Books: '3D general circulation model'

1

Tschuck, Peter. Atmospheric blocking in a general circulation model. Zürich: Geographisches Institut ETH, 1998.

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2

Grotch, Stanley L. Regional intercomparisons of general circulation model predictions and historical climate data. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, 1988.

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3

Oberhuber, Josef M. Simulation of the Atlantic circulation with a coupled sea ice-mixed layer-isopycnal general circulation model. Hamburg, Germany: Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meteorologie, 1990.

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4

Chou, Ru Ling. Derivation of revised formulae for eddy viscous forces used in the ocean general circulation model. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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5

Chou, Ru Ling. Derivation of revised formulae for eddy viscous forces used in the ocean general circulation model. New York, NY: Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 1988.

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6

Brown, Catherine Alicia. Oscillatory behavior in an ocean general circulation model of the North Atlantic. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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7

Weddle, Charles A. The effect of westerly wind bursts on a tropical ocean general circulation model. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1993.

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8

Berner, Judith. Detection and stochastic modeling of nonlinear signatures in the geopotential height field of an atmospheric general circulation model. St. Augustin [Germany]: Asgard Verlag, 2003.

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9

Kim, J. H. Circulation and rainfall climatology of a 10-year (1979-1988) integration with the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres General Circulation Model. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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10

Justus, C. G. Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model 2001 Version (Mars-GRAM 2001): Users guide. Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 2001.

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11

Roesch, Andreas Carl. Comparison and sensitivity studies of the land-surface schemes in the ECHAM general circulation model and the Europa-modell. Hamburg: Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, 1997.

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12

Service, Canadian Forest, and Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), eds. High resolution interpolation of climate scenarios for the conterminous USA and Alaska derived from general circulation model simulations. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2011.

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13

Grotch, Stanley L. An intercomparison of general circulation model predictions of regional climate change: Presented at the International Conference on "Modelling of Global Climate Change and Variability," Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany, September 1989. [Springfield, Va: Available from National Technical Information Service, 1990.

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14

General Circulation Model Development. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0074-6142(00)x8046-1.

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15

1948-, Randall David A., ed. General circulation model development. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.

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16

L, McGregor J., and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia), eds. The CSIRO 9-level atmospheric general circulation model. [Melbourne]: CSIRO Australia, 1993.

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17

J. L.; Gordon, H. B.; Watterson, I.G.; Dix, M. R.; Rotstayn, L. D. McGregor. The CSIRO 9-Level Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization - CSIRO, 1993.

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18

Atmospheric ozone as a climate gas: General circulation model simulations. Berlin: Springer, 1995.

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19

Randall, David A. General Circulation Model Development: Past, Present, and Future (International Geophysics). Academic Press, 2000.

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20

David, Halpern, Mechoso C. R, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A pacific ocean general circulation model for satellite data assimilation. Pasadena, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1991.

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21

Vettoretti, Guido. Paleoclimate tests of a model of the atmospheric general circulation. 2001.

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22

Atmospheric Ozone As A Climate Gas General Circulation Model Simulations. Springer, 2012.

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23

Randall, David A. General Circulation Model Development: Past, Present, and Future (International Geophysics). Academic Press, 2000.

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24

General circulation model output for forest climate change research and applications. Asheville, N.C. (P.O. Box 2680, Asheville 28802): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1993.

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25

General circulation model output for forest climate change research and applications. Asheville, N.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1993.

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26

Termination of Indian Ocean dipole event in an ocean general circulation model. Pune: Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 2007.

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27

Oh, Jai-Ho. Physically-based general circulation model parameterization of clouds and their radiative interaction. 1989.

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28

Cloud radiation forcings and feedbacks: General circulation model tests and observational validation. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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29

Oh, Jai-Ho. Physically-based general circulation model parameterization of clouds and their radiative interaction. 1989.

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30

Dara, Entekhabi, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The implementation and validation of improved land surface hydrology in an atmospheric general circulation model. [Cambridge, Mass.]: Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Hydrology and Water Resource Systems, 1991.

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31

Tomas, Robert A. Subseasonal variability in the Southern Hemisphere as simulated by a two-level atmospheric general circulation model. 1987.

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32

Gough, William Arthur. A diagnostic vorticity analysis of blocking using from the Canadian Climate centre general circulation model. 1986.

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33

L, Killeen T., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The VSH model: Final report. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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34

A nonlinear multigrid solver for an atmospheric general circulation model based on semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian advection of potential vorticity: Final report. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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35

Atmospheric model intercomparison project (AMIP): Intraseasonal oscillations in 15 atmospheric general circulation models (results from an AMIP diagnostic subproject). Geneva, Switzerland: Joint Planning Staff for WCRP, World Meteorological Organization, 1995.

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36

Wilks, Daniel S. Specification of local surface weather elements from large-scale general circulation model information, with application to agricultural impact assessment. 1986.

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37

Center, Goddard Space Flight, ed. A coupled ocean general circulation, biogeochemical, and radiative model of the global oceans: Seasonal distributions of ocean chlorophyll and nutrients. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.

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38

(Editor), Wei-Chyung Wang, and I. S. A. Isaksen (Editor), eds. Atmospheric Ozone As a Climate Gas: General Circulation Model Simulations (Nato a S I Series Series I, Global Environmental Change). Springer-Verlag Telos, 1995.

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39

C, Bridger Alison F., Haberle Robert M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Mars Global Surveyor: Aerobraking and observations support using a Mars global circulation model : a NASA Ames Research Center Joint Research Interchange, final report : university consortium agreement NCC2-5148; project duration, 25 July 1995-24 October 1997. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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40

C, Bridger Alison F., Haberle Robert M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Mars Global Surveyor: Aerobraking and observations support using a Mars global circulation model : a NASA Ames Research Center Joint Research Interchange, final report : university consortium agreement NCC2-5148; project duration, 25 July 1995-24 October 1997. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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41

F, D'Andrea, ed. Atmospheric model intercomparison project (AMIP), Northern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking as simulated by 15 atmospheric general circulation models in the period 1979-1988. [Geneva: World Meteorological Organization], 1996.

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42

Jiang, Xingjian. Role of oceanic heat transport processes in CO-́induced warming: Analysis of simulations by the OSU coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. 1986.

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43

Thomas, Chyba, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Interpretation of lidar and satellite data sets using a global photochemical model: Progress report--July 31, 1996; NASA grant #NCC-1-214. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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44

Dunlop, Storm. 2. The circulation of the atmosphere. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199571314.003.0002.

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‘The circulation of the atmosphere’ outlines the general model of the movement of air around the Earth. There are three circulation cells either side of the equator: the Hadley cell (nearest to the equator) and the polar cell, driven by specific temperature and pressure gradients, and the Ferrel cell between them. It describes global pressure patterns and the Coriolis effect, which results in south-westerly trade winds in the northern hemisphere and north-westerly trade winds in the southern. Also described are the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the polar easterlies, the westerlies, and how air moves around high- and low-pressure regions. The action of the surface winds also produces the various ocean currents.

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45

Sanders, Donald H. Virtual Reconstruction of Maritime Sites and Artifacts. Edited by Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton, and Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0014.

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The integration of virtual reality into archaeological research began in the early 1990s. The use of computer-based methods in maritime archaeology is recent. Before exploring a real-time virtual, a 3D computer model is created from drawings, general sketches, raw dimensions, 3D scanned data, or photographs, or by using simple primitives and “drawing” on the computer. Virtual reality is a simulation of physical reality offering the viewer real-time movement through a true 3D space and interactivity with the objects, which can be further enhanced with 3D sound, lighting, and touch. This article presents case studies to show how virtual reality becomes valuable for the four components of archaeology: documentation, research/analysis/hypothesis testing, teaching, and publication. As digital technologies advance, so too will the opportunities to explore underwater sites in ways that will continue to enhance our abilities to understand and teach maritime history.

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46

Benschop, Yvonne, Charlotte Holgersson, Marieke van den Brink, and Anna Wahl. Future Challenges for Practices of Diversity Management in Organizations. Edited by Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen, and Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.24.

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In this chapter, we zoom in on a set of diversity practices that prevail in organizations: training, mentoring, and networks. These practices meet scholarly critique for their lack of transformation. They are often seen as targeting ‘the Other’ employees to get them at par with majority employees, leaving the current system intact. However, it can be questioned whether values, practices and routines indeed remain intact in the organizations that engage in diversity training, mentoring, and networks. The aim of this chapter is to come to a better assessment of the transformative potential of these popular diversity practices. The notion of transformative potential means the potential for diversity practices to diminish inequalities by changing organizational work practices, norms, routines and interactions. We use the so-called 3D model that provides a systematic way of assessing diversity practices. We find that training, mentoring and networking can denote so many different things that it is as incorrect to dismiss any single of these interventions, as it is to praise them in general. We conclude that a multi-dimensional power perspective challenging structural discrimination and addressing conflicting interests is key to any diversity practice that strives for transformative change.

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47

Christensen, Ole Bøssing, and Erik Kjellström. Projections for Temperature, Precipitation, Wind, and Snow in the Baltic Sea Region until 2100. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.695.

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The ecosystems and the societies of the Baltic Sea region are quite sensitive to fluctuations in climate, and therefore it is expected that anthropogenic climate change will affect the region considerably. With numerical climate models, a large amount of projections of meteorological variables affected by anthropogenic climate change have been performed in the Baltic Sea region for periods reaching the end of this century.Existing global and regional climate model studies suggest that:• The future Baltic climate will get warmer, mostly so in winter. Changes increase with time or increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a large spread between different models, but they all project warming. In the northern part of the region, temperature change will be higher than the global average warming.• Daily minimum temperatures will increase more than average temperature, particularly in winter.• Future average precipitation amounts will be larger than today. The relative increase is largest in winter. In summer, increases in the far north and decreases in the south are seen in most simulations. In the intermediate region, the sign of change is uncertain.• Precipitation extremes are expected to increase, though with a higher degree of uncertainty in magnitude compared to projected changes in temperature extremes.• Future changes in wind speed are highly dependent on changes in the large-scale circulation simulated by global climate models (GCMs). The results do not all agree, and it is not possible to assess whether there will be a general increase or decrease in wind speed in the future.• Only very small high-altitude mountain areas in a few simulations are projected to experience a reduction in winter snow amount of less than 50%. The southern half of the Baltic Sea region is projected to experience significant reductions in snow amount, with median reductions of around 75%.

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48

Holmes, Jonathan, and Philipp Hoelzmann. The Late Pleistocene-Holocene African Humid Period as Evident in Lakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.531.

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From the end of the last glacial stage until the mid-Holocene, large areas of arid and semi-arid North Africa were much wetter than present, during the interval that is known as the African Humid Period (AHP). During this time, large areas were characterized by a marked increase in precipitation, an expansion of lakes, river systems, and wetlands, and the spread of grassland, shrub land, and woodland vegetation into areas that are currently much drier. Simulations with climate models indicate that the AHP was the result of orbitally forced increase in northern hemisphere summer insolation, which caused the intensification and northward expansion of the boreal summer monsoon. However, feedbacks from ocean circulation, land-surface cover, and greenhouse gases were probably also important.Lake basins and their sediment archives have provided important information about climate during the AHP, including the overall increases in precipitation and in rates, trajectories, and spatial variations in change at the beginning and the end of the interval. The general pattern is one of apparently synchronous onset of the AHP at the start of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial around 14,700 years ago, although wet conditions were interrupted by aridity during the Younger Dryas stadial. Wetter conditions returned at the start of the Holocene around 11,700 years ago covering much of North Africa and extended into parts of the southern hemisphere, including southeastern Equatorial Africa. During this time, the expansion of lakes and of grassland or shrub land vegetation over the area that is now the Sahara desert, was especially marked. Increasing aridity through the mid-Holocene, associated with a reduction in northern hemisphere summer insolation, brought about the end of the AHP by around 5000–4000 years before present. The degree to which this end was abrupt or gradual and geographically synchronous or time transgressive, remains open to debate. Taken as a whole, the lake sediment records do not support rapid and synchronous declines in precipitation and vegetation across the whole of North Africa, as some model experiments and other palaeoclimate archives have suggested. Lake sediments from basins that desiccated during the mid-Holocene may have been deflated, thus providing a misleading picture of rapid change. Moreover, different proxies of climate or environment may respond in contrasting ways to the same changes in climate. Despite this, there is evidence of rapid (within a few hundred years) termination to the AHP in some regions, with clear signs of a time-transgressive response both north to south and east to west, pointing to complex controls over the mid-Holocene drying of North Africa.

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49

Gao, Yanhong, and Deliang Chen. Modeling of Regional Climate over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.591.

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The modeling of climate over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) started with the introduction of Global Climate Models (GCMs) in the 1950s. Since then, GCMs have been developed to simulate atmospheric dynamics and eventually the climate system. As the highest and widest international plateau, the strong orographic forcing caused by the TP and its impact on general circulation rather than regional climate was initially the focus. Later, with growing awareness of the incapability of GCMs to depict regional or local-scale atmospheric processes over the heterogeneous ground, coupled with the importance of this information for local decision-making, regional climate models (RCMs) were established in the 1970s. Dynamic and thermodynamic influences of the TP on the East and South Asia summer monsoon have since been widely investigated by model. Besides the heterogeneity in topography, impacts of land cover heterogeneity and change on regional climate were widely modeled through sensitivity experiments.In recent decades, the TP has experienced a greater warming than the global average and those for similar latitudes. GCMs project a global pattern where the wet gets wetter and the dry gets drier. The climate regime over the TP covers the extreme arid regions from the northwest to the semi-humid region in the southeast. The increased warming over the TP compared to the global average raises a number of questions. What are the regional dryness/wetness changes over the TP? What is the mechanism of the responses of regional changes to global warming? To answer these questions, several dynamical downscaling models (DDMs) using RCMs focusing on the TP have recently been conducted and high-resolution data sets generated. All DDM studies demonstrated that this process-based approach, despite its limitations, can improve understandings of the processes that lead to precipitation on the TP. Observation and global land data assimilation systems both present more wetting in the northwestern arid/semi-arid regions than the southeastern humid/semi-humid regions. The DDM was found to better capture the observed elevation dependent warming over the TP. In addition, the long-term high-resolution climate simulation was found to better capture the spatial pattern of precipitation and P-E (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) changes than the best available global reanalysis. This facilitates new and substantial findings regarding the role of dynamical, thermodynamics, and transient eddies in P-E changes reflected in observed changes in major river basins fed by runoff from the TP. The DDM was found to add value regarding snowfall retrieval, precipitation frequency, and orographic precipitation.Although these advantages in the DDM over the TP are evidenced, there are unavoidable facts to be aware of. Firstly, there are still many discrepancies that exist in the up-to-date models. Any uncertainty in the model’s physics or in the land information from remote sensing and the forcing could result in uncertainties in simulation results. Secondly, the question remains of what is the appropriate resolution for resolving the TP’s heterogeneity. Thirdly, it is a challenge to include human activities in the climate models, although this is deemed necessary for future earth science. All-embracing further efforts are expected to improve regional climate models over the TP.

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Books on the topic '3D general circulation model'

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