Journal articles: '3D Foot Model'

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Song, Eungyeol, Sun-Woong Yoon, Hanbin Son, and Sunjin Yu. "Foot Measurement Using 3D Scanning Model." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of FUZZY LOGIC and INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/ijfis.2018.18.3.167.

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van Doremalen, Rob F. M., Jaap J. van Netten, Jeff G. van Baal, Miriam M. R. Vollenbroek-Hutten, and Ferdinand van der Heijden. "Infrared 3D Thermography for Inflammation Detection in Diabetic Foot Disease: A Proof of Concept." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 14, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296819854062.

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Background: Thermal assessment of the plantar surface of the foot using spot thermometers and thermal imaging has been proven effective in diabetic foot ulcer prevention. However, with traditional cameras this is limited to single spots or a two-dimensional (2D) view of the plantar side of foot, where only 50% of the ulcers occur. To improve ulcer detection, the view has to be extended beyond 2D. Our aim is to explore for proof of concept the combination of three-dimensional (3D) models with thermal imaging for inflammation detection in diabetic foot disease. Method: From eight participants with a current diabetic foot ulcer we simultaneously acquired a 3D foot model and three thermal infrared images using a high-resolution medical 3D imaging system aligned with three smartphone-based thermal infrared cameras. Using spatial transformations, we aimed to map thermal images onto the 3D model, to create the 3D visualizations. Expert clinicians assessed these for quality and face validity as +, +/-, -. Results: We could replace the texture maps (color definitions) of the 3D model with the thermal infrared images and created the first-ever 3D thermographs of the diabetic foot. We then converted these models to 3D PDF-files compatible with the hospital IT environment. Face validity was assessed as + in six and +/- in two cases. Conclusions: We have provided a proof of concept for the creation of clinically useful 3D thermal foot images to assess the diabetic foot skin temperature in 3D in a hospital IT environment. Future developments are expected to improve the image-processing techniques to result in easier, handheld applications and driving further research.

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Sekiguchi, Yuka, Takanori Kokubun, Hiroki Hanawa, Hitomi Shono, Ayumi Tsuruta, and Naohiko Kanemura. "Evaluation of the Validity, Reliability, and Kinematic Characteristics of Multi-Segment Foot Models in Motion Capture." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 4415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164415.

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This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of our new multi-segment foot model by measuring a dummy foot, and examine the kinematic characteristics of our new multi-segment foot model by measuring the living body. Using our new model and the Rizzoli model, we conducted two experiments with a dummy foot that was moved within a range from −90 to 90 degrees in all planes; for the living body, 24 participants performed calf raises, gait, and drop jumps. Most three-dimensional (3D) rotation angles calculated according to our new models were strongly positively correlated with true values (r > 0.8, p < 0.01). Most 3D rotation angles had fixed biases; however, most of them were in the range of the limits of agreement. Temporal patterns of foot motion, such as those in the Rizzoli model, were observed in our new model during all dynamic tasks. We concluded that our new multi-segment foot model was valid for motion analysis and was useful for analyzing the foot motion using 3D motion capture during dynamic tasks.

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Taha, Zahari, Mohd Azri Aris, Zulkifli Ahmad, Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan, and Nina Nadia Sahim. "A Low Cost 3D Foot Scanner for Custom-Made Sports Shoes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.369.

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Conventional methods to obtain foot anthropometry for custom made sports shoes using anthropometer, callipers and measuring tapes are inaccurate due to the complex anatomy and curvature of the instep, foot arc and related joints. They lead to poor repeatability and large variances, particularly when measurements are taken of different people. Measurements from 3D model have been claimed as a perfect tool to obtain anthropometric data. However a commercial 3D foot scanner to create a 3D foot model can be very costly. In this paper we propose a low cost 3D foot scanner system by integrating available image capture technology such as the Kinect®, appropriate 3D scanning software and a foot scanner rig. An experiment was conducted to compare the anthropometry data taken using conventional method and from the 3D model. The differences recorded for all regions were found to be less than 5%, suggesting that the 3D model produced by this method is accurate. The use of 3D scanner has also decreased the measurement duration, thus increasing the repeatability whilst decreasing human errors that normally occur during the measurement process.

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Niu, Lulu, Gang Xiong, Xiuqin Shang, Chao Guo, Xi Chen, and Huaiyu Wu. "3D Foot Reconstruction Based on Mobile Phone Photographing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094040.

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Foot measurement is necessary for personalized customization. Nowadays, people usually obtain their foot size by using a ruler or foot scanner. However, there are some disadvantages to this, namely, large measurement error and variance when using rulers, and high price and poor convenience when using a foot scanner. To tackle these problems, we obtain foot parameters by 3D foot reconstruction based on mobile phone photography. Firstly, foot images are taken by a mobile phone. Secondly, the SFM (Structure-from-Motion) algorithm is used to acquire the corresponding parameters and then to calculate the camera position to construct the sparse model. Thirdly, the PMVS (Patch-based Multi View System) is adopted to build a dense model. Finally, the Meshlab is used to process and measure the foot model. The result shows that the experimental error of the 3D foot reconstruction method is around 1 mm, which is tolerable for applications such as shoe tree customization. The experiment proves that the method can construct the 3D foot model efficiently and easily. This technology has broad application prospects in the fields of shoe size recommendation, high-end customized shoes and medical correction.

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Shilov, Lev, Semen Shanshin, Aleksandr Romanov, Anastasia Fedotova, Anna Kurtukova, Evgeny Kostyuchenko, and Ivan Sidorov. "Reconstruction of a 3D Human Foot Shape Model Based on a Video Stream Using Photogrammetry and Deep Neural Networks." Future Internet 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13120315.

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Reconstructed 3D foot models can be used for 3D printing and further manufacturing of individual orthopedic shoes, as well as in medical research and for online shoe shopping. This study presents a technique based on the approach and algorithms of photogrammetry. The presented technique was used to reconstruct a 3D model of the foot shape, including the lower arch, using smartphone images. The technique is based on modern computer vision and artificial intelligence algorithms designed for image processing, obtaining sparse and dense point clouds, depth maps, and a final 3D model. For the segmentation of foot images, the Mask R-CNN neural network was used, which was trained on foot data from a set of 40 people. The obtained accuracy was 97.88%. The result of the study was a high-quality reconstructed 3D model. The standard deviation of linear indicators in length and width was 0.95 mm, with an average creation time of 1 min 35 s recorded. Integration of this technique into the business models of orthopedic enterprises, Internet stores, and medical organizations will allow basic manufacturing and shoe-fitting services to be carried out and will help medical research to be performed via the Internet.

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Banwell, Helen A., Ryan S. Causby, Alyson J. Crozier, Brendan Nettle, and Carolyn Murray. "An exploration of the use of 3D printed foot models and simulated foot lesions to supplement scalpel skill training in undergraduate podiatry students: A multiple method study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): e0261389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261389.

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Background Podiatrists regularly use scalpels in the management of foot pathologies, yet the teaching and learning of these skills can be challenging. The use of 3D printed foot models presents an opportunity for podiatry students to practice their scalpel skills in a relatively safe, controlled risk setting, potentially increasing confidence and reducing associated anxiety. This study evaluated the use of 3D printed foot models on podiatry students’ anxiety and confidence levels and explored the fidelity of using 3D foot models as a teaching methodology. Materials and methods Multiple study designs were used. A repeated measure trial evaluated the effects of a 3D printed foot model on anxiety and confidence in two student groups: novice users in their second year of podiatry studies (n = 24), and more experienced fourth year students completing a workshop on ulcer management (n = 15). A randomised controlled trial compared the use of the 3D printed foot models (n = 12) to standard teaching methods (n = 15) on students’ anxiety and confidence in second year students. Finally, a focus group was conducted (n = 5) to explore final year student’s perceptions of the fidelity of the foot ulcer models in their studies. Results The use of 3D printed foot models increased both novice and more experienced users’ self-confidence and task self-efficacy; however, cognitive and somatic anxiety was only reduced in the experienced users. All changes were considered large effects. In comparison to standard teaching methods, the use of 3D printed foot models had similar decreases in anxiety and increases in confidence measures. Students also identified the use of 3D foot models for the learning of scalpel skills as ‘authentic’ and ‘lifelike’ and led to enhanced confidence prior to assessment of skills in more high-risk situations. Conclusion Podiatry undergraduate programs should consider using 3D printed foot models as a teaching method to improve students’ confidence and reduce their anxiety when using scalpels, especially in instances where face-to-face teaching is not possible (e.g., pandemic related restrictions on face-to-face teaching).

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Wu, Ge, Duan Li, Pengpeng Hu, Yueqi Zhong, and Ning Pan. "Foot shape prediction using elliptical Fourier analysis." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 9 (February 17, 2017): 1026–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517693983.

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In this paper, a new method was proposed to establish the relationship between three-dimensional (3D) foot shapes and their two-dimensional (2D) foot silhouettes, through which a complete 3D foot shape can be predicted by simply inputting its two 2D silhouettes. 3D foot scans of 80 participants were randomly selected as the training set, and those of another 20 participants were used as the testing set. Elliptical Fourier analysis (EFA) and principle component analysis (PCA) were adopted to parameterize the 3D foot shapes. A linear regressive model was then developed to predict the 3D foot shape with the foot silhouettes. Experiment results indicated individual 3D foot shape can be predicted with a mean error between 1.21 and 1.27 mm, which can provide enough accuracy for the fit evaluation of footwear.

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Kobayashi, Daiki, Tomohito Takubo, and Atsushi Ueno. "Model-Based Footstep Planning Method for Biped Walking on 3D Field." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 27, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2015.p0156.

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<div class=""abs_img""> <img src=""[disp_template_path]/JRM/abst-image/00270002/05.jpg"" width=""300"" /> Footstep planning on the 3D field</div> This paper proposes a model-based 3D footstep planning method. A discrete-time kinematic model, in which vertical motions are independent of horizontal motions, describes the biped walking of the humanoid robot. The 3D field environment is represented by geographical features divided into the meshes, determined from measurements obtained by a sensor, where the inclinations in each mesh are assumed. The optimal plan is obtained by solving a constrained optimization problem based on the foot placements of the model. A goal-tracking evaluation of the problem on horizontal foot placements is carried out to reach the goal, while vertical motions are adopted to meet constraints consisting of the foot workspace and contact with the 3D field surface. A quadratic programming method is implemented to solve the problem based on the humanoid robot NAO in real time. </span>

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Deschamps, Kevin, Filip Staes, Herman Bruyninckx, Ellen Busschots, Giovanni A. Matricali, Pieter Spaepen, Christophe Meyer, and Kaat Desloovere. "Repeatability of a 3D multi-segment foot model protocol in presence of foot deformities." Gait & Posture 36, no. 3 (July 2012): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.04.007.

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HOBBELEN, D. G. E., and M. WISSE. "ACTIVE LATERAL FOOT PLACEMENT FOR 3D STABILIZATION OF A LIMIT CYCLE WALKER PROTOTYPE." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 06, no. 01 (March 2009): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843609001632.

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This study focuses on the application of active lateral foot placement for 3D stabilization of bipedal walkers. Within the paradigm of "limit cycle walking" foot placement is an important strategy as it can provide cyclic stability for walkers that are locally unstable. Moreover, human gait analysis studies suggest that the stability of human walking depends highly on lateral foot placement. Various simulation studies have already successfully implemented lateral foot placement in walking models, but this study demonstrates that an active lateral foot placement strategy can actually (cyclically) stabilize a physical walking robot that is locally unstable. In order to come to this result, first a study is performed on a simple 3D point mass walking model. This study establishes that, for a model with fixed step length, cyclic stability can already be obtained with a simple linear lateral foot placement strategy that only uses lateral state information (lateral position and velocity) of the center of mass. Moreover, it is found that increasing the walking speed and increasing the ankle roll stiffness enlarges the range of stable feedback gains. With this knowledge of stable feedback gains and parameter sensitivities, the same foot placement strategy is applied to the physical 3D walking prototype called Flame. Similar to the model, this prototype is shown to be unstable without foot placement and stable with the application of the simple, linear lateral foot placement strategy.

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Song, Yu, Jesse Hoeksema, Anjana Ramkumar, and Johan F. M. Molenbroek. "A landmark-based 3D parametric foot model for footwear customisation." International Journal of the Digital Human 2, no. 1/2 (2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdh.2018.096280.

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Song, Yu, Jesse Hoeksema, Anjana Ramkumar, and Johan F. M. Molenbroek. "A landmark-based 3D parametric foot model for footwear customisation." International Journal of the Digital Human 2, no. 1/2 (2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdh.2018.10017610.

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Qiu, Tian-Xia, Ee-Chon Teo, Ya-Bo Yan, and Wei Lei. "Finite element modeling of a 3D coupled foot–boot model." Medical Engineering & Physics 33, no. 10 (December 2011): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.05.012.

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Seo, S. S., Y. K. Kim, H. S. Lee, W. C. Lee, and J. Kim. "Weight-bearing 3D foot model reconstruction from simple standing radiographs." Foot and Ankle Surgery 23 (September 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2017.07.417.

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Hu, Che-Wei, Arnold Baca, Martin Groeber, and Peter Dabnichki. "Geometrical Model for Characterization of Foot Deformity using 3D imaging." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 2 (2018): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.03.064.

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Pambudi, Doni Setio, and Lailatul Hidayah. "Foot 3D Reconstruction and Measurement using Depth Data." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.6.1.37-45.

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Background: The need for shoes with non-standard sizes is increasing, but this is not followed by the competence to measure the foot effectively. The high cost of such an instrument in the market has led to the development of a precise yet affordable measurement system.Objective: This research attempts to solve the measuring problem by employing an automatic instrument utilizing a depth image sensor that is available on the market at an affordable price.Methods: Data from several Realsense sensors that have been preprocessed are combined using transformation techniques and noise cleaning is performed afterward. Finally the 3D model of the foot is ready and hence the length and width can be obtained.Results: The experimental results show that the proposed method produces a measurement error of 0.351 cm in foot length, and 0.355 cm in foot width.Conclusion: The result shows that multiple angles of a static Realsense sensor can produce a good 3D foot model automatically. This proposed system configuration can reduce complexity as well as being an affordable solution.

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Hwang, Sung Jae, Hue Seok Choi, Kyung Tae Lee, and Young Ho Kim. "3D Motion Analysis on the Hallux Valgus by Using the Multi-Segment Foot Model." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.988.

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The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate foot motions in the normal and hallux valgus(HV) patients using a proposed multi-segment foot model. Results showed that HV patients exhibited relatively smaller flexion/extension, especially in terminal stance. An early abduction at the ankle during terminal stance was also noted in HV patients, which resulted in an excessive abduction in subtalar joint. In HV patients, medial MP joints exhibited excessive amount of adduction during terminal stance. In HV patients, hallux MP joint and talocrural joint exhibited excessive external rotation over the whole period of gait cycle. Understanding the detailed foot motions by the present multi-segment foot model would be very useful to diagnose and to treat patients with various foot diseases.

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Lin, Chien-Hung, and Yan-Yu Lin. "Automatic Measurement of Neutral Foot Posture Using Three-Dimensional Scanning." Indonesian Journal of electronics, electromedical engineering, and medical informatics 3, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v3i3.1.

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The Rearfoot Angle (RFA) is the most commonly method used for foot posture assessment, and it is also a method for evaluating the subtalar joint neutral foot posture. However, orthopedists and researchers often meet trouble for the measurements of the RFA and neutral foot posture due to lacking measurement with automation and objectivity. In general, the RFA was measured using a goniometer to align with manual markers on the foot. The purpose of this study implements the automatic computing of leg angle, foot angle, and RFA by the foot model using Three-Dimensional (3D) scanning. This study contributes to the algorithms to The purpose of this study implement the automatic and objective computing of leg angle, foot angle, and RFA by the foot model using 3D scanning. The automatic calculation on leg angle, foot angle, and neutral foot posture has been created, test, and validated completely in this study. There are two algorithm methods proposed to determine the midpoint on the leg or foot outline. The midline has been computed by linear regression through five midpoints. The leg and foot angles are calculated by the tibial and calcaneal midlines, respectively. Through the subject standing on eversion foot platforms, the neutral posture of the foot can be computed by the leg and foot angles determined by the 3D model scanned of the foot with various tilt angles. The determinations of the midpoint and midline have been demonstrated algorithm by MATLAB. Based on comparing with the goniometer measured, selecting the midpoint algorithm of the limit points and the lowest point methods to determine the tibial and calcaneal midlines respectively would carry out better results. The foot 3D scanning measurement proposed in this study has been tested and validated from the goniometer. This study can determine the leg angle, foot angle, and neutral foot postures for a subject with normal weight status, but be not suitable for that with obese weight status. In the future, this study can provide guidance for foot posture assessment and personal insoles design.

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Zhong, Yueqi. "Reconstruction of 3D Foot Model from Video Captured Using Smartphone Camera." Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (June 2015): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3993/jfbim00145.

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Brown, Peter, and John McPhee. "A 3D ellipsoidal volumetric foot–ground contact model for forward dynamics." Multibody System Dynamics 42, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 447–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11044-017-9605-4.

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Perrier, A., V. Luboz, M. Bucki, N. Vuillerme, and Y. Payan. "Conception and evaluation of a 3D musculoskeletal finite element foot model." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 18, sup1 (August 6, 2015): 2024–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2015.1069606.

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Lu, Qian, Shunxun Li, Jin Zhou, Zhifeng Yao, and Wei Li. "The Validity and Reliability of TrueDepth Camera Embedded in the Phone for Foot Measurement." Leather and Footwear Journal 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.22.3.3.

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There are several laser or structured-light based foot scanners available on the market, which can be used to obtain accurate 3D foot models. Compared to those 3D scanning devices, TrueDepth cameras are portable, inexpensive and easy-to-use. However, the accuracy and reliability of their 3D foot scanning remain to be confirmed. This study aimed to verify the validity and reliability of structured light TrueDepth camera integrated into the mobile phone when it is used for foot measurement. Thirteen students without any kinds of foot abnormalities or foot diseases were recruited and their feet were measured by both Infoot 3D foot scanner and mobile phone with TrueDepth camera. Three parameters were measured including foot length, foot breadth and ball girth. Subsequently, the reliability and validity of the two methods were assessed by linear regression analyses, intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. The foot breadth and girth circumference measurements all showed high coefficients of determination (R2>0.8) between the two methods and three measurements indicated good to excellent agreements (ICCs>0.9), although the length measurement was reported without significant coefficients of determination. Further, findings from Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that the measurements from the TrueDepth camera had good agreements with those from Infoot and they could be used interchangeably. However, with the reconstruction algorithm updating in the near future, we could foresee the promotion in foot length measurement when using the TrueDepth camera from the phone. The TrueDepth camera utilizing structured-light and the customized application for foot measurement has fast, accurate and low-cost features and it is a convenient and economical method to obtain the foot 3D model. It can be widely applied for medical purposes and customization.

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Gong, Taisheng, and Luping Kang. "Application Analysis of 3D Printing Technology in Design Field: Taking Shoe Design as an Example." Scientific Programming 2021 (November 18, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5662460.

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The development of 3D technology has brought opportunities and challenges to the footwear industry because people’s living standards have been improving due to economic development, and people have higher requirements for the design of fashion shoes and boots. The use of 3D printing technology in the design of fashion shoes and boots can enable faster molding of footwear products, enrich the shape of footwear, and meet people’s aesthetic needs for fashion shoes. In this paper, we firstly describe the advantages of 3D printing molding shoe models and then use 3D laser foot scanning and measuring instrument to scan and obtain the cloud map of shoe lasts and foot-related data. Secondly, we realize the digital management of shoe lasts by establishing the database of solid models. On this basis, we apply the technology of least squares support vector machine improvement algorithm to make partial modifications to the lasts according to the need to leave the appropriate helper and foot lining degrees. Finally, based on this technology, we apply the least squares support vector machine improvement algorithm technology to make partial modifications to the last shape according to the need for appropriate helper and foot lining degrees to realize the process of shoe last redesign. The last model and role model can also be produced by 3D printing technology, which can be used as a mold to facilitate the processing of the cut last 2D unfolding material for shoe and boot production later. Therefore, the article studies and analyzes the design and manufacturing process of digital shoe lasts based on individual foot shape and uses CAD/CAM technology to realize the digitalization of shoe last design.

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KAKIGAHARA, Takuya, Kazuhiko ADACHI, and Mitsumasa MATSUDA. "1A24 Difference of foot position between control foot and flatfoot : using a 3D rigid body spring model." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2014.26 (2014): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2014.26.25.

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Cho, Jin-Rae, and Seung-Bum Park. "Finite element landing impact simulation using a 3D coupled foot–shoe model." Footwear Science 1, sup1 (June 2009): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424280903063424.

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Jacob, Shanti, K. M. Patil, L. H. Braak, and A. Huson. "Stresses in a 3D two arch model of a normal human foot." Mechanics Research Communications 23, no. 4 (July 1996): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-6413(96)00036-5.

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Maleyka Aghayeva, Maleyka Aghayeva. "3D MODEL DESİGNED FOR FOOT OF HORİZON I OF MAYKOP İN NAFTALAN FİELD APPLYİNG SEİSMİC ATTRİBUTE ANALYSİS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 22, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei22112022-57.

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The paper is devoted to design of 3D model of the study area by use of attribute analysis of 3D seismic data applied to study the geology of Naftalan oil field in more detail. The field is located in Naftalan-North Naftalan area of Ganja Oil and Gas Province, Yevlakh-Aghjabadi depression. The paper expounds the data on Naftalan field considered an ancient brachianticline type of field in Azerbaijan. The history of study of the field using geological and geophysical techniques has been briefly given. Geological evaluation of the cube derived by processing of 3D seismic data acquired in Naftalan area in 2012 made it possible to outline a confidently traced interval reflecting the foot of Horizon I of Maykop. Through selection of areas featured by variation of wavefield characteristics, we have calculated several attributes in this interval and analyzed the acquired results gaining more accurate seismic data and confident tracing of seismic horizons. To avoid repetition, some poorly informative attributes or attributes providing similar results have not been applied in further studies. Our study aims to define attributes (RMS amplitude (Root mean square), Variance/Edge method, Relative Acoustic Impedance) that are more effective for outlining disjunctive dislocations of various amplitude and can be applied for 3D model design of the geology of study area. Processing results of all 3D data have been given in form of cubes of seismic attributes. Further analysis of these attribute cubes enables us to study the geological setting of the foot of Horizon I of Maykop and select the most effective attributes. As a result, the 3D model of the study area for seismic horizon reflecting the foot of Horizon I of Maykop has been designed. Keywords: attribute analysis, 3D seismic survey, Naftalan, seismic horizon, Maykop deposits, dislocations.

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Pankova, B., T. Koudelka, K. Pavelka, M. Janura, and K. Jelen. "EXPLOITATION OF STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF A FOOT IN ANALYSIS OF PLANTAR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-5 (June 6, 2016): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-5-153-2016.

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Stereophotogrammetry as a method for the surface scanning can be used to capture some properties of the human body parts. The objective of this study is to quantify the foot stress distribution in 3D during its quasi-static stand using a footprint into an imprinting material when knowing its mechanical properties. One foot of a female, having the mass of 65kg, was chosen for the FEM foot model construction. After obtaining her foot imprint to the dental imprinting material, its positive plaster cast was created, whose surface was possible to scan using stereophotogrammetry. The imprint surface digital model was prepared with the help of the Konica-Minolta Vivid 9i triangulation scanner. This procedure provides the measured object models in a high resolution. The resulting surface mesh of the foot imprint involved 9.600 nodes and 14.000 triangles, approximately, after reduction due to the FEM analysis. Simulation of foot imprint was solved as the 3D time dependent nonlinear mechanical problem in the ADINA software. The sum of vertical reactions calculated at the contact area nodes was 320.5 N, which corresponds to the mass of 32.67 kg. This value is in a good agreement with the subject half weight – the load of one foot during its quasi-static stand. The partial pressures resulting from this mathematical model match the real pressures on the interface of the foot and imprinting material quite closely. Principally, these simulations can be used to assess the contact pressures in practical cases, e.g., between a foot and its footwear.

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Pankova, B., T. Koudelka, K. Pavelka, M. Janura, and K. Jelen. "EXPLOITATION OF STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF A FOOT IN ANALYSIS OF PLANTAR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-5 (June 6, 2016): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-5-153-2016.

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Stereophotogrammetry as a method for the surface scanning can be used to capture some properties of the human body parts. The objective of this study is to quantify the foot stress distribution in 3D during its quasi-static stand using a footprint into an imprinting material when knowing its mechanical properties. One foot of a female, having the mass of 65kg, was chosen for the FEM foot model construction. After obtaining her foot imprint to the dental imprinting material, its positive plaster cast was created, whose surface was possible to scan using stereophotogrammetry. The imprint surface digital model was prepared with the help of the Konica-Minolta Vivid 9i triangulation scanner. This procedure provides the measured object models in a high resolution. The resulting surface mesh of the foot imprint involved 9.600 nodes and 14.000 triangles, approximately, after reduction due to the FEM analysis. Simulation of foot imprint was solved as the 3D time dependent nonlinear mechanical problem in the ADINA software. The sum of vertical reactions calculated at the contact area nodes was 320.5 N, which corresponds to the mass of 32.67 kg. This value is in a good agreement with the subject half weight – the load of one foot during its quasi-static stand. The partial pressures resulting from this mathematical model match the real pressures on the interface of the foot and imprinting material quite closely. Principally, these simulations can be used to assess the contact pressures in practical cases, e.g., between a foot and its footwear.

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Antunes, P. J., Gustavo R. Dias, A. T. Coelho, F. Rebelo, and T. Pereira. "Hyperelastic Modelling of Cork-Polyurethane Gel Composites: Non-Linear FEA Implementation in 3D Foot Model." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.700.

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The CPGC – Cork-Polyurethane Gel Composite is a material that is mechanically characterized by non-linear elastic behaviour at large deformations. The non-linear behaviour can be modelled by hyperelastic constitutive models based on strain energy functions enabling a structured phenomenological framework for CPGC material modelling. The CPGC is a promising material for human comfort enhancement and dynamic damping/control applications. This paper presents the experimental methodology used for the CPGC evaluation of material parameters used in the hyperelastic models and the finite element model build-up. A 3D foot FEA model is presented in order to evaluate the performance of the hyperelastic model in a real case situation and the mechanical performance of shoe insoles, namely, trough the monitoring of the contact pressure values at the insole/foot interface.

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Ota, Yuki, Tomoyuki Nakasa, Mikiya Sawa, Masahiro Yoshikawa, Yusuke Tsuyuguchi, Munekazu Kanemitsu, and Nobuo Adachi. "Gait analysis using the Oxford Foot Model for ankle arthrodesis compared with normal control." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00373.

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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Ankle arthrodesis is still the primary treatment for end-stage arthritis of the ankle that does not respond to conservative treatment. However, comparative studies demonstrated that the patients’ functional outcomes remain significantly lower than normal, progression of subtalar and midfoot arthritis and there could be measurable abnormalities in their gait parameters. Previous studies demonstrated gait analysis after ankle arthrodesis using 3D motion capture system. These studies used a single segment foot model, which had the limitation of detailed motion analysis. 3D multi-segmental foot model enables to perform detailed analysis segmentally such as fore foot and hind foot. The purpose of this study was to examine foot kinematics during walking after ankle arthrodesis using 3D multi-segment foot model as compared with a healthy control group. Methods: Between 2014 and 2016, nine patients who underwent an isolated ankle arthrodesis were followed for a mean 2 years after surgery, and five control subjects were included for comparison. Physical examination, radiographic examination and gait examination were performed. For gait analysis Vicon Nexus system with 16 MX-Cameras was used to capture foot kinematics during barefoot walking at self-selected speed along a 10 m walkway. Markers were placed according to the Oxford Foot Model (OFM). Patients completed preoperative and annual postoperative functional outcome scores including the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale. Results: JSSF scale was significantly improved from pre-operation to post-operation (50 points versus 85 points; p<0.05). The range of sagittal motion in hind foot during one gait cycle was significantly smaller in the arthrodesis group than in the healthy group (4.6 degrees versus 20 degrees; p<0.05). The range of coronal motion in hind foot was also significantly smaller in the arthrodesis group than that in the healthy group (3.7 degrees versus 15.1 degrees; p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the range of sagittal motion in forefoot between arthrodesis group and healthy group (20.2 degrees versus 16.6 degrees). However, there were significant differences at heel contact. Forefoot in arthrodesis group was significantly toward plantarflexion (6.1 degrees versus -2.0 degrees; p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, detailed motion of foot after ankle arthrodesis could be analyzed by using OFM. Range of sagittal motion in hind foot in arthrodesis group during one gait cycle was significantly smaller than that in healthy group. However, no significant difference was observed in the forefoot. The same result was also obtained on the frontal plane. In arthrodesis group, forefoot tended to be more plantarflexion than healthy group in gait, especially there was significant difference at heel contact. These findings suggested to cause lower functional outcomes and the progression of subtalar and midfoot arthritis after ankle arthrodesis.

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Powell, Douglas W., D. S. Blaise Williams, and Robert J. Butler. "A Comparison of Two Multisegment Foot Models in High-and Low-Arched Athletes." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 103, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1030099.

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Background: Malalignment and dysfunction of the foot have been associated with an increased propensity for overuse and traumatic injury in athletes. Several multisegment foot models have been developed to investigate motions in the foot. However, it remains unknown whether the kinematics measured by different multisegment foot models are equivocal. The purpose of the present study is to examine the efficacy of two multisegment foot models in tracking aberrant foot function. Methods: Ten high-arched and ten low-arched female athletes walked and ran while ground reaction forces and three-dimensional kinematics were tracked using the Leardini and Oxford multisegment foot models. Ground reaction forces and joint angles were calculated with Visual 3D (C-Motion Inc, Germantown, MD). Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to analyze peak eversion, time to peak eversion, and eversion excursions. Results: The Leardini model was more sensitive to differences in peak eversion angles than the Oxford model. However, the Oxford model detected differences in eversion excursion values that the Leardini model did not detect. Conclusions: Although both models found differences in frontal plane motion between high- and low-arched athletes, the Leardini multisegment foot model is suggested to be more appropriate as it directly tracks frontal plane midfoot motion during dynamic motion. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(2): 99–105, 2013)

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Amza, Cătălin, Aurelian Zapciu, and Diana Popescu. "3D-Printed shoe last for bespoke shoe manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 290 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929004001.

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This paper presents a new approach for the production of bespoke shoe lasts used in shoe industry. It is based on measuring key geometric features of existing shoe lasts and establishing a parametric system which can then be used to create a 3D model of a customized fit shoe last. Thus, instead of 3D-scanning the foot and then doing time consuming and skill intensive point cloud data processing, the proposed solution requires only taking several measurements of the customer’s foot and inputting them into the parametric model to obtain the tailored shoe last 3D geometry. Furthermore, the internal geometry of this shoe last is topologically optimized to reduce material volume and 3D printing time, while still withstanding temperatures and loads specific to the shoe manufacturing process. The 3D model also includes geometrical features allowing the attaching of process-specific mounting hardware. Material Extrusion 3D Printing (ME3DP) was used to fabricate the shoe last from thermoplastic material. 3D-printed shoe lasts were tested in a real manufacturing setting, successfully producing bespoke canvas shoes with rubber soles. During testing, the shoe lasts were subjected to typical process loads and to high temperatures.

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Van den Herrewegen, I., K. Cuppens, M. Broeckx, H. Vertommen, M. Mertens, and L. Peeraer. "Development of a model to analyse foot biomechanics using dynamic 3D surface scanning." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 15, sup1 (September 2012): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2012.713690.

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MIURA, Ayu, and Hiroto MORI. "1B34 Establishment of the 3D foot musculo-skeletal model for lateral side movement." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2016.28 (2016): _1B34–1_—_1B34–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2016.28._1b34-1_.

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Cazacu, Eduard, Coen van der Grinten, Jeroen Bax, Guus Baeten, Fred Holtkamp, and Chris Lee. "A Position Sensing Glove to Aid Ankle-Foot Orthosis Diagnosis and Treatment." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 6631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196631.

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A position sensing glove called SmartScan, which creates a 3D virtual model of a real object, is presented. The data from the glove is processed by a volume minimization algorithm to validate the position sensor data. This allows only data from the object’s surface to be retained. The data validation algorithm allows the user to progressively improve an image by repeatedly moving their hand over the object. In addition, the user can choose their own balance between feature resolution and invalid data rejection. The SmartScan glove is tested on a foot model and is shown to be robust against motion artifacts, having a mean accuracy of 2.9 mm (compared to a 3D model generated from optical imaging) without calibration.

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Lin, Yi-Chen, Li-Ying Huang, and Chen-Sheng Chen. "Strength Evaluation and Modification of a 3D Printed Anterior Ankle Foot Orthoses." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 18, 2020): 7289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207289.

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Ankle foot orthosis (AFO) is widely used to prevent foot drop and improve walking ability for individuals with cerebral palsy and stroke. However, traditional anterior AFO (TAAFO) could only last within months because the bilateral neck of TAAFO was easy to break. Currently, a 3D-printing technique is used to develop assistive devices for rehabilitation. The study aimed to implement the finite element (FE) method to revise the 3D printed AAFO (3DP-AAFO) and evaluate its strength. A 3.2 mm-thickness for the TAAFOs and 3DP-AAFOs were fabricated, respectively. The stiffness of TAAFO and 3DP-AAFO were tested by a material machine and compared to the FE model. In the FE analysis, the thickness of AAFO model was increased at the neck to enhance its strength. A plantarflexion and dorsiflexion moment were respectively subjected to 3DP-AAFO models to undergo stress analysis. Under the mechanical test, the 3DP-AAFO (K = 1.09 Nm/degree) was 7.8 times stiffer than the traditional AAFO (K = 0.14 Nm/degree). The FE results showed that thickening the 3DP-AAFO on the neck up to 4.7 mm could moderate stress concentration and increase the stiffness of the 3DP-AAFO. Therefore, the study concluded that the 3DP-AAFO was stiffer than the traditional AAFO. Increasing the appropriate thickness around neck of 3DP-AAFO could avoid neck fracture as much as possible.

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Bayareh Mancilla, Rafael, Bình Tấn, Christian Daul, Josefina Gutiérrez Martínez, Lorenzo Leija Salas, Didier Wolf, and Arturo Vera Hernández. "Anatomical 3D Modeling Using IR Sensors and Radiometric Processing Based on Structure from Motion: Towards a Tool for the Diabetic Foot Diagnosis." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 6, 2021): 3918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113918.

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Medical infrared thermography has proven to be a complementary procedure to physiological disorders, such as the diabetic foot. However, the technique remains essentially based on 2D images that display partial anatomy. In this context, a 3D thermal model provides improved visualization and faster inspection. This paper presents a 3D reconstruction method associated with temperature information. The proposed solution is based on a Structure from Motion and Multi-view Stereo approach, exploiting a set of multimodal merged images. The infrared images were obtained by automatically processing the radiometric data to remove thermal interferences, segment the RoI, enhance false-color contrast, and for multimodal co-registration under a controlled environment and a ∆T < 2.6% between the RoI and thermal interferences. The geometric verification accuracy was 77% ± 2%. Moreover, a normalized error was adjusted per sample based on a linear model to compensate for the curvature emissivity (error ≈ 10% near to 90°). The 3D models were displayed with temperature information and interaction controls to observe any point of view. The temperature sidebar values were assigned with information retrieved only from the RoI. The results have proven the feasibility of the 3D multimodal construction to be used as a promising tool in the diagnosis of diabetic foot.

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Yildiz, Kadri, Fatih Medetalibeyoglu, Irfan Kaymaz, and Gokhan Ragip Ulusoy. "Triad of foot deformities and its conservative treatment: With a 3D customized insole." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 235, no. 7 (April 12, 2021): 780–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544119211006528.

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The coexisting of three deformities as hallux valgus, flatfoot, and the calcaneal spur is an undefined medical condition, and it may be called triad of foot deformities (TFD) as a definition for a new disease entity. A customized 3D insole prototype was created by postprocessing of MRI data, and printed by 3D printer technology for the purpose of providing effective and innovative treatment for TFD. A 42 years-old female was clinically examined for TFD findings. All radiological measurements were made on the weightbearing anteroposterior and lateral X-rays. The patient underwent the pedogram (RSscan International, footscan©). MRI images were taken for the purpose of 3D scanning that was used for producing the 3D splint for TFD. AOFAS (American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society scores) and FHSQ (Foot Health Status Questionnaire) were used for clinical follow-up. MRI images of the patient were imported to Mimics software in order to create a 3D model using image processing. Thus, Patient-Specific 3D customized silicone orthotic insole that was based on 3D printing technology was produced. The one-simple test was used to compare the results of AOFAS and FHSQ scores. The measurements of radiological measurements were given. On the clinical follow-up, AOFAS was FHSQ scores were obtained. There was a significant difference in terms of AOFAS and FHSQ scores ( p ≤ 0.05). As a result of our study; our 3D customized insole was produced at the price of approximately 1/3 of the total cost of three standard medical products. The coexisting of these three deformities may be called triad of foot deformities (TFD). The 3D printer technology enables us to access a customized, personalized conservative treatment option for TFD. The conservative treatment of TFD is possible by a single orthotic insole.

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Davarzani, Samaneh, David Saucier, Preston Peranich, Will Carroll, Alana Turner, Erin Parker, Carver Middleton, et al. "Closing the Wearable Gap—Part VI: Human Gait Recognition Using Deep Learning Methodologies." Electronics 9, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050796.

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A novel wearable solution using soft robotic sensors (SRS) has been investigated to model foot-ankle kinematics during gait cycles. The capacitance of SRS related to foot-ankle basic movements was quantified during the gait movements of 20 participants on a flat surface as well as a cross-sloped surface. In order to evaluate the power of SRS in modeling foot-ankle kinematics, three-dimensional (3D) motion capture data was also collected for analyzing gait movement. Three different approaches were employed to quantify the relationship between the SRS and the 3D motion capture system, including multivariable linear regression, an artificial neural network (ANN), and a time-series long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Models were compared based on the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the prediction of the joint angle of the foot in the sagittal and frontal plane, collected from the motion capture system. There was not a significant difference between the error rates of the three different models. The ANN resulted in an average RMSE of 3.63, being slightly more successful in comparison to the average RMSE values of 3.94 and 3.98 resulting from multivariable linear regression and LSTM, respectively. The low error rate of the models revealed the high performance of SRS in capturing foot-ankle kinematics during the human gait cycle.

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Rafiq, Riyad Bin, Kazi Miftahul Hoque, Muhammad Ashad Kabir, Sayed Ahmed, and Craig Laird. "OptiFit: Computer-Vision-Based Smartphone Application to Measure the Foot from Images and 3D Scans." Sensors 22, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 9554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239554.

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The foot is a vital organ, as it stabilizes the impact forces between the human skeletal system and the ground. Hence, precise foot dimensions are essential not only for custom footwear design, but also for the clinical treatment of foot health. Most existing research on measuring foot dimensions depends on a heavy setup environment, which is costly and ineffective for daily use. In addition, there are several smartphone applications online, but they are not suitable for measuring the exact foot shape for custom footwear, both in clinical practice and public use. In this study, we designed and implemented computer-vision-based smartphone application OptiFit that provides the functionality to automatically measure the four essential dimensions (length, width, arch height, and instep girth) of a human foot from images and 3D scans. We present an instep girth measurement algorithm, and we used a pixel per metric algorithm for measurement; these algorithms were accordingly integrated with the application. Afterwards, we evaluated our application using 19 medical-grade silicon foot models (12 males and 7 females) from different age groups. Our experimental evaluation shows that OptiFit could measure the length, width, arch height, and instep girth with an accuracy of 95.23%, 96.54%, 89.14%, and 99.52%, respectively. A two-tailed paired t-test was conducted, and only the instep girth dimension showed a significant discrepancy between the manual measurement (MM) and the application-based measurement (AM). We developed a linear regression model to adjust the error. Further, we performed comparative analysis demonstrating that there were no significant errors between MM and AM, and the application offers satisfactory performance as a foot-measuring application. Unlike other applications, the iOS application we developed, OptiFit, fulfils the requirements to automatically measure the exact foot dimensions for individually fitted footwear. Therefore, the application can facilitate proper foot measurement and enhance awareness to prevent foot-related problems caused by inappropriate footwear.

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Guiotto, Annamaria, Zimi Sawacha, Gabriella Guarneri, Angelo Avogaro, and Claudio Cobelli. "3D finite element model of the diabetic neuropathic foot: A gait analysis driven approach." Journal of Biomechanics 47, no. 12 (September 2014): 3064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.06.029.

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Borges, Letícia, Fabiano Politti, Silvio Garbelotti, André Bley, Cintia Ferreira, Nayra Rabelo, João Correa, and Paulo Lucareli. "P35: Repeatability of a 3D multi-segment foot model during climbing and descending stairs." Gait & Posture 57 (September 2017): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.398.

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Meglan, D., and N. Berme. "A 3D passive mechanical model of the human foot for use in locomotion synthesis." Journal of Biomechanics 26, no. 3 (March 1993): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(93)90504-8.

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Seo, Sang Gyo, Jaeil Kim, Chang Hyun Ryu, Eo Jin Kim, Doojae Lee, Dong Yeon Lee, and Jinah Park. "Weight-Bearing 3D Foot Model Reconstruction From Standing Radiographs Using Deformable Surface Fitting Method." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 1, no. 1 (September 2016): 2473011416S0032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011416s00323.

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Enoki, Shinichi, Chao Jung Huang, Tsutao Katayama, Yasunori Nakamura, Takashi Matsuoka, and Kazuto Tanaka. "Design/Manufacturing System for Composite Ankle Foot Orthosis." Key Engineering Materials 627 (September 2014): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.261.

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In this study, we tried Design / Manufacturing system by using optimum design and rapid manufacturing for Composite Ankle Foot Orthosis. As a result, we found that the manufacturing process is effective on the cost and the design process has possibility to be optimum shape. There are more than one billion people who have a disability in many countries. Some of the people have foot drop and clubfoot. The disabilities become difficult for the people to gait. They use AFO for supporting their gait. However existing manufacturing methods of AFO are expensive because they contain a process to manufacture negative model for manufacturing positive model needed to forming AFO. This process reduces dimension accuracy of the positive model. The time for modification of the positive model becomes long. Our manufacturing process fabricates the positive model directly by using hand-held 3D Scanner and CAD/CAM system. Therefore negative model is not needed and the cost becomes lower. Instead of the reduced manufacturing time, we submitted optimum design with scanned AFO model on flexure and with simplified model on strength.

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Song, Yang, Xuanzhen Cen, Yan Zhang, István Bíró, Yulei Ji, and Yaodong Gu. "Development and Validation of a Subject-Specific Coupled Model for Foot and Sports Shoe Complex: A Pilot Computational Study." Bioengineering 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9100553.

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Nowadays, footwear serves an essential role in improving athletic performance and decreasing the risk of unexpected injuries in sports games. Finite element (FE) modeling is a powerful tool to reveal the biomechanical interactions between foot and footwear, and establishing a coupled foot-shoe model is the prerequisite. The purpose of this pilot study was to develop and validate a 3D FE coupled model of the foot and sports shoe complex during balanced standing. All major foot and shoe structures were constructed based on the participant’s medical CT images, and 3D gait analysis was conducted to define the loading and boundary conditions. Sensitivity analysis was applied to determine the optimum material property for shoe sole. Both the plantar and shoe sole areas were further divided into four regions for model validation, and the Bland–Altman method was used for consistency analysis between methods. The simulated peak plantar and sole pressure distribution showed good consistency with experimental pressure data, and the prediction errors were all less than 10% during balanced standing with only two exceptions (medial and lateral forefoot regions). Meanwhile, the Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated a good agreement between the two approaches. The sensitivity analysis suggested that shoe sole with Young’s modulus of 2.739 MPa presented the greatest consistency with the measured data in our scenario. The established model could be used for investing the complex biomechanical interactions between the foot and sports shoe and optimizing footwear design, after it has been fully validated in the subsequent works under different conditions.

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Nomura, Kenta, Teru Yonezawa, Shinichi Kosugi, Yasuhito Tanaka, Hiroshi Mizoguchi, and Hiroshi Takemura. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL POSTURE ESTIMATION OF FOOT BONES BY USING PLANTAR PLATE." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 20, no. 01 (March 2017): 1750011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957717500117.

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Purpose: This paper proposes a method to easily and quantitatively estimate the changes in the foot bone three-dimensional (3D) posture from the 3D posture of a plantar plate without using X-ray or computed tomography (CT). Methods: The estimation functions from the posture of the plantar plate attached to the sole of a foot to the posture of the each bone are calculated using multiple regression analysis (MRA). Because we assumed that the posture of the plantar plate is related to each bone posture. Each bone posture can be estimated by substituting the plantar plate posture into the estimation function. Results: The adjusted coefficient of determination of the linear regression model (estimation function) of more than 90% was obtained by the estimation function, which was higher than 0.70. The estimation accuracy root mean square error (RMSE) of the translation and rotation were approximately within [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm and [Formula: see text], respectively. The RMSE/range of motion (RoM) values of the translation and rotation were approximately within [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. Conclusion: The experimental results suggest that the 3D posture of almost all types of foot bones can be easily estimated using plantar plate posture and the linear regression model. This is an inexpensive, easy-to-apply method that can perform real-time measurement.

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Yuan, Yi, Qiang Bing Huang, Jie Han, and Ming Li Li. "Model Test of the Impact of Active Ground Fissures on Metro Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1334.

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A model test was performed to investigate the impact of active ground fissure on metro tunnel. The test results show that under the action of active ground fissure, the metro tunnel behaviors as a cantilever elastic foundation beam, and the top is in tension and its bottom is in compression. The tensile parts are located in the foot-wall with the range 0.75～2.33D（D is tunnel diameter） distance from active ground fissure and the compressive parts are mainly located in the foot-wall with the range 3D distance from the fissure. When the settlement of hanging wall of ground fissure reaches 1cm（25cm in prototype）, the tunnel bottom appear cavity in the hanging wall and cracks in the foot-wall. With the settlement development of the hanging wall of active ground fissure the vertical soil pressure on the top of tunnel greatly increases and reduces at the bottom of tunnel in the hanging wall.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D Foot Model'

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