Journal articles: '3D printed antenna'

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Yurduseven, Okan, Shengrong Ye, Thomas Fromenteze, Benjamin J. Wiley, and David R. Smith. "3D Conductive Polymer Printed Metasurface Antenna for Fresnel Focusing." Designs 3, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs3030046.

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We demonstrate a 3D printed holographic metasurface antenna for beam-focusing applications at 10 GHz within the X-band frequency regime. The metasurface antenna is printed using a dual-material 3D printer leveraging a biodegradable conductive polymer material (Electrifi) to print the conductive parts and polylactic acid (PLA) to print the dielectric substrate. The entire metasurface antenna is 3D printed at once; no additional techniques, such as metal-plating and laser etching, are required. It is demonstrated that using the 3D printed conductive polymer metasurface, high-fidelity beam focusing can be achieved within the Fresnel region of the antenna. It is also shown that the material conductivity for 3D printing has a substantial effect on the radiation characteristics of the metasurface antenna.

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Chen, Yi, Jiang Lu, Qing Guo, and Lei Wan. "3D printing of CF/nylon composite mold for CF/epoxy parabolic antenna." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502096948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020969484.

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Parabolic antennas, which are wildly used as high-gain antennas for point-to-point communications, need many iterations of design-fabrication-test in parabolic antenna development. However, traditional molding via mechanical processing takes a long manufacturing cycle and high cost. In this paper, a 3D-printed CF/nylon composite parabolic mold for CF/epoxy parabolic antenna is studied. It’s found that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 3D-printed CF/nylon composite is usually anisotropic due to the low adhesion between printed layers and the aligned short carbon fiber along the printing trace. Here an inclined mode of 3D printing could uniform the CTE of the antenna mold and solve the problems of large printing steps and the separation of supports and mold occurred in horizontal and vertical modes, respectively. The parabolic mold also reveals high profile precision with a low root mean square (RMS) deviation of 0.14 mm. Utilizing the 3D-printed CF/nylon composite mold, parabolic antenna skin with low surface RMS deviation of 0.16 mm was successfully fabricated by laying CF/epoxy prepreg and curing in autoclave. This research about isotropic and smooth 3D-printed CF/nylon mold may support the low-cost and rapid mold development for microwaves relay links on ground and satellite communication antennas.

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Abdul Malek, Norun, Athirah Mohd Ramly, Atiah Sidek, and Sarah Yasmin Mohamad. "Characterization of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene for 3D Printed Patch Antenna." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i1.pp116-123.

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<p>3D printing is one of the additive manufacturing technology that has gain popularity for time saving and complex design. This technology increases a degree of flexibility for potential 3D RF applications such as wearable and conformal antennas. This paper demonstrates a circular patch antenna fabricated on 3D printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) filament. The main reason of using a 3D printer is that it is accurate, easy to fabricate of a complex geometry and the ability to create new antennas that cannot be made using conventional fabrication techniques. The ABS material has a tangent loss of 0.0051 and the relative permittivity is 2.74. The thickness of the substrate is 1.25 mm. The simulation has been performed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). The return loss from simulation software is in good match with measurement which is 12.5dB at 2.44GHz. Hence, from the results obtained, the ABS could be used as a substrate for an antenna.</p>

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Ávila-Navarro, E., and C. Reig. "Directive Microstrip Antennas for Specific Below −2.45 GHz Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/612170.

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Microstrip printed antennas are the preferred choice in high data ratio modern communications, mainly at 2.45 GHz and above. In this paper, we propose two different approaches of microstrip printed antennas for lower frequency usage. In this sense, we present a printed microstrip Yagi-like antenna at 868 MHz and a printed dipole log-periodic antenna for wider band applications. We focus on the use of low-cost substrates, with a good performance at these frequencies, and giving antennas with useful sizes for such applications. For the analysis, we make use of standard experimental characterization combined with full-wave 3D-FDTD specifically developed simulations. In this way, the S11, radiation patterns, and gain/efficiency figures are given.

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He, Han, Xiaochen Chen, Leena Ukkonen, and Johanna Virkki. "Textile-integrated three-dimensional printed and embroidered structures for wearable wireless platforms." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 4 (January 8, 2018): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517750649.

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In this paper, we present fabrication and performance evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) printed and embroidered textile-integrated passive ultra high frequency radio frequency identification (RFID) platforms. The antennas were manufactured by 3D printing a stretchable silver conductor directly on an elastic band. The electric and mechanical joint between the 3D printed antennas and microchips was formed by gluing with conductive epoxy glue, by printing the antenna directly on top of the microchip structure, and by embroidering with conductive yarn. Initially, all types of fabricated RFID tags achieved read ranges of 8–9 meters. Next, the components were tested for wetting as well as for harsh cyclic strain and bending. The immersing and cyclic bending slightly affected the performance of the tags. However, they did not stop the tags from working in an acceptable way, nor did they have any permanent effect. The epoxy-glued or 3D printed antenna–microchip interconnections were not able to endure harsh stretching. On the other hand, the tags with the embroidered antenna–microchip interconnections showed excellent wireless performance, both during and after a 100 strong stretching cycles. Thus, the novel approach of combining 3D printing and embroidery seems to be a promising way to fabricate textile-integrated wireless platforms.

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Al-Naiemy, Yahiea, Taha A. Elwi, Haider R. Khaleel, and Hussain Al-Rizzo. "A Systematic Approach for the Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Microstrip Antennas Using Inkjet Printing Technology." ISRN Communications and Networking 2012 (May 30, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/132465.

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We present a systematic approach for producing microstrip antennas using the state-of-the-art-inkjet printing technique. An initial antenna design based on the conventional square patch geometry is adopted as a benchmark to characterize the entire approach; the procedure then could be generalized to different antenna geometries and feeding techniques. For validation purposes, the antenna is designed and simulated using two different 3D full-wave electromagnetic simulation tools: Ansoft’s High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), which is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), and CST Microwave Studio, which is based on the Finite Integration Technique (FIT). The systematic approach for the fabrication process includes the optimal number of printed layers, curing temperature, and curing time. These essential parameters need to be optimized to achieve the highest electrical conductivity, trace continuity, and structural robustness. The antenna is fabricated using Inkjet Printing Technology (IJPT) utilizing Sliver Nanoparticles (SNPs) conductive ink printed by DMP-2800 Dimatix FujiFilm materials printer.

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Belen, Aysu, and Evrim Tetik. "Realization of Modified Elliptical Shaped Dielectric Lens Antenna for X Band Applications with 3D Printing Technology." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 35, no. 8 (October 7, 2020): 916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.350810.

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Placing dielectric lens structures into an antenna's aperture has proven to be one of the most reliable methods of enhancing its gain. However, the selected material and the prototyping method usually limit their fabrication process. With the advances in 3D printing technology and their applications, the microwave designs that were either impractical or impossible in the past to manufacture using traditional methods, are now feasible. Herein, a novel prototyping method by using 3D-printer technology for low-cost, broadband, and high gain dielectric lens designs has been presented. Firstly, the elliptical lens design has been modeled in the 3D EM simulation environment. Then fused deposition modeling based 3D-printing method has been used for the fabrication of the dielectric lens. The measured results of the 3D printed antenna show that the lens antenna has a realized gain of 17 to 20.5 dBi over 8-12 GHz. Moreover, the comparison of the prototyped antenna with its counterpart dielectric lens antenna in the literature has indicated that the proposed method is more efficient, more beneficial, and has a lower cost.

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Helena, Diogo, Amélia Ramos, Tiago Varum, and João N. Matos. "The Use of 3D Printing Technology for Manufacturing Metal Antennas in the 5G/IoT Context." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 3321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103321.

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With the rise of 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), and networks operating in the mmWave frequencies, a huge growth of connected sensors will be a reality, and high gain antennas will be desired to compensate for the propagation issues, and with low cost, characteristics inherent to metallic radiating structures. 3D printing technology is a possible solution in this way, as it can print an object with high precision at a reduced cost. This paper presents different methods to fabricate typical metal antennas using 3D printing technology. These techniques were applied as an example to pyramidal horn antennas designed for a central frequency of 28 GHz. Two techniques were used to metallize a structure that was printed with polylactic acid (PLA), one with copper tape and other with a conductive spray-paint. A third method consists of printing an antenna completely using a conductive filament. All prototypes combine good results with low production cost. The antenna printed with the conductive filament achieved a better gain than the other structures and showed a larger bandwidth. The analysis recognizes the vast potential of these 3D-printed structures for IoT applications, as an alternative to producing conventional commercial antennas.

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Avşar Aydın, Emine. "3D-Printed Graphene-Based Bow-Tie Microstrip Antenna Design and Analysis for Ultra-Wideband Applications." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 3724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213724.

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In this study, the effects of graphene and design differences on bow-tie microstrip antenna performance and bandwidth improvement were investigated both with simulation and experiments. In addition, the conductivity of graphene can be dynamically tuned by changing its chemical potential. The numerical calculations of the proposed antennas at 2–10 GHz were carried out using the finite integration technique in the CST Microwave Studio program. Thus, three bow-tie microstrip antennas with different antenna parameters were designed. Unlike traditional production techniques, due to its cost-effectiveness and easy production, antennas were produced using 3D printing, and then measurements were conducted. A very good match was observed between the simulation and the measurement results. The performance of each antenna was analyzed, and then, the effects of antenna sizes and different chemical potentials on antenna performance were investigated and discussed. The results show that the bow-tie antenna with a slot, which is one of the new advantages of this study, provides a good match and that it has an ultra-bandwidth of 18 GHz in the frequency range of 2 to 20 GHz for ultra-wideband applications. The obtained return loss of −10 dB throughout the applied frequency shows that the designed antennas are useful. In addition, the proposed antennas have an average gain of 9 dBi. This study will be a guide for microstrip antennas based on the desired applications by changing the size of the slots and chemical potential in the conductive parts in the design.

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Gu, Chao, Steven Gao, Vincent Fusco, Gregory Gibbons, Benito Sanz-Izquierdo, Alexander Standaert, Patrick Reynaert, et al. "A D-Band 3D-Printed Antenna." IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 10, no. 5 (September 2020): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tthz.2020.2986650.

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Borra, Vamsi, Srikanth Itapu, Joao Garretto, Ronald Yarwood, Gina Morrison, Pedro Cortes, Eric MacDonald, and Frank Li. "3D Printed Dual-Band Microwave Imaging Antenna." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 8631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.8631ecst.

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Microwave imaging utilizes low-power near-field electromagnetic fields at microwave frequencies to detect the internal structure of an object. Sufficient resolution through the thickness is crucial in biomedical applications to detect small objects of concern. Parameters such as the frequency of microwave signals, the design, and the material of the antenna are the most important factors to consider for microwave-based biomedical sensing. The proposed antenna yields merits of: compactness in size, ease of fabrication, wider impedance bandwidth, simple design, and good RF performance. An Asymmetric-fed Coupled Stripline (ACS) antenna is 3D-printed on an FR4 substrate with return loss measurements ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz. The impedance bandwidth is obtained between 6 GHz to 8 GHz and 15 GHz to 17 GHz. The proposed microwave antenna was simulated using Ansys HFSS. The parameters are designed to ensure optimum radiation efficiency. The radiation patterns obtained were omnidirectional in H-plane and bidirectional in E-plane.

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Zeng, Qinghao, Yuan Yao, Shaohua Liu, Junsheng Yu, Peng Xie, and Xiaodong Chen. "Tetraband Small-Size Printed Strip MIMO Antenna for Mobile Handset Application." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/320582.

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A compact printed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for tetraband (GSM900/1800/1900/UMTS) mobile handset application is presented. The proposed MIMO antenna, which consists of two coupled-fed loop antennas with symmetrical configuration, was printed on a 120 * 60 * 0.8 mm3Fr-4 substrate of relative permittivity of 4.4, loss tangent 0.02. Each element antenna requires only a small area of 22.5 * 25 mm2on the circuit board. The edge-to-edge spacing between the two elements is only0.03λ0of 920 MHz. A slot and a dual-inverted-L-shaped ground branch were added in the ground plane to decrease the mature coupling between the antenna elements. The measured isolation of the proposed antenna is better than 15 dB among the four operating frequency bands. The simulated 3D radiation patterns at 900 MHz and 1900 MHz of both antenna elements show that two loop antennas in general cover complementary space regions with good diversity performance. Detailed antenna impedance matching performance comparisons were done to evaluate the benefit of using different decoupling technology. The envelop correlation coefficient is calculated to represent the diversity performance of the MIMO antenna.

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Deffenbaugh, Paul, Kenneth Church, Josh Goldfarb, and Xudong Chen. "Fully 3D Printed 2.4 GHz Bluetooth/Wi-Fi Antenna." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-thp53.

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3D printing and printed electronics are combined to demonstrate the feasibility of printing electrically functional RF devices. A combined process is used to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating a 2.4 GHz antenna in a fully-3D printed object. Both dielectric, which also serves as the structure, and conductors are printed. Full-wave models are generated using Ansoft HFSS. Real-world tests using a Class 1 “100 m” Bluetooth module are conducted and compared against the performance of an industry-standard quarter wavelength monopole antenna.

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Rodriguez, Carlos, Jose Avila, and Raymond C. Rumpf. "ULTRA-THIN 3D PRINTED ALL-DIELECTRIC ANTENNA." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 64 (2016): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc16020602.

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Patel, S. S., I. J. Garcia Zuazola, and W. G. Whittow. "Antenna with three dimensional 3D printed substrates." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, no. 4 (February 24, 2016): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.29663.

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Mitra, Dipankar, Sayan Roy, Ryan Striker, Ellie Burczek, Ahsan Aqueeb, Henry Wolf, Kazi Sadman Kabir, Shengrong Ye, and Benjamin D. Braaten. "Conductive Electrifi and Nonconductive NinjaFlex Filaments based Flexible Microstrip Antenna for Changing Conformal Surface Applications." Electronics 10, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070821.

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As the usage of wireless technology grows, it demands more complex architectures and conformal geometries, making the manufacturing of radio frequency (RF) systems challenging and expensive. The incorporation of emerging alternative manufacturing technologies, like additive manufacturing (AM), could consequently be a unique and cost-effective solution for flexible RF and microwave circuits and devices. This work presents manufacturing methodologies of 3D-printed conformal microstrip antennas made of a commercially available conductive filament, Electrifi, as the conductive trace on a commercially available nonconductive filament, NinjaFlex, as the substrate using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method of AM technology. Additionally, a complete high frequency characterization of the prototyped antenna was studied and presented here through a comparative analysis between full-wave simulation and measurements in a fully calibrated anechoic chamber. The prototyped antenna measures 65.55 × 55.55 × 1.2 mm3 in size and the measured results show that the 3D-printed Electrifi based patch antenna achieved very good impedance matching at a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and a maximum antenna gain of −2.78 dBi. Finally, conformality performances of the developed antenna were demonstrated by placing the antenna prototype on five different cylindrical curved surfaces for possible implementation in flexible electronics, smart communications, and radar applications.

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Tomaszewski, Grzegorz, Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz, Mariusz Węglarski, and Wojciech Lichoń. "Inkjet-printed flexible RFID antenna for UHF RFID transponders." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 760–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0097.

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AbstractThe results of technological investigations in the scope of inkjet-printed flexible RFID antennas dedicated to UHF transponders and also problems with the application of nanomaterials are reported in this paper. The design of the antenna electrical circuit and the parameters of the inkjet printing process were elaborated on the basis of the numerical model prepared in the Mentor Graphics HyperLynx 3D EM software. The project evaluation was performed by measuring electrical parameters of the structures printed with silver-based conductive inks. The obtained results confirm coincidence between the model and its implementation in the inkjet printing technology. Finally, the prepared antenna has been applied in an RFID transponder of UHF band and the functional tests are also reported in this paper.

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Shrestha, Sujan, Affan A. Baba, Syed Muzahir Abbas, Mohsen Asadnia, and Raheel M. Hashmi. "A Horn Antenna Covered with a 3D-Printed Metasurface for Gain Enhancement." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020119.

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A simple metasurface integrated with horn antenna exhibiting wide bandwidth, covering full Ku-band using 3D printing is presented. It consists of a 3D-printed horn and a 3D-printed phase transformation surface placed at the horn aperture. Considering the non-uniform wavefront of 3D printed horn, the proposed 3D-printed phase transformation surface is configured by unit cells, consisting of a cube in the centre which is supported by perpendicular cylindrical rods from its sides. Placement of proposed surface helps to improve the field over the horn aperture, resulting in lower phase variations. Both simulated and measured results show good radiation characteristics with lower side lobe levels in both E- and H-planes. Additionally, there is an overall increment in directivity with peak measured directivity up to 24.8 dBi and improvement in aperture efficiency of about 35% to 72% in the frequency range from 10–18 GHz. The total weight of the proposed antenna is about 345.37 g, which is significantly light weight. Moreover, it is a low cost and raid manufacturing solution using 3D printing technology.

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Shrestha, Sujan, Affan A. Baba, Syed Muzahir Abbas, Mohsen Asadnia, and Raheel M. Hashmi. "A Horn Antenna Covered with a 3D-Printed Metasurface for Gain Enhancement." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020119.

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A simple metasurface integrated with horn antenna exhibiting wide bandwidth, covering full Ku-band using 3D printing is presented. It consists of a 3D-printed horn and a 3D-printed phase transformation surface placed at the horn aperture. Considering the non-uniform wavefront of 3D printed horn, the proposed 3D-printed phase transformation surface is configured by unit cells, consisting of a cube in the centre which is supported by perpendicular cylindrical rods from its sides. Placement of proposed surface helps to improve the field over the horn aperture, resulting in lower phase variations. Both simulated and measured results show good radiation characteristics with lower side lobe levels in both E- and H-planes. Additionally, there is an overall increment in directivity with peak measured directivity up to 24.8 dBi and improvement in aperture efficiency of about 35% to 72% in the frequency range from 10–18 GHz. The total weight of the proposed antenna is about 345.37 g, which is significantly light weight. Moreover, it is a low cost and raid manufacturing solution using 3D printing technology.

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So, Kwok, Kwai Luk, Chi Chan, and Ka Chan. "3D Printed High Gain Complementary Dipole/Slot Antenna Array." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081410.

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By employing the complementary dipole antenna concept to the normal waveguide fed slot radiator, an improved antenna element with wide impedance bandwidth and symmetrical radiation patterns is developed. This is achieved by mounting two additional metallic cuboids on the top of the slot radiator, which is equivalent to adding an electric dipole on top of the magnetic dipole due to the slot radiator. Then, a high-gain antenna array was designed based on the improved element and fabricated, using 3D printing technology, with stable frequency characteristics operated at around 28 GHz. This was followed by metallization via electroplating. Analytical results agree well with the experimental results. The measured operating frequency range for the reflection coefficient ≤−15 dB is from 25.7 GHz to 29.8 GHz; its corresponding fractional impedance bandwidth is 14.8%. The measured gain is approximately 32 dBi, with the 3 dB beamwidth around 4°.

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Hachi, Asmae, Hassan Lebbar, and Mohamed Himdi. "3D PRINTED LARGE BANDWIDTH NEW YAGI-UDA ANTENNA." Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters 88 (2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierl19101303.

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Smith, Kathryn, and Ryan S. Adams. "A BROADBAND 3D PRINTED FRACTAL TREE MONOPOLE ANTENNA." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 86 (2018): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc18030505.

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Mirzaee, M., S. Noghanian, and I. Chang. "Low-profile bowtie antenna with 3D printed substrate." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, no. 3 (January 26, 2017): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30379.

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Ghosh, Purno, and Frances J. Harackiewicz. "3D Printed Low Profile Strip-based Helical Antenna." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 127 (2022): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc22101506.

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Lee, Sungwoo, Youngoo Yang, Kang-Yoon Lee, Kyung-Young Jung, and Keum Hwang. "Robust Design of 3D-Printed 6–18 GHz Double-Ridged TEM Horn Antenna." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091582.

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A robust design of a 3D-printed 6–18 GHz double-ridged TEM horn antenna is proposed in this paper. The designed TEM horn antenna has two parts: an adaptor and a horn aperture. The adaptor is realized using a double-ridged waveguide to extend the operating bandwidth of the dominant mode (TE10 mode). Meanwhile, the horn aperture section is implemented in an exponentially tapered configuration to match the impedance of the double-ridged waveguide with the intrinsic impedance. The performance of the initially designed antenna shows that the reflection coefficient and gain levels are less than −13 dB and greater than 5.5 dBi within the 6–18 GHz band, respectively. The initial design was well done, but the noise factors that may occur during the manufacturing process were not taken into account. To design an antenna considering these noise factors, the parameters of the initial design are optimized by a novel robust design method also proposed in this paper. The robustness of the antenna optimized by the proposed method is approximately 12.4% higher than that of the initial antenna. The validity of the proposed method was tested by fabricating the antenna. A prototype of the optimized antenna with the proposed robust design method is fabricated using a 3D printer with a stereolithographic apparatus attached, and the surface of the frame is covered by a nano-silver plating. The measured results of the fabricated antenna are in good agreement with the simulation results over the operating band. The measured −10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth of the antenna can cover 6–18 GHz. In addition, the measured gain ranges from 4.42 to 10.75 dBi within the 6–18 GHz band.

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Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah, Zahriladha Zakaria, Hussein Alsariera, Muhammad Firdaus Akbar, Imran Mohd Ibrahim, Khalid Subhi Ahmad, Sarosh Ahmad, and Samir Salem Al-Bawri. "Broadband Circular Polarised Printed Antennas for Indoor Wireless Communication Systems: A Comprehensive Review." Micromachines 13, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071048.

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With the rapid changes in wireless communication systems, indoor wireless communication (IWC) technology has undergone tremendous development. Antennas are crucial components of IWC systems that transmit and receive signals within indoor environments. Thus, the development of indoor technology is highly dependent on the development of indoor antennas. However, indoor environments with limited space require the fewest indoor antenna units and the smallest indoor antenna sizes possible. Hence, indoor antennas with compact size and broad applications have become widely preferred. In an IWC system, circularly polarised (CP) antennas are generally important, especially in dense indoor environments, because compared with linearly polarised (LP) antennas, CP antennas reduce polarisation mismatch and multipath losses. This paper combs through the existing studies related to three-dimensional (3D) geometry (nonplanar) or waveguide indoor antennas and the two common approaches to two-dimensional (2D) geometry (planar) indoor antennas, namely, broadband CP printed monopole antennas (BCPPMAs) and broadband CP printed slot antennas (BCPPSAs). The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of previous works are highlighted as well. These research works are summarised, compared and analysed to understand the recent specifications of BCPPMAs and BCPPSAs to generate the most appropriate design structure suitable for current IWC systems.

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Elsheakh, Dalia M., and Amr M. E. Safwat. "Compact 3D USB dongle monopole antenna for mobile wireless communication bands." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 6, no. 6 (March 25, 2014): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078714000245.

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Three-dimensional compact volume internal antenna for universal serial bus (USB) dongle that covers hexa operating bands is proposed in this paper. The volume of the proposed USB dongle is 15×20×4 mm3; it is based on two connected monopoles, one of them is semi-circular monopole ended by three unit cells of meander-line and the other is a bent monopole with four unit cells of high-impedance wire. The proposed antenna is realized on a printed circuit board to reduce the fabrication costs. The coupling between the antenna elements broadens the operating bandwidth, which includes most of the wireless commercial service bands, GSM850/GSM900/UMTS/GSM1800/GSM1900/WCDMA2100/802.11b/g/LTE2600 (824–2690 MHz) as well as 802.11a/n (5150–5825 MHz). The antenna's simulated and experimental results are in good agreement.

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Malik, Bilal Tariq, Viktor Doychinov, Syed Ali Raza Zaidi, Ian D. Robertson, and Nutapong Somjit. "Antenna Gain Enhancement by Using Low-Infill 3D-Printed Dielectric Lens Antennas." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 102467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931772.

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Zhou, Ivan, Lluís Pradell, José Maria Villegas, Neus Vidal, Miquel Albert, Lluís Jofre, and Jordi Romeu. "Microstrip-Fed 3D-Printed H-Sectorial Horn Phased Array." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 5329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145329.

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A 3D-printed phased array consisting of four H-Sectorial horn antennas of 200 g weight with an ultra-wideband rectangular-waveguide-to-microstrip-line transition operating over the whole LMDS and K bands (24.25–29.5 GHz) is presented. The transition is based on exciting three overlapped transversal patches that radiate into the waveguide. The transition provides very low insertion losses, ranging from 0.30 dB to 0.67 dB over the whole band of operation (23.5–30.4 GHz). The measured fractional bandwidth of the phased array including the transition was 20.8% (24.75–30.3 GHz). The antenna was measured for six different scanning angles corresponding to six different progressive phases α, ranging from 0° to 140° at the central frequency band of operation of 26.5 GHz. The maximum gain was found in the broadside direction α = 0°, with 15.2 dB and efficiency η = 78.5%, while the minimum was found for α = 140°, with 13.7 dB and η = 91.2%.

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Cersoli, Trenton, Muneer Barnawi, Kerry Johnson, Edward Burden, Frank Li, Eric MacDonald, and Pedro Cortes. "4D Printed Shape Memory Polymers: Morphology and Fabrication of a Functional Antenna." Recent Progress in Materials 4, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2202009.

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that can respond to certain thermal, chemical or electrical stimuli by inducing a structural conformation change into a temporary shape. In this work, a 3D printing process based on a Vat Photo-polymerization of a shape memory polymer (SMP) was investigated to produce customized smart and complex morphable antennas. The mechanical and material properties were examined through a tensile, flexural and rheological testing for different polymer mixture ratios. It was observed that the combination of 20% of an elastomeric resin in a thermoset UV system yields the highest shape recovery performance. The fabrication process of the antenna was based on the incorporation of a conductive material. The approach involved the inclusion of a thin copper electroplating technique. The radiofrequency performance of the fabricated antenna was examined by a vector network analyzer (VNA) and it was observed that a thermal stimulus was capable of inducing a conformal shape on the antenna, resulting in a multi-radio frequency morphing system. The antenna performance was simulated in Ansys HFSS.

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Kim, Yeonju, Duc Anh Pham, Ratanak Phon, and Sungjoon Lim. "Lightweight 3D-Printed Fractal Gradient-Index Lens Antenna with Stable Gain Performance." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6100551.

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This paper proposes a millimeter-wave lens antenna using 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology to reduce weight and provide stable gain performance. The antenna consists of a four-layer cylindrical gradient-index (GRIN) lens fed by a wideband Yagi antenna. We designed a fractal cell geometry to achieve the desired effective permittivity for a GRIN lens. Among different candidates, the honeycomb structure is chosen to provide high mechanical strength with light weight, low dielectric loss, and lens dispersion for a lens antenna. Therefore, the measured peak gain was relatively flat at 16.86 ± 0.5 dBi within 25−31.5 GHz, corresponding to 1 dB gain bandwidth = 23%. The proposed 3D-printed GRIN lens is cost-effective, with rapid and easy manufacturing.

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Ribeiro, Jéssica A. P., Hugo R. D. Filgueiras, Arismar Cerqueira Sodré Junior, Felipe Beltrán-Mejía, and Jorge Ricardo Mejía-Salazar. "3D-Printed Quasi-Cylindrical Bragg Reflector to Boost the Gain and Directivity of cm- and mm-Wave Antennas." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 8014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238014.

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We demonstrate a concept for a large enhancement of the directivity and gain of readily available cm- and mm-wave antennas, i.e., without altering any property of the antenna design. Our concept exploits the high reflectivity of a Bragg reflector composed of three bilayers made of transparent materials. The cavity has a triangular aperture in order to resemble the idea of a horn-like, highly directive antenna. Importantly, we report gain enhancements of more than 400% in relation to the gain of the antenna without the Bragg structure, accompanied by a highly directive radiation pattern. The proposed structure is cost-effective and easy to fabricate with 3D-printing. Our results are presented for frequencies within the conventional WiFi frequencies, based on IEEE 802.11 standards, thus, enabling easily implementation by non-experts and needing only to be placed around the antenna to improve the directivity and gain of the signal.

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Chietera, Francesco Paolo, Riccardo Colella, and Luca Catarinucci. "Dielectric Resonators Antennas Potential Unleashed by 3D Printing Technology: A Practical Application in the IoT Framework." Electronics 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010064.

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One of the most promising and exciting research fields of the last decade is that of 3D-printed antennas, as proven by the increasing number of related scientific papers. More specifically, the most common and cost-effective 3D printing technologies, which have become more and more widespread in recent years, are particularly suitable for the development of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs), which are very interesting types of antennas exhibiting good gain, excellent efficiency, and potentially very small size. After a brief survey on how additive manufacturing (AM) can be used in 3D printing of antennas and how much the manufacturing process of DRAs can benefit from those technologies, a specific example, consisting of a wideband antenna operating at 2.4 GHz and 3.8 GHz, was deeply analyzed, realized, and tested. The obtained prototype exhibited compact size (60 × 60 × 16 mm3, considering the whole antenna) and a good agreement between measured and simulated S11, with a fractional bandwidth of 46%. Simulated gain and efficiency were also quite good, with values of 5.45 dBi and 6.38 dBi for the gain and 91% and 90% for the efficiency, respectively, at 2.45 GHz and 3.6 GHz.

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Singh, Rupinder, Sanjeev Kumar, Amrinder Pal Singh, and Yang Wei. "On comparison of recycled LDPE and LDPE–bakelite composite based 3D printed patch antenna." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 236, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 842–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211060465.

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In the past two decades number of studies have been reported on the use of thermoplastics as a substrate for 3D printed patch antennas. However, no work has been reported on the thermoplastic-thermosetting composite-based substrate for 3D printed patch antennas and their mechanical, morphological, rheological, and radiofrequency (RF) characterization for sensing applications. In this study low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and LDPE-5% bakelite (BAK) composite-based patch antenna (resonating frequency 2.45 GHz) were printed (for secondary recycling) on fused deposition modeling (FDM) setup. The RF characteristics were measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA). Ring resonator test was used for measuring the dielectric properties of substrates (which suggests that the dielectric constant ([Formula: see text]) and loss tangent ([Formula: see text]) for LDPE was 2.282 and 0.0045, whereas for LDPE-5%BAK the calculated [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was 2.0663, 0.0051 respectively). This study highlights that for the LDPE-5%BAK composite there was a marginal increase in the size of the patch antenna; but this resulted in improved transmittance, gain, and return loss for typical sensor applications. As regards to printability of substrate, 5% BAK resulted in a melt flow index (MFI) of 9.96 g/10 min in contrast to 12.208 g/10 min for a neat LDPE sample. The selected LDPE-5%BAK composite resulted in peak strength (PS) and break strength (BS) of 16.08 MPa and 14.47 MPa (at 180 °C screw temperature, 110 rpm, and 11 kg load) while processing with a twin-screw extruder (TSE), which was observed better than the neat LDPE (PS 11.98 MPa, BS 10.79 MPa). The results were supported with porosity (%), surface roughness (Ra) analysis based upon scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and bond strength using attenuated total reflection (ATR) based Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis.

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Zhong, Zeng-Pei, Jia-Jun Liang, Guan-Long Huang, and Tao Yuan. "A 3D-Printed Hybrid Water Antenna with Tunable Frequency and Beamwidth." Electronics 7, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7100230.

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A novel hybrid water antenna with tunable frequency and beamwidth is proposed. An L-shaped metallic strip is adopted as the feeding structure of the antenna in order to effectively broaden the operating bandwidth. The L-shaped strip feeder and a rectangular water dielectric resonator constitute the driven element. Five identical rectangular water dielectric elements are mounted linearly with respect to the driven element, which act as the directors and contribute to narrow the beamwidth. By varying the height of the liquid water level in the driven element, the proposed antenna is able to tune to different operational frequencies. Furthermore, it is also able to adjust to different beamwidths and gains via varying the number of director elements. A prototype is fabricated by using 3-D printing technology, where the main parts of the antenna are printed with photopolymer resin, and then the ground plane and L-shaped strip feeder are realized by using adhesive copper tapes. Measurement results agree well the simulation ones. A tunable frequency ranging from 4.66 GHz to 5.65 GHz is obtained and a beam steering along a fixed direction with a gain variation less than 0.5 dB is realized.

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Mitchell, Gregory, Zachary Larimore, and Paul Parsons. "Additive Manufacturing of a Dual Band, Hybrid Substrate, and Dual Polarization Antenna." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 35, no. 11 (February 3, 2021): 1282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.351110.

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We describe the additive manufacturing results pertaining to a multi-function antenna aperture. The antenna consists of customized high dielectric and low loss feedstocks as the enabling technology. The 3D printed prototype shows agreement with simulation while providing excellent performance.

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Oktafiani, Folin, Effrina Yanti Hamid, and Achmad Munir. "Wideband Dual-Polarized 3D Printed Quad-Ridged Horn Antenna." IEEE Access 10 (2022): 8036–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3143164.

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Wang, Shiyan, Lei Zhu, Jianpeng Wang, and Wen Wu. "Circularly polarised patch antenna using 3D‐printed asymmetric substrate." Electronics Letters 54, no. 11 (May 2018): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2018.0769.

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Huang, Sheng, King Yuk Chan, Yu Wang, and Rodica Ramer. "High Gain SIW H-Plane Horn Antenna with 3D Printed Parasitic E-Plane Horn." Electronics 10, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 2391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192391.

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Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology that combines 3D and 2D structures has been successfully utilized due to its notable advantages, including in its application to H-plane horn antennas. As this type of antenna is commonly constructed on thin substrates, the E-plane radiation pattern is always wide, thereby limiting the achievable gain performance. In this work, we propose an approach that incorporates 3D printed horns on a prefabricated SIW H-plane horn antenna to successfully narrow the E-plane radiation pattern, thereby improving the gain performance. The proposed E-plane horn is designed at the aperture of the original H-plane horn, providing a smooth and continuous wave transition from the thin substrate to the end-fire direction. This approach improves the directional radiation performance significantly and reduces fabrication time and associated difficulties as the parasitic structures are simply attached to the SIW horn, without the requirement of redesigning or refabricating the original antenna. From 20 to 25 GHz, an optimized prototype shows excellent performance. At 22.7 GHz, it exhibits 35° and 33° for the E- and H-plane half-power beamwidths (HPBWs), with corresponding side-lobe levels (SLLs) of −23 dB and −15 dB. The present research reveals that the proposed design presents high feasibility and a reduced demand for high-precision manufacturing processes at a lower cost, concomitantly providing an effective means to further improve on the radiation characteristics.

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Belen, Aysu, Peyman Mahouti, Filiz Gunes, and Ozlem Tari. "Gain Enhancement of a Traditional Horn Antenna using 3D Printed Square-Shaped Multi-layer Dielectric Lens for X-band Applications." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360203.

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In this work, gain of a traditional horn antenna is enhanced up to 2.9 dB over X-band using 3D printed square-shaped multi-layer lens. For this purpose, firstly the multi-layer lenses are designed using Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) and simulated in 3-D CST Microwave Studio (MWS) environment as consisting of square-shaped five layers with variable dielectric constants and heights. Thus, optimum values of the dielectric constants and heights are resulted limiting from 1.15 to 2.1 and 9.2 mm to 10 mm, respectively compatible for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based 3D-printing process. Finally, the optimum lens is realized by 3D printer via FDM evaluating infill rate of cheap Polylactic Acid (PLA) material for each layer. The simulated and measured performance of the multi-layer dielectric structures are hand to hand. The horn antenna equipped by our proposed dielectric lens achieves gain enhancement of the traditional antenna up to 2.9 dB over the operation band. Furthermore, the proposed design is compared with the counterpart designs in literature and based on the comparison results it can be said that the proposed design achieves the better performance in the smaller in size as equipped a traditional X-band horn antenna.

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Zhai, Yu, Ding Xu, and Yan Zhang. "Ka-Band Lightweight High-Efficiency Wideband 3D Printed Reflector Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7360329.

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This paper presents a lightweight, cost-efficient, wideband, and high-gain 3D printed parabolic reflector antenna in the Ka-band. A 10 λ reflector is printed with polylactic acid- (PLA-) based material that is a biodegradable type of plastic, preferred in 3D printing. The reflecting surface is made up of multiple stacked layers of copper tape, thick enough to function as a reflecting surface (which is found 4 mm). A conical horn is used for the incident field. A center-fed method has been used to converge the energy in the broadside direction. The proposed antenna results measured a gain of 27.8 dBi, a side lobe level (SLL) of −22 dB, and a maximum of 61.2% aperture efficiency (at 30 GHz). A near-field analysis in terms of amplitude and phase has also been presented which authenticates the accurate spherical to planar wavefront transformation in the scattered field.

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Hossain, Muhammad M., Md Jubaer Alam, and Saeed I. Latif. "Orthogonal Printed Microstrip Antenna Arrays for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010053.

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This article presents the design of a planar MIMO (Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs) antenna comprised of two sets orthogonally placed 1 × 12 linear antenna arrays for 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) applications. The arrays are made of probe-fed microstrip patch antenna elements on a 90 × 160 mm2 Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 grounded dielectric substrate. The antenna demonstrates S11 = −10 dB impedance bandwidth in the following 5G frequency band: 24.25–27.50 GHz. The scattering parameters of the antenna were computed by electromagnetic simulation tools, Ansys HFSS and CST Microwave Studio, and were further verified by the measured results of a fabricated prototype. To achieve a gain of 12 dBi or better over a scanning range of +/−45° from broadside, the Dolph-Tschebyscheff excitation weighting and optimum spacing are used. Different antenna parameters, such as correlation coefficient, port isolation, and 2D and 3D radiation patterns, are investigated to determine the effectiveness of this antenna for MIMO operation, which will be very useful for mmWave cellphone applications in 5G bands.

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Alladi, Rajasekhar, Praveen V. Naidu, Raveendra P, Srinivasa Reddy Kotha, Siva Charan, and Sai Harish. "Low profile microstrip fed printed antenna for portable RF energy harvesting system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12435.

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This work presents, a printed wideband microstrip antenna that can be used for portable RF energy harvesting applications. The antenna is designed, simulated and validated using 3D electromagnetic HFSS simulator. The targeted frequency band of operations are from 0.825 GHz to 1.05 GHz for catering GSM/3G wireless applications. Following the antenna design in the HFSS software, the structure has been fabricated on low cost substrate FR4 and the structure performance is analyzed experimentally. The achieved wideband, omni directional patterns with constant gain monopole antenna can be suitable for all portable system applications.

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Geyikoğlu, M. Dilruba, Hilal Koç Polat, Fatih Kaburcuk, and Bülent Çavuşoğlu. "SAR analysis of tri-band antennas for a 5G eyewear device." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 8 (March 16, 2020): 754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000173.

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AbstractThe goal of this study is to analyze the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution of the projected 5G frequencies below 6 GHz and at Wi-Fi frequency (2.45 GHz) on a human head, for eyewear device applications. Two separate tri-band printed dipole antennas for this purpose are designed and fabricated at operating frequencies of 2.45/3.8/6 GHz for prototype-1 and at operating frequencies of 2.45/3.6/4.56 GHz for prototype-2. In order to obtain the desired frequencies: first, the prototypes of the proposed antennas are fine-tuned via Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST) and then fabricated on the FR4 layer. The reflection coefficient (S11) is tested and the simulation results are confirmed. In order to analyze the effect of wearing a pair of glasses' frame including a tri-band 5G antenna, a frame is designed and produced via 3D printer with polylactic acid material which has high dielectric constant (ɛr = 8.1). The SAR results of the proposed antennas have been examined for the cases where the antenna is embedded in the frame and is used alone. Both cases were analyzed by using the homogeneous specific anthropomorphic mannequin and the heterogeneous visible human head phantoms and the results have been evaluated in terms of SAR10 g values.

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He, Han, Mitra Akbari, Lauri Sydänheimo, Leena Ukkonen, and Johanna Virkki. "3D-Printed Graphene Antennas and Interconnections for Textile RFID Tags: Fabrication and Reliability towards Humidity." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (June 5, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1386017.

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We present the possibilities of 3D direct-write dispensing in the fabrication of passive UHF RFID graphene tags on a textile substrate. In our method, the graphene tag antenna is deposited directly on top of the IC strap, in order to simplify the manufacturing process by removing one step, that is, the IC attachment with conductive glue. Our wireless measurement results confirm that graphene RFID tags with printed antenna-IC interconnections achieve peak read ranges of 5.2 meters, which makes them comparable to graphene tags with epoxy-glued ICs. After keeping the tags in high humidity, the read ranges of the tags with epoxy-glued and printed antenna-IC interconnections decrease 0.8 meters and 0.5 meters, respectively. However, after drying, the performance of both types of tags returns back to normal.

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Fedeli, Alessandro, Manuela Maffongelli, Ricardo Monleone, Claudio Pagnamenta, Matteo Pastorino, Samuel Poretti, Andrea Randazzo, and Andrea Salvadè. "A Tomograph Prototype for Quantitative Microwave Imaging: Preliminary Experimental Results." Journal of Imaging 4, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging4120139.

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A new prototype of a tomographic system for microwave imaging is presented in this paper. The target being tested is surrounded by an ad-hoc 3D-printed structure, which supports sixteen custom antenna elements. The transmission measurements between each pair of antennas are acquired through a vector network analyzer connected to a modular switching matrix. The collected data are inverted by a hybrid nonlinear procedure combining qualitative and quantitative reconstruction algorithms. Preliminary experimental results, showing the capabilities of the developed system, are reported.

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Milijic, Marija, Aleksandar Nesic, and Bratislav Milovanovic. "An investigation of side lobe suppression in integrated printed antenna structures with 3D reflectors." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 30, no. 3 (2017): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1703391m.

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The paper discusses the problem of side lobe suppression in the radiation pattern of printed antenna arrays with different 3D reflector surfaces. The antenna array of eight symmetrical pentagonal dipoles with corner reflectors of various angles is examined. All investigated antenna arrays are fed by the same feeding network of impedance transformers enabling necessary amplitude distribution. Considering the different reflector surfaces, the influence of parasitic radiation from feeding network on side lobe suppression is studied to prevent the reception of unwanted noise and to increase a gain.

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Rebollo, Alejandro, Alvaro F. Vaquero, Manuel Arrebola, and Marcos R. Pino. "3D-Printed Dual-Reflector Antenna With Self-Supported Dielectric Subreflector." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 209091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038739.

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Adams, J. J., S. C. Slimmer, J. A. Lewis, and J. T. Bernhard. "3D‐printed spherical dipole antenna integrated on small RF node." Electronics Letters 51, no. 9 (April 2015): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2015.0256.

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Brister, John A., and Robert M. Edwards. "3D printed utility dielectric core manufacturing process for antenna prototyping." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, no. 10 (April 26, 2018): 1633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2017.1147.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D printed antenna'

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