Journal articles: '3D FDM printing'

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Carrell, John, Garrett Gruss, and Elizabeth Gomez. "Four-dimensional printing using fused-deposition modeling: a review." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 5 (January 2, 2020): 855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2018-0305.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing using fused-deposition modeling (FDM). 4D printing is an emerging innovation in (three-dimensional) 3D printing that encompasses active materials in the printing process to create not only a 3D object but also a 3D object that can perform an active function. FDM is the most accessible form of 3D printing. By providing a review of 4D printing with FDM, this paper has the potential in educating the many FDM 3D printers in an additional capability with 4D printing. Design/methodology/approach This is a review paper. The approach was to search for and review peer-reviewed papers and works concerning 4D printing using FDM. With this discussion of the shape memory effect, shape memory polymers and FDM were also made. Findings 4D printing has become a burgeoning area in addivitive manufacturing research with many papers being produced within the past 3-5 years. This is especially true for 4D printing using FDM. The key findings from this review show the materials and material composites used for 4D printing with FDM and the limitations with 4D printing with FDM. Research limitations/implications Limitations to this paper are with the availability of papers for review. 4D printing is an emerging area of additive manufacturing research. While FDM is a predominant method of 3D printing, it is not a predominant method for 4D printing. This is because of the limitations of FDM, which can only print with thermoplastics. With the popularity of FDM and the emergence of 4D printing, however, this review paper will provide key resources for reference for users that may be interested in 4D printing and have access to a FDM printer. Practical implications Practically, FDM is the most popular method for 3D printing. Review of 4D printing using FDM will provide a necessary resource for FDM 3D printing users and researchers with a potential avenue for design, printing, training and actuation of active parts and mechanisms. Social implications Continuing with the popularity of FDM among 3D printing methods, a review paper like this can provide an initial and simple step into 4D printing for researchers. From continued research, the potential to engage general audiences becomes more likely, especially a general audience that has FDM printers. An increase in 4D printing could potentially lead to more designs and applications of 4D printed devices in impactful fields, such as biomedical, aerospace and sustainable engineering. Overall, the change and inclusion of technology from 4D printing could have a potential social impact that encourages the design and manufacture of such devices and the treatment of said devices to the public. Originality/value There are other 4D printing review papers available, but this paper is the only one that focuses specifically on FDM. Other review papers provide brief commentary on the different processes of 4D printing including FDM. With the specialization of 4D printing using FDM, a more in-depth commentary results in this paper. This will provide many FDM 3D printing users with additional knowledge that can spur more creative research in 4D printing. Further, this paper can provide the impetus for the practical use of 4D printing in more general and educational settings.

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Kumar Singh, Abhishek, and Sriram Chauhan. "Technique to Enhance FDM 3D Metal Printing." Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2016): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijiems.7574.

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Long, Jingjunjiao, Hamideh Gholizadeh, Jun Lu, Craig Bunt, and Ali Seyfoddin. "Application of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Method of 3D Printing in Drug Delivery." Current Pharmaceutical Design 23, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161026162707.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging manufacturing technology for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a low cost extrusion-based 3D printing technique that can deposit materials layer-by-layer to create solid geometries. This review article aims to provide an overview of FDM based 3D printing application in developing new drug delivery systems. The principle methodology, suitable polymers and important parameters in FDM technology and its applications in fabrication of personalised tablets and drug delivery devices are discussed in this review. FDM based 3D printing is a novel and versatile manufacturing technique for creating customised drug delivery devices that contain accurate dose of medicine( s) and provide controlled drug released profiles.

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Bardot, Madison, and Michael D. Schulz. "Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122567.

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3D printing by fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables rapid prototyping and fabrication of parts with complex geometries. Unfortunately, most materials suitable for FDM 3D printing are non-degradable, petroleum-based polymers. The current ecological crisis caused by plastic waste has produced great interest in biodegradable materials for many applications, including 3D printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), in particular, has been extensively investigated for FDM applications. However, most biodegradable polymers, including PLA, have insufficient mechanical properties for many applications. One approach to overcoming this challenge is to introduce additives that enhance the mechanical properties of PLA while maintaining FDM 3D printability. This review focuses on PLA-based nanocomposites with cellulose, metal-based nanoparticles, continuous fibers, carbon-based nanoparticles, or other additives. These additives impact both the physical properties and printability of the resulting nanocomposites. We also detail the optimal conditions for using these materials in FDM 3D printing. These approaches demonstrate the promise of developing nanocomposites that are both biodegradable and mechanically robust.

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Zhang, Pengfei, Zongxing Wang, Junru Li, Xinlin Li, and Lianjun Cheng. "From materials to devices using fused deposition modeling: A state-of-art review." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1594–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0101.

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Abstract Fused deposition modeling (FDM) uses computer-aided design to direct a 3D printer to build successful layers of product from polymeric materials to generate 3D devices. Many reviews have been reported recently on the cutting-edge FDM technology from different perspectives. However, few studies have delved into the advances in FDM technology from materials to 3D devices. Therefore, in this work, with a bottom-up approach from materials (including commodities and nanomaterials) to printing process (including effort for fast printing, effort for resolution improvement, and simulations) and from printing process to 3D devices (including biomedical implants, topological structures, and multifunctional devices), it aims at reviewing the FDM technology developed over the past decades.

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Tümer, Eda Hazal, and Husnu Yildirim Erbil. "Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Applications of PLA Composites: A Review." Coatings 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040390.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since it is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, however its utilization is limited due to some of its disadvantages such as mechanical weakness, water solubility rate, etc. FDM is a simple and more cost-effective fabrication process compared to other 3D printing techniques. Unfortunately, there are deficiencies of the FDM approach, such as mechanical weakness of the FDM parts compared to the parts produced by the conventional injection and compression molding methods. Preparation of PLA composites with suitable additives is the most useful technique to improve the properties of the 3D-printed PLA parts obtained by the FDM method. In the last decade, newly developed PLA composites find large usage areas both in academic and industrial circles. This review focuses on the chemistry and properties of pure PLA and also the preparation methods of the PLA composites which will be used as a raw material in 3D printers. The main drawbacks of the pure PLA filaments and the necessity for the preparation of PLA composites which will be employed in the FDM-based 3D printing applications is also discussed in the first part. The current methods to obtain PLA composites as raw materials to be used as filaments in the extrusion-based 3D printing are given in the second part. The applications of the novel PLA composites by utilizing the FDM-based 3D printing technology in the fields of biomedical, tissue engineering, human bone repair, antibacterial, bioprinting, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic, sensor, battery, automotive, aviation, four-dimensional (4D) printing, smart textile, environmental, and luminescence applications are presented and critically discussed in the third part of this review.

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Rozmus, Magdalena, Piotr Dobrzaniecki, Michał Siegmund, and Juan Alfonso Gómez Herrero. "Design with Use of 3D Printing Technology." Management Systems in Production Engineering 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2020-0040.

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AbstractDynamic development of 3D printing technology contributes to its wide applicability. FDM (Fused Deposition Method) is the most known and popular 3D printing method due to its availability and affordability. It is also usable in design of technical objects – to verify design concepts with use of 3D printed prototypes. The prototypes are produced at lower cost and shorter time comparing to other manufacturing methods and might be used for a number of purposes depending on designed object’s features they reflect. In the article, usability of 3D printing method FDM for designing of technical objects is verified based on sample functional prototypes. Methodology applied to develop these prototypes and their stand tests are covered. General conclusion is that 3D printed prototypes manufactured with FDM method proved to be useful for verifying new concepts within design processes carried out in KOMAG.

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Nguyen, Vinh Du, Thai Xiem Trinh, Son Minh Pham, and Trong Huynh Nguyen. "Influence of Layer Parameters in Fused Deposition Modeling Three-Dimensional Printing on the Tensile Strength of a Product." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.182.

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Additive manufacturing (3D printing) is a hopeful technique that is used to produce complex geometry parts in a layer-by-layer method. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a popular 3D printing technology for producing components of thermoplastic polymers. In FDM process, the part quality is influenced strongly by the printing parameters. Until now, these parameters stil need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, the influence of FDM 3D printing parameters on the tensile strength of product will be investigated. By experiment, three parameters, that is, layer height, solid layer top, and first-layer height, were studied. The investigation shows that the layer height is the only parameter impacted the tensile strength of the product.

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Kristiawan, Ruben Bayu, Fitrian Imaduddin, Dody Ariawan, Ubaidillah, and Zainal Arifin. "A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 639–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0063.

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Abstract This study aims to review research the progress on factors that affect the 3D printing results of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. The review is carried out by mapping critical parameters and characteristics determining FDM parameters, the effects of each parameter, and their interaction with other parameters. The study started from the filament manufacturing process, filament material types, and printing parameters of FDM techniques. The difference in each section has determined different parameters, and the respective relationships between parameters and other determinants during printing have a significant effect on printing results. This study also identifies several vital areas of previous and future research to optimize and characterize the critical parameters of the FDM printing process and FDM filament manufacturing.

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Peak, M., K. Baj, A. Isreb, M. Wojsz, I. Mohammad, and M. Albed Alhnan. "O22 3D printed polyethylene oxide oral doses with innovative ‘radiator-like’ design: impact of molecular weight on mechanical and rheological properties and drug release." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 6 (May 17, 2019): e10.1-e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-esdppp.22.

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BackgroundDespite regulatory advances, lack of age-appropriate formulations (AAFs) remains a challenge in paediatric practice. 3D-printing of oral dosage forms (ODFs) offers potential for AAFs for children. Optimising drug release from 3D-printed ODFs is an important technological step. Despite the abundant use of polyethylene oxides (PEOs) and their extensive use as an excipient, there have been no previous reports of applying this thermoplastic polymer species alone to fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing. We assessed the impact of polymer molecular weight (MW) on the mechanical properties of the resultant filaments and their rheological properties. In the FDM 3D printing process, we also tested the effect of an innovative radiator-like design of the ODF on the acceleration of drug release patterns.MethodsBlends of PEO (MW: 100K, 200K, 300K, 600K or 900K) with PEG 6K (plasticiser) and a model drug (theophylline) were prepared by hot-melt extrusion. The resultant filaments were used as a feed for a FDM 3D printer to fabricate innovative designs of ODFs in a radiator-like geometry with inter-connected paralleled plates and inter-plate spacing of either 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm or 2mm.ResultsVarying blends of PEO and PEG allowed formation of mechanically resistant filaments (maximum load at break of 357, 608, 649, 882, 781 N for filament produced with 100K, 200K, 300K, 600K or 900K, respectively). Filaments of PEO at a MW of 200K-600K were compatible with FDM 3D printing. Further increase in PEO MW resulted in elevated shear viscosity (>104 Pa.S) at the printing temperature and hindered material flow during FDM 3D printing. A minimum spacing (1 mm) between parallel plates of the radiator-like design was essential to boost drug release from the structure.ConclusionThese findings are essential in the development of next-generation personalised drug delivery doses using specialised polymer/polymer blends purposely optimised for FDM 3D printing.Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose

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Bryll, Katarzyna, Elżbieta Piesowicz, Paweł Szymański, Wojciech Ślączka, and Marek Pijanowski. "Polymer Composite Manufacturing by FDM 3D Printing Technology." MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823702006.

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3D printing technology was developed nearly 30 years ago. One of its characteristics is that instead of removing materials, 3D printing creates 3D elements directly from CAD models, adding one layer of material on another. This offers a beneficial capability of making complex elements in terms of shape and materials, impossible to be manufactured by traditional methods. Owing to intensive research in recent years, considerable progress has been achieved in the development and commercialisation of new innovative processes of 3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM), including printing of composite materials. The study outlines the main methods of creating polymer composite structures using FDM technology.

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Marbun, Frince, and Richard A. M. Napitupulu. "Desain dan Pembuatan Prototype Piston Honda MEGAPRO FI Menggunakan 3D Printing." SPROCKET JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1, no. 2 (March 14, 2020): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36655/sprocket.v1i2.184.

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3D printing technology has great potential in today's manufacturing world, one of its uses is in making miniatures or prototypes of a product such as a piston. One of the most famous and inexpensive 3D printing (additive manufacturing) technologies is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the principle FDM works by thermoplastic extrusion through a hot nozzle at melting temperature then the product is made layer by layer. The two most commonly used materials are ABS and PLA so it is very important to know the accuracy of product dimensions. FDM 3D Printing Technology is able to make duplicate products accurately using PLA material. FDM machines work by printing parts that have been designed by computer-aided design (CAD) and then exported in the form of STL or .stl files and uploaded to the slicer program to govern the printing press according to the design. Using Anet A8 brand 3D printing tools that are available to the public, Slicing of general CAD geometry files such as autocad and solidwork is the basis for making this object. This software is very important to facilitate the design process to be printed. Some examples of software that can be downloaded and used free of charge such as Repetier-Host and Cura. by changing the parameters in the slicer software is very influential in the 3D printing manufacturing process.

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Metlerski, Marcin, Katarzyna Grocholewicz, Aleksandra Jaroń, Mariusz Lipski, Grzegorz Trybek, and Jacek Piskorowski. "Comparison of Presurgical Dental Models Manufactured with Two Different Three-Dimensional Printing Techniques." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8893338.

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Three-dimensional printing is a rapidly developing area of technology and manufacturing in the field of oral surgery. The aim of this study was comparison of presurgical models made by two different types of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Digital reference models were printed 10 times using fused deposition modelling (FDM) and digital light processing (DLP) techniques. All 3D printed models were scanned using a technical scanner. The trueness, linear measurements, and printing time were evaluated. The diagnostic models were compared with the reference models using linear and mean deviation for trueness measurements with computer software. Paired t-tests were performed to compare the two types of 3D printing technology. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For FDM printing, all average distances between the reference points were smaller than the corresponding distances measured on the reference model. For the DLP models, the average distances in the three measurements were smaller than the original. Only one average distance measurement was greater. The mean deviation for trueness was 0.1775 mm for the FDM group and 0.0861 mm for the DLP group. Mean printing time for a single model was 517.6 minutes in FDM technology and 285.3 minutes in DLP. This study confirms that presurgical models manufactured with FDM and DLP technologies are usable in oral surgery. Our findings will facilitate clinical decision-making regarding the best 3D printing technology to use when planning a surgical procedure.

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Deb, Disha, and J. M. Jafferson. "Natural fibers reinforced FDM 3D printing filaments." Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 1308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.397.

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Ciornei, Mirela, Răzvan Ionuț Iacobici, Ionel Dănuț Savu, and Dalia Simion. "FDM 3D Printing Process - Risks and Environmental Aspects." Key Engineering Materials 890 (June 23, 2021): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.890.152.

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The application of the 3D printing processes is continuously increasing due to their large number of technical and economic advantages when produce prototypes, but in the mass fabrication as well, especially for metal printing of low dimension products. The process produces pollution as all technological processes. Noise, fume and polymer wastes are the main elements which exit from the process and they are not products. The types and the volumes of those pollution emissions depend on the process parameters. The paper presents the results of FDM process emissions analysis. It was recorded the noise for different stages of the printer functioning. It was measured the volume and the contents of the fume produced during the extrusion of the polymer, for PLA polymer and for ABS polymer filaments. Specific risks were analysed and conclusions were reported. The measurement was done for a random chosen product and the results were compared with the pollutant emissions from traditional technological processes applied to erect the same type of product. It has been concluded that the noise emitted during the FDM printing is about 82-85% of the noise produced when apply milling to create similar shapes and dimensions (it was recorded values for the sound pressure in a large range: 42-68 dB, depending on the working regime). Regarding the fume emission, the intensity of emission was up to 40% higher in the FDM process comparing to the milling process. That was explained as being a direct result of the fluid-viscous state in which the material is put during the printing process. When discuss about the risks, most of the main identified risks in the milling and/or extrusion process were almost inexistent in the FDM printing. Electrical injuries and heat injuries are the main risks to which the operator is exposed. Mechanical injuries are sensitively lower than in the traditional processes, as milling The FDM process is safer and produces lower material wastes. It can be concluded that the FDM printing process has lower impact with the environment and with the operator.

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Nayak, Radharani, M. V. A. Raju Bahubalendruni, Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal, and Praniket Prakash Chauhan. "An Approach towards Economized 3D Printing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.185.

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The growing demand for advanced manufacturing processes calls for reduction in manufacturing cost and manufacturing time. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the rapidly developing rapid Prototyping (RP) process. In this work an effort has made to make FDM process cost effective by replacing solid model with shelled model in-filled with user-defined parametric cellular structures. This approach helps in keeping a balance between material usages, build time and mechanical properties. The proposed method is implemented on a few specimens and results signify that 20-30% expensive build material as well as build time can be saved by this approach. The whole algorithm is based on .STL format, and is coded in MATLAB providing a versatile and widely acceptable platform.

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Prasong, Wattanachai, Akira Ishigami, Supaphorn Thumsorn, Takashi Kurose, and Hiroshi Ito. "Improvement of Interlayer Adhesion and Heat Resistance of Biodegradable Ternary Blend Composite 3D Printing." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050740.

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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments have been the most used in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. The filaments, based on PLA, are continuing to be developed to overcome brittleness, low heat resistance, and obtain superior mechanical performance in 3D printing. From our previous study, the binary blend composites from PLA and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with nano talc (PLA/PBAT/nano talc) at 70/30/10 showed an improvement in toughness and printability in FDM 3D printing. Nevertheless, interlayer adhesion, anisotropic characteristics, and heat resistance have been promoted for further application in FDM 3D printing. In this study, binary and ternary blend composites from PLA/PBAT and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with nano talc were prepared at a ratio of PLA 70 wt. % and blending with PBAT or PBS at 30 wt. % and nano talc at 10 wt. %. The materials were compounded via a twin-screw extruder and applied to the filament using a capillary rheometer. PLA/PBAT/PBS/nano talc blend composites were printed using FDM 3D printing. Thermal analysis, viscosity, interlayer adhesion, mechanical properties, and dimensional accuracy of binary and ternary blend composite 3D prints were investigated. The incorporation of PBS-enhanced crystallinity of the blend composite 3D prints resulted in an improvement to mechanical properties, heat resistance, and anisotropic characteristics. Flexibility of the blend composites was obtained by presentation of PBAT. It should be noted that the core–shell morphology of the ternary blend influenced the reduction of volume shrinkage, which obtained good surface roughness and dimensional accuracy in the ternary blend composite 3D printing.

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Wang, Jun, Bin Yang, Xiang Lin, Lei Gao, Tao Liu, Yonglai Lu, and Runguo Wang. "Research of TPU Materials for 3D Printing Aiming at Non-Pneumatic Tires by FDM Method." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112492.

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3D printing technology has been widely used in various fields, such as biomedicine, clothing design, and aerospace, due to its personalized customization, rapid prototyping of complex structures, and low cost. However, the application of 3D printing technology in the field of non-pneumatic tires has not been systematically studied. In this study, we evaluated the application of potential thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) materials based on FDM technology in the field of non-pneumatic tires. First, the printing process of TPU material based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was studied through tensile testing and SEM observation. The results show that the optimal 3D printing temperature of the selected TPU material is 210 °C. FDM technology was successfully applied to 3D printed non-pneumatic tires based on TPU material. The study showed that the three-dimensional stiffness of 3D printed non-pneumatic tires is basically 50% of that obtained by simulation. To guarantee the prediction of the performance of 3D printed non-pneumatic tires, we suggest that the performance of these materials should be moderately reduced during the structural design for performance simulation.

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Panjaitan, Joy H., Miduk Tampubolon, Fiktor Sihombing, and Jamser Simanjuntak. "Pengaruh Kecepatan, Temperatur dan Infill Terhadap Kualitas dan Kekasaran Kotak Relay Lampu Sign Sepedamotor Hasil dari 3D Printing." SPROCKET JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36655/sproket.v2i2.530.

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3D printing technology has great potential in today's manufacturing world where one of its uses is in the prototype of a product. One of the most famous and inexpensive 3D printing technologies is the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method. Many studies have been carried out using this FDM method. In this study, the printing of motorbike light relay boxes was carried out using the FDM method with two variations of speed, temperature and infill of each mass. 3D Printing uses a nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm and a work table temperature of 60oC and a height of 0.2 mm for each layer with support every where. From the research results, all the products produced have a rough surface with a level of geometric accuracy ranging from 0.91% for the length dimension and 7.73% for the width dimension of the product.

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Damanpack, A. R., André Sousa, and M. Bodaghi. "Porous PLAs with Controllable Density by FDM 3D Printing and Chemical Foaming Agent." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080866.

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This paper shows how fused decomposition modeling (FDM), as a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, can engineer lightweight porous foams with controllable density. The tactic is based on the 3D printing of Poly Lactic Acid filaments with a chemical blowing agent, as well as experiments to explore how FDM parameters can control material density. Foam porosity is investigated in terms of fabrication parameters such as printing temperature and flow rate, which affect the size of bubbles produced during the layer-by-layer fabrication process. It is experimentally shown that printing temperature and flow rate have significant effects on the bubbles’ size, micro-scale material connections, stiffness and strength. An analytical equation is introduced to accurately simulate the experimental results on flow rate, density, and mechanical properties in terms of printing temperature. Due to the absence of a similar concept, mathematical model and results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to advance the state-of-the-art lightweight foams with controllable porosity and density fabricated by FDM 3D printing technology.

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Munteanu, Adriana, Dragos Chitariu, and Florentin Cioata. "The FDM 3D Printing Application for Orthopedic Splints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.375.

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The FDM technology is an easy solution when someone need freedom of design but with a high precision of manufacturing and so, one can built conceptual models or molds, engineering models, manufacturing tools, and functional testing prototypes. The problem addressed in this paper is to identify and investigate the possibility of design and the achieving sustainability of a temporary hand prosthesis used for supporting and immobilizing a broken bone. The research tries to highlight some common and distinct aspects specific to FDM printing technology. One of the objectives of this paper is to use the FDM technology in order to achieve a modern version of the classics splints or of the orthopedic cast. The prototype models proposed can be made vertically on a 3D printer with small motherboard and are easy to wear, attractive to children through its colors and can be made with a manufacturing low price.

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Hadisujoto, Budi, and Robby Wijaya. "Development and Accuracy Test of a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing using H-Bot Mechanism." Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering and Design (IJoCED) 3, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35806/ijoced.v3i1.148.

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Additive manufacturing process known as the 3D printing process is an advanced manufacturing process including one of the components to support industrial revolution 4.0. The initial development of a 3D printing machine at Sampoerna University is the background of this research. The 3D printing setup of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) was built using H-bot moving mechanism by considering the rigidity aspect. The FDM printing method is selected due to its cost and reliability. In this early development, the brackets were custom made using a 3D printer with Polylactic Acid (PLA) material. The result showed that the software worked properly in accordance with the assembled mechanical and electrical parts. The 3D printer could print simple objects such as planes and cubes with small dimensions. However, the printing specimen still lacked accuracy caused by the less rigidity of linear rail brackets, less coplanar belt arrangement, and error in some electronic components.

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Choi, Nyeonsik. "Optimized Environment Parameters from Dimensional Accuracy for FDM-type 3D Printing System." Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers 44, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7232/jkiie.2018.44.1.009.

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Shakhmurzova, Kamila T., Zhanna I. Kurdanova, Artur E. Baykaziev, Azamat Zhansitov, and Svetlana Khashirova. "3D-Printing Methods for Crystalline Polyetheretherketone." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.466.

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The article is a literature review on 3D-printing of crystalline polyether ether ketone by the methods of layer-by-layer deposition of molten polymer filament (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS). The influence of printing technological modes and material properties (fluidity, morphology, etc.) on the quality of the products is considered.

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Azad, Mohammad A., Deborah Olawuni, Georgia Kimbell, Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza, Md Shahadat Hossain, and Tasnim Sultana. "Polymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals: A Holistic Materials–Process Perspective." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020124.

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Three dimensional (3D) printing as an advanced manufacturing technology is progressing to be established in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome the traditional manufacturing regime of 'one size fits for all'. Using 3D printing, it is possible to design and develop complex dosage forms that can be suitable for tuning drug release. Polymers are the key materials that are necessary for 3D printing. Among all 3D printing processes, extrusion-based (both fused deposition modeling (FDM) and pressure-assisted microsyringe (PAM)) 3D printing is well researched for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It is important to understand which polymers are suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing of pharmaceuticals and how their properties, as well as the behavior of polymer–active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) combinations, impact the printing process. Especially, understanding the rheology of the polymer and API–polymer mixtures is necessary for successful 3D printing of dosage forms or printed structures. This review has summarized a holistic materials–process perspective for polymers on extrusion-based 3D printing. The main focus herein will be both FDM and PAM 3D printing processes. It elaborates the discussion on the comparison of 3D printing with the traditional direct compression process, the necessity of rheology, and the characterization techniques required for the printed structure, drug, and excipients. The current technological challenges, regulatory aspects, and the direction toward which the technology is moving, especially for personalized pharmaceuticals and multi-drug printing, are also briefly discussed.

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Larraza, Izaskun, Julen Vadillo, Tamara Calvo-Correas, Alvaro Tejado, Sheila Olza, Cristina Peña-Rodríguez, Aitor Arbelaiz, and Arantxa Eceiza. "Cellulose and Graphene Based Polyurethane Nanocomposites for FDM 3D Printing: Filament Properties and Printability." Polymers 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050839.

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3D printing has exponentially grown in popularity due to the personalization of each printed part it offers, making it extremely beneficial for the very demanding biomedical industry. This technique has been extensively developed and optimized and the advances that now reside in the development of new materials suitable for 3D printing, which may open the door to new applications. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most commonly used 3D printing technique. However, filaments suitable for FDM must meet certain criteria for a successful printing process and thus the optimization of their properties in often necessary. The aim of this work was to prepare a flexible and printable polyurethane filament parting from a biocompatible waterborne polyurethane, which shows potential for biomedical applications. In order to improve filament properties and printability, cellulose nanofibers and graphene were employed to prepare polyurethane based nanocomposites. Prepared nanocomposite filaments showed altered properties which directly impacted their printability. Graphene containing nanocomposites presented sound enough thermal and mechanical properties for a good printing process. Moreover, these filaments were employed in FDM to obtained 3D printed parts, which showed good shape fidelity. Properties exhibited by polyurethane and graphene filaments show potential to be used in biomedical applications.

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Bliedtner, J. Prof, and M. Schilling. "Hochproduktiver fertigungsangepasster 3D-Druck/Productive and manufacturing adjusted 3D printing." wt Werkstattstechnik online 107, no. 07-08 (2017): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2017-07-08-44.

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Das FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling)-Verfahren ist aufgrund der Vielzahl von industriellen und privaten Anwendungen gegenwärtig das erfolgreichste 3D-Druck-Verfahren. Ziel des Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojektes „HP3D“ ist die effiziente Herstellung von großformatigen Bauteilen in einem echten 3D-Verfahren aus frei wählbaren thermoplastischen Kunststoffen. An die Umsetzung des Projekts wurde sehr komplex herangegangen, um zu garantieren, dass die mechanischen und dynamischen Eigenschaften der aufgebauten Teile den konzipierten Eigenschaften entsprechen.   The FDM process is currently the most successful 3D printing process due to the multitude of industrial and private applications. The aim of the research and development project HP3D is the efficient production of large-format components in a real 3D process made of freely selectable thermoplastics. The implementation of the project has been very complex in order to ensure that the mechanical and dynamic properties of the assembled parts correspond to the designed properties.

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Brubaker, Cole D., Kailey N. Newcome, G. Kane Jennings, and Douglas E. Adams. "3D-Printed alternating current electroluminescent devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 19 (2019): 5573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00619b.

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Guima, Katia-Emiko, Felipe L. B. Fialho, and Cauê Alves Martins. "Protocols for 3D-printing pieces by fused deposition modeling for research purposes: from modeling to post-printing treatment." Journal of Experimental Techniques and Instrumentation 3, no. 01 (April 20, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30609/jeti.v3i01.8625.

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Additive manufacturing or 3D-printing is a revolutionary technique for prototyping and building objects for final use. Since the first registers at ~1890 the improved technology has boosted the applications of such technique, decreasing its market price. The most affordable 3D-print technique is Fuse Deposition Modeling (FDM), which is based on a layer-by-layer deposition of a fused polymer on a cooled table. Although FDM has been used by industrials, students and researchers, there are few published protocols dealing with small challenges and daily problems. Here we use a basic object to detail pre- and post-printing steps. This technical note offers the reader tools to model, print and treat the 3D-object. We point out basic challenges, such as positioning the objects on the virtual table of the slicing software, that may lead towards undesirable printed pieces. The protocols described here do not cover the uncountable possibilities of 3D-printing by FDM, but surely help researchers and industrials to start working with it. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30609/JETI.2020-8625

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Păcurar, Răzvan, Valentin Buzilă, Ancuţa Păcurar, Eugen Guţiu, Sergiu Dan Stan, and Petru Berce. "Research on improving the accuracy of FDM 3D printing process by using a new designed calibrating part." MATEC Web of Conferences 299 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929901007.

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The article presents theoretical and experimental research methods that were used at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca (TUCN) to improve the accuracy of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing process. Finite element analysis method was successfully used for estimating the shrinkages of an original calibrating part that has been originally conceived for this purpose, this part being finally made using an original software application and FDM 3D printing equipment at TUC-N.

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Dudek, P. "FDM 3D Printing Technology in Manufacturing Composite Elements." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0186.

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Abstract In recent years, FDM technology (Fused Deposition Modelling) has become one of the most widely-used rapid prototyping methods for various applications. This method is based on fused fibre material deposition on a drop-down platform, which offers the opportunity to design and introduce new materials, including composites. The material most commonly used in FDM is ABS, followed by PC, PLA, PPSF, ULTEM9085 and mixtures thereof. Recently, work has been done on the possibility of applying ABS blends: steel powders, aluminium, or even wood ash. Unfortunately, most modern commercial systems are closed, preventing the use of any materials other than those of the manufacturer. For this reason, the Department of Manufacturing Systems (KSW) of AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering And Robotics purchased a 3D printer with feeding material from trays reel, which allows for the use of other materials. In addition, a feedstock production system for the 3D printer has been developed and work has started on the creation of new composite materials utilising ceramics.

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Mygushchenko, Ruslan, Marina Oprichnina, and Konstantyn Kushtym. "The perspective of fdm-technologies in 3D printing." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 18 (1190) (June 30, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2016.18.21.

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Belko, T. V., and M. A. Kurbatova. "Clothing Design Based on 3D-Printing Technology (FDM)." Proceedings of Higher Education Institutions. Textile Industry Technology, no. 3 (2021): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47367/0021-3497_2021_3_170.

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Wang, Yunqi, Flynn Castles, and Patrick S. Grant. "3D Printing of NiZn ferrite/ABS Magnetic Composites for Electromagnetic Devices." MRS Proceedings 1788 (2015): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.661.

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ABSTRACT3D printing is a versatile fabrication method that offers the potential to realize complex 3D devices with metamaterial characteristics in a single process directly from a computer aided design. However, the range of functional devices that might be realized by 3D printing is limited by the current range of materials that are compatible with a given 3D printing process: fused deposition modelling (FDM), which is a widely used 3D printing method, typically employs only common thermoplastics. Here we describe the development of a magnetic feedstock based on polymer-ferrite composite that is compatible with FDM. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated by the permittivity and permeability measurement of direct printed blocks and the fabrication of a complex 3D diamond-like lattice structure. The development of printable magnetic composites provides increased design freedom for direct realization of devices with graded electromagnetic properties operating at microwave frequencies.

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Przybytek, Agnieszka, Iga Gubańska, Justyna Kucińska-Lipka, and Helena Janik. "Polyurethanes as a Potential Medical-Grade Filament for Use in Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printers – a Brief Review." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 6(132) (December 31, 2018): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5168.

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The possibility of using 3D printing technology (3DP) in medical field is a kind of revolution in health care. This has contributed to a rapid growth in demand for 3D printers, whose systems and materials are adapted to strict medical requirements. In this paper, we report a brief review of polyurethanes as a potential medical-grade filament for use in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printer technology. The advantages of polyurethanes as medical materials and the basic operating principles of FDM printers are presented. The review of present solutions in the market and literature data confirms the large interest in 3D printing technologies for the production of advanced medical devices. In addition, it is shown that thermoplastic-elastomer polyurethanes may be an effective widespread class of material in the market as thermoplastic filament for FDM 3D printers.

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Snopczyński, Marcin, Jarosław Kotliński, and Ireneusz Musiałek. "Testing of mechanical properties of materials used in FDM technology." Mechanik 92, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2019.4.37.

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With the development of 3D printing technology, there is a development in the use of new printing materials. In practice, it often happens that the constructor does not have full data about the material that he wants to use. The article presents the results of tests of tensile strength of samples printed using the FDM method. 3D printing using the FDM method is widespread, however, the properties of the materials used in this method are still not fully understood. The aim of the research was to obtain information on strength parameters that form the basis for further analyzes.

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Rompas, Alexander, Charalampos Tsirmpas, Ianos Papatheodorou, Georgia Koutsouri, and Dimitris Koutsouris. "3D Printing: Basic Concepts Mathematics and Technologies." International Journal of Systems Biology and Biomedical Technologies 2, no. 2 (April 2013): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsbbt.2013040104.

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3D printing is about being able to print any object layer by layer. But if one questions this proposition, can one find any three-dimensional objects that can't be printed layer by layer? To banish any disbeliefs the authors walked together through the mathematics that prove 3d printing is feasible for any real life object. 3d printers create three-dimensional objects by building them up layer by layer. The current generation of 3d printers typically requires input from a CAD program in the form of an STL file, which defines a shape by a list of triangle vertices. The vast majority of 3d printers use two techniques, FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) and PBP (Powder Binder Printing). One advanced form of 3d printing that has been an area of increasing scientific interest the recent years is bioprinting. Cell printers utilizing techniques similar to FDM were developed for bioprinting. These printers give us the ability to place cells in positions that mimic their respective positions in organs. Finally, through a series of case studies the authors show that 3d printers have made a massive breakthrough in medicine lately.

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Kim, Jaeyoon, and Bruce S. Kang. "Enhancing Structural Performance of Short Fiber Reinforced Objects through Customized Tool-Path." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 8168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228168.

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Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most common additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for thermoplastic materials. With the development of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) filament for FDM, AM parts with improved strength and functionality can be realized. CFRP is anisotropic material and its mechanical properties have been well studied, however, AM printing strategy for CFRP parts has not been developed. This paper proposes a systematic optimization of the FDM 3D printing process for CFRP. Starting with standard coupon specimen tests to obtain mechanical properties of CFRP, finite element analyses (FEA) were conducted to find principal directions of the AM part and utilized to determine fiber orientations. A specific tool-path algorithm has been developed to distribute fibers with the desired orientations. To predict/assess the mechanical behavior of the AM part, the 3D printing process was simulated to obtain the anisotropic mechanical behavior induced by the customized tool-path printing. Bolt hole plate and spur gear were selected as case studies. FE simulations and associated experiments were conducted to assess their performance. CFRP parts printed by the optimized tool-path shows about 8% higher stiffness than those printed at regular infill patterns. In summary, assisted by FEA, a customized 3D printing tool-path for CFRP has been developed with case studies to verify the proposed AM design optimization methodology for FDM.

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Kiński, Wojciech, and Paweł Pietkiewicz. "Influence of the Printing Nozzle Diameter on Tensile Strength of Produced 3D Models in FDM Technology." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0024.

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Abstract The article presents the results of tensile strength tests taking into account the influence of the printing nozzle diameter. The 3D printing method in FDM technology is described. The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of the printing nozzle diameter installed in the head. Samples printed with two types of filling were tested. The obtained results were summarized and compared. The printing time of the samples was compared with a diameter of each nozzle. Based on the strength tests, it can be concluded that the tensile strength of the samples made with the FDM printing technology is proportional to the used printing nozzle diameter.

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Kim, Chang Geun, Kyung Seok Han, Sol Lee, Min Cheol Kim, Soo Young Kim, and Junghyo Nah. "Fabrication of Biocompatible Polycaprolactone–Hydroxyapatite Composite Filaments for the FDM 3D Printing of Bone Scaffolds." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 6351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146351.

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Recently, three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has been widely adopted in biology and biomedical applications, thanks to its capacity to readily construct complex 3D features. Using hot-melt extrusion 3DP, scaffolds for bone tissue engineering were fabricated using a composite of biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA). However, there are hardly any published reports on the application of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using feed filaments, which is the most common 3D printing method. In this study, we report on the fabrication and characterization of biocompatible filaments made of polycaprolactone (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HA), a raw material mainly used for bone scaffolds, using FDM 3D printing. A series of filaments with varying HA content, from 5 to 25 wt.%, were fabricated. The mechanical and electrical properties of the various structures, printed using a commercially available 3D printer, were examined. Specifically, mechanical tensile tests were performed on the 3D-printed filaments and specimens. In addition, the electrical dielectric properties of the 3D-printed structures were investigated. Our method facilitates the fabrication of biocompatible structures using FDM-type 3DP, creating not only bone scaffolds but also testbeds for mimicking bone structure that may be useful in various fields of study.

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Li, Yao, and Yan Lou. "Tensile and Bending Strength Improvements in PEEK Parts Using Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printing Considering Multi-Factor Coupling." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112497.

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Compared with laser-based 3D printing, fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology is simple and safe to operate and has a low cost and high material utilization rate; thus, it is widely used. In order to promote the application of FDM 3D printing, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) was used as a printing material to explore the effect of multi-factor coupling such as different printing temperatures, printing directions, printing paths, and layer thicknesses on the tensile strength, bending strength, crystallinity, and grain size of FDM printed PEEK parts. The aim was to improve the mechanical properties of the 3D printed PEEK parts and achieve the same performance as the injection molded counterparts. The results show that when the thickness of the printed layer is 0.1 mm and the printing path is 180° horizontally at 525 °C, the tensile strength of the sample reaches 87.34 MPa, and the elongation reaches 38%, which basically exceeds the tensile properties of PEEK printed parts reported in previous studies and is consistent with the tensile properties of PEEK injection molded parts. When the thickness of the printed layer is 0.3 mm, the printing path is 45°, and with vertical printing direction at a printing temperature of 525 °C, the bending strength of the sample reaches 159.2 MPa, which exceeds the bending performance of injection molded parts by 20%. It was also found that the greater the tensile strength of the printed specimen, the more uniform the size of each grain, and the higher the crystallinity of the material. The highest crystallinity exceeded 30%, which reached the crystallinity of injection molded parts.

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Son, Tran Anh, Pham Son Minh, and Trung Do Thanh. "Effect of 3D Printing Parameters on the Tensile Strength of Products." Key Engineering Materials 863 (September 2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.863.103.

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3D printing is a promising digital manufacturing technique that manufactures product parts in a layer fashion. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a widely used 3D printing technique that produces components by heating, extruding, and depositing the filaments of thermoplastic polymers. Meanwhile, the properties of FDM-produced parts are significantly influenced by process parameters. These process parameters have different advantages that need to be investigated. This paper examines the effect of some process parameters on the tensile properties of some components produced using FDM technique. The study is performed on polylactic acid (PLA) material, using full factorial experimental design. Furthermore, three process parameter—material, infill density, and infill pattern—are considered. The results indicate that only the infill pattern significantly influences the tensile properties of the model.

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Yang, Teng-Chun, and Chin-Hao Yeh. "Morphology and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Wood Fiber/Polylactic Acid Composite Parts Using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): The Effects of Printing Speed." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061334.

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In this study, a wood fiber/polylactic acid composite (WPC) filament was used as feedstock to print the WPC part by means of fused deposition modeling (FDM). The morphology and mechanical properties of WPC parts printed at different speeds (30, 50, and 70 mm/s) were determined. The results show that the density of the printed WPC part increased as the printing speed decreased, while its surface color became darker than that of parts printed at a high speed. The printing time decreased with an increasing printing speed; however, there was a small difference in the time saving percentage without regard to the dimensions of the printed WPC part at a given printing speed. Additionally, the tensile and flexural properties of the printed WPC part were not significantly influenced by the printing speed, whereas the compressive strength and modulus of the FDM-printed part significantly decreased by 34.3% and 14.6%, respectively, when the printing speed was increased from 30 to 70 mm/s. Furthermore, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) illustrated that the FDM process at a high printing speed produced an uneven surface of the part with a narrower width of printed layers, and pull-outs of wood fibers were more often observed on the fracture surface of the tensile sample. These results show that FDM manufacturing at different printing speeds has a substantial effect on the surface color, surface roughness, density, and compressive properties of the FDM-printed WPC part.

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Khuong, Tran Linh, Zhao Gang, Muhammad Farid, and Rao Yu. "Izod Impact Strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Matetials after Used in UP2! 3D-Printer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2737.

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3D printing technology which is also named as fast prototypinghas shown excellent resultsto manufacture more complex and sophiscated products;hence is increasingly being developed and widely applied. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the most popular 3D printing techniques available today because it's simple and easy to make, these cheap printers nowadays are using this technology. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is the material which is most commonly used among three kinds of common materials of FDM technology ABS, PLA, PVA. To design a patternfor using FDM technology using the printer UP2in particular, the exact calculations and the mechanical properties of the material ABS are required.The article focuses on testing the Izod impact strength.

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Tan, Deck, Mohammed Maniruzzaman, and Ali Nokhodchi. "Advanced Pharmaceutical Applications of Hot-Melt Extrusion Coupled with Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D Printing for Personalised Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040203.

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Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a fabrication process whereby a 3D object is created layer-by-layer by depositing a feedstock material such as thermoplastic polymer. The 3D printing technology has been widely used for rapid prototyping and its interest as a fabrication method has grown significantly across many disciplines. The most common 3D printing technology is called the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) which utilises thermoplastic filaments as a starting material, then extrudes the material in sequential layers above its melting temperature to create a 3D object. These filaments can be fabricated using the Hot-Melt Extrusion (HME) technology. The advantage of using HME to manufacture polymer filaments for FDM printing is that a homogenous solid dispersion of two or more pharmaceutical excipients i.e., polymers can be made and a thermostable drug can even be introduced in the filament composition, which is otherwise impractical with any other techniques. By introducing HME techniques for 3D printing filament development can improve the bioavailability and solubility of drugs as well as sustain the drug release for a prolonged period of time. The latter is of particular interest when medical implants are considered via 3D printing. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in implementing a continuous manufacturing method on pharmaceutical products development and manufacture, in order to ensure high quality and efficacy with less batch-to-batch variations of the pharmaceutical products. The HME and FDM technology can be combined into one integrated continuous processing platform. This article reviews the working principle of Hot Melt Extrusion and Fused Deposition Modelling, and how these two technologies can be combined for the use of advanced pharmaceutical applications.

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Vosynek, Petr, Tomas Navrat, Adela Krejbychova, and David Palousek. "Influence of Process Parameters of Printing on Mechanical Properties of Plastic Parts Produced by FDM 3D Printing Technology." MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823702014.

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Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a fast-growing 3D printing technology. This technology expands rapidly even in households. Most users set print parameters only according to their own experience, regardless of the final mechanical properties. In order to predict the mechanical behaviour of the FDM-printed components, it is important to understand not only the properties of the printing material but also the effect of the printing process parameters on the mechanical properties. Components manufactured by FDM technology have an anisotropic structure, therefore the filling angle, fill shape, air gap, print orientation, and print temperature affect the resulting mechanical properties. This work deals with the change of mechanical properties depending on the setting of the filling angle, the shape of the filling, the orientation of the parts during printing, the influence of the material and pigment manufacturer.

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Krause, Julius, Laura Müller, Dorota Sarwinska, Anne Seidlitz, Malgorzata Sznitowska, and Werner Weitschies. "3D Printing of Mini Tablets for Pediatric Use." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14020143.

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In the treatment of pediatric diseases, suitable dosages and dosage forms are often not available for an adequate therapy. The use of innovative additive manufacturing techniques offers the possibility of producing pediatric dosage forms. In this study, the production of mini tablets using fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printing was investigated. Two pediatric drugs, caffeine and propranolol hydrochloride, were successfully processed into filaments using hyprolose and hypromellose as polymers. Subsequently, mini tablets with diameters between 1.5 and 4.0 mm were printed and characterized using optical and thermal analysis methods. By varying the number of mini tablets applied and by varying the diameter, we were able to achieve different release behaviors. This work highlights the potential value of FDM 3D printing for the on-demand production of patient individualized, small-scale batches of pediatric dosage forms.

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Pascu, Nicoleta Elisabeta, Tiberiu Gabriel Dobrescu, Emilia Balan, Gabriel Jiga, and Victor Adir. "Design of ABS Plastic Components through FDM Process for the Quick Replacement of Outworn Parts in a Technological Flow." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.2.4997.

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The paper shows the importance of designing an ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) plastic part which will be produced using FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology; it is obtained a product with the same characteristics provided by the operating guide book. Thus, this solution combines both the capacity of the designer as well as the applied technology and can produce similar or improved plastic components, at the same time maintaining the functional characteristics of the work piece. This paper is a plea for the application of 3D printing using FDM technology for manufacturing components (spare parts) out of production, because the technological systems users no longer have other solutions available for replacing outworn plastic parts. 3D printing using FDM technology is a fast option for replacing outworn components, the modeling, simulation and printing time being shorter than the purchase time of a new subassembly or assembly that has been remanufactured and modernized.

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Savu, Ionel Danut, Sorin Vasile Savu, Nicusor-Alin Sirbu, Mirela Ciornei, Robert Cristian Marin, and Daniela Ioana Tudose. "Laser Marking of PLA FDM Printed Products." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.2.5369.

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The paper aimed to reveal, qualitatively and quantitatively, the modifications suffered by the PLA during the complex heating cycle specific to the 3D printing followed by laser marking. The obtained results showed that the melting point of the PLA decreases from 162.2oC (which is specific to PLA filament) to 153.1oC after the 3D printing process and to 149.7oC after the laser heating. The glass transition suffered the same lowering after the printing process but an important increasing after the laser heating. The elastic modulus evolution proved a decreasing of the plasticity and that is hapenning when the material suffers an increasing of its rigidity. The elongation viscosity was analyzed and its values were decreasing with the increasing of the temperature that happened on the material. The decreasing was produced by the reduction of the elasticity, when the chain branches are decreasing their length. The decreasing is more pronounced with the increasing of the temperature. The ratio between the loss modulus to the storage modulus and quantifies the way in which the PLA absorbs and disperses energy moves its peak from 65oC (curve specific to the PLA filament) to 45oC (curve specific to the last layer deposited by 3D printing process and re-heated by laser beam for marking). The peak means the lowest storage modulus, which is a measure of elastic response of a material, so the transition from glass to high elasticity moves to the lower temperatures.

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He, Feiyang, and Muhammad Khan. "Effects of Printing Parameters on the Fatigue Behaviour of 3D-Printed ABS under Dynamic Thermo-Mechanical Loads." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142362.

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Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most widely used additive manufacturing process in customised and low-volume production industries due to its safe, fast, effective operation, freedom of customisation, and cost-effectiveness. Many different thermoplastic polymer materials are used in FDM. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is one of the most commonly used plastics owing to its low cost, high strength and temperature resistance. The fabricated FDM ABS parts commonly work under thermo-mechanical loads in actual practice. For producing FDM ABS components that show high fatigue performance, the 3D printing parameters must be effectively optimized. Hence, this study evaluated the bending fatigue performance for FDM ABS beams under different thermo-mechanical loading conditions with varying printing parameters, including building orientations, nozzle size, and layer thickness. The combination of three building orientations (0°, ±45°, and 90°), three nozzle sizes (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm) and three-layer thicknesses (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mm) were tested at different environmental temperatures ranging from 50 to 70 °C. The study attempted to find the optimal combination of the printing parameters to achieve the best fatigue behaviour of the FDM ABS specimen. The experiential results showed that the specimen with 0° building orientation, 0.8 mm filament width, and 0.15 mm layer thickness vibrated for the longest time before the fracture at each temperature. Both a larger nozzle size and thicker layer height can increase the fatigue life. It was concluded that printing defects significantly decreased the fatigue life of the 3D-printed ABS beam.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D FDM printing'

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