturing Process Optimization for Form 2 Vat-Photo Polymerization 3D Printers." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4010012.

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This study aims to assess the effect of printing parameters on the final tensile properties of 3D printed specimens printed through a popular vat-photopolymerization printer—‘Form 2’. Elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength and strain at break are analyzed as a function of process parameters in order to provide an optimized print parameter configuration. Design of Experiments (DoE) using Taguchi’s techniques was used to print the test samples. Tensile tests were performed on the 3D printed specimens following the ISO-527 standard. The post-experiment analysis provide more insight on the effect of each studied factor on the elastic properties of these specimens. To complete this study, an analysis of the total manufacturing process time is presented with respect to the aforementioned elastic properties. The study shows that the parts are orthotropic and sensitive to layer height and post-curing. The orthotropic behaviour can be substantially reduced by appropriate post-curing process, resulting in high improvement of the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength. This paper is of special interest to researchers and users of desktop 3D printers who wish to improve the performance of their equipment, compare printing capabilities or assess the effect of different hardware on a single resin.
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Whyte, Daniel, Benjamin J. Allardyce, Abbas Z. Kouzani, Xungai Wang, and Rangam Rajkhowa. "Understanding Morphology, Bulk Properties, and Binding of Silk Particles for 3D Printing." Powders 1, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/powders1020009.

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Silk fibroin has emerged as a leading biomaterial for biomedical applications. 3D printing has been successfully used for printing with silk fibroin, albeit in the form of a bioink, in direct-write 3D printers. However, in the form of bioinks, stability and mechanical attributes of silk are lost. An innovative alternative to producing 3D printed solid silk constructs is silk milled into powder for printing in a binder jetting printer. In this work, we focus on characteristics of silk powder to determine suitability for use in 3D printing. Two different silk powders are compared with hydroxyapatite powder, a known biomaterial for biomedical constructs. We have investigated powder size and shape by Camsizer X2 and Scanning Electron Microscope and bulk behaviour, dynamic flow behaviour, and shear behaviour by FT4 powder rheometer. Preliminary printing tests were conducted in an in-house custom-built printer designed for silk powder. It was found that silk powder has low flowability and stability. Therefore, to print solely out of silk powder, a 3D printer design will need sophisticated techniques to produce flow to ensure even distribution and consistent thickness of powder layers during the printing process. It was also found that high concentrations of formic acid (>75 to 99 wt.%) can fuse particles and therefore be used as a binder ink for 3D printing. The printer design challenges for silk powder are discussed.
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Luhar, Ismail, and Salmabanu Luhar. "A Comprehensive Review on Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080219.

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The discovery of an innovative category of inorganic geopolymer composites has generated extensive scientific attention and the kaleidoscopic development of their applications. The escalating concerns over global warming owing to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a primary greenhouse gas, from the ordinary Portland cement industry, may hopefully be mitigated by the development of geopolymer construction composites with a lower carbon footprint. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the rheological, strength and durability properties of geopolymer composites, along with shedding light on their recent key advancements viz., micro-structures, state-of-the-art applications such as the immobilization of toxic or radioactive wastes, digital geopolymer concrete, 3D-printed fly ash-based geopolymers, hot-pressed and foam geopolymers, etc. They have a crystal-clear role to play in offering a sustainable prospect to the construction industry, as part of the accessible toolkit of building materials—binders, cements, mortars, concretes, etc. Consequently, the present scientometric review manuscript is grist for the mill and aims to contribute as a single key note document assessing exhaustive research findings for establishing the viability of fly ash-based geopolymer composites as the most promising, durable, sustainable, affordable, user and eco-benevolent building materials for the future.
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