Journal articles: '3D microstructures'

1

Basanta, David, Mark A. Miodownik, Elizabeth A. Holm, and Peter J. Bentley. "Evolving 3D Microstructures Using a Genetic Algorithm." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.1019.

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We describe a general approach to obtaining 3D microstructures as input to computer simulations of materials properties. We introduce a program called MicroConstructor, that takes 2D micrographs and generates 3D discrete computer microstructures which are statistically equivalent in terms of the microstructural variables of interest. The basis of the code is a genetic algorithm that evolves the 3D microstructure so that its stereological parameters match the 2D data. Since this approach is not limited by scale it can be used to generate 3D initial multiscale microstructures. This algorithm will enable microstructural modellers to use as their starting point, experimentally based microstructures without having to acquire 3D information experimentally, a very time consuming and expensive process.

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Dong, Qin, Zhong Wei Yin, Hu Lin Li, Yang Mao, and Geng Yuan Gao. "3D Reconstruction of Microstructure for Centrifugal Casting Babbitt Lining of Bimetallic Bearing Based on Mimics." Key Engineering Materials 841 (May 2020): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.841.94.

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Babbitt alloys are the most commonly used bearing materials for low speed diesel engines due to their excellent attributes. An understanding of microstructures in these alloys is important, especially quantifying microstructure in 3D. In this study, we used serial sectioning technique to reconstruct 3D microstructure of tin-based Babbitt lining of bimetallic bearing made by centrifugal casting based on medical software Mimics. The morphologies and volume fraction of hard phase particles and α-Sn matrix were obtained. The volume fraction of the reconstructed microstructures was verified by the area fraction of the metallographic sections, which proved a higher reliability of 3D reconstruction. The results of 3D microstructural characterization and analysis will enable a comprehensive understanding the structure–property relationships of these materials.

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Xu, Bin, Kang Guo, Likuan Zhu, Xiaoyu Wu, and Jianguo Lei. "Applying Foil Queue Microelectrode with Tapered Structure in Micro-EDM to Eliminate the Step Effect on the 3D Microstructure’s Surface." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030335.

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When using foil queue microelectrodes (FQ-microelectrodes) for micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM), the processed results of each foil microelectrode (F-microelectrode) can be stacked to construct three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. However, the surface of the 3D microstructure obtained from this process will have a step effect, which has an adverse effect on the surface quality and shape accuracy of the 3D microstructures. To focus on this problem, this paper proposes to use FQ-microelectrodes with tapered structures for micro-EDM, thereby eliminating the step effect on the 3D microstructure’s surface. By using a low-speed wire EDM machine, a copper foil with thickness of 300 μm was processed to obtain a FQ-microelectrode in which each of the F-microelectrodes has a tapered structure along its thickness direction. These tapered structures could effectively improve the construction precision of the 3D microstructure and effectively eliminate the step effect. In this paper, the effects of the taper angle and the number of microelectrodes on the step effect were investigated. The experimental results show that the step effect on the 3D microstructure’s surface became less evident with the taper angle and the number of F-microelectrodes increased. Finally, under the processing voltage of 120 V, pulse width of 1 μs and pulse interval of 10 μs, a FQ-microelectrode (including 40 F-microelectrodes) with 10° taper angle was used for micro-EDM. The obtained 3D microstructure has good surface quality and the step effect was essentially eliminated.

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Mishnaevsky, Leon. "Computational Analysis of the Effects of Microstructures on Damage and Fracture in Heterogeneous Materials." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.489.

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3D FE (finite element) simulations of the deformation and damage evolution of particle reinforced composites are carried out for different microstructures of the composites. Several new methods and programs for the automatic reconstruction of 3D microstructures of composites on the basis of the geometrical description of microstructures as well as on the basis of the voxel array data have been developed and tested. Different methods of reconstruction and generation of finite element models of 3D microstructures of composite materials (geometry-based and voxel array based) are discussed and compared. It was shown that FE analyses of the elasto-plastic deformation and damage of composite materials using the microstructural models of materials generated with these methods yield very close results. Numerical testing of composites with random, regular, clustered and gradient arrangements of spherical particles is carried out. The fraction of failed particles and the tensile stress-strain curves were determined numerically for each of the microstructures. It was found that the rate of damage growth as well as the critical applied strain, at which the damage growth in particles begins, depend on the particle arrangement, and increase in the following order: gradient < random < regular < clustered microstructure.

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Spanos, Ioannis, Alexandros Selimis, and Maria Farsari. "3D magnetic microstructures." Procedia CIRP 74 (2018): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.139.

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Bakar, Azrena Abu, Masahiro Nakajima, Chengzhi Hu, Hirotaka Tajima, Shoichi Maruyama, and Toshio Fukuda. "Fabrication of 3D Photoresist Structure for Artificial Capillary Blood Vessel." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 25, no. 4 (August 20, 2013): 673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2013.p0673.

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We propose a new method for fabricating artificial capillaries using direct laser writing. IP-L and Ormocomp are tested as photoresist materials. Three different microstructures were fabricated from IP-L: a porous hollow pipe microstructure, a 3 × 3 array of twig microstructures, and an array of hollow twig microstructures. Porous hollow pipe microstructures of different diameters were fabricated from Ormocomp, a biocompatible photoresist. These designs resemble capillaries. IP-L and Ormocomp fabrication parameters, such as laser power, numerical aperture, fabrication time, and fabrication model, are compared. Fabrication time is related to the fabrication model chosen during the direct laser writing process. Combined model fabrication is recommended over solid model fabrication because it results in shorter fabrication time and a more robust microstructure that is more likely to maintain its shape on the substrate after development. Laser power is another important parameter controlling fabrication. IP-L fabrication withstands up to 20 mW of laser power, unlike Ormocomp microstructures, which require laser power of less than 18 mW. IP-L and Ormocomp photoresist stiffness is also evaluated. The fabrication of artificial capillaries is important in developing vascular simulators that enable researchers to understand, for example, blood pressure in the kidney glomerulus.

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Li, Chun, Guojia Fang, Wenjie Guan, and Xingzhong Zhao. "Multipod ZnO 3D microstructures." Materials Letters 61, no. 14-15 (June 2007): 3310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.02.068.

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Park, Kyungjin, Kanghyun Kim, Seung Lee, Geunbae Lim, and Jong Kim. "Fabrication of Polymer Microstructures of Various Angles via Synchrotron X-Ray Lithography Using Simple Dimensional Transformation." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081460.

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In this paper, we developed a method of fabricating polymer microstructures at various angles on a single substrate via synchrotron X-ray lithography coupled with simple dimensional transformations. Earlier efforts to create various three-dimensional (3D) features on flat substrates focused on the exposure technology, material properties, and light sources. A few research groups have sought to create microstructures on curved substrates. We created tilted microstructures of various angles by simply deforming the substrate from 3D to two-dimensional (2D). The microstructural inclination angles changed depending on the angles of the support at particular positions. We used convex, concave, and S-shaped supports to fabricate microstructures with high aspect ratios (1:11) and high inclination angles (to 79°). The method is simple and can be extended to various 3D microstructural applications; for example, the fabrication of microarrays for optical components, and tilted micro/nanochannels for biological applications.

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Zheng, Xiu Ting, Hai Long Wei, Shi Bao Li, Da Ming Wu, Ying Liu, Ya Jun Zhang, Hong Xu, and Yang Zhou. "The Research on Structure Design of LED Fluorescent Lamp Microstructures Diffuser and the Effect on the Optical Properties." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1274.

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This thesis is devoted to the research on different microstructures design of lighting LED fluorescent lamp diffuser,and the simulation analysis of the light and distribution graph of 2D microstructures array diffuser of C semi-cylinder lens and V-cut prism,diffuser of microlens array 3D microstructures and non-micro structure diffuser by software Light Tools,then comparative analysis the transmittance and uniformity of these diffuser.The finding indicate that,Compared with none microstructure and 3D microlens diffuser,2D microstructure diffuser can achieve LED fluorescent lamp uniformity and transmittance reached more than 85%, it can realize the excellent integrated optical properties indicators of LED fluorescent lamp light uniform distribution,Not only realize the energy saving and avoid glare effect.

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Gomes, Edgar, Kim Verbeken, and Leo Kestens. "Virtual 3D Microstructures with Specified Characteristics of State Variable Distributions." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.540.

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For a wide variety of model calculations a hypothetical 3D microstructure is required as input. Although experimental data are frequently used to this purpose, 3D microstructures are difficult to measure experimentally. In order to circumvent these difficulties, a virtual microstructure generator to simulate a specific 3D material microstructure is proposed. Such a virtual microstructure could serve as input for different types of models, would allow a faster model prototyping, would help to explore the boundary conditions of models and reduces the number of unnecessary experimental measurements. In the current paper, the method to generate and to control the grain size distribution as well as texture are discussed.

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Yoshida, Shotaro, Koji Sato, and Shoji Takeuchi. "Three-Dimensional Microassembly of Cell-Laden Microplates by in situ Gluing with Photocurable Hydrogels." International Journal of Automation Technology 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2014): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2014.p0095.

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This paper describes a method for assembling cellladen microplates into three-dimensional (3D) microstructures by in situ gluing using photocurable hydrogels. We picked up cell-laden microplates with microtweezers, placed the plate perpendicular to one another on a microgroove device, and glued them by local photopolymerization of biocompatible Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. The advantage of this assembly method is its ability to construct 3D biological microstructures with targeted cells. We demonstrated the assembly of a 3D half-cube microstructure with genetically labeled cell-laden microplates. We believe our method is useful for engineering the positions of cells in 3D configurations for cell-cell interaction analysis and tissue engineering.

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12

Gallardo-Basile, Francisco-José, Yannick Naunheim, Franz Roters, and Martin Diehl. "Lath Martensite Microstructure Modeling: A High-Resolution Crystal Plasticity Simulation Study." Materials 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030691.

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Lath martensite is a complex hierarchical compound structure that forms during rapid cooling of carbon steels from the austenitic phase. At the smallest, i.e., ‘single crystal’ scale, individual, elongated domains, form the elemental microstructural building blocks: the name-giving laths. Several laths of nearly identical crystallographic orientation are grouped together to blocks, in which–depending on the exact material characteristics–clearly distinguishable subblocks might be observed. Several blocks with the same habit plane together form a packet of which typically three to four together finally make up the former parent austenitic grain. Here, a fully parametrized approach is presented which converts an austenitic polycrystal representation into martensitic microstructures incorporating all these details. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) are generated based on prior austenite microstructure reconstructed from a 2D experimental martensitic microstructure. The RVEs are used for high-resolution crystal plasticity simulations with a fast spectral method-based solver and a phenomenological constitutive description. The comparison of the results obtained from the 2D experimental microstructure and the 2D RVEs reveals a high quantitative agreement. The stress and strain distributions and their characteristics change significantly if 3D microstructures are used. Further simulations are conducted to systematically investigate the influence of microstructural parameters, such as lath aspect ratio, lath volume, subblock thickness, orientation scatter, and prior austenitic grain shape on the global and local mechanical behavior. These microstructural features happen to change the local mechanical behavior, whereas the average stress–strain response is not significantly altered. Correlations between the microstructure and the plastic behavior are established.

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13

Waller, Erik Hagen, and Georg von Freymann. "From photoinduced electron transfer to 3D metal microstructures via direct laser writing." Nanophotonics 7, no. 7 (May 18, 2018): 1259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0134.

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AbstractWe review the fundamental concepts of direct laser writing (DLW) of 3D metallic structures via photoreduction and give an overview over the state-of-the-art. On the one hand, metallic microstructures and nanostructures play an important role in photonic applications such as resonators, antennas, metamaterials, and polarizers. On the other hand, DLW offers a flexible and fast way to fabricate microstructures. Because the underlying mechanisms from the first photoreaction to the final 3D microstructure are quite complex and not yet well controlled, we believe that a review of the photochemistry and photophysics of the direct writing process of metal structures helps to promote development in this field. To this end, we first summarize the principles of electroplating and electroless plating as this helps understand the photoresist’s components. Next, we describe the different photoreducing agents and photoreactions that lead to metal seeds and in consequence to nanoparticles. This is followed by insights into the physics of nanoparticle agglomeration to the desired microstructure. Finally, we give an overview over the state-of-the-art of DLW metallic 3D microstructures.

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14

Velichko, Alexandra, and Frank Mücklich. "3D-Analysis of Complex Microstructures." Imaging & Microscopy 9, no. 3 (August 2007): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imic.200790178.

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Lee, Sung Hoon, Sung-Eun Choi, Austen James Heinz, Wook Park, Sangkwon Han, Yoonseok Jung, and Sunghoon Kwon. "Active Guidance of 3D Microstructures." Small 6, no. 23 (November 9, 2010): 2668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201001248.

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16

Su, B., T. W. Button, A. Schneider, L. Singleton, and P. Prewett. "Embossing of 3D ceramic microstructures." Microsystem Technologies 8, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2002): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-001-0160-8.

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17

Wang, Sheng Yu, and Anthony D. Rollett. "Abnormal Subgrain Growth by Monte Carlo Simulation Based on Hot-Rolled AA5005 Aluminum Alloy Texture." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.377.

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The subgrain structure of hot rolled aluminum alloy AA 5005 has been characterized on as-received samples using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). Based on the OIM scans of RD-ND and TD-ND, 3 dimensional microstructures of subgrains are built up using the 3D Microstructure Builder, which is a method for developing statistically representative digital representations of microstructures. Following the generation of microstructure, different textures were fit to these reconstructed 3D microstructures, based on individual components such as Brass and S textures. For this study, the Brass texture was chosen as an exemplary case. Monte Carlo simulation was used to model subgrain coarsening and visualization was a key to detecting abnormal grain growth. The main objective is to understand the circumstances under which we can expect abnormal (sub-)grain growth to lead to nucleation of recrystallization.

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Scherff, Frederik, Jessica Gola, Sebastian Scholl, Kinshuk Srivastava, Thorsten Staudt, Dominik Britz, Frank Mücklich, and Stefan Diebels. "Numerical simulation of dual-phase steel based on real and virtual three-dimensional microstructures." Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 33, no. 5 (February 18, 2021): 1989–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00161-021-00980-x.

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AbstractDual-phase steel shows a strong connection between its microstructure and its mechanical properties. This structure–property correlation is caused by the composition of the microstructure of a soft ferritic matrix with embedded hard martensite areas, leading to a simultaneous increase in strength and ductility. As a result, dual-phase steels are widely used especially for strength-relevant and energy-absorbing sheet metal structures. However, their use as heavy plate steel is also desirable. Therefore, a better understanding of the structure–property correlation is of great interest. Microstructure-based simulation is essential for a realistic simulation of the mechanical properties of dual-phase steel. This paper describes the entire process route of such a simulation, from the extraction of the microstructure by 3D tomography and the determination of the properties of the individual phases by nanoindentation, to the implementation of a simulation model and its validation by experiments. In addition to simulations based on real microstructures, simulations based on virtual microstructures are also of great importance. Thus, a model for the generation of virtual microstructures is presented, allowing for the same statistical properties as real microstructures. With the help of these structures and the aforementioned simulation model, it is then possible to predict the mechanical properties of a dual-phase steel, whose three-dimensional (3D) microstructure is not yet known with high accuracy. This will enable future investigations of new dual-phase steel microstructures within a virtual laboratory even before their production.

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Jurisch, Marie, Thomas Studnitzky, Olaf Andersen, and Bernd Kieback. "Thermohydrogen Processing of 3D Screen Printed Titanium Parts." Key Engineering Materials 704 (August 2016): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.704.251.

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The present study addresses the need for grain refinement in free sintered titanium alloys produced by 3D screen printing. Thermohydrogen processing (THP) was used for temporary alloying Ti-6Al-4V with hydrogen to refine its microstructure. The impact on microstructure was investigated by a parameter study with varying temperatures, exposure times and hydrogen partial pressures. Heat treated specimens were examined by optical microscopy, XRD and thermal analysis. The influence of the refined microstructure on the mechanical properties was evaluated by tensile and microhardness testing. Ultrafine grained microstructures with ultimate tensile strengths of up to more than 1000 MPa could be produced.

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Liang, Qian, Yaozhen Hou, Fei Meng, and Huaping Wang. "Optimization of the Fluidic-Based Assembly for Three-Dimensional Construction of Multicellular Hydrogel Micro-Architecture in Mimicking Hepatic Lobule-like Tissues." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091129.

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Three-dimensional (3D) assembly of microstructures encapsulating co-cultured multiple cells can highly recapitulate the in vivo tissues, which has a great prospect in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In order to fully mimic the in vivo architecture, the hydrogel microstructure needs to be designed into a special shape and spatially organized without damage, which is very challenging because of its limited mechanical properties. Here, we propose a 3D assembly method for the construction of liver lobule-like microstructures (a mimetic gear-like microstructure of liver lobule) through the local fluidic interaction. Although the method has been proven and is known as the consensual means for constructing 3D cellular models, it is still challenging to improve the assembly efficiency and the assembly success rate by adjusting the fluidic force of non-contact lifting and stacking. To improve the assembly efficiency and the assembly success rate, a fluidic simulation model is proposed based on the mechanism of the interaction between the microstructures and the fluid. By computing the simulation model, we found three main parameters that affect the assembly process; they are the velocity of the microflow, the tilt angle of the manipulator and the spacing between the microstructures and the manipulator. Compared with our previous work, the assembly efficiency was significantly improved 63.8% by using the optimized parameters of the model for assembly process, and the assembly success rate was improved from 98% to 99.5%. With the assistance of the assembly simulation, the luminal 3D micromodels of liver tissue show suitable bioactivity and biocompatibility after long-term hepatocytes culture. We anticipate that our method will be capable of improving the efficiency of the microstructures assembly to regenerate more complex multicellular constructs with unprecedented possibilities for future tissue engineering applications.

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Cao, Axiu, Li Xue, Yingfei Pang, Liwei Liu, Hui Pang, Lifang Shi, and Qiling Deng. "Design and Fabrication of Flexible Naked-Eye 3D Display Film Element Based on Microstructure." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120864.

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The naked-eye three-dimensional (3D) display technology without wearing equipment is an inevitable future development trend. In this paper, the design and fabrication of a flexible naked-eye 3D display film element based on a microstructure have been proposed to achieve a high-resolution 3D display effect. The film element consists of two sets of key microstructures, namely, a microimage array (MIA) and microlens array (MLA). By establishing the basic structural model, the matching relationship between the two groups of microstructures has been studied. Based on 3D graphics software, a 3D object information acquisition model has been proposed to achieve a high-resolution MIA from different viewpoints, recording without crosstalk. In addition, lithography technology has been used to realize the fabrications of the MLA and MIA. Based on nanoimprint technology, a complete integration technology on a flexible film substrate has been formed. Finally, a flexible 3D display film element has been fabricated, which has a light weight and can be curled.

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Jensen, D. Juul, S. E. Offerman, and J. Sietsma. "3DXRD Characterization and Modeling of Solid-State Transformation Processes." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 6 (June 2008): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.127.

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AbstractThree-dimensional x-ray diffraction (3DXRD) allows nondestructive characterization of grains, orientations, and stresses in bulk microstructures and, therefore, enables in situ studies of the structural dynamics during processing. The method is described briefly, and its potential for providing new data valuable for validation of various models of microstructural evolution is discussed. Examples of 3DXRD measurements related to recrystallization and to solid-state phase transformations in metals are described. 3DXRD measurements have led to new modeling activity predicting the evolution of metallic microstructures with much more detail than hitherto possible. Among these modeling activities are three-dimensional (3D) geometric modeling, 3D molecular dynamics modeling, 3D phase-field modeling, two-dimensional (2D) cellular automata, and 2D Monte Carlo simulations.

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Lei, Jianguo, Kai Jiang, Xiaoyu Wu, Hang Zhao, and Bin Xu. "Surface Quality Improvement of 3D Microstructures Fabricated by Micro-EDM with a Composite 3D Microelectrode." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090868.

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Three-dimensional (3D) microelectrodes used for processing 3D microstructures in micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) can be readily prepared by laminated object manufacturing (LOM). However, the microelectrode surface always appears with steps due to the theoretical error of LOM, significantly reducing the surface quality of 3D microstructures machined by micro-EDM with the microelectrode. To address the problem above, this paper proposes a filling method to fabricate a composite 3D microelectrode and applies it in micro-EDM for processing 3D microstructures without steps. The effect of bonding temperature and Sn film thickness on the steps is investigated in detail. Meanwhile, the distribution of Cu and Sn elements in the matrix and the steps is analyzed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Experimental results show that when the Sn layer thickness on the interface is 8 μm, 15 h after heat preservation under 950 °C, the composite 3D microelectrodes without the steps on the surface were successfully fabricated, while Sn and Cu elements were evenly distributed in the microelectrodes. Finally, the composite 3D microelectrodes were applied in micro-EDM. Furthermore, 3D microstructures without steps on the surface were obtained. This study verifies the feasibility of machining 3D microstructures without steps by micro-EDM with a composite 3D microelectrode fabricated via the proposed method.

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Chen, Yi Cheng, and Shi Chang Tseng. "Novel Scanning Immersion Lithography for 3D Microfabrication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.747.

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We propose the first time combining the merit of scanning and immersion lithography to fabricate 3D microstructure in this study. Via applying a matching liquid to reduce the diffraction error, the gap between the mask/resist becomes more tolerable. In addition, the liquid also act as a lubricant and a buffer for smooth movement of the mask/substrate. These advantages will benefit the performance of scanning lithography technique. The experimental results show that the large-area, 3D microstructure with excellent surface quality (Ravg<10 nm) can be successively fabricated based on this method. Besides, 3D microstructures with various geometries and functionalities can be generated by altering the shape of the mask pattern, or changing the scanning directions. The proposed SIL technique seems to be a promising way for fabricating 3D microstructure for optical applications.

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Diógenes, A. N., L. O. E. Dos Santos, C. P. Fernandes, A. C. Moreira, and C. R. Apolloni. "POROUS MEDIA MICROSTRUCTURE RECONSTRUCTION USING PIXEL-BASED AND OBJECT-BASED SIMULATED ANNEALING – COMPARISON WITH OTHER RECONSTRUCTION METHODS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v8i2.61896.

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In this contribution the issue of the stochastic reconstruction of particulatemedia from 2D photomicrographic images is addressed with particular reference to pore space connectivity. The reconstruction of porous bodies in 2D or 3D space was achieved by using simulated annealing techniques. Two methods were proposed to reconstruct a well connected pore space. The first, named PSA (Pixel-based Simulated Annealing), a pixel-movement based, three constraints were found to be necessary for the successful reconstruction of well connected pore space: the two-pointcorrelation function, the d3-4 distance transform distribution and the linealpath function for the pore phase. The second, named OSA (Object-based Simulated Annealing), only constrains the two-point correlation function. Following several researches which tried to reconstruct porous media using pixel-movement based simulated techniques, we propose a new parameter to add a microstructure descriptor, but we also propose a new technique, based in moving the microstructure grains (spheres) instead of the pixels. Both methods were applied to reconstruct reservoir rocks microstructures, and the 2D and 3D results were compared with microstructures reconstructed by truncated Gaussian methods. The PSA resulted in microstructures characterized by poor pore space connectivity, and by artificial patterns, while the OSA reconstructed microstructures with good pore space connectivity. These results indicate that the OSA method can reconstruct better microstructures than the present methods.

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Tianyou, Pu, and Peng Weizhou. "Microstructures in 3D carbon–Carbon composites." Ceramics International 24, no. 8 (December 1998): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-8842(97)00063-1.

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Gobet, J., F. Cardot, J. Bergqvist, and F. Rudolf. "Electrodeposition of 3D microstructures on silicon." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 3, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/3/3/007.

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Inoke, Koji, Kenji Kaneko, and Z. Horita. "Three-Dimensional Imaging of Shear Band Produced by ECAP Process in Al-Ag Alloy." Materials Science Forum 503-504 (January 2006): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.503-504.603.

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A significant change in microstructure occurs during the application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) such as by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). In this study, intense plastic strain was imposed on an Al-10.8wt%Ag alloy by the ECAP process. The amount of strain was controlled by the numbers of passes. After 1 pass of ECAP, shear bands became visible within the matrix. With increasing numbers of ECAP passes, the fraction of shear bands was increased. In this study, the change in microstructures was examined by three-dimensional electron tomography (3D-ET) in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). With this 3D-ET method, it was possible to conduct a precise analysis of the sizes, widths and distributions of the shear bands produced by the ECAP process. It is demonstrated that the 3D-ET method is promising to understand mechanisms of microstructural refinement using the ECAP process.

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Назьмов, В. П. "Глубокая 3D-рентгенолитография на основе высококонтрастного рентгенорезиста." Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no. 18 (2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.18.48227.17879.

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In the classical X-ray lithography, the X-ray beam is perpendicular to both the mask and the resist layer; the beam starts to create microstructure along its path without transverse modulation. With the advanced technique of tilting and rotating the mask/resist layer and due account of properties of X-ray resist, multiple exposure enables creation of real 3D shape with submicrometer accuracy. This paper presents a technique of creation of real 3D microstructures with application of multi-beam X-ray lithography. This technique enables creation of a large number of 3D structures.

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Mensing, Glennys, Thomas Pearce, and David J. Beebe. "An Ultrarapid Method of Creating 3D Channels and Microstructures." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 10, no. 1 (February 2005): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jala.2004.11.006.

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We present a method of creating three dimensional microfluidic channel networks and freestanding microstructures using liquid phase photopolymerization techniques. The use of liquid phase microfabrication facilitates the creation of microstructured devices using low-cost materials and equipment. The ability to add multiple layers allows for complex geometries and increases the functional density of channeled devices. The multilayer technique provides a method of interconnecting layers or combining separate layers to form a truly integrated multilayered microfluidic device, as well as a means of forming multilayered freestanding structures. Because this method is based on the fundamentals of microfluidic tectonics (μFT), all components (valves, mixers, filters) compatible with μFT can be integrated into the multilayer channel networks.

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31

Lima, Frederico, Isman Khazi, Ulrich Mescheder, Alok C. Tungal, and Uma Muthiah. "Fabrication of 3D microstructures using grayscale lithography." Advanced Optical Technologies 8, no. 3-4 (June 26, 2019): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2019-0023.

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Abstract Following the demand for three-dimensional (3D) micromachined structures, additive and subtractive processes were developed for fabrication of real 3D shapes in metals, alloys and monocrystalline Si (c-Si). As a primary structuring step for well-defined 3D structuring of the photoresist, grayscale lithography by laser direct writing was used. For additive fabrication of 3D microstructures, structured photoresist was used as molds. They were sputtered and subsequently electroplated by a metal (Cu) and an alloy (NiCo). The derived electroplated structures were demolded from the photoresist using an organic stripper. These metal structures are satisfactory replicas of the photoresist pattern. For subtractive pattern transfer of 3D structures into c-Si, reactive ion etching (RIE) was used to transfer the 3D photoresist structure into c-Si with 1:1 pattern transferability. The process parameters of RIE were optimized to obtain a selectivity of 1 and an anisotropy factor close to 1. Whereas conventional X-ray lithography (LIGA) and nanoimprint lithography result in 2.5D patterns, these techniques allow the fabrication of almost any arbitrary 3D shapes with high accuracy. In many cases, 3D structures (‘free forms’) are required, e.g. for molding of optical components such as spheres (or aspheres), channels for lab-on-a-chip and pillars for biological applications. Moreover, 3D structures on Si could be used as optical gratings and sensors.

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32

Qiu, Xiujiao, Jiayi Chen, Maxim Deprez, Veerle Cnudde, Guang Ye, and Geert De Schutter. "3D Microstructure Simulation of Reactive Aggregate in Concrete from 2D Images as the Basis for ASR Simulation." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112908.

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The microstructure of alkali-reactive aggregates, especially the spatial distribution of the pore and reactive silica phase, plays a significant role in the process of the alkali silica reaction (ASR) in concrete, as it determines not only the reaction front of ASR but also the localization of the produced expansive product from where the cracking begins. However, the microstructure of the aggregate was either simplified or neglected in the current ASR simulation models. Due to the various particle sizes and heterogeneous distribution of the reactive silica in the aggregate, it is difficult to obtain a representative microstructure at a desired voxel size by using non-destructive computed tomography (CT) or focused ion beam milling combined with scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). In order to fill this gap, this paper proposed a model that simulates the microstructures of the alkali-reactive aggregate based on 2D images. Five representative 3D microstructures with different pore and quartz fractions were simulated from SEM images. The simulated fraction, scattering density, as well as the autocorrelation function (ACF) of pore and quartz agreed well with the original ones. A 40×40×40 mm3 concrete cube with irregular coarse aggregates was then simulated with the aggregate assembled by the five representative microstructures. The average pore (at microscale μm) and quartz fractions of the cube matched well with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results. The simulated microstructures can be used as a basis for simulation of the chemical reaction of ASR at a microscale.

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Park, S. J., S. G. Chung, and Hae Do Jeong. "Replication for Microstructure Using Soft Mold." Key Engineering Materials 339 (May 2007): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.339.348.

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In this paper, a new replication technique for 1D, 2D, and 3D microstructure was introduced, in which a master pattern was made of photo-curable epoxy using microstereolithography technology, an etching process, and a dicing process. Next, it was transferred onto an epoxy. Barrier ribs were selected as the 1D microstructure, and a rectangular pattern was selected as the 2D microstructure. A helical gear was selected as one of the real 3D microstructures for this study, and these were replicated from pure epoxy. In addition, the life span of the soft mold for using the micro replication process was evaluated.

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Petrov, Roumen H., Orlando León García, Nuria Sánchez Mouriño, Leo Kestens, Jin Ho Bae, and Ki Bong Kang. "Microstructure - Texture Related Toughness Anisotropy of API-X80 Pipeline Steel Characterized by Means of 3D-EBSD Technique." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 1429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.1429.

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The variations of in plane Charpy toughness anisotropy as a function of the microstructure and texture of an industrial grade of API –X80 pipeline steel was studied. Standard size Charpy samples with a long axis orientated at 0, 22.5, 45, 67.5 and 90° with respect to the rolling direction of the plate were tested at different temperatures varying from -196°C to 20°C. Microstructure and texture of the plates were investigated by means of electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), XRD and the recently developed 3D EBSD technique. The spatial grain shape orientation distribution was examined on samples which were cut from the middle thickness of an industrial rolled plate by means of 3D EBSD and following grain shape reconstruction and approximation of the grain shape with ellipsoids. It was found that the experimentally observed 3D microstructures could well be correlated to the anisotropy of the measured Charpy impact toughness of the steel for the Charpy samples. The Charpy toughness anisotropy of the plates in the transition region where both ductile and brittle fractures take place can be related to the microstructural anisotropy characterized by the grain shape orientation and the spatial distribution of the 2nd phase.

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35

Kulosa, Matthias, Matthias Neumann, Martin Boeff, Gerd Gaiselmann, Volker Schmidt, and Alexander Hartmaier. "A Study on Microstructural Parameters for the Characterization of Granular Porous Ceramics Using a Combination of Stochastic and Mechanical Modeling." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 09, no. 05 (July 2017): 1750069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825117500697.

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To correlate the mechanical properties of granular porous materials with their microstructure, typically porosity is being considered as the dominant parameter. In this work, we suggest the average coordination number, i.e., the average number of connections that each grain of the porous material has to its neighboring grains, as additional — and possibly even more fundamental — microstructural parameter. In this work, a combination of stochastic and mechanical modeling is applied to study microstructural influences on the elastic properties of porous ceramics. This is accomplished by generating quasi-two-dimensional (2D) and fully three-dimensional (3D) representative volume elements (RVEs) with tailored microstructural features by a parametric stochastic microstructure model. In the next step, the elastic properties of the RVEs are characterized by finite element analysis. The results reveal that the average coordination number exhibits a very strong correlation with the Young’s modulus of the material in both 2D and 3D RVEs. Moreover, it is seen that quasi-2D RVEs with the same average coordination number, but largely different porosities, only differ very slightly in their elastic properties such that the correlation is almost unique. This finding is substantiated and discussed in terms of the load distribution in microstructures with different porosities and average coordination numbers.

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Alves, André Luiz Moraes, Guilherme Dias da Fonseca, Marcos Felipe Braga da Costa, Weslley Luiz da Silva Assis, and Paulo Rangel Rios. "Evolution of Individual Grains in 3d Microstructure Generated by Computational Simulation of Transformations Involving Two Phases." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.305.

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In the phase transformations of the solid state, situations can occur in which the initial phase transform forming two or more distinct phases. The exact mathematical model for situations where more than one transformation occurs simultaneously or sequentially was proposed by Rios and Villa. The computational simulation was used to study the evolution and visualization of the possible microstructures that these transformations may present. The causal cone methodology was adopted. The simulations were compared with the analytical model to ensure that they occur as expected. The growth of individual grains of each phase was monitored in 3D microstructure evolution. With this monitoring, was possible to extract useful data able to quantify the simulated 3D microstructure. Quantifying the simulated microstructures increase the possibility of the simulations give to the experimentalist insights about the transformations. In this paper, it is verified that each grain evolves in an individual way, as expected, however their growth is similar.

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Gatemala, Harnchana, Sanong Ekgasit, and Prompong Pienpinijtham. "3D structure-preserving galvanic replacement to create hollow Au microstructures." CrystEngComm 19, no. 27 (2017): 3808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ce00484b.

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3D hollow Au microstructures (HL-AuMSs) are fabricated via a galvanic replacement approach. 3D nanoporous Ag microstructures (np-AgMSs) are sacrificed as a template to control the structural complexity of HL-AuMSs.

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38

Venugopal, Vineet. "Crystal microstructures inspire architected 3D printed metamaterials." MRS Bulletin 44, no. 4 (April 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2019.79.

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39

Ren Huai-Hui and Li Xu-Dong. "3D material microstructures design and numerical simulation." Acta Physica Sinica 58, no. 6 (2009): 4041. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.58.4041.

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40

Schumacher, Christian, Bernd Bickel, Jan Rys, Steve Marschner, Chiara Daraio, and Markus Gross. "Microstructures to control elasticity in 3D printing." ACM Transactions on Graphics 34, no. 4 (July 27, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2766926.

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41

Lammel, G., and Ph Renaud. "Free-standing, mobile 3D porous silicon microstructures." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 85, no. 1-3 (August 2000): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(00)00382-4.

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42

Liu, Yiming, Yeshou Xu, Raudel Avila, Chao Liu, Zhaoqian Xie, Lidai Wang, and Xinge Yu. "3D printed microstructures for flexible electronic devices." Nanotechnology 30, no. 41 (July 25, 2019): 414001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab2d5d.

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43

Oh, Seungwhan, Eun-A. Kwak, Seongho Jeon, Suji Ahn, Jong-Man Kim, and Justyn Jaworski. "Responsive 3D Microstructures from Virus Building Blocks." Advanced Materials 26, no. 30 (June 18, 2014): 5217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201401768.

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44

Filliger, R., O. Mermoud, D. Trivun, and P. Walther. "3D anisotropy measurement methodology for surface microstructures." Surface and Interface Analysis 44, no. 13 (June 8, 2012): 1547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.5057.

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45

Trevizoli, P. V., R. Teyber, P. S. da Silveira, F. Scharf, S. M. Schillo, I. Niknia, P. Govindappa, T. V. Christiaanse, and A. Rowe. "Thermal-hydraulic evaluation of 3D printed microstructures." Applied Thermal Engineering 160 (September 2019): 113990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113990.

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46

Tay, B. Y., L. Liu, N. H. Loh, S. B. Tor, Y. Murakoshi, and R. Maeda. "Injection molding of 3D microstructures by μPIM." Microsystem Technologies 11, no. 2-3 (February 2005): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-004-0492-2.

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Ruvalcaba, D., Dmitry G. Eskin, and Laurens Katgerman. "3D Microstructure Reconstruction of Aluminium Alloys Quenched during Solidification." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1707.

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In the present research the possibility of studying the solidification of aluminum alloys by using the quenching technique is analyzed. Since the quenching technique does not provide reliable information (i.e. due to an overestimation of solid fraction) when measuring the solid fraction over 2D images from samples quenched at high temperature, the overestimation problem is investigated by analyzing 3D reconstructed microstructures from quenched samples. The 3D reconstructed microstructure may provide better understanding about the cause of overestimation of solid fraction when quenching at high temperatures. Consequently, the reconstruction of the microstructure that has existed before quenching may be possible after identifying and removing the solid phase that develops during quenching. In the present research, binary aluminum alloys are solidified and quenched at different temperatures, and then 3D reconstructed images are analyzed. The possibility of reconstructing the microstructure that develops during solidification before quenching is discussed.

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48

Ha, Cheol Woo, Prem Prabhakaran, and Yong Son. "3D-Printed Polymer/Metal Hybrid Microstructures with Ultraprecision for 3D Microcoils." 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 6, no. 3 (June 2019): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2018.0139.

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Strzelecki, Piotr Jan, Anna Świerczewska, Katarzyna Kopczewska, Adam Fheed, Jacek Tarasiuk, and Sebastian Wroński. "Decoding Rocks: An Assessment of Geomaterial Microstructure Using X-ray Microtomography, Image Analysis and Multivariate Statistics." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 3266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123266.

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An understanding of the microstructure of geomaterials such as rocks is fundamental in the evaluation of their functional properties, as well as the decryption of their geological history. We present a semi-automated statistical protocol for a complex 3D characterization of the microstructure of granular materials, including the clustering of grains and a description of their chemical composition, size, shape, and spatial properties with 44 unique parameters. The approach consists of an X-ray microtomographic image processing procedure, followed by measurements using image analysis and statistical multivariate analysis of its results utilizing freeware and widely available software. The statistical approach proposed was tested out on a sandstone sample with hidden and localized deformational microstructures. The grains were clustered into distinctive groups covering different compositional and geometrical features of the sample’s granular framework. The grains are pervasively and evenly distributed within the analysed sample. The spatial arrangement of grains in particular clusters is well organized and shows a directional trend referring to both microstructures. The methodological approach can be applied to any other rock type and enables the tracking of microstructural trends in grains arrangement.

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Fer, Benoît, David Tingaud, Azziz Hocini, Yulin Hao, Eric Leroy, Frédéric Prima, and Guy Dirras. "Powder Metallurgy Processing and Mechanical Properties of Controlled Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Heterogeneous Microstructures." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121626.

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This paper gives some insights into the fabrication process of a heterogeneous structured β-metastable type Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn alloy, and the associated mechanical properties optimization of this biocompatible and low elastic modulus material. The powder metallurgy processing route includes both low energy mechanical ball milling (BM) of spherical and pre-alloyed powder particles and their densification by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). It results in a heterogeneous microstructure which is composed of a homogeneous 3D network of β coarse grain regions called “core” and α/β dual phase ultra-fine grain regions called “shell.” However, it is possible to significantly modify the microstructural features of the alloy—including α phase and shell volume fractions—by playing with the main fabrication parameters. A focus on the role of the ball milling time is first presented and discussed. Then, the mechanical behavior via shear tests performed on selected microstructures is described and discussed in relation to the microstructure and the probable underlying deformation mechanism(s).

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Journal articles on the topic '3D microstructures'

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