Journal articles: '3D powder printing'

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Whyte, Daniel, Benjamin J. Allardyce, Abbas Z. Kouzani, Xungai Wang, and Rangam Rajkhowa. "Understanding Morphology, Bulk Properties, and Binding of Silk Particles for 3D Printing." Powders 1, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/powders1020009.

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Silk fibroin has emerged as a leading biomaterial for biomedical applications. 3D printing has been successfully used for printing with silk fibroin, albeit in the form of a bioink, in direct-write 3D printers. However, in the form of bioinks, stability and mechanical attributes of silk are lost. An innovative alternative to producing 3D printed solid silk constructs is silk milled into powder for printing in a binder jetting printer. In this work, we focus on characteristics of silk powder to determine suitability for use in 3D printing. Two different silk powders are compared with hydroxyapatite powder, a known biomaterial for biomedical constructs. We have investigated powder size and shape by Camsizer X2 and Scanning Electron Microscope and bulk behaviour, dynamic flow behaviour, and shear behaviour by FT4 powder rheometer. Preliminary printing tests were conducted in an in-house custom-built printer designed for silk powder. It was found that silk powder has low flowability and stability. Therefore, to print solely out of silk powder, a 3D printer design will need sophisticated techniques to produce flow to ensure even distribution and consistent thickness of powder layers during the printing process. It was also found that high concentrations of formic acid (>75 to 99 wt.%) can fuse particles and therefore be used as a binder ink for 3D printing. The printer design challenges for silk powder are discussed.

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Goulas, Athanasios, and Ross J. Friel. "3D printing with moondust." Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, no. 6 (October 17, 2016): 864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2015-0022.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the main process parameters of laser melting (LM) type additive manufacturing (AM) on multi-layered structures manufactured from JSC-1A Lunar regolith (Moondust) simulant powder. Design/methodology/approach Laser diffraction technology was used to analyse and confirm the simulant powder material particle sizes and distribution. Geometrical shapes were then manufactured on a Realizer SLM™ 100 using the simulant powder. The laser-processed samples were analysed via scanning electron microscopy to evaluate surface and internal morphologies, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to analyse the chemical composition after processing, and the samples were mechanically investigated via Vickers micro-hardness testing. Findings A combination of process parameters resulting in an energy density value of 1.011 J/mm2 allowed the successful production of components directly from Lunar regolith simulant. An internal relative porosity of 40.8 per cent, material hardness of 670 ± 11 HV and a dimensional accuracy of 99.8 per cent were observed in the fabricated samples. Originality/value This research paper is investigating the novel application of a powder bed fusion AM process category as a potential on-site manufacturing approach for manufacturing structures/components out of Lunar regolith (Moondust). It was shown that this AM process category has the capability to directly manufacture multi-layered parts out of Lunar regolith, which has potential applicability to future moon colonization.

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Zhang, Qingfa, Hongzhen Cai, Andong Zhang, Xiaona Lin, Weiming Yi, and Jibing Zhang. "Effects of Lubricant and Toughening Agent on the Fluidity and Toughness of Poplar Powder-Reinforced Polylactic Acid 3D Printing Materials." Polymers 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10090932.

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Three dimensional (3D) printing materials were manufactured with polylactic acid (PLA) and poplar powder using the twin screw extruder and 3D printing consumables extruder. Lubricant (TPW604) and toughening agent polyolefin elastomer (POE) were utilized to improve the fluidity and toughness of the materials. 3D printing materials were tested by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, melt flow rate, rheology behavior, impact and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the poplar powder could decrease impact strength of PLA, the same as TPW604. Unlike poplar powder, TPW604 can improve the fluidity of 3D printing materials. And POE can fill the voids formed by poplar powder in PLA, enhance interface compatibility between poplar powder and PLA, and effectively improve the fluidity and impact strength of 3D printing materials.

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Boyle, Bret M., Panupoan T. Xiong, Tara E. Mensch, Timothy J. Werder, and Garret M. Miyake. "3D printing using powder melt extrusion." Additive Manufacturing 29 (October 2019): 100811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100811.

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Chugunov, Svyatoslav, Andrey Smirnov, Anastasia Kholodkova, Andrey Tikhonov, Oleg Dubinin, and Igor Shishkovsky. "Evaluation of Stereolithography-Based Additive Manufacturing Technology for BaTiO3 Ceramics at 465 nm." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010412.

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A piezoceramic BaTiO3 material that is difficult for 3D printing was tested with a homemade laser-based stereolithography (SLA) setup. The high light absorbance of BaTiO3 in the spectral range of 350–410 nm makes this material hardly usable with most commercial SLA 3D printers. The typical polymerization depth of BaTiO3 ceramic pastes in this spectral range hardly reaches 30–50 µm for 40 vol % powder loading. A spectral change to 465 nm was realized in this work via a robot-based experimental SLA setup to improve the 3D printing efficiency. The ceramic paste was prepared from a preconditioned commercial BaTiO3 powder and used for 3D printing. The paste’s polymerization was investigated with variation of powder fraction (10–55 vol %), speed of a laser beam (1–10 mm/s, at constant laser power), and a hatching spacing (100–1000 µm). The polymerization depths of over 100 µm were routinely reached with the 465 nm SLA for pastes having 55 vol % powder loading. The spectral shift from 350–410 nm spectral region to 465 nm reduced the light absorption by BaTiO3 and remedied the photopolymerization process, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive optical analysis of prospective powders in SLA technology. Two multi-layered objects were 3D-printed to demonstrate the positive effect of the spectral shift.

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Shi, Jing Min, Jian Wei Wang, and Wei Xiao. "Research Progress of Preparation Technology of Nano Copper Powder for 3D Printing." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.150.

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Nanocopper has become one of the research hotspots of metal powder for 3D printing, due to its excellent properties. In this paper, technical methods, process flow and research progress were systematically introduced of nanocopper powder for 3D printing. Preparation of nano-copper powder for 3D printing are mainly physical and chemical methods. Physical methods include atomization method, physical vapor deposition method, grinding method, electric explosion method. Chemical methods include sol-gel method, radiation chemistry, plasma, microemulsion, hydrothermal, liquid reduction and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods were compared in detail, and the future development direction of nano-copper powder for 3D printing was look forward to.

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Gaisin, Al F., R. R. Kayumov, А. I. Kuputdinova, and R. R. Mardanov. "Plasma-liquid recycling of metal powder for 3D printing." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 1 (2023): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-1-37-44.

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The limits and prospects of plasma-liquid recycling of EOS StainlessSteel PH1 powder by processing products made by selective laser melting (SLM) on an Electro Optical Systems (EOS) 3D printer were studied. The current-voltage characteristics (CVC), types and forms of combustion of gas-discharge plasma in the process of processing products of additive manufacturing have been studied. Microphotographs of the powder were obtained by scanning electron microscopy, and the elemental and granulometric composition of the obtained powders were determined. It has been established that plasma-liquid recycling makes it possible to obtain metalic powders for the 3D printing in range from 10 to 120 microns by size.

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Zhang, Yajuan, Xiaoyan Song, Haibin Wang, and Zuoren Nie. "A novel method of preparing Ti powder for 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2017-0151.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel method to prepare pure Ti powder for 3D printing with tailorable particle size distribution. Design/methodology/approach The main procedures of the present method consist of gas state reaction to synthesize TiH2 nanoparticles, agglomeration to obtain micronscale powder particles by spray drying, and densification of particle interior by heat treatment. Findings The prepared Ti powder has a specific bimodal particle size distribution in a range of small sizes, good sphericity and high flowability. Particularly, this new technique is capable of controlling powder purity and adjusting particle size. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the authors, the approach for preparing 3D printing metallic powders from nanoparticles has not been reported in the literature so far. This work provides a novel method that is particularly applicable to prepare 3D printing metallic powders which have small initial particle sizes and high reactivity in the air.

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Bai, D. Y., Y. D. Yao, J. P. Liu, S. Xu, L. M. Kang, D. B. Liu, Y. M. Luo, and Y. Li. "Study on the safety of modified aluminum powder in 3D printing process." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032081.

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Abstract The application of 3D printing technology in the field of explosives has been a research hotspot in recent years. As the most common explosive additive, how to improve the reactivity of aluminum powder has been widely concerned by many scholars. In order to explore the influence of coating modification process on the safety of aluminum powder in 3D printing process, Hartmann tube and Ignition temperature test system were used to study the sensitivity of dust samples to energy and temperature. The results show that the sensitivity of coated aluminum powder to electrostatic energy is significantly reduced, and the sensitivity to temperature is slightly increased. Better modification technology improves the safety of aluminum powder in 3D printing process. And the flame front propagation law is studied, the results show that the modified aluminum powder has more excellent reactivity. It provides basic theoretical data support for the safe application of the modification technology of aluminum powder in the 3D printing process, which has important reference value for the future application research of 3D printing technology in the field of explosives, and is also one of the key development directions in the future. in constructing both.

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Mokshina, N. Ya, V. V. Khripushin, and M. S. Shcherbakova. "Colorometric study of polyamide-12 powder aging." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-10-31-35.

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The key point of 3D printing by selective laser sintering is the necessity of complete filling of the working chamber of the printer with a powder material. Since the powder is not completely consumed during the printing process, 25 – 30 wt.% of secondary (unused in the previous cycle) power is added to the primary material in each cycle. Repeated recirculation leads to degradation of the properties of the working powder mixture and increases the probability of rejects. We present the results of a colorimetric study of aging of polyamide-12 powder used in 3D printing by the method of selective laser sintering. Scanning and computer processing of digital images of primary and secondary polyamide powders obtained by colorimetry were performed using MathLab program package. Colorimetric analysis included the expression of the sample color using the parameters of color models applied in digital technologies for synthesizing colored images. The number of cycles before the onset of intensive destruction is no more than three, which is consistent with the practical experience in printing by selective laser sintering. The results characterizing change in the color of the secondary powder depending on the duration of thermal exposure and the gas medium are presented. It is shown that long-term storage of the powder for subsequent use is not advisable, since the initiators of destruction are already present in the material. Thermal oxidative destruction is shown to be a critical factor limiting the use of secondary powder along with changes in the crystallinity and fractional composition of particles. Computer processing of images of polymer powder obtained by the colorimetric method can be used to control the aging process of consumables and to predict the probability of rejections in 3D printing.

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Gharaie, Saleh H., Yos Morsi, and S. H. Masood. "Tensile Properties of Processed 3D Printer ZP150 Powder Material." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.813.

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3D Printing is one of the few powder-bed type rapid prototyping (RP) technologies, which allows fabrication of parts using powder materials. Understanding of mechanical properties of 3D parts made by this process is essential to explore more applications of this technology. In general, the mechanical properties of many RP produced parts depend on the process parameters andalso on post-processing methods of that RP process. Very few studies have been made to characterize the mechanical properties of 3D Printing processed parts. This paper presents an experimental investigation on how tensile properties of parts fabricated by 3D Printing is affected by 3D Printing build orientation, and by post-processing methods of infiltration process and drying of parts. Results obtained forvarious parameters are compared to investigate the optimum procedure to achieve the highest tensile strength using ZP150 powder material.

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Diegel, Olaf, Andrew Withell, Deon de Beer, Johan Potgieter, and Frazer Noble. "Low-Cost 3D Printing of Controlled Porosity Ceramic Parts." International Journal of Automation Technology 6, no. 5 (September 5, 2012): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2012.p0618.

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This research was initiated to develop low cost powders that could be used on 3D printers. The paper describes experiments that were undertaken with different compositions of clay-based powders, and different print saturation settings. An unexpected sideeffect of printing ceramic parts was the ability to control the part porosity by varying the powder recipe and print parameters. The cost of clay-based powder was, depending on the specific ingredients used, around US$2.00/Kg.

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Voney, Vera, Pietro Odaglia, Filippo Schenker, Coralie Brumaud, Benjamin Dillenburger, and Guillaume Habert. "Powder bed 3D printing with quarry waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 588 (November 21, 2020): 042056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/588/4/042056.

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Ermakova, Lydia V., Valery V. Dubov, Rasim R. Saifutyarov, Daria E. Kuznetsova, Maria S. Malozovskaya, Petr V. Karpyuk, Georgy A. Dosovitskiy, and Petr S. Sokolov. "Influence of Luminescent Properties of Powders on the Fabrication of Scintillation Ceramics by Stereolithography 3D Printing." Ceramics 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010004.

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Luminescent and scintillation ceramic materials with complex shapes, which can be created by stereolithography 3D printing, are of interest for special phosphor and detector applications. Starting powders for such ceramics may possess UV absorption bands; therefore, it is important to study the possible influence of the powders’ luminescent properties on the printing process. This paper deals with complex garnet oxides, Y3Al5O12 and Gd3Al2Ga3O12—well-known hosts for luminescent materials. The photopolymerization rates of slurries based on the luminescent powders produced by various chemical routes are studied, as well as available printing regimes. The slurries containing Ce-doped powders with a broad absorption band in UV have significantly lower photopolymerization rates compared to the undoped ones; a high Ce doping virtually hinders printing with layers thicker than 25–50 μm. Furthermore, the choice of powder synthesis method is shown to influence the printing process. Slurries with Tb-doped powder, with absorption lines at shorter wavelengths, have good photopolymerization activity, close to that of the undoped powder, and can be printed with layer thicknesses of 25–100 μm.

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J, Dhivya Priya, Arunpriyatharsini S, Sridharan R, and Mohamed Ejaj M. "`3D PRINTING IN IMPLANT DENTISTRY-A REVIEW." Thai Moogambigai Journal Of Periodontics and Dental Science 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37841/tmjpds_2020_v2_i2_02.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing method in which by laying down successive layers of material a 3D item is formed. Charles Hull created the 3D printer which used the technique of stereolithography, as well as the first program for virtualization.Various types of polymers,gels , resins and powders are the materials employed in 3D printing.3D printing techniques includes liquid based, solid based and powder based using which surgical guides and implant abutment can be fabricated .The accuracy of 3D printed implants is assessed by global deviation, angular deviation, depth deviation and lateral deviation. Even though the complications and disadvantages are associated with 3D printing, they can achieve higher precision and accuracy in implant placement. However, further studies are needed to evaluate their clinical outcome over time and function..

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Yuan, Jiangping, Ming Zhu, Baohui Xu, and Guangxue Chen. "Review on processes and color quality evaluation of color 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2016-0182.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is provide a broad view for the standardization efforts of color quality evaluation of color 3D printing techniques. Further, this review paper demonstrates the processes and color properties of most color 3D printing techniques with specific devices and applications to extend the range of possible memberships of standardization group. Design/methodology/approach Six color 3D printing techniques including plastic-based, paper-based, powder-based, organism-based, food-based and metal-based color 3D printing have been introduced and illustrated with colorization principles and forming features in detail. Moreover, for printed 3D color objects, literature about color measurement, color specification and color reproduction are described and analyzed, respectively. Findings Four color 3D printing techniques including plastic-based, paper-based, powder-based and food-based color 3D printing show great affinity toward standardization of color quality evaluation, while their colorization principles indicate that it is difficult with a single standard frame. It is possible to develop a completed color quality evaluation standard for color 3D printing based on approaches in color 2D printing when color measurement method and devices are standardized together. Originality/value The paper provides an important guide focusing on the efforts to standardize the colorization processes and color quality evaluation of the color 3D printing techniques.

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Królewski, Krzysztof, Aleksandra Wieloszyńska, Aleksandra Maria Kamińska, and Katarzyna Kardacz. "Optical properties of daylight curable resin doped with nanodiamond powder." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i3.930.

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In this paper creating optical elements with the use of 3D printing technology was elaborated on. A special focus was put on the properties of nanodiamond and possibilities of applying it in 3D printing process in a mixture with the standard 3D printing resin. Several printouts have been completed, starting from the calibration printouts and ending with optical flats and both cylindrical and spherical lenses. The printouts have been tested for their abilities to transmit and absorb light in a wide spectrum of wavelengths. Full Text: PDF ReferencesL. Ding, R. Wei, and H. Che, Development of a BIM-based automated construction system, Procedia Engineering 85, 123-131 (2014). CrossRef L. Fang, T. Chen, R. Li, S. Liu, Application of embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in monitoring health to 3D printing structures, IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(17), 6604-6610 (2016). CrossRef G. B. Kim, S. Lee, H. Kim, D. H. Yang, Y. H. Kim, Y. S. Kyung, et al., Three-dimensional printing: basic principles and applications in medicine and radiology, Korean Journal of Radiology, 17(2), 182-197 (2016). CrossRef J. W. Stansbury, M. J. Idacavage, 3D printing with polymers: Challenges among expanding options and opportunities, Dental Materials, 32(1), 54-64 (2016). CrossRef G. H. Wu, S. H. Hsu, Polymeric-based 3D printing for tissue engineering, Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 35(3), 285-292 (2015). CrossRef https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=6973&tabname=N-BK7 DirectLink https://www.thorlabs.com/images/TabImages/UVFS_Transmission_780.gif DirectLink U. Kalsoom, A. Peristyy, P. N. Nesterenko, B. Paull, A 3D printable diamond polymer composite: a novel material for fabrication of low cost thermally conducting devices, RSC Advances, 6(44), 38140-38147 (2016). CrossRef K. M. El-Say, Nanodiamond as a drug delivery system: Applications and prospective, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 01(06), 29-39 (2011). DirectLink K. Królewski, MA thesis, 3D printing of optical elements from diamond powders, (2018).

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Sen, Koyel, Tanu Mehta, Anson W.K.Ma, and Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri. "DEM based investigation of powder packing in 3D printing of pharmaceutical tablets." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 14012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124914012.

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3D printing is emerging as one of the most promising methods to manufacture Pharmaceutical dosage forms as it offers multiple advantages such as personalization of dosage forms, polypill, fabrication of complex dosage forms etc. 3D printing came into existence in 1980s but its use was extended recently to pharmaceutical industry along with the approval of first 3D printed tablet Spritam by FDA in 2015. Spritam was manufactured by Aprecia pharmaceuticals using binder jetting technology. Binder jet 3D printing involves a hopper for powder discharge and printheads for ink jetting. The properties of tablets are highly dependent upon the discharge quality of powder mixture from the hopper and jetting of the ink/binder solution from the printhead nozzle. In this study, numerical models were developed using Discrete element method (DEM) to gain better understanding of the binder jet 3D printing process. The DEM modeling of hopper discharge was performed using in-house DEM code to study the effect of raw material attributes such as powder bed packing density (i.e. particle size, particle density etc) on the printing process, especially during powder bed preparation. This DEM model was further validated experimentally, and the model demonstrated good agreement with experimental results.

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Chin, Seow Yong, Vishwesh Dikshit, Balasankar Meera Priyadarshini, and Yi Zhang. "Powder-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Device with Micro and Mesoscale Features." Micromachines 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11070658.

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Customized manufacturing of a miniaturized device with micro and mesoscale features is a key requirement of mechanical, electrical, electronic and medical devices. Powder-based 3D-printing processes offer a strong candidate for micromanufacturing due to the wide range of materials, fast production and high accuracy. This study presents a comprehensive review of the powder-based three-dimensional (3D)-printing processes and how these processes impact the creation of devices with micro and mesoscale features. This review also focuses on applications of devices with micro and mesoscale size features that are created by powder-based 3D-printing technology.

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Li, Junchao, Ran Yan, Yanan Yang, and Feng Xie. "Water-based binder preparation and full-color printing implementation of a self-developed 3D printer." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 3 (February 4, 2021): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2019-0305.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to prepare water-based binders, which aimed to avoid printhead blockage and to improve dimensional accuracy of inkjet 3D printing (3DP) technology, and a feasible algorithm of full-color printing was realized. Design/methodology/approach A self-developed color 3D printer was made by using a piezoelectric printhead of Epson Dx-5. Several water-based binders and corresponding gypsum composite powders were prepared, and the optimum binder-powder assembly was then determined through elementary adhesive testing and roller paving testing. Full-color printing was implemented based on halftoning algorithms that used different threshold matrices for different ink channels, and the performances of various algorithms were evaluated in terms of both subjective and objective indices. Findings The optimum binder-powder assembly can solve the jamming problem of printhead and realize agreeable dimensional accuracy with the relative error less than 2.5% owing to the satisfying boundary diffusion control ability. And the determined halftone algorithm was verified to be agreeable for 3D color printing. Originality/value The prepared approach of water-based binders and gypsum composite powders can be applied to similar 3DP systems even if different materials are introduced. And the used halftone algorithms provide feasible guidelines to the implementation of 3D full-color printing.

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Khripushin, V. V., S. N. Trostyansky, N. Ya Mokshina, I. O. Baklanov, and M. S. Shcherbakova. "Study of the fractional composition of powders for 3D printing based on polyamide-12 using statistical methods of dimensional ranking." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 88, no. 3 (March 27, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2022-88-3-35-40.

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The quality of 3D printing depends on the properties of consumables, in particular, on the chemical composition of the powders, the size and shape of their particles. To eliminate printing defects, the working mixture of primary and secondary powders based on polyamide-12 should contain no more than 30% of the secondary powder. We present the results of studying the fractional composition of powders by the methods of statistical analysis. Digital images of polymer samples including morphological parameters of particle images were analyzed. To assess the fractional composition of the particles of primary and secondary powders, a statistical method of dimensional ranking and a differential method for determining the boundaries of fractions were used. It is shown that the particle area is the parameter most sensitive to changes in the structure of powders. The results of statistical ranking of effective particle radii are obtained proceeding from the histograms of the particle area distribution. The boundaries of the conditioned fraction are determined by the magnitude of the effective radii. A comparison of the fractional composition of primary and secondary powders, as well as calculation of the percentage of fine, working and large fractions were carried out taking into account the assessment of the fraction boundaries. It is revealed that the content of fractions of powder particles with conditioned dimensions should be about 64% of the total volume of the powder. Reduction of the amount of primary powder can lead to defects in 3D printing. The results obtained can be used to increase the degree of recovery of polyamide-12 based powders during 3D printing.

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Ye, Jiacheng. "Analysis and prospect of 3D printing technology research status." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 32 (February 12, 2023): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v32i.5089.

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The earliest idea of 3D printing can be traced back to the late nineteenth century, and now after nearly two hundred years of development, 3D printing has played an irreplaceable role in various fields. This article introduces several common printing methods, such as Fused Deposition Modeling, light curing, and powder molding, and demonstrates the application of 3D printing in some fields.

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Chen, Guangxue, Xiaochun Wang, Haozhi Chen, and Chen Chen. "Realization of Rapid Large-Size 3D Printing Based on Full-Color Powder-Based 3DP Technique." Molecules 25, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092037.

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The powder-based 3DP (3D printing) technique has developed rapidly in creative and customized industries on account of it’s uniqueness, such as low energy consumption, cheap consumables, and non-existent exhaust emissions. Moreover, it could actualize full-color 3D printing. However, the printing time and size are both in need of upgrade using ready printers, especially for large-size 3D printing objects. Given the above issues, the effects of height and monolayer area on printing time were explored and the quantitative relationship was given in this paper conducted on the specimens with a certain gradient. On this basis, an XYX rotation method was proposed to minimize the printing time. The mechanical tests were conducted with three impregnation types as well as seven printing angles and combined with the characterization of surface structure based on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) digital images to explore the optimum parameters of cutting-bonding frame (CBF) applied to powder-based 3D printing. Then, four adhesives were compared in terms of the width of bonded gap and chromatic aberration. The results revealed that ColorBond impregnated specimens showed excellent mechanical properties which reached maximum when printed at 45° to Z axis, and α-cyanoacrylate is the most suitable adhesive to bond full-color powder-based models. Finally, an operation technological process was summarized to realize the rapid manufacturing of large-size full-color 3D printed objects.

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Wang, Yue, Zhiyao Xu, Dingdi Wu, and Jiaming Bai. "Current Status and Prospects of Polymer Powder 3D Printing Technologies." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 23, 2020): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102406.

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3D printing technology, which greatly simplifies the manufacturing of complex parts by a two-dimensional layer-upon-layer process, has flourished in recent years. As one of the most advanced technology, polymer powder 3D printing has many advantages such as high materials utilization rate, free of support structure, great design freedom, and large available materials, which has shown great potential and prospects in various industry applications. With the launch of the Multi jet Fusion system from HP, polymer powder 3D printing has been attracting more attention from industries and researchers. In this work, a comprehensive review of the main polymer powder-based 3D printing methods including binder jetting, selective laser sintering, high-speed sintering were carried out. Their forming mechanism, advantages and drawbacks, materials, and developments were presented, compared, and discussed respectively. In addition, this paper also gives suggestions on the process selection by comparing typical equipment parameters and features of each technology.

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Dizon, John Ryan C., Ray Noel M. Delda, Madelene V. Villablanca, Juvy Monserate, Lina T. Cancino, and Honelly Mae S. Cascolan. "Material Development for Additive Manufacturing: Compressive Loading Behavior of SLA 3D-Printed Thermosets with Nanosilica Powders." Materials Science Forum 1087 (May 12, 2023): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1n1o01.

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3D printing is now being used in many different applications. This adoption of 3D printing in these applications is accelerated by the development of new materials such as high performance polymers and nanocomposites. In this study, a commercially-available stereolithographic (SLA) resin has been reinforced with 0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% nanosilica powder. The resulting mixture has been 3D-printed using a stereolithography 3d printer. The 3D-printed composites have been post-cured in a UV chamber and the mechanical properties have been assessed under compressive loading using a universal testing machine (ASTM-D695). The results show that adding nanosilica powder to the resin would increase the compressive strength of the resin, and that the highest compressive strength could be observed when 0.1% nanosilica poweder was added to the resin.

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Zárybnická, Lucie, Jana Petrů, Pavel Krpec, and Marek Pagáč. "Effect of Additives and Print Orientation on the Properties of Laser Sintering-Printed Polyamide 12 Components." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061172.

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3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is becoming increasingly popular for prototype processing in industrial practice. Laser sintering, which is a laser powder bed fusion technique, is a versatile and common 3D printing technology, which enables compact and high-quality products. Polyamide 12, a popular 3D printing material, provides reliable mechanical and thermal properties. Weaknesses in applying this technology for polyamide 12 include incomplete information regarding the application of various types of additives and different printing orientations with respect to the properties. This study aimed to investigate the influence of various additives (including carbon fiber, glass fiber, flame retardant, and aluminum powder) combined with polyamide 12, using processing of predefined powder refreshing mixture on the properties of a finished product. The thermal, surface, and mechanical properties of samples printed with five different polyamides 12-based powders at three different print orientations were investigated. It was found that the inclusion of additives decreases the tensile strength and increases the surface roughness of printed components—however, the toughness increases. The results can assist designers in selecting an appropriate material that will produce a finished part with the required properties for a given application.

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Fei, Yifan, Jie Xu, Donggang Yao, Richard Chiou, and Jack Zhou. "Design, simulation, and experiments for direct thixotropic metal 3D printing." Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing 1, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/msam.v1i1.5.

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Compared with current powder-based 3D metal printing, thixotropic metal 3D printing has great potentials and advantages in equipment cost, product quality, and process efficiency. In this paper, detailed problem statement, technique challenge, and development method regarding thixotropic metal 3D printing are discussed. A shear mixing and extruding prototype machine for thixotropic alloy fabrication was designed. We developed a direct thixotropic metal 3D printing machine and conducted a modeling and simulation process for the system. The printability of this direct metal 3D printing machine was studied. At the end, conclusions and future directions are also presented.

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Lille, Martina, Anni Kortekangas, Raija-Liisa Heiniö, and Nesli Sozer. "Structural and Textural Characteristics of 3D-Printed Protein- and Dietary Fibre-Rich Snacks Made of Milk Powder and Wholegrain Rye Flour." Foods 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111527.

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This study addressed the potential of 3D printing as a processing technology for delivering personalized healthy eating solutions to consumers. Extrusion-based 3D printing was studied as a tool to produce protein- and dietary fibre-rich snack products from whole milk powder and wholegrain rye flour. Aqueous pastes were prepared from the raw materials at various ratios, grid-like samples printed from the pastes at ambient temperature and the printed samples post-processed by oven baking at 150 °C. Printing pastes were characterized by rheological measurements and the baked samples by X-ray micro tomography, texture measurements and sensory analysis. All formulations showed good printability and shape stability after printing. During baking, the milk powder-based samples expanded to a level that caused a total collapse of the printed multiple-layer samples. Shape retention during baking was greatly improved by adding rye flour to the milk formulation. Sensory evaluation revealed that the volume, glossiness, sweetness and saltiness of the baked samples increased with an increasing level of milk powder in the printing paste. A mixture of milk powder and rye flour shows great potential as a formulation for healthy snack products produced by extrusion-based 3D printing.

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POLISHCHUK, Oleg, Andrii POLISHCHUK, Svitlana LISEVICH, Anatoliy ZALIZETSKYI, and Vasiliy MELNYK. "THE MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS AND PARTS BY 3D-PRINTING METHOD FROM COMPOSITE FILAMENTS WITH HIGH METAL CONTENT." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 309, no. 3 (May 26, 2022): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-309-3-104-110.

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It is established that one of the most promising areas of development of modern engineering is the development of new technologies for rapid production (rapid manufacturing), the essence of which is the layered design of powder products based on CAD model, ie model whose three-dimensional geometry is described digitally by using solid modeling programs (AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Compas-3D, CATIA, ProE, etc.). The main advantages of using additive technologies, including 3D printing with filaments containing metals. The types of 3D printers that print metal are considered. The use of metal powders in 3D printing technologies is described. The main characteristics and properties of such metals, TI titanium, stainless steel SS, aluminum Al, copper Cu, FE iron and alloys based on them can be used as materials or additives in additive technologies. The advantages of their use over traditional technologies (casting, rolling, etc.) are described. The scheme of technological process of manufacturing products of industry mechanical engineering by a 3D printing with a high metal content is given. Each of the stages of the technological process is considered and described. Stainless steel metal powder was selected for the manufacture of filament and its chemical composition is investigated. Experimental studies have been conducted to determine the mechanical, thermophysical and rheological characteristics of polymeric materials used for the manufacture of 3D prints. On the basis of the studies, it is proposed to use Plastic powder as a connecting element in the filament. The design of the auger for supplying the material of the extrusion machine is designed and manufactured. The form of the extrusion head is developed and selected, which sets the diameter of the filament being made. A 3D printer for printing products and parts with a high metal content was selected and improved. Experimental studies of the wear of the 3D printer’s extruder nozzle on contact with the abrasive thread.

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Dressler, M., M. Röllig, M. Schmidt, A. Maturilli, and J. Helbert. "Temperature distribution in powder beds during 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 16, no. 5 (August 3, 2010): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552541011065722.

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Brunello, G., S. Sivolella, R. Meneghello, L. Ferroni, C. Gardin, A. Piattelli, B. Zavan, and E. Bressan. "Powder-based 3D printing for bone tissue engineering." Biotechnology Advances 34, no. 5 (September 2016): 740–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.009.

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Chandekar, Anish, Dinesh K. Mishra, Sanjay Sharma, Gaurav K. Saraogi, Umesh Gupta, and Gaurav Gupta. "3D Printing Technology: A New Milestone in the Development of Pharmaceuticals." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 9 (July 9, 2019): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190507115504.

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The global market of pharmaceuticals has witnessed a new revolution recently in the form of threedimensional printing (3D) technology. 3D printing has its existence since the 1980s that uses a 3D printer to manufacture the different dosage forms through computer-aided drug design technology. The need for 3D printing is due to numerous advantages like personalized medicine, tailored doses, rapid disintegration in case of SLS technique, incorporation of high doses and taste masking capacity. The different techniques used in 3D printing are Powder based (PB), Semi-solid extrusion (EXT), Fused deposition modeling (FDM), Stereolithographic (SLA) and Selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing. However, from the latest reports of association of pharmaceutical 3D printing technology, it is evidenced that this technology is still in its infancy and its potential is yet to be fully explored. The present review includes sections for introduction and scope of 3D printing, personalized medicines and their approaches, historical aspects, research milestones, and various 3D printing techniques.

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Varghese, Cinu, John Wolodko, Lingyun Chen, Michael Doschak, Prem Prakash Srivastav, and M. S. Roopesh. "Influence of Selected Product and Process Parameters on Microstructure, Rheological, and Textural Properties of 3D Printed Cookies." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070907.

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One of the major advantages of 3D food printing is the customizability in terms of structure, design, and nutritional content. However, printability of the ingredients and the quality of the 3D printed food products are dependent on several product and printing parameters. In this study, nutrient dense cookies were developed with underutilized ingredients including jackfruit seed powder and finger millet powder as base materials using 3D food printing. The hardness, rheological behavior, and microstructure of 3D printed cookies with different products (e.g., water butter ratio) and printing (e.g., fill density and temperature) parameters were analyzed. The 3D printed cookies were developed by extruding at 27 and 30 °C with fill density values of 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100% and water butter ratios of 3:10 and 6:5. The 3D-printed cookie dough exhibited a more elastic behavior with higher storage modulus values than the loss modulus. The hardness of the baked cookies was influenced by printing temperature, fill density, and water butter ratio of 3D printed cookie dough and their interactions. The closed porosity of 3D printed cookies increased while the open porosity decreased with an increase in fill density. The baking times required were longer for 3D-printed cookies with higher fill density values. Overall, this study shows the importance of considering the specific ingredient and printing parameters to develop high quality 3D-printed cookies.

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Zhang, Jianghu, Hao Shen, Lili Yang, and Dengteng Ge. "Two-Step Preparation of CCF/PEEK Wrapped Yarn for 3D Printing Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 30, 2023): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031168.

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Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFTPCs) have shown advantages such as high strength, long life, corrosion resistance, and green recyclability. Three-dimensional printing of CFTPCs opened up a new strategy for the fabrication of composites with complicated structures, low cost, and short production cycles. However, a traditional 3D printing process usually causes poor impregnation of the fiber or surface damage of the fiber due to the short impregnation time or high viscosity of the thermoplastic resin. Here, continuous carbon fiber/poly(ether-ether-ketones) (CCF/PEEK) wrapped yarn was fabricated via powder impregnation and using double spinning technology for the 3D printing. The concentration of PEEK powder suspension and wire speed were optimized as 15% and 2.0 m/min. The twist of wrapped yarn was optimized as 1037 T/m. Mechanical testing showed that the 3D-printed composite wire had excellent tensile and bending strength, which was about 1.6~4.2 times larger than those without the powder pre-impregnation process. It is mainly attributed to the improved impregnation of the CF which took place during the powder pre-impregnation process. We believe that our research on wrapped yarn for 3D-printed composites provides an effective strategy for the 3D printing of composites with enhanced mechanical properties.

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Çıkrıkcı Erünsal, Sevil, and Ayça Aydoğdu Emir. "Antioxidant Properties of SLA Printed Hydrogels Enriched with Pomegranate Powder." European Journal of Research and Development 2, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56038/ejrnd.v2i2.27.

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3D printing (3DP) is a powerful platform for fabrication of complex or personalized geometries. Hydrogels as attractive candidates for wound dressing, soft implant, encapsulation of phenolic compounds, drug delivery, etc. could be manufactured by using different 3D printing techniques. In this study, encapsulation of pomegranate powder into PEGDMA gel by Stereolithography (SLA) printing was investigated and then antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of printed gels with varying shapes were examined to see the effect of different geometry and process conditions. According to the results, pomegranate based blend was successfully incorporated into gel matrix and printed with high printability ratio at optimized 3D printing conditions. UV induced gelation did not prevent existence of phenolic compounds and allowed retention of antioxidant potential in printed samples. Obtained hydrogels represent promising biomaterials with great potential for the use in different applications such as antioxidant gel for tissue engineering, wound healing or as a nutraceutical carrier.

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Ng, Kei Hoa, and Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah. "Preliminary Studies of the Effects of Polyethylene Glycol/Hydroxyapatite Powder-Binder System for 3D Printing Application." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.345.

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The role of binder in powder system has gained its importance lately in 3D printing (3DP) applications. This research aims to investigate the effect of powder system developed from incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto hydroxyapatite (HAP) powder for 3D printing application. Simple spray method was used to incorporate mixture of PEG into HAP powder. Raw commercial HAP powder was determined by using particle size analyser. The morphology and crystallinity of raw HAP powder and powder mixture were characterised by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffractive (XRD) analysis. Mean particle size of raw HAP was found to be 4.77 μm which is suitable for 3D printing and in good agreement with SEM micrographs. Based on the SEM micrographs, the powder mixture was found in agglomerated and small particle form. Small amount of PEG (2 wt. % to 7 wt. %) incorporation onto HAP powder exhibited absence of new phases on XRD analysis, demonstrating good chemical compatibility. Based on this study, it can be concluded that incorporating PEG onto HAP powder is able to maintain the initial characteristic of HAP and can work together as powder system.

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Gao, Kuan, Ye Tao, Kai Zhang, and Lu Xiang Song. "Research on Common Problems Based on a Desktop 3D Printer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 757 (April 2015): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.757.175.

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3D printing, that is, a kind of rapid prototyping technology, it is a kind of based on the digital model file, using the powder metal or plastic adhesive materials, such as to construct the object by means of step by step a print technology. 3D printing technology rapid development in recent years, It has to develop in the direction of miniature and generalization slowly from large professional, desktop 3D printing equipment is the representative products in this process. Based on the principle and characteristics of 3D printing, use the desktop 3D printer, the causes of some common problems in the process of printing and solvents are discussed. Based on these problems, the advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing are analyzed, and vision of the future are put forward.

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Li, Xin-Pei, Yan-En Wang, Ammar Ahmed, Qing-Hua Wei, Ying Guo, Kun Zhang, and Yi-Kai Shi. "The Study of Biological Glue Droplet Impact Behavior of Bioceramic Powders Applied in 3D Printing of Bone Scaffolds." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041898.

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This paper aims to develop a reliable and effective model to investigate the behavior of micron-sized biological glue droplets impacting micron-sized bioceramic powder beds applied to the 3D printing process. It also endeavours to explore the common rules of droplet impact affected by particle size and the wettability of powder, which are supposed to provide process parameters guidance for the application of new materials in 3D printing. Firstly, based on the low impulse impact model, the simplified model was proposed. Then, the observation and simulation experiments of millimeter-scale droplet impacting were carried out under the same conditions to prove the effectiveness of the model. Furthermore, the characterization of a parametric experiment of a 3D printing practice was used to verify the significance and effectiveness of the simulation study method. Lastly, the method was performed to investigate the effect of wettability and particle size of the micron powder on the micron droplet impact. The results showed that the binder powder’s wettability and particle size could directly influence the droplet spreading behavior. The characterization results of samples printed in the simulation-predicted parameter showed that the amount of binder used could be reduced by 38.8~50.1%, while the green strength only lost 17.9~20%. The significance of this simulation method for prediction of 3D printing process parameters was verified.

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Čech Barabaszová, Karla, Aleš Slíva, Gabriela Kratošová, Sylva Holešová, Anastasia Volodarskaja, Tugrul Cetinkaya, Silvie Brožová, Libor Kozubek, and Gražyna Simha Martynková. "Phase Transformation after Heat Treatment of Cr-Ni Stainless Steel Powder for 3D Printing." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 5343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155343.

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Today, Ni-Cr steel is used for advanced applications in the high-temperature and electrical industries, medical equipment, food industry, agriculture and is applied in food and beverage packaging and kitchenware, automotive or mesh. A study of input steel powder from various stages of the recycling process intended for 3D printing was conducted. In addition to the precise evaluation of the morphology, particle size and composition of the powders used for laser 3D printing, special testing and evaluation of the heat-treated powders were carried out. Heat treatment up to 950 °C in an air atmosphere revealed the properties of powders that can appear during laser sintering. The powders in the oxidizing atmosphere change the phase composition and the original FeNiCr stainless steel changes to a two-phase system of Fe3Ni and Cr2O3, as evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Observation of the morphology showed the separation of the oxidic phase in the sense of a brittle shell. The inner part of the powder particle is a porous compact core. The particle size is generally reduced due to the peeling of the oxide shell. This effect can be critical to 3D printing processing, causing defects on the printed parts, as well as reducing the usability of the precursor powder and can also change the properties of the printed part.

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Żrodowski, Łukasz, Rafał Wróblewski, Tomasz Choma, Bartosz Morończyk, Mateusz Ostrysz, Marcin Leonowicz, Wojciech Łacisz, et al. "Novel Cold Crucible Ultrasonic Atomization Powder Production Method for 3D Printing." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102541.

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A new powder production method has been developed to speed up the search for novel alloys for additive manufacturing. The technique involves an ultrasonically agitated cold crucible installed at the top of a 20 kHz ultrasonic sonotrode. The material is melted with an electric arc and undergoes pulverization with standing wave vibrations. Several different alloys in various forms, including noble and metallic glass alloys, were chosen to test the process. The atomized particles showed exceptional sphericity, while powder output suitable for additive manufacturing reached up to 60%. The AMZ4 metallic glass powder remained amorphous below the 50 μm fraction, while tungsten addition led to crystallization in each fraction. Minor contamination and high Mn and Zn evaporation, especially in the finest particles, was observed in atomized powders. The innovative ultrasonic atomization method appears as a promising tool for material scientists to develop powders with tailored chemical composition, size and structure.

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POLLAK, MARTIN, MAREK KOCISKO, ANNA BASISTOVA, and SIMONA HLAVATA. "PRODUCTION OF FIBER AS AN INPUT MATERIAL FOR THE 3D PRINTING PROCESS." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 4414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_6_2021031.

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Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is the process of joining organic, ceramic, polymer, metal and others materials. Most often used as input material are the ABS and PLA plastics. A large number of plastic products is constantly generated by industry, which beckons the idea how to manufacture these products in more environmentally friendly way. This paper deals with the possibility of producing a 3D printing fiber from a granular PLA material Ingeo 2003D with the addition of a mixture of color powder pigment and fiber from the selected PLA material with a glass powder filler. The production was carried out using the FilaFab PRO EX350 device, which is designed for fiber extrusion for 3D printing technology. The aim of the experiment was the creation of new materials in the form of fibers and their mutual comparison in tensile tests with commercially available materials intended for 3D printing.

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Ondrej, Staš, Ernest Gondár, Marian Tolnay, and Peter Surový. "Adaptation of Control System for 3D Printing Device with the Use of Hot Gas Powder Sintering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 282 (January 2013): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.282.242.

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The article explains adaptation of control system for 3D printing device with the use of hot gas powder sintering. The work especially focuses on the use of special powder sintering, where the properties of powder material are unstable, or the printing process has to adapt the change of material volume during printing process. The main principles or main peculiarities of this system are explained, where positioning system is reacting on the material properties by algorithms creating change of control program flow of printing system generated from CAM processors.

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Asad, Hassan, Khan Ihsanullah, and Muhammad Javaid. "Applications and Prospects of 3D Printing in the Packaging Industry." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 10, no. 1 (2023): 055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.101.9.

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In this paper four 3D printing technologies fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), stereo lithography appearance (SLA), and laminated object manufacturing (LOM) were examined for their characteristics its applications. Technology for 3D printing Since the 1980s, when the field of applications first began to take off, rapid advancement has been made. Materials for 3D printing have been introduced. In order to build items with a variety of shape, size, rigidity, and color, it entails layering materials such as plastics, composites, or biomaterials. Another innovation was the use of 3D printing in the engineering of packaging. It has been noted that the benefits of 3D printing technology in the packaging business are unmatched by other comparable packaging production technologies, and that 3D printing technology has a very broad range of competitive advantage through innovation in the future packaging industry. The development of 3D printing raw material technology determines the development of 3D printing technology Development boundary. It has high requirements on the purity, sphericity, particle size distribution, bulk density, oxygen content, fluidity and other properties of metal powder materials.

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Hamano, Ryohei, and Toshiyuki Ikoma. "Preparation of α-alumina powder and binder For 3D printer." MRS Advances 3, no. 18 (2018): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.300.

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ABSTRACTAlpha-alumina is a ceramic with excellent chemical stability, mechanical property, high melting point, and insulating property; however, it shows poor workability due to its low fracture toughness. There are a lot of molding processes for α-alumina, such as press molding and extrusion methods. 3D printing is rapidly growing technology to make complex and precious moldings. However, there are still only a few descriptions on 3D ink-jet powder laminating printings for α-alumina due to no self-hydration hardening property. To achieve α-alumina moldings with the 3D ink-jet printers, powder fluidity of α-alumina powders and binders for bonding the powders should be investigated. The powders mixed with α-alumina at 20, 3.4 and 0.4 μm in sizes were adjusted to improve powder fluidity and packing density. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polyallylamine (PAA) including other additives was used as an ink. The addition of PVA on the adjusted powders made no chemical interaction of powders and no retention of shapes, but that of PAA formed the printed moldings. The relative packing density and compressive strength of the printed moldings were 40 % and 8.2 kPa, which was clearly depended on the printed directions due to the nozzle structure of printer head. Sintering the moldings at 1500°C caused near-net zero shrinkage and improved the maximum compressive strength at 3.6 MPa.

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Gu, Hao, Fayez AlFayez, Toseef Ahmed, and Zahir Bashir. "Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Powder—A Versatile Material for Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122041.

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The 3D printing of articles by the effect of a directed laser beam on a plastic powder is a demanding process, and unlike injection molding, very few polymers work well enough with it. Recently, we reported that poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) powder has intrinsically good properties for 3D printing. Basic mechanical properties were shown earlier and it was demonstrated that unfused but heat-exposed PET powder does not degrade quickly allowing good re-use potential. In this work, we conducted a detailed comparison of the mechanical properties of PET and polyamide 12 from different build orientations. PET powders with two different molecular weights were used. With the high molecular weight powder, the processing parameters were optimized, and the printed bars showed little difference between the different orientations, which means there is low anisotropy in mechanical properties of built parts. Based on processing experience of the first powder, the second powder with a lower molecular weight was also very printable and complex parts were made with ease from the initial printing trials; since the process parameters were not optimized then, lower mechanical properties were obtained. While the intrinsic material properties of PET (melting and re-crystallization kinetics) are not the best for injection molding, PET is eminently suitable for powder bed fusion.

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Tian, Yueyi, ChunXu Chen, Xiaotong Xu, Jiayin Wang, Xingyu Hou, Kelun Li, Xinyue Lu, HaoYu Shi, Eui-Seok Lee, and Heng Bo Jiang. "A Review of 3D Printing in Dentistry: Technologies, Affecting Factors, and Applications." Scanning 2021 (July 17, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9950131.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies are advanced manufacturing technologies based on computer-aided design digital models to create personalized 3D objects automatically. They have been widely used in the industry, design, engineering, and manufacturing fields for nearly 30 years. Three-dimensional printing has many advantages in process engineering, with applications in dentistry ranging from the field of prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology to orthodontics, endodontics, and periodontology. This review provides a practical and scientific overview of 3D printing technologies. First, it introduces current 3D printing technologies, including powder bed fusion, photopolymerization molding, and fused deposition modeling. Additionally, it introduces various factors affecting 3D printing metrics, such as mechanical properties and accuracy. The final section presents a summary of the clinical applications of 3D printing in dentistry, including manufacturing working models and main applications in the fields of prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology. The 3D printing technologies have the advantages of high material utilization and the ability to manufacture a single complex geometry; nevertheless, they have the disadvantages of high cost and time-consuming postprocessing. The development of new materials and technologies will be the future trend of 3D printing in dentistry, and there is no denying that 3D printing will have a bright future.

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Yao, Danyang, Jiangping Yuan, Jieni Tian, Liru Wang, and Guangxue Chen. "Pigment Penetration Characterization of Colored Boundaries in Powder-Based Color 3D Printing." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 3245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093245.

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Color 3D printing has widely affected our daily lives; therefore, its precise control is essential for aesthetics and performance. In this study, four unique test plates were printed using powder-based full-color 3D printing as an example; moreover, the corresponding pigment-penetration depth, chromaticity value and image-based metrics were measured to investigate the lateral pigment penetration characteristics and relative surface-color reproduction of each color patch, and to perform an objective analysis with specific microscopic images. The results show that the lateral pigment-penetration depth correlates with the number of printed layers on the designed 3D test plates, and the qualitative analysis of microscopic images can explain the change in chromaticity well. Meanwhile, there is an obvious linear correlation between the mean structural similarity, color-image difference and color difference for current color samples. Thus, our proposed approach has a good practicality for powder-based color 3D printing, and can provide new insight into predicting the color-presentation efficiency of color 3D-printed substrates by the abovementioned objective metrics.

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Gadalińska, Elżbieta, Łukasz Pawliszak, and Grzegorz Moneta. "Laser Powder Bed Fusion and Selective Laser Melted Components Investigated with Highly Penetrating Radiation." Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2021, no. 13 (December 1, 2021): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fas-2021-0008.

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Abstract Methods of incremental manufacturing, i.e. 3D printing, have been experiencing significant growth in recent years, both in terms of the development of modern technologies dedicated to various applications, and in terms of optimizing the parameters of the process itself so as to ensure the desired mechanical and strength properties of the parts produced in this way. High hopes are currently being pinned on the use of highly penetrating types of radiation, i.e. synchrotron and/or neutron radiation, for quantitative identification of parameters characterizing objects produced by means of 3D printing. Thanks to diffraction methodologies, it is feasible to obtain input information to optimize 3D printing procedures not only for finished prints but also to monitor in situ printing processes. Thanks to these methodologies, it is possible to obtain information on parameters that are critical from the perspective of application of such obtained elements as stresses generated during the printing procedure itself as well as residual stresses after printing. This parameter, from the point of view of tensile strength, compression strength as well as fatigue strength, is crucial and determines the possibility of introducing elements produced by incremental methods into widespread industrial use.

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Yun, Hyun-Jung, Na-Ra Han, Hyun-Woo An, Won-Kyo Jung, Hyun-Woo Kim, and Sang-Gil Lee. "Development of an Abalone 3D Food Printing Ink for the Personalized Senior-Friendly Foods." Foods 11, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11203262.

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Notably for seniors, 3D food printing is an appropriate processing method for creating customized meals that meet their unique nutritional requirements and textural preferences. This study attempted to develop an ink for food 3D printers containing abalone powder and several nutrition properties that meet the criteria for senior-friendly foods. The texture of the products was adjusted using gelatin. The ink consisted of abalone powder (10%), soybean protein (4.5%), polydextrose (2.5%), vitamin C (0.0098%), and gellan gum (1%). To examine the physicochemical properties of the ink, texture, water holding capacity, and rheological properties were measured. In addition, the suitability of the 3D printing was examined. As a result, 3% gelatin 3D food printing ink demonstrated optimal printability and could be converted into foods that could be consumed in one step (teeth intake), depending on the types of food for seniors.

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Park, Jungbin, Jaeok Kim, Dong Hyun Lee, and Ho-Jong Kang. "Polymer Powder Sintering by CO₂ Laser for 3D Printing." Polymer Korea 41, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2017.41.1.61.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D powder printing'

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