Journal articles: '3D object discovery'

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Grinvald, Margarita, Fadri Furrer, Tonci Novkovic, Jen Jen Chung, Cesar Cadena, Roland Siegwart, and Juan Nieto. "Volumetric Instance-Aware Semantic Mapping and 3D Object Discovery." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 4, no. 3 (July 2019): 3037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2019.2923960.

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K, Pramod, and Anjima AP. "Artificial Intelligence in 3D Bio Printing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44161.

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Abstract: 3D printing in full three-dimensional printing also known as additive manufacturing is the process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process, an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced cross-section of the object.3D printing is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing which is cutting out / hollowing out a piece of metal or plastic with for instance a milling machine.3D printing enables you to produce complex shapes using less material than traditional manufacturing methods. As a result, 3D printing creates less material wastage. “3D Bio printing” or “bio printing” is a form of additive manufacturing that uses cells and biomaterials instead of traditional metals and plastics to create 3D constructs that are functional 3D tissues. But unlike 3D printing, bio printers print with cells and biomaterials, creating organ like structures that let living cells multiply. These biomaterials are called bio-inks, and they mimic the composition of our tissues. Bio printing can be applied to a variety of areas including but not limited to regenerative medicine, drug discovery and development, and 3D cell culture

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Pushkarev, A. A., O. V. Zaytceva, M. V. Vavulin, and A. Y. Skorobogatova. "3D RECORDING OF A 19-CENTURY OB RIVER SHIP." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-377-2016.

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A 3D recording of a 19-century wooden ship discovered on the bank of the river Ob (Western Siberia) was performed in autumn 2015. The archaeologized ship was partly under water, partly lying ashore, buried under fluvial deposits. The 3D recording was performed in October, when the water level was at its lowest after clearing the area around the ship. A 3D recording at the place of discovery was required as part of the ship museumification and reconstruction project. The works performed were primarily aimed at preserving as much information about the object as possible. Given the location and peculiar features of the object, a combination of close-range photogrammetry and aerial photography was considered to be the best possible solution for creating a high-quality 3D model. The dismantled ship was delivered to Nizhnevartovsk Museum of Local History in October 2015. The ship is going to be reassembled using the created 3D model to be exhibited in the museum. The resulting models are also going to be used to make a virtual 3D reconstruction of the ship in the future. We shot a stereoscopic video for Nizhnevartovsk Museum of Local History to let visitors see the place of discovery and explore the ship in greater details. Besides, 3D printing allowed for creating a miniature of the ship, which is also going to be included in the exposition devoted to this unique discovery.

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Pushkarev, A. A., O. V. Zaytceva, M. V. Vavulin, and A. Y. Skorobogatova. "3D RECORDING OF A 19-CENTURY OB RIVER SHIP." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-377-2016.

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A 3D recording of a 19-century wooden ship discovered on the bank of the river Ob (Western Siberia) was performed in autumn 2015. The archaeologized ship was partly under water, partly lying ashore, buried under fluvial deposits. The 3D recording was performed in October, when the water level was at its lowest after clearing the area around the ship. A 3D recording at the place of discovery was required as part of the ship museumification and reconstruction project. The works performed were primarily aimed at preserving as much information about the object as possible. Given the location and peculiar features of the object, a combination of close-range photogrammetry and aerial photography was considered to be the best possible solution for creating a high-quality 3D model. The dismantled ship was delivered to Nizhnevartovsk Museum of Local History in October 2015. The ship is going to be reassembled using the created 3D model to be exhibited in the museum. The resulting models are also going to be used to make a virtual 3D reconstruction of the ship in the future. We shot a stereoscopic video for Nizhnevartovsk Museum of Local History to let visitors see the place of discovery and explore the ship in greater details. Besides, 3D printing allowed for creating a miniature of the ship, which is also going to be included in the exposition devoted to this unique discovery.

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Chen, Yixin, and Qingnan Li. "Vehicle Behavior Discovery and Three-Dimensional Object Detection and Tracking Based on Spatio-Temporal Dependency Knowledge and Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm." Biomimetics 9, no. 7 (July 6, 2024): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070412.

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In complex traffic environments, 3D target tracking and detection are often occluded by various stationary and moving objects. When the target is occluded, its apparent characteristics change, resulting in a decrease in the accuracy of tracking and detection. In order to solve this problem, we propose to learn the vehicle behavior from the driving data, predict and calibrate the vehicle trajectory, and finally use the artificial fish swarm algorithm to optimize the tracking results. The experiments show that compared with the CenterTrack method, the proposed method improves the key indicators of MOTA (Multi-Object Tracking Accuracy) in 3D object detection and tracking on the nuScenes dataset, and the frame rate is 26 fps.

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Raheja, Dev. "System Safety in Healthcare." Journal of System Safety 53, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v53i1.98.

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A new technology, three-dimensional (3D) printing, has the potential to change the medical world. Objects are made by fusing or depositing materials, such as plastic, metal, powders, liquids or living cells, in layers to produce a 3D object. This technology started in manufacturing and was used to create spare parts for airplanes, eliminating the need for constructing manufacturing prototypes and producing new components within hours instead of weeks. The application of this technology in healthcare is growing. It is now used in the creation of customized prosthetics, implants and anatomical models. Its usage is expanding rapidly in other areas of healthcare, including pharmaceutical research regarding drug dosage forms, delivery and discovery.

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Asmatulu, Eylem, Rajakaruna A. D. N. V. Rajakaruna, Balakrishnan Subeshan, and M. Nizam Uddin. "3D printed superhydrophobic structures for sustainable manufacturing benefits: An overview." Journal of Management and Engineering Integration 15, no. 1 (June 2022): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.62704/10057/24785.

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Superhydrophobic properties have been present in nature for many millennia before human beings discovered their true capabilities and utilized them to revolutionize modern societies. The most familiar form of hydrophobicity found in nature is that of the lotus leaf, where its ultra-low water adhesion and self-cleaning properties make it one of the best hydrophobic elements formed naturally. Since its discovery, artificially created superhydrophobic elements have been used in many industries --maritime, automobile, and medical -- due to their self-cleaning, antibacterial, and corrosion-prevention properties. However, for a surface to become superhydrophobic, it must possess a greater roughness. To achieve this, microscopic- or nanoscopic-level modifications must be made to the surface through various experimentations. For a surface to be considered superhydrophobic, it must have a water contact angle greater than 150°. One cost-effective method of manufacturing superhydrophobic materials is three-dimensional (3D) printing (additive manufacturing), which has been gaining popularity in the recent past. A 3D printing design is initially created using computer-aided design (CAD) software. Then, the design information is transferred to a 3D printer through digital slicing of the CAD design. 3D printing allows the printing of objects with various functionalities at pre-designed locations in the object, so it is important to investigate these phenomena. This paper provides an overview of several studies that were conducted to achieve superhydrophobicity through the 3D printing process. The following section of the manuscript includes an introduction, literature review, methods of increasing surface roughness for superhydrophobicity, market-available 3D printing materials, and their applications, discussion on 3D printing technologies and concluding remarks.

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Miechowicz, Łukasz, Joanna Piątkowska-Małecka, Łukasz Maurycy Stanaszek, and Jakub Stępnik. ""Dom zmarłych” z Chodlika, gm. Karczmiska, woj. lubelskie. przyczynek do studiów nad grobami typu alt käbelich." Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim, no. 63 (October 28, 2022): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sa.2022.63.5.

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The article presents the results of archaeological research into an Alt Käbelich-type grave discovered in Chodlik, Karczmiska county, Lublin province. The pit contained layer burials of five individuals. The bone material included also horse remains. Other archaeological material contained fragments of clay utensils as well as pieces of metal and bone artefacts destroyed in fire. On the basis of 3D documentation, at attempt has been made to reconstruct the object by means of digital technology. The Chodlik discovery is a ontribution to the research into the occurrence of the Alt Käbelich type of graves and the concept of the so-called “house of the dead” in the Western Slavic Dominion.

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Choo, Yeon-Seung, Boeun Kim, Hyun-Sik Kim, and Yong-Suk Park. "Supervised Contrastive Learning for 3D Cross-Modal Retrieval." Applied Sciences 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2024): 10322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142210322.

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Interoperability between different virtual platforms requires the ability to search and transfer digital assets across platforms. Digital assets in virtual platforms are represented in different forms or modalities, such as images, meshes, and point clouds. The cross-modal retrieval of three-dimensional (3D) object representations is challenging due to data representation diversity, making common feature space discovery difficult. Recent studies have been focused on obtaining feature consistency within the same classes and modalities using cross-modal center loss. However, center features are sensitive to hyperparameter variations, making cross-modal center loss susceptible to performance degradation. This paper proposes a new 3D cross-modal retrieval method that uses cross-modal supervised contrastive learning (CSupCon) and the fixed projection head (FPH) strategy. Contrastive learning mitigates the influence of hyperparameters by maximizing feature distinctiveness. The FPH strategy prevents gradient updates in the projection network, enabling the focused training of the backbone networks. The proposed method shows a mean average precision (mAP) increase of 1.17 and 0.14 in 3D cross-modal object retrieval experiments using ModelNet10 and ModelNet40 datasets compared to state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods.

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Poux, F., and J. J. Ponciano. "SELF-LEARNING ONTOLOGY FOR INSTANCE SEGMENTATION OF 3D INDOOR POINT CLOUD." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-309-2020.

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Abstract. Automation in point cloud data processing is central for efficient knowledge discovery. In this paper, we propose an instance segmentation framework for indoor buildings datasets. The process is built on an unsupervised segmentation followed by an ontology-based classification reinforced by self-learning. We use both shape-based features that only leverages the raw X, Y, Z attributes as well as relationship and topology between voxel entities to obtain a 3D structural connectivity feature describing the point cloud. These are then used through a planar-based unsupervised segmentation to create relevant clusters constituting the input of the ontology of classification. Guided by semantic descriptions, the object characteristics are modelled in an ontology through OWL2 and SPARQL to permit structural elements classification in an interoperable fashion. The process benefits from a self-learning procedure that improves the object description iteratively in a fully autonomous fashion. Finally, we benchmark the approach against several deep-learning methods on the S3DIS dataset. We highlight full automation, good performances, easy-integration and a precision of 99.99% for planar-dominant classes outperforming state-of-the-art deep learning.

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Bondarenko, S. Yu, K. Yu Kiryushin, and Ya V. Frolov. "Presentation possibilities of three-dimensional registration of archaeological artifacts on the example of a pick from a monument Firsovo-XI (Barnaul Ob)." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical studies 10, no. 1 (37) (2023): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2023.10(1).129-142.

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The article discusses the possibilities of using 3D-fixation technologies to create an exact digital copy of stone artifacts with irregular geometry using photogrammetry. This technology can be used for two main purposes: Firstly, as a means of creating and long-term storage of digital copies of objects for a more complete visualization and representation of the object, which may be necessary for various purposes, and easy access to databases; The second goal can be considered to be analytical studies - measurements of dimensions, volumes, surface areas, densities, roughness, etc.; determination of geometric characteristics - center of mass, axes of symmetry, deviations, construction of sections. In the process of research, a digital copy of a stone ice pick from the Firsovo-XI site (Barnaul Stretch of the Ob) was created. The product is made of a large elongated block of very viscous dark green stone. As a result of the study of traces of microwear, it turned out that this tool is a pawn, i.e. used to cut a hole in the ice. Traces of micro wear are concentrated on the ground, cone-shaped edge of the product. This edge is the working part of the tool. Polishing of the working part, traces of microfinishing, dislocation of wear is typical for such tools as a ice pick. The circumstances of the discovery do not allow us to accurately determine the age of the artifact, but most likely this item is synchronous with the Neolithic burials of Firsovo-XI. The paper states that the construction of orthogonal projections of an object is not a trivial task in working with stone artifacts. The use of photography leads to the inevitable distortion of perspective - the deformation or transformation of the object and its surrounding area. From such projections it is impossible to take measurements, make sections and conduct a study. The construction of clear projections with any angular step, without any perspective distortions, as well as the construction of sections, setting dimensions, is the basic function of most 3D graphics packages. An equally important function is rendering under a given illumination - that is, the process of constructing the final two-dimensional image of an object at the angle and intensity of the incident light that the researcher needs, etc. The position of the light source can help solve the problem of contrast sensitivity, that is, the ability of the eye to distinguish the minimum difference in brightness between the object in question or two adjacent surfaces. It is concluded that the absence of physical limitations in the use of the obtained 3D models makes photogrammetry an extremely useful tool both in research and for data exchange, public demonstrations and remote collaboration. It is noted that photogrammetry can be used as a tool for creating exact solid copies of objects using a 3D printer, as museum exhibits.

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Arya, Hemlata, Parul Saxena, and Jaimala Jha. "Detection of 3D Object in Point Cloud: Cloud Semantic Segmentation in Lane Marking." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 10s (October 7, 2023): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i10s.7645.

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Managing a city efficiently and effectively is more important than ever as growing population and economic strain put a strain on infrastructure like transportation and public services like keeping urban green areas clean and maintained. For effective administration, knowledge of the urban setting is essential. Both portable and stationary laser scanners generate 3D point clouds that accurately depict the environment. These data points may be used to infer the state of the roads, buildings, trees, and other important elements involved in this decision-making process. Perhaps they would support "smart" or "smarter" cities in general. Unfortunately, the point clouds do not immediately supply this sort of data. It must be eliminated. This extraction is done either by human specialists or by sophisticated computer programmes that can identify objects. Because the point clouds might represent such large locations, relying on specialists to identify the things may be an unproductive use of time (streets or even whole cities). Automatic or nearly automatic discovery and recognition of essential objects is now possible with the help of object identification software. In this research, In this paper, we describe a unique approach to semantic segmentation of point clouds, based on the usage of contextual point representations to take use of both local and global features within the point cloud. We improve the accuracy of the point's representation by performing a single innovative gated fusion on the point and its neighbours, which incorporates the knowledge from both sets of data and enhances the representation of the point. Following this, we offer a new graph point net module that further develops the improved representation by composing and updating each point's representation inside the local point cloud structure using the graph attention block in real time. Finally, we make advantage of the global structure of the point cloud by using spatial- and channel-wise attention techniques to construct the ensuing semantic label for each point.

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Волошин, Михаил Юрьевич. "3D-VISUALIZATION OF MACROMOLECULES IN BIOINFORMATICS:." ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Journal of Visual Semiotics, no. 4(30) (October 28, 2021): 12–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2312-7899-2021-4-12-35.

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Биоинформатики часто описывают собственную научную деятельность как практику работы с большими объемами данных с помощью вычислительных устройств. Существенной частью этого самоопределения является создание способов визуального представления результатов такой работы, некоторые из которых направлены на построение удобных репрезентаций данных и демонстрацию закономерностей, присутствующих в них (графики, диаграммы, графы). Другие являются способами визуализации объектов, непосредственно не доступных человеческому восприятию (микрофотография, рентгенограмма). И создание визуализаций, и особенно создание новых компьютерных методов визуализации рассматриваются в биоинформатике как значимые научные достижения. Репрезентации трехмерной структуры белковых молекул занимают особое место в деятельности биоинформатиков. 3D-визуализация макромолекулы, с одной стороны, является, подобно графику, представлением результатов компьютерной обработки массивов данных, полученных материальными методами, – данных о взаимном расположении элементов молекулы. С другой стороны, подобно микрофотографии, такие 3D-структуры должны служить точными отображениями конкретных научных объектов. Это приводит к параллельному существованию двух противоречивых эпистемических режимов: творческий произвол в создании удобных, коммуникативно успешных моделей сочетается с верностью объекту «как он есть на самом деле». Парадокс усиливается тем, что научное исследование репрезентируемых объектов (определение свойств структуры, ее функций, сравнение с другими структурами) посредством компьютеров само по себе вообще не требует визуализации. Ее очевидно высокая ценность для биоинформатики не выглядит оправданной, если иметь в виду значительную искусственность и художественность получаемых изображений. Однако статус этих изображений становится яснее при соотнесении с более ранними представлениями о роли визуального в научном поиске. Высокая оценка визуализации как итогового результата научного исследования была характерна для науки эпохи Возрождения. Художественная репрезентация идеальных существенных свойств вместо строгого соответствия конкретному биологическому объекту – эпистемическая добродетель, типичная для натуралистов XVII–XVIII веков. И то и другое предполагало тесное сотрудничество ученого с художником; и стандарты визуализации макромолекул в биоинформатике вырастают из аналогичного сотрудничества (рисунки Гейса). Стремление же к максимальной точности и детализации наследует регулятиву «механической объективности» (как определяли это Л. Дастон и П. Галисон), для которого важным оказывается и устранение субъекта из процесса производства изображения (в биоинформатике – передача этих функций компьютерным программам). Таким образом, 3D-визуализация белковых структур несет на себе следы исторически разных ценностных ориентиров, но научная практика XX–XXI веков, дополненная компьютерными технологиями, позволяет им сочетаться в конкретных дисциплинарных единствах. Bioinformatics scientists often describe their own scientific activities as the practice of working with large amounts of data using computing devices. An essential part of their self-identification is also the development of ways to visually represent the results of this work. Some of these methods are aimed at building convenient representations of data and demonstrating patterns present in them (graphics, diagrams, graphs). Others are ways of visualizing objects that are not directly accessible to human perception (microphotography, X-ray). Both the construction of visualizations and (especially) the creation of new computer visualization methods are considered in bioinformatics as significant scientific achievements. Representations of the three-dimensional structure of protein molecules play a special role in the inquiries of bioinformatics scientists. 3D-visualization of a macromolecule, on the one hand, is, like a graph, a representation of the results of computer processing of data arrays obtained by material methods – spatiotemporal coordinates of structural elements of the molecule. On the other hand, like microphotography, these 3D structures should serve as accurate representations of specific scientific objects. This leads to the parallel existence of two contradictory epistemic regimes: creative arbitrariness in making convenient, communicatively successful models, is combined with commitment to the object “as it really is”. The paradox is reinforced by the fact that the scientific study of objects in question (determining the properties of the structure, its functions, comparison with other structures) by means of computers does not require visualization at all. Its obviously high value for bioinformatics does not look justified if we take into account the prominent artificiality and artistry of the resulting images. However, the status of these images becomes clearer if we relate them to earlier notions of the role of the visual in scientific discovery. The highest estimation of visualization as the final result of scientific research was characteristic of Renaissance science. The artistic representation of ideal essential properties, instead of a strict correspondence to a particular biological object, is an epistemic virtue typical of the naturalists of the 17th and 18th centuries. Both suggested a close collaboration between the scientist and the artist; and standards for visualizing macromolecules in bioinformatics grow out of a similar collaboration (Geis’ drawings). The desire for maximum accuracy and detail inherits the regulation of “mechanical objectivity” (as Daston and Galison put it into words), for which it is also important to eliminate humans from the image production process (in bioinformatics, to transfer these functions to computer programs). Thus, 3D-visualization of protein structures bears traces of historically different value orientations, but the scientific practice of the 20th and 21st centuries, supplemented by computer technologies, allows them to be intertwined in particular disciplinary units.

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Kulawiak, Marek, Marcin Kulawiak, and Zbigniew Lubniewski. "Integration, Processing and Dissemination of LiDAR Data in a 3D Web-GIS." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030144.

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The rapid increase in applications of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanners, followed by the development of various methods that are dedicated for survey data processing, visualization, and dissemination constituted the need of new open standards for storage and online distribution of collected three-dimensional data. However, over a decade of research in the area has resulted in a number of incompatible solutions that offer their own ways of disseminating results of LiDAR surveys (be it point clouds or reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) models) over the web. The article presents a unified system for remote processing, storage, visualization, and dissemination of 3D LiDAR survey data, including 3D model reconstruction. It is built with the use of open source technologies and employs open standards, such as 3D Tiles, LASer (LAS), and Object (OBJ) for data distribution. The system has been deployed for automatic organization, processing, and dissemination of LiDAR surveys that were performed in the city of Gdansk. The performance of the system has been measured using a selection of LiDAR datasets of various sizes. The system has shown to considerably simplify the process of data organization and integration, while also delivering tools for easy discovery, inspection, and acquisition of desired datasets.

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Thilmany, Jean. "Necessary Tools." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-nov3.

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This article reviews that the rate of discovery obtained from an experiment or a computational model is enhanced and accelerated by using parallel computing techniques, visualization algorithms, and advanced visualization hardware. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD, team believe that high-performance computing speeds discovery within the sciences. It defines advanced computing methods as those technologies that possess capabilities beyond current state-of-the-art desktop computing. Visualization tools, for example, now extend beyond the three-dimensional computer-aided design model viewable on a desktop computer to include virtual reality software and hardware. A cave automatic virtual environment, called a CAVE, features four walls onto which an image is projected in 3D so that engineers feel they are standing in front of an object. Researchers at Iowa State and NIST’s engineers both say the future of technology won't happen without advanced computing methods, including visualization, virtual reality, and parallel computing.

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Partovi, T., R. Bahmanyar, T. Krauß, and P. Reinartz. "Building Roof Component Extraction from Panchromatic Satellite Images Using a Clustering-Based Method." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3 (August 11, 2014): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-247-2014.

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Developing fully automatic systems is still an active research topic in 3D building model reconstruction. While a general solution to the building reconstruction problem relies on collecting and grouping the modeling cues (e.g., lines, corners, planes) from Digital Surface Model (DSM) data, failure in finding the cues due to noise in the DSM and the object complexities is a big challenge. In this paper, we introduce a clustering-based method for cue discovery from Pan-chromatic satellite images which reduces the dependencies of the reconstruction techniques on DSM data. Experimental results show that the proposed method is not only able to effectively refine building masks by discriminating building boundaries from nearby clutter, but also is able to determine the roof types (e.g., pitched, flat). The latter, allows to establish a reconstruction method to reduces the search effort and the failure probability regions in finding a particular cue by leading the system to an appropriate area.

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Barth, Eduardo, Gabriel Andrade Manfrim, Felipe Vieira Castro, Camila Beatriz Bennemann, Michelle Fernanda Martin, Wilian Geovani Fiirst, Simone Silva Frutuoso de Souza, and Fernando Parra dos Anjos Lima. "Virtual reality applied as a teaching tool: 3D virtual tour at IFMT Tangará da Serra." Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo 16, no. 8 (August 21, 2024): e5246. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/cuadv16n8-109.

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This work aims to develop a virtual tour of the IFMT Tangará da Serra campus facilities using 3D modeling and Virtual Reality (VR) to be applied in the discipline of introduction to Computer Graphics of the technical course of Maintenance and Support in Informatics integrated to High School. VR allows the interaction and navigation of users in 3D environments maintained by computer, using mapping channels and analysis of user behavior, enabling the exchange of information between the virtual environment and the user, affecting one or more human senses. It is an interaction and entertainment technology that can be successfully applied to assist in teaching strategies in high school subjects. With the evolution of education, that is, the improvement of the processes of exploration, discovery, observation and construction of knowledge, new teaching tools have been emerging, among which virtual learning environments stand out because they allow people to conduct experiments or perform tasks in a new and different way that they could not do in the physical/real world, such as flying, visiting places that do not exist or are difficult to access through the manipulation and analysis of the object of study itself. Thus, VR will be fundamental in this process of educational evolution, where the use of digital tools such as ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) is increasingly sought for the successful application of active teaching methodologies in the classroom. Therefore, the objective of this project refers to the development of an interactive VR system to be used with 3D VR glasses, designed, modeled and rendered using the free software Blender, to present a virtual tour of the facilities of the IFMT Tangará da Serra campus. This tool will be very useful for demonstrating computer graphics concepts to students, as well as to the external community, as a form of institutional promotion and marketing.

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Kastinen, Daniel, Torbjørn Tveito, Juha Vierinen, and Mikael Granvik. "Radar observability of near-Earth objects using EISCAT 3D." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 4 (July 15, 2020): 861–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-861-2020.

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Abstract. Radar observations can be used to obtain accurate orbital elements for near-Earth objects (NEOs) as a result of the very accurate range and range rate measureables. These observations allow the prediction of NEO orbits further into the future and also provide more information about the properties of the NEO population. This study evaluates the observability of NEOs with the EISCAT 3D 233 MHz 5 MW high-power, large-aperture radar, which is currently under construction. Three different populations are considered, namely NEOs passing by the Earth with a size distribution extrapolated from fireball statistics, catalogued NEOs detected with ground-based optical telescopes and temporarily captured NEOs, i.e. mini-moons. Two types of observation schemes are evaluated, namely the serendipitous discovery of unknown NEOs passing the radar beam and the post-discovery tracking of NEOs using a priori orbital elements. The results indicate that 60–1200 objects per year, with diameters D>0.01 m, can be discovered. Assuming the current NEO discovery rate, approximately 20 objects per year can be tracked post-discovery near the closest approach to Earth. Only a marginally smaller number of tracking opportunities are also possible for the existing EISCAT ultra-high frequency (UHF) system. The mini-moon study, which used a theoretical population model, orbital propagation, and a model for radar scanning, indicates that approximately seven objects per year can be discovered using 8 %–16 % of the total radar time. If all mini-moons had known orbits, approximately 80–160 objects per year could be tracked using a priori orbital elements. The results of this study indicate that it is feasible to perform routine NEO post-discovery tracking observations using both the existing EISCAT UHF radar and the upcoming EISCAT 3D radar. Most detectable objects are within 1 lunar distance (LD) of the radar. Such observations would complement the capabilities of the more powerful planetary radars that typically observe objects further away from Earth. It is also plausible that EISCAT 3D could be used as a novel type of an instrument for NEO discovery, assuming that a sufficiently large amount of radar time can be used. This could be achieved, for example by time-sharing with ionospheric and space-debris-observing modes.

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Seggie, R. J., R. B. Ainsworth, D.A.Johnson, J. P. M. Koninx, B. Spaargaren, and P. M. Stephenson. "AWAKENING OF A SLEEPING GIANT: SUNRISE- TROUBADOUR GAS-CONDENSATE FIELD." APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99024.

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The Sunrise and Troubadour fields form a complex of giant gas-condensate accumulations located in the Timor Sea some 450 km northwest of Darwin. Left unappraised for almost a quarter of a century since discovery, recently renewed attention has brought these stranded hydrocarbon accumulations to the point of comm-ercialisation.A focussed appraisal program during 1997–1999 driven by expectations of growth in LNG and domestic gas markets, involved the acquisition and processing of an extensive grid of modern 2D seismic and the drilling, coring and testing of three wells. The aim of this program was to quantify better both in-place hydrocarbon volumes (reservoir properties and their distribution) and hydrocarbon recovery efficiency (gas quality and deliverability). Maximum value has been extracted from these data via a combination of deterministic and probabilistic methods, and the integration of analyses across all disciplines.This paper provides an overview of these efforts, describes the fields and details major subsurface uncertainties. Key aspects are:3D, object-based geological modelling of the reservoir, covering the spectrum of plausible sedimentological interpretations.Convolution of rock properties, derived from seismic (AVO) inversion, with 3D geological model realisations to define reservoir properties in inter-well areas.Incorporation of faults (both seismically mapped and probabilistically modelled sub-seismic faults) into both the static 3D reservoir models and the dynamic reservoir simulations.Interpretation of a tilted gas-water contact apparently arising from flow of water in the Plover aquifer away from active tectonism to the north.Extensive gas and condensate fluid analysis and modelling.Scenario-based approach to dynamic modelling.In summary, acquisition of an extensive suite of quality data during the past two-three years coupled with novel, integrated, state-of-the-art analysis of the subsurface has led to a major increase in estimates of potentially recoverable gas and condensate. Improved volumetric confidence in conjunction with both traditional and innovative engineering design (e.g. Floating Liquefied Natural Gas technology) has made viable a range of possible commercial developments from 2005 onwards.

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Mohammed Salih, Sarah َQahtan, Puteri Suhaiza Sulaiman, Abdul Sattar Arif Khammas, Ramlan Mahmod, and Rahmita Wirza O. K. Rahmat. "OPACITY INFLUENCED INCONSTANT METHOD FOR 3D HOLOGRAPHIC PYRAMID RENDERING." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 30, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v30i4.597.

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The rapid growth of computer graphics in human daily life has inspired researchers to maximize image understanding and discover new methods for visualizing 3D objects. However, the image quality is constrained by the depth cue limitations of 3D objects produced by 3D displays. The advent of the holographic hologram pyramid display offers better image quality due to its ability to visualize 3D data with satisfactory depth. In this paper, we present a new visualization method named the “opacity influenced inconstant method” that exploits the custom surface rendering technique to enhance understanding of massive 3D objects for a hologram pyramid display. An algorithm is developed by adding an opacity variable and manipulating the intensity and position of the other variables to enhance the depth cues of a 3D object. The opacity value has the ability to show the inner structure of an object to be visualized if it is available. Our results show significant enhancement on the depth cues of the 3D object that presents as a hologram floating inside a transparent pyramid. The results of a survey conducted on computer graphics students shows that the quality of the hologram was preferred when it was compared to the previous method. In addition, the depth cues of the 3D object were reported to be enhanced by the opacity influenced inconstant method when compared to the previous study and standard shading.

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Plyusnin, Nikolay I. "Solid wetting layer, interphase formation, and thin-film nanomaterials. Brief review." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 25, no. 4 (October 12, 2023): 594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2023.25/11471.

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A review of the results on the formation of the interface between 3d metals and silicon silicides under identical conditions for various parameters of the deposited vapor, crystallographic orientation and substrate temperature is presented. A generalization of the results has been carried out, which consists of the fact that during the process of deposition of hot vapor on a colder substrate, the transition from the surface phase to the bulk phase occurs through a solid wetting layer (SWL). A classification of substrate-stabilized phases, including SWL, is proposed. It has been shown that SWL has an electronic density different from bulk phases, a smooth or nanostructured morphology, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, and plays an important role in the formation of interfaces between bulk phases, their epitaxial films and multilayer nanostructures. These studies suggest the promise of SWL as a new nanotechnology object for the creation of thin-film nanomaterials. The studied problem is the formation of interfaces in thin-film nanomaterials. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the discovery of nonequilibrium solid wetting layers, their uniqueness and their role in the formation of the above-mentioned interfaces. This is important research for nanomaterial technologies. A review and generalization of the results of the study of the metal–silicon interface obtained under identical conditions was carried out. The review shows the detection a new type of transition state of the film under nonequilibrium conditions, a solid wetting layer, and the generalization justifies its role in the formation of the interface. Solid wetting layers are important as a new concept for the development of the theory of thin film growth, as well as a new object of nanotechnology for the production of thin-film nanomaterials

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Marín-Buzón, Carmen, Antonio Miguel Pérez-Romero, Manuel J. León-Bonillo, Rubén Martínez-Álvarez, Juan Carlos Mejías-García, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "Photogrammetry (SfM) vs. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for Archaeological Excavations: Mosaic of Cantillana (Spain) as a Case Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 11994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411994.

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The discovery of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century AD in Cantillana (Seville) generated interest and the need for exhaustive documentation, so that it could be recreated with real measurements in a 3D model, not only to obtain an exact replica, but with the intention of analyzing and studying the behavior of two main geomatics techniques. Thus, the objective of this study was the comparative analysis of both techniques: near object photogrammetry by SfM and terrestrial laser scanner or TLS. The aim of this comparison was to assess the use of both techniques in archaeological excavations. Special attention was paid to the accuracy and precision of measurements and models, especially in altimetry. Mosaics are frequently relocated from their original location to be exhibited in museums or for restoration work, after which they are returned to their original place. Therefore, the altimetric situation is of special relevance. To analyze the accuracy and errors of each technique, a total station was used to establish the real values of the ground control points (GCP) on which the comparisons of both methods were to be made. It can be concluded that the SfM technique was the most accurate and least limiting for use in semi-buried archaeological excavations. This manuscript opens new perspectives for the use of SfM-based photogrammetry in archaeological excavations.

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Banach, Mateusz. "Structural Outlier Detection and Zernike–Canterakis Moments for Molecular Surface Meshes—Fast Implementation in Python." Molecules 29, no. 1 (December 21, 2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010052.

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Object retrieval systems measure the degree of similarity of the shape of 3D models. They search for the elements of the 3D model databases that resemble the query model. In structural bioinformatics, the query model is a protein tertiary/quaternary structure and the objective is to find similarly shaped molecules in the Protein Data Bank. With the ever-growing size of the PDB, a direct atomic coordinate comparison with all its members is impractical. To overcome this problem, the shape of the molecules can be encoded by fixed-length feature vectors. The distance of a protein to the entire PDB can be measured in this low-dimensional domain in linear time. The state-of-the-art approaches utilize Zernike–Canterakis moments for the shape encoding and supply the retrieval process with geometric data of the input structures. The BioZernike descriptors are a standard utility of the PDB since 2020. However, when trying to calculate the ZC moments locally, the issue of the deficiency of libraries readily available for use in custom programs (i.e., without relying on external binaries) is encountered, in particular programs written in Python. Here, a fast and well-documented Python implementation of the Pozo–Koehl algorithm is presented. In contrast to the more popular algorithm by Novotni and Klein, which is based on the voxelized volume, the PK algorithm produces ZC moments directly from the triangular surface meshes of 3D models. In particular, it can accept the molecular surfaces of proteins as its input. In the presented PK-Zernike library, owing to Numba’s just-in-time compilation, a mesh with 50,000 facets is processed by a single thread in a second at the moment order 20. Since this is the first time the PK algorithm is used in structural bioinformatics, it is employed in a novel, simple, but efficient protein structure retrieval pipeline. The elimination of the outlying chain fragments via a fast PCA-based subroutine improves the discrimination ability, allowing for this pipeline to achieve an 0.961 area under the ROC curve in the BioZernike validation suite (0.997 for the assemblies). The correlation between the results of the proposed approach and of the 3D Surfer program attains values up to 0.99.

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Sengan, Sudhakar, Ketan Kotecha, Indragandhi Vairavasundaram, Priya Velayutham, Vijayakumar Varadarajan, Logesh Ravi, and Subramaniyaswamy Vairavasundaram. "Real-Time Automatic Investigation of Indian Roadway Animals by 3D Reconstruction Detection Using Deep Learning for R-3D-YOLOv3 Image Classification and Filtering." Electronics 10, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243079.

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Statistical reports say that, from 2011 to 2021, more than 11,915 stray animals, such as cats, dogs, goats, cows, etc., and wild animals were wounded in road accidents. Most of the accidents occurred due to negligence and doziness of drivers. These issues can be handled brilliantly using stray and wild animals-vehicle interaction and the pedestrians’ awareness. This paper briefs a detailed forum on GPU-based embedded systems and ODT real-time applications. ML trains machines to recognize images more accurately than humans. This provides a unique and real-time solution using deep-learning real 3D motion-based YOLOv3 (DL-R-3D-YOLOv3) ODT of images on mobility. Besides, it discovers methods for multiple views of flexible objects using 3D reconstruction, especially for stray and wild animals. Computer vision-based IoT devices are also besieged by this DL-R-3D-YOLOv3 model. It seeks solutions by forecasting image filters to find object properties and semantics for object recognition methods leading to closed-loop ODT.

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Kong, Jeonyoung, and Seokkoo Kong. "A Prototype search and 3D digital restoration of Koguryo's ‘Gok-gae’." Paek-San Society 126 (August 31, 2023): 69–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52557/tpsh.2023.126.69.

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Koguryo's mural tombs contain an object called a 'Gok-gae.' In this study, we discovered and reviewed Koguryo's 'Gok-gae' and restored the 'Gok-gae' of Anak Tomb No.3 using 3D digital data. Anak Tomb No.3 is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The 'Gok-gae' was a prestigious item used to display one's status in public and was symbolically worn by nobles, including the imperial family of various Chinese dynasties. It later became an ornament in the royal courts of Koryo and Joseon. This study is an interdisciplinary collaboration. The research methodology involved collecting and reviewing literature and paintings from Chinese dynasties to extract their uses, meanings, and forms. Based on this, a comparative analysis of Koguryo's 'Gok-gae' and related pictorial materials was conducted. Through the literature, we examined the meaning, utility, and instances of vouchsafe of the 'Gok-gae.' With the pictorial data, we examined the size, shape, and color in detail. We discovered that the Koguryo 'Gok-gae' were not significantly different from the various ornamental objects used by Chinese dynasties. The digital prototype reconstruction of the 'Gok-gae' is expected to provide valuable clues for reconstructing the political, social, and cultural history of Northeast Asia, particularly regarding Koguryo ornaments.

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Bastin, J. C., T. Boycott-Brown, A. Sims, and R. Woodhouse. "The South Morecambe Gas Field, Blocks 110/2a, 110/3a, 110/7a and 110/8a, East Irish Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.09.

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AbstractSouth Morecambe Gas Field is situated in the East Irish Sea and produces gas from the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group. Exploration of the basin commenced in 1966 and the discovery well, 110/2-1, was drilled in 1974. Appraisal was complete by 1983 and development was carried out in two phases with the object of providing deliverability to help to satisfy the winter peak in demand. First gas was produced in January 1985 and production during the winter can be sustained at 50MMCMD (1750mmscfd). The stratigraphic succession of the East Irish Sea Basin (EISB) consists of Carboniferous (Dinantian to Westphalian) strata unconformably overlain by 15000 to 20000 feet of continental Permo-Triassic strata. The Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group contains reservoir rocks and the overlying Mercia Mudstone Group evaporites provide a seal. Seismic cover of the area includes 2D and 3D data, the latter providing good images that form the basis of the current structural interpretation. The structural development of the basin commenced with extension in the Permo-Triassic followed by inversions in the late Jurassic and early Tertiary. The reservoir has been zoned using a scheme that recognizes primary depositional facies as the main criterion for correlation. The petrophysical evaluation has introduced new methods of calculating porosity, Sw and net pay. The latest reservoir pressure data has been used in a material balance study and a two tank simulation model, both give GIIP estimates which are in line with earlier estimates. The new petrophysically derived reservoir parameters were also used to make a volumetric estimate of GIIP. Remaining recoverable reserves are at least 3 Tcf.

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Huurdeman, Hugo, and Chiara Piccoli. "3D Reconstructions as Research Hubs: Geospatial Interfaces for Real-Time Data Exploration of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam Domestic Interiors." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0142.

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Abstract This paper presents our ongoing work in the Virtual Interiors project, which aims to develop 3D reconstructions as geospatial interfaces to structure and explore historical data of seventeenth-century Amsterdam. We take the reconstruction of the entrance hall of the house of the patrician Pieter de Graeff (1638–1707) as our case study and use it to illustrate the iterative process of knowledge creation, sharing, and discovery that unfolds while creating, exploring and experiencing the 3D models in a prototype research environment. During this work, an interdisciplinary dataset was collected, various metadata and paradata were created to document both the sources and the reasoning process, and rich contextual links were added. These data were used as the basis for creating a user interface for an online research environment, taking design principles and previous user studies into account. Knowledge is shared by visualizing the 3D reconstructions along with the related complexities and uncertainties, while the integration of various underlying data and Linked Data makes it possible to discover contextual knowledge by exploring associated resources. Moreover, we outline how users of the research environment can add annotations and rearrange objects in the scene, facilitating further knowledge discovery and creation.

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Taghavizadeh Yazdi, Mohammad Ehsan, Simin Nazarnezhad, Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Mohammad Sadegh Amiri, Majid Darroudi, Francesco Baino, and Saeid Kargozar. "Gum Tragacanth (GT): A Versatile Biocompatible Material beyond Borders." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061510.

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The use of naturally occurring materials in biomedicine has been increasingly attracting the researchers’ interest and, in this regard, gum tragacanth (GT) is recently showing great promise as a therapeutic substance in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As a polysaccharide, GT can be easily extracted from the stems and branches of various species of Astragalus. This anionic polymer is known to be a biodegradable, non-allergenic, non-toxic, and non-carcinogenic material. The stability against microbial, heat and acid degradation has made GT an attractive material not only in industrial settings (e.g., food packaging) but also in biomedical approaches (e.g., drug delivery). Over time, GT has been shown to be a useful reagent in the formation and stabilization of metal nanoparticles in the context of green chemistry. With the advent of tissue engineering, GT has also been utilized for the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds applied for both hard and soft tissue healing strategies. However, more research is needed for defining GT applicability in the future of biomedical engineering. On this object, the present review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview of GT in biomedicine and tries to open new horizons in the field based on its inherent characteristics.

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Bertacchini, Francesca, Pietro S. Pantano, and Eleonora Bilotta. "Jewels from chaos: A fascinating journey from abstract forms to physical objects." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 33, no. 1 (January 2023): 013132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0130029.

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An intellectual journey that began with the discovery of strange attractors derived from Chua's circuit, their translation into physical shapes by means of 3D printers, and finally, to the production of jewelry is presented. After giving the mathematical characteristics of Chua's circuit, we explain the chaotic design process, used for creating jewels, providing specifications of the used methodological approach, for its reproduction. We discuss the feasibility of this approach and the transmission of scientific contents on chaos theory, usually restricted to university students, in a high school Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics course, for the realization of advanced educational processes, implemented both in computational and real environments. We think that the idea of transforming science into art forms can drive students in acquiring scientific knowledge and skills, allowing them to discover the inner beauty of chaos.

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Massaro, Gianlorenzo, and Milena D’Angelo. "Characterization of Defocused Coherent Imaging Systems with Periodic Objects." Sensors 24, no. 21 (October 26, 2024): 6885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24216885.

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Recent advancements in quantum and quantum-inspired imaging techniques have enabled high-resolution 3D imaging through photon correlations. These techniques exhibit reduced degradation of image resolution for out-of-focus samples compared to conventional methods (i.e., intensity-based incoherent imaging). A key advantage of these correlation-based approaches is their independence from the system numerical aperture (NA). Interestingly, both improved resolution of defocused images and NA-independent scaling are linked to the spatial coherence of light. This suggests that while correlation measurements exploit spatial coherence, they are not essential for achieving this imaging advantage. This discovery has led to the development of optical systems that achieve similar performance by using spatially coherent illumination and relying on intensity measurements: direct 3D imaging with NA-independent resolution was recently demonstrated in a correlation-free setup using LED light. Here, we explore the physics behind the enhanced performance of defocused coherent imaging, showing that it arises from the modification of the sample’s spatial harmonic content due to diffraction, unlike the blurring seen in conventional imaging. The results we present are crucial for understanding the implications of the physical differences between coherent and incoherent imaging, and are expected to pave the way for the practical application of the discovered phenomena.

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Логачев, Е. М. "3D reconstruction of objects by video stream in a dynamic scene." МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ, ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ 11, no. 2(41) (April 12, 2023): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26102/2310-6018/2023.41.2.009.

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Статья посвящена задаче 3D реконструкции объектов в динамических сценах по стереоизображениям. При выполнении каких-либо сложных задач автономными роботами (ремонтные работы, обследование морского дна) появляется необходимость одновременного восстановления траектории движения автономного робота и построения 3D модели окружающей обстановки по видеоинформации. Данные о траекториях движения роботов и информация об окружающей обстановке необходимы специалистам для дальнейшей работы по корректировке работы дронов и отслеживания прогресса выполняемых работ. Существующие на данный момент решения по идентификации объектов позволяют восстанавливать геометрию динамических объектов с накладываемыми ограничениями, которые не позволяют с необходимой точностью реконструировать всю сцену. Также существующие методы не предполагают детальную визуализацию всей 3D сцены по заранее неизвестным точечным данным и не включают в себя восстановление невидимых участков поверхностей объектов. Предложен подход к решению задачи идентификации и 3D реконструкции объектов по видеоинформации применительно к динамическим сценам. Описан базис программной системы, реализующий предложенные алгоритмические и архитектурные решения. Приведены данные по модельным сценам и особенностям объектов сцены. Обсуждены результаты вычислительных экспериментов с виртуальными сценами. Рассмотрены закономерности, выявленные в результате проведения тестов, влияющие на точность реконструкции моделей. The article is devoted to the problem of 3D reconstruction of objects in dynamic scenes by stereo images. When performing any complex tasks by autonomous robots (repair work, inspection of the seabed), there is a need to simultaneously restore the trajectory of the autonomous robot and build a 3D model of the environment using video information. Data on the trajectories of robots and information about the environment are necessary for specialists to further correct drone operation and track the progress of work performed. Сurrently existing object identification solutions help to restore the geometry of dynamic objects with imposed restrictions that prevent from reconstructing the entire scene with the necessary accuracy. Also, the existing methods do not involve detailed visualization of the entire 3D scene using previously unknown point data and do not include the restoration of invisible parts of object surfaces. An approach to solving the problem of identification and 3D reconstruction of objects based on video information in relation to dynamic scenes is proposed. The basis of the software system implementing the proposed algorithmic and architectural solutions is described. Data on model scenes and features of scene objects are given. The results of computational experiments with virtual scenes are discussed. The regularities discovered as a result of tests affecting the accuracy of model reconstruction are considered.

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Atick, Joseph J., Paul A. Griffin, and A. Norman Redlich. "Statistical Approach to Shape from Shading: Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Face Surfaces from Single Two-Dimensional Images." Neural Computation 8, no. 6 (August 1996): 1321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1996.8.6.1321.

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The human visual system is proficient in perceiving three-dimensional shape from the shading patterns in a two-dimensional image. How it does this is not well understood and continues to be a question of fundamental and practical interest. In this paper we present a new quantitative approach to shape-from-shading that may provide some answers. We suggest that the brain, through evolution or prior experience, has discovered that objects can be classified into lower-dimensional object-classes as to their shape. Extraction of shape from shading is then equivalent to the much simpler problem of parameter estimation in a low-dimensional space. We carry out this proposal for an important class of three-dimensional (3D) objects: human heads. From an ensemble of several hundred laser-scanned 3D heads, we use principal component analysis to derive a low-dimensional parameterization of head shape space. An algorithm for solving shape-from-shading using this representation is presented. It works well even on real images where it is able to recover the 3D surface for a given person, maintaining facial detail and identity, from a single 2D image of his face. This algorithm has applications in face recognition and animation.

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Zhyhola, V. S. "DIGITAL FIXATION OF THE 10TH CENTURY BURIAL." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.23.

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In 2018 the expedition headed by O. P. Motsia explored the territory of Chernihiv suburb. The burial mounds and flat burial grounds appeared here periodically since the 10th century. The aggressive chemical composition of local soils has a very negative effect on the survival of metal artifacts and organic materials complicating their study and fixation. In such a situation it is appropriate to use the field digital capture the photogrammetric method that allows create a 3D-model of objects and artifacts with authentic size which will allow the metrological measurements later in the laboratory. One of these poor survived objects was made into virtual space for further elaboration. In the grave 3 the remains of child skeleton have been discovered. Only some limb bones, the fragment of the jaw and traces of bone tissue in the soil were preserved. The grave 3 was digitally captured using a camera and a series of snapshots from different points, and then the 3D-model of the object was created. On the basis of markers and measuring battens the authentic dimensions and orientation in space was given the model which allowed further metrological measurements of bones and artifacts. Particular attention is drawn to the wooden bucket in the lower left corner of the coffin. Rather, the prints and oxides of the metal parts of the bucket which completely have dissolved in the soil having left only the outline. Right away the performed photogrammetric fixation of the artifact under field conditions has been done. On the basis of the 3D-model the orthophotos with different projections have been created, which completely replace the graphic drawings and can be included to the scientific report. Using the specialized program it is possible to measure all elements of the object. The newest methods allowed to measure the item and visualize the object for public access.

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Zhang, Jin. "Ground Disasters Visual Representation Based on Multi-Field Geospatial Infographics Spectra in Mining Area." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-430-2019.

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Abstract. Geospatial infographics spectra is a new cross research direction of cartographic theory. It combines the infographic representing geospatial information with the spectra recording spatial-temporal evolution to form geo-infographics spectra, which reflects the characteristics and dynamic changes of the object's morphological structure, mechanism, composition, and reveals the temporal and spatial variation law of regional geo-phenomena. Infographics can be a map in the form of spatial information. It also includes other graphical forms such as images, charts, curves and so on. Spectra is a system established by object characteristics or by time series. Geospatial infographics spectra has the dual characteristics of graphics and genealogy. It is a spatial-temporal composite analysis method that visually represents the spatial morphological structure and spatial-temporal changes of the earth system and its elements and phenomena through graphical thinking and abstract generalization of multi-field geo-digital information.From geospatial morphological characteristics, spectrum characteristics, texture characteristics, topographic characteristics, deformation characteristics, structural characteristics, geological environment characteristics, mining characteristics, space-time characteristics, disaster chain characteristics and other dimensions to understand and perspective in depth for geo-disasters in mining areas, to achieve the location-morphology-attribute-semantics-structure-process-relationship of ground disaster based on geo-infographic spectra coupling representation, to construct the geo-disaster environment model expression based on surface functional zoning and geographical grids for mining areas. See Figure 1.The spatial morphologies, structure, status, movement, subsidence, stress-strain, etc in the characteristic area of ground hazards is generalized as the basic field (the shape, structure, image information, topography of the hazard body). All the fields that affect the basic field are called effecting field (deformation field, geological structure field, geophysical field, stress field, surface cover field, rainfall field, temperature field, seepage field, soil chemical field, electromagnetic field, etc.). The third is coupled fields, that is scalar or vector fields formed by the coupling of the basic and effecting field (coupling of deformation field and topographic field, deformation field and seepage field, etc.). Based on the 3D mine field model and multi-field information such as basic field, effecting field and coupling field, first we can analyse the time series development stages of stable, oscillating, multi-step, catastrophic, trend-type disasters and then quantitatively segment, partition the types of deformation curves such as V-type, B-type, D-type, R-type pendulum-type and finally set index, discovery pattern and generate geospatial infographics spectra. See Figure 2 and Figure 3.A multi-dimensional features-based ground disaster data perception model integrating time, space, semantics and relationships is constructed to realize multi-field information and multi-granularity parsing and location-based information aggregation in disaster feature area. The automatic location information discovery and matching, location semantics association and spatial behaviour inference are accomplished. The spatial behaviour inference under different location semantics is supported to reveal coal mining. It provides precise information support for the impact of the surface and the mechanism of dynamic change. See Figure 3.

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Eg Su, Goh, and Ajune Wanis Ismail. "Pre-define Rotation Amplitudes Object Rotation in Handheld Augmented Reality." International Journal of Innovative Computing 11, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijic.v11n2.315.

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Interaction is one of the important topics to be discussed since it includes the interface where the end-user communicates with the augmented reality (AR) system. In handheld AR interface, the traditional interaction techniques are not suitable for some AR applications due to the different attributes of handheld devices that always refer to smartphones and tablets. Currently interaction techniques in handheld AR are known as touch-based technique, mid-air gesture-based technique and device-based technique that can led to a wide discussion in related research areas. However, this paper will focus to discover the device-based interaction technique because it has proven in the previous studies to be more suitable and robust in several aspects. A novel device-based 3D object rotation technique is proposed to solve the current problem in performing 3DOF rotation of 3D object. The goal is to produce a precise and faster 3D object rotation. Therefore, the determination of the rotation amplitudes per second is required before the fully implementation. This paper discusses the implementation in depth and provides a guideline for those who works in related to device-based interaction.

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Mahmud, Bahar Uddin, Guan Yue Hong, Abdullah Al Mamun, Em Poh Ping, and Qingliu Wu. "Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of 3D Volumetric Image and Microstructural Analysis." Sensors 23, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052640.

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As a fundamental but difficult topic in computer vision, 3D object segmentation has various applications in medical image analysis, autonomous vehicles, robotics, virtual reality, lithium battery image analysis, etc. In the past, 3D segmentation was performed using hand-made features and design techniques, but these techniques could not generalize to vast amounts of data or reach acceptable accuracy. Deep learning techniques have lately emerged as the preferred method for 3D segmentation jobs as a result of their extraordinary performance in 2D computer vision. Our proposed method used a CNN-based architecture called 3D UNET, which is inspired by the famous 2D UNET that has been used to segment volumetric image data. To see the internal changes of composite materials, for instance, in a lithium battery image, it is necessary to see the flow of different materials and follow the directions analyzing the inside properties. In this paper, a combination of 3D UNET and VGG19 has been used to conduct a multiclass segmentation of publicly available sandstone datasets to analyze their microstructures using image data based on four different objects in the samples of volumetric data. In our image sample, there are a total of 448 2D images, which are then aggregated as one 3D volume to examine the 3D volumetric data. The solution involves the segmentation of each object in the volume data and further analysis of each object to find its average size, area percentage, total area, etc. The open-source image processing package IMAGEJ is used for further analysis of individual particles. In this study, it was demonstrated that convolutional neural networks can be trained to recognize sandstone microstructure traits with an accuracy of 96.78% and an IOU of 91.12%. According to our knowledge, many prior works have applied 3D UNET for segmentation, but very few papers extend it further to show the details of particles in the sample. The proposed solution offers a computational insight for real-time implementation and is discovered to be superior to the current state-of-the-art methods. The result has importance for the creation of an approximately similar model for the microstructural analysis of volumetric data.

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Gao, Hongzhi, Zheng Chen, Zehui Chen, Lin Chen, Jiaming Liu, Shanghang Zhang, and Feng Zhao. "Leveraging Imagery Data with Spatial Point Prior for Weakly Semi-supervised 3D Object Detection." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 3 (March 24, 2024): 1797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i3.27948.

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Training high-accuracy 3D detectors necessitates massive labeled 3D annotations with 7 degree-of-freedom, which is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, the form of point annotations is proposed to offer significant prospects for practical applications in 3D detection, which is not only more accessible and less expensive but also provides strong spatial information for object localization. In this paper, we empirically discover that it is non-trivial to merely adapt Point-DETR to its 3D form, encountering two main bottlenecks: 1) it fails to encode strong 3D prior into the model, and 2) it generates low-quality pseudo labels in distant regions due to the extreme sparsity of LiDAR points. To overcome these challenges, we introduce Point-DETR3D, a teacher-student framework for weakly semi-supervised 3D detection, designed to fully capitalize on point-wise supervision within a constrained instance-wise annotation budget. Different from Point-DETR which encodes 3D positional information solely through a point encoder, we propose an explicit positional query initialization strategy to enhance the positional prior. Considering the low quality of pseudo labels at distant regions produced by the teacher model, we enhance the detector's perception by incorporating dense imagery data through a novel Cross-Modal Deformable RoI Fusion (D-RoI). Moreover, an innovative point-guided self-supervised learning technique is proposed to allow for fully exploiting point priors, even in student models. Extensive experiments on representative nuScenes dataset demonstrate our Point-DETR3D obtains significant improvements compared to previous works. Notably, with only 5% of labeled data, Point-DETR3D achieves over 90% performance of its fully supervised counterpart.

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Baumgart, M., N. Druml, and M. Consani. "PROCEDURE ENABLING SIMULATION AND IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL EFFECTS IN CAMERA-BASED TIME-OF-FLIGHT SENSORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-83-2018.

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This paper presents a simulation approach for Time-of-Flight cameras to estimate sensor performance and accuracy, as well as to help understanding experimentally discovered effects. The main scope is the detailed simulation of the optical signals. We use a raytracing-based approach and use the optical path length as the master parameter for depth calculations. The procedure is described in detail with references to our implementation in Zemax OpticStudio and Python. Our simulation approach supports multiple and extended light sources and allows accounting for all effects within the geometrical optics model. Especially multi-object reflection/scattering ray-paths, translucent objects, and aberration effects (e.g. distortion caused by the ToF lens) are supported. The optical path length approach also enables the implementation of different ToF senor types and transient imaging evaluations. The main features are demonstrated on a simple 3D test scene.

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de Beurs, Zoe L., N. Islam, G. Gopalan, and S. D. Vrtilek. "A Comparative Study of Machine-learning Methods for X-Ray Binary Classification." Astrophysical Journal 933, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6184.

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Abstract X-ray binaries (XRBs) consist of a compact object that accretes material from an orbiting secondary star. The most secure method we have for determining if the compact object is a black hole is to determine its mass: This is limited to bright objects and requires substantial time-intensive spectroscopic monitoring. With new X-ray sources being discovered with different X-ray observatories, developing efficient, robust means to classify compact objects becomes increasingly important. We compare three machine-learning classification methods (Bayesian Gaussian Processes (BGPs), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machines) for determining whether the compact objects are neutron stars or black holes (BHs) in XRB systems. Each machine-learning method uses spatial patterns that exist between systems of the same type in 3D color–color–intensity diagrams. We used lightcurves extracted using 6 yr of data with MAXI/GSC for 44 representative sources. We find that all three methods are highly accurate in distinguishing pulsing from nonpulsing neutron stars (NPNS) with 95% of NPNS and 100% of pulsars accurately predicted. All three methods have high accuracy in distinguishing BHs from pulsars (92%) but continue to confuse BHs with a subclass of NPNS, called bursters, with KNN doing the best at only 50% accuracy for predicting BHs. The precision of all three methods is high, providing equivalent results over 5–10 independent runs. In future work, we will suggest a fourth dimension be incorporated to mitigate the confusion of BHs with bursters. This work paves the way toward more robust methods to efficiently distinguish BHs, NPNS, and pulsars.

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Bieda, Agnieszka, Jarosław Bydłosz, Artur Warchoł, and Monika Balawejder. "Historical Underground Structures as 3D Cadastral Objects." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101547.

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The need for accurate registration of underground objects in the 3D cadastre is becoming increasingly common throughout the world. Research studies conducted in this area mostly focus on objects related to transportation or other public utilities and services. However, in settlements with a long history, apart from new objects, there are also various historical objects underground. Such places are not fully discovered, and sometimes they are not even fully inventoried with surveying methods. The aim of this work therefore is to try to describe the possibility of introducing historical undergrounds to the real estate cadastre created for three dimensions, in case of its creation, and to check ground laser scanning as a method of measuring such objects in order to introduce them to the 3D cadastre. Considerations on the inclusion of underground historical objects into the three-dimensional cadastre database began with conceptual considerations. Their result is the elaboration of UML schemas describing relationships among 3D cadastre objects including underground objects. According to the authors, such underground objects should constitute a completely new class called ‘EGB_BuildingBlockUnderground3D’ and be part of the legal space of the entire building represented by the class ‘EGB_BuildingLegalSpace3D’ (the prefix EGB is an acronym of Polish cadastre name ‘Ewidencja Gruntów i Budynków’; in English, it stands for ‘Land and Building Cadastre’). In order to verify in practice the possibility of introducing historical underground objects into the 3D cadastre database, the inventory of the Underground Tourist Route in Rzeszów (Poland) was used. This route consists of a network of underground passageways and cellars built between the 14th and 18th centuries. The measurement was carried out with the application of the Faro Focus 3D terrestrial laser scanner. The underground inventory showed that at the time the current cadastre of land and buildings in Rzeszów was being founded, the boundaries of the cadastral parcels were established without knowing the location of the underground passageways under the Main Market Square. This resulted in a situation in which the objects located underground became parts of more than one cadastral parcel. If a 3D cadastre is created, such a situation must of course be recorded accordingly. The article proposes solutions for such situations.

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Hussaini Atulukwu, Y., and A. Abdul Rahman. "MARINE CADASTRE DATA MODELS WITH TEMPORAL ASPECT – REVIEW." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W6-2022 (February 6, 2023): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w6-2022-159-2023.

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Abstract. A full 3D cadastre that supports volume parcels is one interpretation of the phrase "3D cadastre", whereas traditional cadastres that maintain only a limited amount of information about 3D circumstances are another. Three-dimensional (3D) cadastres are sometimes referred to as the 3D computerized illustration of real estate rights, constraints, and obligations. These include all the portions of legal objects, below or above the earth. The paper attempted to clarify the idea of developing 4D marine cadastral data models by evaluating and synthesizing the existing literature on how operators and stakeholders influence the applications of these models in the management of marine objects and properties. In this paper, the authors will identify the phases of marine cadastre models and their current status and more curiously seeks to update the current dimension of the time component to the existing 3D marine cadastre model. The current 3D marine cadastral data model for example in Malaysia and in other countries is still at the conceptual level. This paper will also highlight the peculiarities of marine cadastre components and their interactions with stakeholders, and addresses the practice and appropriate method to make those cadastral objects appear in 4D (3D + t). This study is structured around theories and models that have already been developed by scholars to explain temporal variations in these objects and properties. The result of the study shall give an in-depth discovery of what is known about the proposed 4D model and proffer key areas of interest that further studies can investigate to integrate the time aspect leading to a new 4D marine cadastre data model.

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Lohatepanont, Mark, Melody Chen, Luis Carlos Mendoza Nova, John-Thomas Murray, and Wilson Merchan-Merchan. "Exploring Microstructure Patterns: Influence on Hydrophobic Properties of 3D-Printed Surfaces." Micro 4, no. 3 (July 23, 2024): 442–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro4030028.

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This study investigates the influence of microstructure patterns on the hydrophobic properties of surfaces of 3D-printed objects generated using photopolymer resin. Various arrangements and designs of microstructures on the surface of 3D-printed objects were examined. Leveraging the superior resolution of stereolithography printers (SLA) over fused deposition modeling, intricate microfeature designs were well-implemented. The experiments involved a range of structures on the surface of the 3D-printed objects, including precisely defined arrays of microcylinders, microchannels, and other complex designs generated by parametric equations. The hydrophobicity of the 3D-printed objects was assessed through the water droplet test, revealing a spectrum of results ranging from hydrophobic to weakly hydrophobic, and to hydrophilic surfaces. Light microscopy was employed to characterize the surface morphological properties of the 3D-printed objects, which were then correlated with the measured contact angles. It was discovered that the 3D-printed objects with microstructures formed using parametric functions exhibited patterns with irregularities and fluctuations along all directions or axes, resulting in a higher degree of hydrophobicity compared to structured matrices with pillared arrays. However, some surfaces created with parametric functions resulted in an anisotropic system where the material properties varied along one direction, while the other direction exhibited a flat, planar surface. These anisotropic systems were found to be less hydrophobic according to the water droplet test.

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Al-Funjan, Amera, Farid Meziane, and Rob Aspin. "Describing Pulmonary Nodules Using 3D Clustering." Advanced Engineering Research 22, no. 3 (October 13, 2022): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2022-22-3-261-271.

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Introduction. Determining the tumor (nodule) characteristics in terms of the shape, location, and type is an essential step after nodule detection in medical images for selecting the appropriate clinical intervention by radiologists. Computer-aided detection (CAD) systems efficiently succeeded in the nodule detection by 2D processing of computed tomography (CT)-scan lung images; however, the nodule (tumor) description in more detail is still a big challenge that faces these systems.Materials and Methods. In this paper, the 3D clustering is carried out on volumetric CT-scan images containing the nodule and its structures to describe the nodule progress through the consecutive slices of the lung in CT images.Results. This paper combines algorithms to cluster and define nodule’s features in 3D visualization. Applying some 3D functions to the objects, clustered using the K-means technique of CT lung images, provides a 3D visual exploration of the nodule shape and location. This study mainly focuses on clustering in 3D to discover complex information for a case missed in the radiologist’s report. In addition, the 3D-Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) method and another 3D application (plotly) have been applied to evaluate the proposed system in this work. The proposed method has discovered a complicated case in data and automatically provides information about the nodule types (spherical, juxta-pleural, and pleural-tail). The algorithm is validated on the standard data consisting of the lung computed tomography scans with nodules greater and less than 3mm in size.Discussion and Conclusions. Based on the proposed model, it is possible to cluster lung nodules in volumetric CT scan and determine a set of characteristics such as the shape, location and type.

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Khlebnikova, O. A., and Ya E. Terekhina. "New objects in section of the eastern Black Sea basin from 3D seismic data." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 3 (June 28, 2020): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2020-3-138-143.

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In the section of the eastern Black Sea basin and the Caucasus continental slope, according to 3D seismic data, unique objects were first discovered and described — vertical failure in the Upper Cretaceous — Lower Miocene deposits. An interesting feature of these structures is a close to isometric shape in plan. About 40 objects have been identified on an area of more than 1000 m2. «Bulls-eye» («multiphase») paleo-pockmarks [Andresen, Huuse, 2011], as well as karst collapse [Zuo et al., 2009] are proposed as world analogues with a similar wave pattern on seismic data. The corresponding genesis models are considered, but none of the theories allows drawing a conclusion. The discovered objects are unique and require further investigation.

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Liu, Jin, Tatsuaki Tagami, and Tetsuya Ozeki. "Fabrication of 3D-Printed Fish-Gelatin-Based Polymer Hydrogel Patches for Local Delivery of PEGylated Liposomal Doxorubicin." Marine Drugs 18, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18060325.

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3D printing technology has been applied to various fields and its medical applications are expanding. Here, we fabricated implantable 3D bio-printed hydrogel patches containing a nanomedicine as a future tailored cancer treatment. The patches were prepared using a semi-solid extrusion-type 3D bioprinter, a hydrogel-based printer ink, and UV-LED exposure. We focused on the composition of the printer ink and semi-synthesized fish gelatin methacryloyl (F-GelMA), derived from cold fish gelatin, as the main component. The low viscosity of F-GelMA due to its low melting point was remarkably improved by the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC), a pharmaceutical excipient. PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (DOX), as a model nanomedicine, was incorporated into the hydrogel and liposome stability after photo-polymerization was evaluated. The addition of CMC inhibited particle size increase. Three types of 3D-designed patches (cylinder, torus, gridlines) were produced using a 3D bioprinter. Drug release was dependent on the shape of the 3D-printed patches and UV-LED exposure time. The current study provides useful information for the preparation of 3D printed nanomedicine-based objects.

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Roth, Martin M., Christer Sandin, Sebastian Kamann, Tim-Oliver Husser, Peter M. Weilbacher, Ana Monreal-Ibero, Roland Bacon, et al. "MUSE crowded field 3D spectroscopy in NGC 300." Astronomy & Astrophysics 618 (October 2018): A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833007.

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Aims. As a new approach to the study of resolved stellar populations in nearby galaxies, our goal is to demonstrate with a pilot study in NGC 300 that integral field spectroscopy with high spatial resolution and excellent seeing conditions reaches an unprecedented depth in severely crowded fields. Methods. Observations by MUSE with seven pointings in NGC 300 have resulted in data cubes that are analyzed in four ways: (1) Point spread function-fitting 3D spectroscopy with PampelMUSE, as already successfully pioneered in globular clusters, yields de-blended spectra of individually distinguishable stars, thus providing a complete inventory of blue and red supergiants, and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars of type M and C. The technique is also applicable to emission line point sources and provides samples of planetary nebulae (PNe) that are complete down to m5007 = 28. (2) Pseudo-monochromatic images, created at the wavelengths of the most important emission lines and corrected for continuum light with the P3D visualization tool, provide maps of H II regions, supernova remnants (SNR), and the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) at a high level of sensitivity, where also faint point sources stand out and allow for the discovery of PNe, Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars, etc. (3) The use of the P3D line-fitting tool yields emission line fluxes, surface brightness, and kinematic information for gaseous objects, corrected for absorption line profiles of the underlying stellar population in the case of Hα. (4) Visual inspection of the data cubes by browsing through the row-stacked spectra image in P3D is demonstrated to be efficient for data mining and the discovery of background galaxies and unusual objects. Results. We present a catalog of luminous stars, rare stars such as WR, and other emission line stars, carbon stars, symbiotic star candidates, PNe, H II regions, SNR, giant shells, peculiar diffuse and filamentary emission line objects, and background galaxies, along with their spectra. Conclusions. The technique of crowded-field 3D spectroscopy, using the PampelMUSE code, is capable of deblending individual bright stars, the unresolved background of faint stars, gaseous nebulae, and the diffuse component of the ISM, resulting in unprecedented legacy value for observations of nearby galaxies with MUSE.

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Rafailovic, Lidija D., Catherine Haas, Sonja Nixon, Slobin Shayna, Oliver Rohr, and Tomislav Lj Trisovic. "The Flow Cell Concept for the Metallization of Complex Geometries in Aerospace High-End Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 22 (November 22, 2024): 1920. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02221920mtgabs.

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Since the discovery of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) as composite materials with advantageous performance-to-weight ratios, many advanced applications, particularly in the aerospace field, have emerged [1]. The excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of CFRPs are of particular interest to the transportation industry, where significant savings due to weight reduction can be accomplished. Recent research efforts consolidate several functions into a single material by developing synthesis approaches that offer energy savings and the more efficient use of materials, while preserving the structural integrity of the material [2]. CFRPs are considered one of the best choices for this purpose, but additional steps must be considered in the design or in the post-use of composites [2–4]. In this context, metallization of CFRP emerged as a pivotal for high-end applications. The opportunities presented by employing electrochemical methods, such as electroless and electrochemical deposition, stand out among other metallization methods as cost-effective, scalable, and particularly convenient for complex CFRPs geometries. However, challenges in adapting plating conditions to different geometries with high inner aspect ratios require new solutions and more efficient use of electrolytes [5]. We demonstrate electrochemical engineering through the introduction of the flow cell concept for electroless and galvanic plating across various geometries and applications. Simultaneously, ensuring environmental compliance of the chemical pre-treatment process of composites is achieved by developing Cr(VI)-free chemistry adapted to the composite being used. References: [1] Julian Adam, T.; Liao, G.; Petersen, J.; Geier, S.; Finke, B.; Wierach, P.; Kwade, A.; Wiedemann, M. Multifunctional Composites for Future Energy Storage in Aerospace Structures. Energies 2018, 11(2), 335. [2] Kaynan, O.; Hosseini, E.; Zakertabrizi, M.; Motta De Castro, E.; Pérez, L. M.; Jarrahbashi, D.; Asadi, A. Multifunctionality through Embedding Patterned Nanostructures in High-Performance Composites. Advanced Materials 2023, 35 (32), 2300948. [3] Rafailović, L. D.; Stupavska, M.; Prysiazhnyi, V.; Polt, G.; Rohr, O.; Nixon, S.; Rahel, J. Impact of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Surface Metallization of CFRP Composites. Surf Coat Technol 2021, 412, 127046. [4] Rafailović, L. D.; Jovanović, A. Z.; Gutić, S. J.; Wehr, J.; Rentenberger, C.; Trišović, T. L.; Pašti, I. A. New Insights into the Metallization of Graphene-Supported Composite Materials-from 3D Cu-Grown Structures to Free-Standing Electrodeposited Porous Ni Foils. ACS Omega 2022, 7 (5), 4352. [5] Rafailovich L.; Nixon S.; Haas C.; Trisovic T.; Karnthaler H. P. Apparatus and Method for Continuous Metallization of Object, EP3540098A3, US11098412B2. Acknowledgments: LDR acknowledges support provided by Montanuniversität Leoben. This work was partially supported at CEST within the COMET program by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) and the governments of Lower and Upper Austria.

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Lotoshynska, Nataliia, Solomiya Popova, Irianto Irianto, and Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil Alsayaydeh. "An approach towards the development of an inclusive subject environment using additive manufacturing technologies." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2024): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4248-4260.

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This research aims to identify the principles of designing the objects of the inclusive environment with the employment of additive manufacturing technologies, and to discover methods and techniques for creating an inclusive objective environment using the example of our own development. The results of the survey, which has been directed to investigate the topicality of the problem of inclusiveness in Ukraine and the means of its solution, are presented in the article. In the course of work, the principal peculiarities of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and printing technologies have been established, and promising areas of their application have been proposed. The principles of designing an inclusive objective environment have been detected with the use of photogrammetry and 3D printing, due to which the model can be constructed by considering a person’s individual physical characteristics. Moreover, due to the wide range of materials for 3D printing, various types of objects can be realized. It gives great potential for the employment of 3D printing when designing an inclusive environment and considerably simplifies the manufacturing process while taking the individual characteristics of every person into consideration.

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Marton, G., P. Ábrahám, E. Szegedi-Elek, J. Varga, M. Kun, Á. Kóspál, E. Varga-Verebélyi, et al. "Identification of Young Stellar Object candidates in the Gaia DR2 x AllWISE catalogue with machine learning methods." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 487, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 2522–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1301.

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ABSTRACT The second Gaia Data Release (DR2) contains astrometric and photometric data for more than 1.6 billion objects with mean Gaia G magnitude <20.7, including many Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) in different evolutionary stages. In order to explore the YSO population of the Milky Way, we combined the Gaia DR2 data base with Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Planck measurements and made an all-sky probabilistic catalogue of YSOs using machine learning techniques, such as Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, or Neural Networks. Our input catalogue contains 103 million objects from the DR2xAllWISE cross-match table. We classified each object into four main classes: YSOs, extragalactic objects, main-sequence stars, and evolved stars. At a 90 per cent probability threshold, we identified 1 129 295 YSO candidates. To demonstrate the quality and potential of our YSO catalogue, here we present two applications of it. (1) We explore the 3D structure of the Orion A star-forming complex and show that the spatial distribution of the YSOs classified by our procedure is in agreement with recent results from the literature. (2) We use our catalogue to classify published Gaia Science Alerts. As Gaia measures the sources at multiple epochs, it can efficiently discover transient events, including sudden brightness changes of YSOs caused by dynamic processes of their circumstellar disc. However, in many cases the physical nature of the published alert sources are not known. A cross-check with our new catalogue shows that about 30 per cent more of the published Gaia alerts can most likely be attributed to YSO activity. The catalogue can be also useful to identify YSOs among future Gaia alerts.

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Bogdanov, D. E. "Bioprinting Technology as a Legal Challenge: Determining the Model of Legal Regulation." Lex Russica, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.151.6.080-091.

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The technology of 3D printing creates serious challenges to the legal system that in its development is lagging behind scientific and technological progress. The development of 3D printing technology leads to the «digitalization» of objects of the material world when the boundaries between the physical world and the digital space are blurred. If 3D printing digitalizes objects of the material world, bioprinting digitalizes the human body. An individual tends to depend on the digital incarnation of his body or its individual organs in the corresponding electronic 3D models.Bioprinting is aimed at the formation of a new medical paradigm that will result in overcoming the deficiency of human organs and tissues in the field of transplantology. The discovery of the possibility of reprogramming differentiated cells and obtaining induced pluripotent stem cells eliminates the ethical and legal problem associated with the use of stem cells of the embryo. This should be taken into account in the development of a model of legal regulation of relations connected with the creation of bio-print human organs.Bioprint organs are synthetic organs, so the relations associated with their creation and implantation need independent legal regulation. Contemporary transplantology legislation and bans and prohibitions contained in it do not take into account the features of the creation of organs through 3D bioprinting. It is acceptable to commercialize relations in the field of bioprinting, to perform non-gratuitous transactions in this area, as well as to permit limited turnover of «bioprinting» organs subjecting them to the regulation applied to any other objects of civil law. Legislation on biomedical cellular products is also not able to regulate relations related to the creation and implantation of bio-printed human organs. Thus, the need arises to adopt a special legislative act aimed at regulating relations at all stages of the use of bioprinting technology.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D object discovery'

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