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Ghawana, Tarun, Karel Janečka, and Sisi Zlatanova. "Development of 3D Spatial Database Enabled IT Framework for Land Agencies: Case Studies of Delhi, India and Prague, Czech Republic." Land 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030248.
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Rapid urbanization has led vertical infrastructural growth in different countries with differing economic development levels and social systems. The two cities, Prague and Delhi, are the capital cities of their respective countries and have significant vertical developments. However, the two cities represent the urban areas from countries having different economic development levels. The land agencies need to keep monitoring and managing the developments in a city. The paper proposes a conceptual 3D spatial database enabled IT framework for land agencies. A monostrand multiple case study approach reviews the current practices, existing spatial data systems and programmes with 3D components, initiatives taken to create digital spatial database and potential for 3D spatial database in the two cities. The policy drivers for creation and use of 3D spatial database for land agencies are presented. The current legal and planning landscape and the institutional arrangements related to land and property development have been studied considering the scope for the development of 3D data. Further, a conceptual 3D spatial database enabled IT framework for better land administration, planning, development and management functioning is proposed. The proposed framework can make a difference providing interconnectivity, ease of access and usage, time and cost efficiency, enhanced organizational coordination and spatial data information-based decision-making process.
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Kedron, Peter, Yun Zhao, and Amy E. Frazier. "Three dimensional (3D) spatial metrics for objects." Landscape Ecology 34, no. 9 (June 28, 2019): 2123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00861-4.
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Onitsuka, Kenichiro, Kento Ninomiya, and Satoshi Hoshino. "Potential of 3D Visualization for Collaborative Rural Landscape Planning with Remote Participants." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 3059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093059.
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Rural populations are aging and declining, which has reduced the capacity for rural landscape conservation. Thus, collaborative governance with non-local stakeholders is essential to foster innovative ideas by combining knowledge bases. In the current digital era, remote actors can play a part in rural governance across boundaries through information technology. This study focused on the potential of 3D visualization for rural landscape planning and examined the effects and challenges of using 3D models for collaboration with non-local stakeholders. We conducted a survey with remote participants about a rural village landscape, using 3D models created from drone-shot aerial photos, and then discussed the findings with local stakeholders in a workshop in the village. We found that, by using 3D models, various opinions could be obtained from non-local stakeholders who had never seen the actual landscape. They used the 3D model to view the landscape from various perspectives and it enabled participants to accurately grasp local situations and problems. However, some of the opinions gathered in the survey were unrealistic for actual landscape planning. We conclude that 3D models are a useful tool to incorporate external opinions into rural landscape planning across temporal and spatial boundaries, to maintain healthy rural landscapes.
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Orozco Carpio, Patricio R., María José Viñals, Pablo A. Escudero, and Renan C. V. S. Rolim. "Geospatial Tools for Determining Visitor Carrying Capacity in Tourist Streets and Public Spaces of Historic Centres." Heritage 6, no. 11 (November 6, 2023): 7100–7114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6110370.
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This paper presents a methodology for using geospatial tools to enact efficient tourism planning and management in streets and other public spaces in historic centres. The study uses 3D laser scanning, GIS, and spatial data processing techniques to analyse the visitor carrying capacity of streets near cultural attractions. The methodology was tested on Miguelete Street in València (Spain), next to the Cathedral. The results show that these digital tools are efficient and accurate for the spatial analysis of visitor carrying capacity studies.
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Quintilla-Castán, M., S. Martínez-Aranda, and L. Agustín-Hernández. "DIGITAL 3D INVENTORY FOR THE PROMOTION AND CONSERVATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W1-2022 (August 6, 2022): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w1-2022-379-2022.
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Abstract. Heritage graphic representation combining building spatial location and urban/land planning supports the decision-making of government agencies and simplifies the development of protection and conservation projects. The evolution of web-based open-source representation systems, able to store 3D graphics information and to make it accessible by web platforms, allows to develop novel heritage catalogues which simplify the exchange of information between administrations and citizens. This work is devoted to the creation of the Digital 3D Inventory of the Aragonese Mudéjar Architectural Heritage, a list of 225 buildings with unique architectural elements which are part of the UNESCO World Heritage. We propose a generalized methodology for collecting, store and disseminate friendly 2D geospatial and 3D geometric documentation of the historical buildings, ensuring that valuable information is stored and providing greater graphic and documentary resources than traditional inventories of architectural heritage. The main novelty is creation of a web platform which allows the exploitation of the architectural information through a cartographic webGIS viewer and a 3D environment based on webGL for rendering large point clouds. The proposed web platform enables to delivery 3D content through generic web browsers natively supported by all devices and without installing third-party applications neither downloading massive data files.
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López-Fraile, Francisco José, Manuel Alcaraz-Castaño, Mario López-Recio, Javier Baena, Jorge Morín, Marta Roca, Luis Rodríguez-Avello, Fernando Tapias, Alfredo Pérez-González, and Manuel Santonja. "Aplicaciones SIG en la caracterización geoarqueológica del yacimiento paleolítico de Las Delicias (Madrid, España) y visualización en 3D de los resultados." Virtual Archaeology Review 5, no. 10 (May 2, 2014): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4206.
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The open-air Palaeolithic site of Las Delicias, located in the Manzanares river valley (Madrid, Spain), has been the object of recent archaeological excavations during 2008 and 2009. Field data gathered at the site has been processed through Geographic Information Systems software, and results have been represented in 3D. We have achieved a topographic and archaeological database which has been associated with 3D planimetries through GIS. At the micro-spatial level, this database will allow future studies on different topics, such as the genesis of the deposits and their conservation, displacement patterns of the archaeological objects, refitting of lithic pieces and planning of future excavation seasons at the site.
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Gu, Zongni, Xiaolong Luo, Yanru Chen, Xiaoman Liu, Chenrui Xiao, and Yifan Liang. "Density, Diversity, and Design: Evaluating the Equity of the Elderly Communities in Three Measures of the Built Environment." Land 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111976.
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Building an aging-friendly city is necessary, considering the unprecedented demographic shift of the aging population. It is necessary to study the built environment conditions surrounding the elderly’s residential areas. This study examines the density, diversity, and design (3D) features around the two typical elderly communities, which are community-based care and the nursing home. Then, the equity analysis is conducted from the social and spatial perspective. We use the 3D framework to measure the built environment around elderly communities. The essential features of an aging-friendly community are used to assess the built environment around the elderly communities. Moreover, we analyze the social and spatial equity of the elderly communities from the facility level and the town level. From the facility level, the 3D features of the elderly communities and the whole communities are compared to identify the social disparity among groups. From the town level, the average values of the 3D features are aggregated to each town, and then the attribute values of the towns are compared to reveal the spatial gaps and spatial mismatch areas. Results found that the spatial distributions of the 3D features around elderly communities present the center-periphery patterns. This study also found that a social disparity exists between the elderly communities and the whole communities. Moreover, there is a spatial mismatch between the diversity of facilities, road connections, and the number of elderly. Towns located in the fringe area are with a high number of elderly, but with a low diversity and road connections. The findings of this study can help planners and decision-makers to optimize the living facilities for old people and inform the gap in planning an aging-friendly city.
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Ying, Shen, Chengpeng Li, Naibin Chen, Yizhen Jia, Renzhong Guo, and Lin Li. "Object Analysis and 3D Spatial Modelling for Uniform Natural Resources in China." Land 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111154.
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Natural resource management has entered a new stage in 2018 in the People’s Republic of China (China) marked by the establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China (MNRPRC). More functions and responsibilities are integrated in the MNRPRC to build a uniform management system for full natural resource features in China with the aim of implementing uniform spatial planning and regulation, management, use and control, surveying, and registration for full natural resources. This paper first provides a detailed analysis regarding full natural resources with the perspectives of spatial forms and rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs); then, the modelling foundation of the “uniform” concept in natural resource registration is reconsidered. Lastly, we put forward a basic conceptual model for the uniform registration of full natural resources based on LADM (Land Administration Domain Model).
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Kaźmierczak, Rafał, and Agnieszka Szczepańska. "Augmented reality as a technology that supports the spatial development process." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 23, no. 1 (March 19, 2024): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.9420.
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Motives: The solutions for designing spatial development methods in planning documents are presented as 2D graphics with supplementary descriptions. Due to the lack of specialist knowledge and insufficient spatial imagination, some readers may be unable to understand the graphic and descriptive content of such documents. The above can lead to the construction of objects that disrupt spatial order without violating the law. This problem can be solved by applying augmented reality (AR) in spatial planning. This paper presents the capabilities of a method for visualizing different spatial development variants on the example of buildings. A model of a building plot and the surrounding area, covered by a local spatial development plan, was developed.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the AR technology for identifying low-precision areas in the plan and its potential impact on the method of land development, with a resulting deterioration in spatial order.Results: The use of the AR technology enables analyses and assessments of planned development in the context of spatial order and its integration with the existing elements. Visualizations presented with the AR technology show that different interpretations of the local zoning plan generate spatial chaos. The utility of 3D visualization for an average reader was also presented. The AR technology can be used at the stage of preparing planning documents (community participation, adopting the plan), adopting by-laws (councilors), and enforcing these regulations (investors’ decisions).
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Zhu, Yongyan, Seongwoo Jeon, Hyunchan Sung, Yoonji Kim, Chiyoung Park, Sungeun Cha, Hyun-woo Jo, and Woo-kyun Lee. "Developing UAV-Based Forest Spatial Information and Evaluation Technology for Efficient Forest Management." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 10150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310150.
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Forest spatial information is regularly established and managed as basic data for national forest planning and forest policy establishment. Among them, the grade of vegetation conservation shall be investigated and evaluated according to the value of vegetation conservation. As the collection of field data over large or remote areas is difficult, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly being used for this purpose. Consequently, there is a need for research on UAV-monitoring and three-dimensional (3D) image generation techniques. In this study, a new method that can efficiently collect and analyze UAV spatial data to survey and assess forests was developed. Both UAV-based and LiDAR imaging methods were evaluated in conjunction with the ground control point measurement method for forest surveys. In addition, by fusing the field survey database of each target site and the UAV optical and LiDAR images, the Gongju, Samcheok, and Seogwipo regions were analyzed based on deep learning. The kappa value showed 0.59, 0.47, and 0.78 accuracy for each of the sites in terms of vegetation type (artificial or natural), and 0.68, 0.53, and 0.62 accuracy in terms of vegetation layer structure. The results of comparative analysis with ecological natural maps by establishing vegetation conservation levels show that about 83.9% of the areas are consistent. The findings verified the applicability of this UAV-based approach for the construction of geospatial information on forests. The proposed method can be useful for improving the efficiency of the Vegetation Conservation Classification system and for conducting high-resolution monitoring in forests worldwide.
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Kalogianni, Eftychia, Efi Dimopoulou, Rodney James Thompson, Christiaan Lemmen, Shen Ying, and Peter van Oosterom. "Development of 3D spatial profiles to support the full lifecycle of 3D objects." Land Use Policy 98 (November 2020): 104177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104177.
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Jia, Shizhen, Yi Liao, Yuqing Xiao, Bo Zhang, Xiangbin Meng, and Ke Qin. "Methods of Conserving and Managing Cultural Heritage in Classical Chinese Royal Gardens Based on 3D Digitalization." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074108.
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In this study, we aimed to implement information obtained and refined from garden elements in heritage conservation, monitoring, and management to precisely construct an information model of classical Chinese gardens, including information on the garden entity, garden space, and garden attributes, etc., and to improve the management efficiency of classical Chinese royal gardens. Three-dimensional laser scanning technology and point cloud information were used to accurately collect and process digital information from classical Chinese royal gardens. After classifying and processing the point cloud data, correlations therein could be further assessed and used to greatly improve the accuracy and management efficiency of spatial information. To provide a more convenient solution for the subsequent conservation and management of landscape heritage, a method for establishing a three-dimensional digital information database and a full life-cycle application management platform for classical Chinese royal gardens is proposed in this research. This method has broad applications for the digital conservation and management of cultural heritage.
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Vogiatzakis, I. N., A. M. Mannion, and G. H. Griffiths. "Mediterranean ecosystems: problems and tools for conservation." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 2 (April 2006): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp472ra.
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Mediterranean ecosystems rival tropical ecosystems in terms of plant biodiversity. The Mediterranean Basin (MB) itself hosts 25 000 plant species, half of which are endemic. This rich biodiversity and the complex biogeographical and political issues make conservation a difficult task in the region. Species, habitat, ecosystem and landscape approaches have been used to identify conservation targets at various scales: ie, European, national, regional and local. Conservation decisions require adequate information at the species, community and habitat level. Nevertheless and despite recent improvements/efforts, this information is still incomplete, fragmented and varies from one country to another. This paper reviews the biogeographic data, the problems arising from current conservation efforts and methods for the conservation assessment and prioritization using GIS. GIS has an important role to play for managing spatial and attribute information on the ecosystems of the MB and to facilitate interactions with existing databases. Where limited information is available it can be used for prediction when directly or indirectly linked to externally built models. As well as being a predictive tool today GIS incorporate spatial techniques which can improve the level of information such as fuzzy logic, geostatistics, or provide insight about landscape changes such as 3D visualization. Where there are limited resources it can assist with identifying sites of conservation priority or the resolution of environmental conflicts (scenario building). Although not a panacea, GIS is an invaluable tool for improving the understanding of Mediterranean ecosystems and their dynamics and for practical management in a region that is under increasing pressure from human impact.
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Bakó, Gábor, Zsolt Molnár, Lilla Bakk, Ferenc Horváth, Luca Fehér, Örs Ábrám, Edina Morvai, et al. "Toward a High Spatial Resolution Aerial Monitoring Network for Nature Conservation—How Can Remote Sensing Help Protect Natural Areas?" Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 8807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168807.
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Aerial surveys have always significantly contributed to the accurate mapping of certain geographical phenomena. Remote sensing opened up new perspectives in nature monitoring with state-of-the-art technical solutions using modern onboard recording equipment. We developed the technical background and the methodology that supports detailed and cost-effective monitoring of a network of natural areas, thereby detecting temporal changes in the spatial pattern of land cover, species, biodiversity, and other natural features. In this article, we share our experiences of the technical background, geometric accuracy and results of comparisons with selected Copernicus Land Monitoring products and an Ecosystem Map based on the testing of our methodology at 25 sites in Hungary. We combined a high-spatial-resolution aerial remote sensing service with field studies to support an efficient nature conservation monitoring network at 25 permanent sites. By analyzing annually (or more frequently) orthophotos taken with a range of 0.5–5 cm spatial resolution and 3D surface models of aerial surveys, it is possible to map the upper canopy of vegetation species. Furthermore, it allows us to accurately follow the changes in the dynamics at the forest edge and upper canopy, or the changes in species’ dominance in meadows. Additionally, spatial data obtained from aerial surveys and field studies can expand the knowledge base of the High-Resolution Aerial Monitoring Network (HRAMN) and support conservation and restoration management. A well-conducted high-resolution survey can reveal the impacts of land interventions and habitat regeneration. By building the HRAMN network, nature conservation could have an up-to-date database that could prompt legal processes, establish protection designation procedures and make environmental habitat management more cost-effective. Landscape protection could also utilize the services of HRAMN in planning and risk reduction interventions through more reliable inputs to environmental models.
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Tattoni, Clara, and Marco Ciolli. "Analysis of Bird Flyways in 3D." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120535.
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Bird migration is a long studied phenomenon that involves animals moving back and forth from wintering sites and to reproductive grounds. Several studies have focused on identifying the timing, physiology and evolution of migration, but a spatial approach to understand the migratory routes is still an open challenge. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can provide the tools to explore such a complicated issue. Birds usually move from the wintering sites to spring breeding grounds in multiple flights, stopping at intermediate sites to rest and refuel, being unable to cover the distance in a single travel. The choice of stopover sites by birds depends not only on their ecological features but also on their position and visibility along main migratory flyways. In this work, we calculated the possible migratory routes that minimize the distance covered or the elevation gaps for birds crossing the Southern Alps, simulating the flight within a network connecting potential stopover sites and other relevant point of passage, using the shortest path computation. Subsequently, we performed a visibility analysis along the identified flyways to understand which stopover sites, belonging to the Natura2000 network, were visible for a bird in an area with complex morphology. Data available from ringing stations confirm the selection or avoidance of some stopover sites based on their en route visibility. The knowledge of bird flyways and stopover sites has implications for conservation as well as for planning, especially for wind farms or other infrastructures.
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Liu, Y., and Y. Zhuang. "THE EXPLORATION OF APPLYING OF SPATIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN GENERAL PLAN FOR REGIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-415-2021.
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Abstract. With the rapid urbanization and the sharp increasing of the amount of official identification cultural heritages, the Chinese government and public are paying more attention to the regional comprehensive preservation, exhibition and utilization of the cultural heritages in recent years. “General Plan for Regional Cultural Heritage Preservation” offers a new systematic conservating solution for the cluster of cultural heritages in an administrative region. For the past few years, lots of new spatial information technologies have been applied in the preservation of cultural heritages, which tremendously improved the level and effectiveness of cultural heritage recording, management, monitoring and exhibition. This article will focus on discussing the methods and applying prospect of the technologies of geographic information system, 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry modeling in general planning for regional cultural heritage preservation and utilization.In recent years, with the continuous development of cultural heritage preservation in China, an increasing number of provinces and cities began to organize General Plans for regional cultural heritage preservation (hereinafter called "General Plan"), through which local governments are able to control the risk and improve the preservation level of cultural heritage (IAH, 2004).This paper will introduce the working framework of the General Plan and the core problems to be solved, and then analyze the application mode and prospect of spatial information technology in the General Plan.
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Redweik, Paula, Susana Reis, and Maria Cristina Duarte. "A digital botanical garden: using interactive 3D models for visitor experience enhancement and collection management." Virtual Archaeology Review 14, no. 28 (September 8, 2022): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2023.17629.
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Highlights: A virtual 3D model of a botanical garden was built based on a GIS with plants botanical information and buildings, statues and other assets historical information. The height and crown diameter of individual trees were determined from watershed operations on aerial LiDAR data. Statues were modelled photogrammetrically. Buildings were modelled procedurally using CGA rules. Users found realism and information access to be the most positive points. The way of data organisation and the elaborated modelling rules make the product easily extendable for new data and objects. Abstract: Botanical gardens are important spots in urban spaces, both for researchers and for many different kinds of public. Conveying scientific information by means of an attractive digital product, on a pre- or post-visit experience, is a way of captivating the public, especially the younger generation, to the relevance of those gardens as repositories of knowledge and for conservation of plant species diversity. This approach also facilitates communication with the general public and access to historical data. On the other hand, bringing the garden to the desktop of researchers and managers can be an advantage, not only for an overview of the status quo but also in spatial planning matters. This paper describes the production of a 3D dynamic model of the Tropical Botanical Garden in Lisbon on top of a Geographic Information System (GIS). Its development included creating a spatial database to organise data originating from a variety of sources, the three-dimensional (3D) modelling of plants, buildings and statues, the creation of web pages with historic and contextual information, as well as the publication of a number of interactive 3D scenes. Several software packages were used, and the final outputs were published in ArcGIS Online to be explored by the public and researchers (link provided at the end of the text). The data are organised in a database, and most 3D modelling tasks are procedural through Computer Generated Architecture (CGA) rules. Thus, updating information or 3D models can be done without having to repeat all steps, an important feature for a dynamic botanical garden. Challenges and solutions are also addressed, providing a constructive contribution to the further implementation of similar experiences in other botanical gardens. According to a user survey carried out, the realism of the representation and the possibility of easily retrieving information from the objects are the most positive aspects of the project.
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Mansourihanis, Omid, Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki, Samira Yousefian, and Ayda Zaroujtaghi. "A Computational Geospatial Approach to Assessing Land-Use Compatibility in Urban Planning." Land 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2023): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12112083.
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Amidst rapid urbanization, sustainable development requires moving beyond subjective land-use planning techniques toward innovative computational geospatial models. This paper introduces a GIS-based quantitative framework to enable objective, rigorous land-use compatibility analysis. Uniquely, the model evaluates radial impacts and expert-defined criteria across multiple scales, overcoming the limitations of qualitative approaches. Cell-by-cell computation identifies emerging spatial conflicts with enhanced realism. A case study in Qaemshahr, Iran, demonstrated the model’s proficiency in revealing incompatibilities and hotspots, surpassing conventional methodologies. Quantitative analysis provided accurate, transparent insights for evidence-based planning and consistency in evaluation. Ongoing improvements through 3D, real-time data integration and machine learning will further the objectivity. While extensive testing across diverse urban contexts is still needed, this pioneering computational technique marks a transition from subjective to objective methodologies. Situated at the intersection of geographic information science and urban planning, this study serves as a launchpad for advancing robust geospatial models to shape more equitable, resilient urban futures amidst complex sustainability challenges. The development of rigorous computational techniques remains fundamental, and the present innovative model can be used to provide objective, scientifically grounded compatibility analyses to guide land-use planning.
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Lucas, Chris, Willem Bouten, Zsófia Koma, W. Kissling, and Arie Seijmonsbergen. "Identification of Linear Vegetation Elements in a Rural Landscape Using LiDAR Point Clouds." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030292.
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Modernization of agricultural land use across Europe is responsible for a substantial decline of linear vegetation elements such as tree lines, hedgerows, riparian vegetation, and green lanes. These linear objects have an important function for biodiversity, e.g., as ecological corridors and local habitats for many animal and plant species. Knowledge on their spatial distribution is therefore essential to support conservation strategies and regional planning in rural landscapes but detailed inventories of such linear objects are often lacking. Here, we propose a method to detect linear vegetation elements in agricultural landscapes using classification and segmentation of high-resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point data. To quantify the 3D structure of vegetation, we applied point cloud analysis to identify point-based and neighborhood-based features. As a preprocessing step, we removed planar surfaces such as grassland, bare soil, and water bodies from the point cloud using a feature that describes to what extent the points are scattered in the local neighborhood. We then applied a random forest classifier to separate the remaining points into vegetation and other. Subsequently, a rectangularity-based region growing algorithm allowed to segment the vegetation points into 2D rectangular objects, which were then classified into linear objects based on their elongatedness. We evaluated the accuracy of the linear objects against a manually delineated validation set. The results showed high user’s (0.80), producer’s (0.85), and total accuracies (0.90). These findings are a promising step towards testing our method in other regions and for upscaling it to broad spatial extents. This would allow producing detailed inventories of linear vegetation elements at regional and continental scales in support of biodiversity conservation and regional planning in agricultural and other rural landscapes.
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Le, Yi, and Sheng-Yang Huang. "Prediction of Urban Trees Planting Base on Guided Cellular Automata to Enhance the Connection of Green Infrastructure." Land 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2023): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12081479.
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Urbanization and climate change pose significant challenges to urban ecosystems, underscoring the necessity for innovative strategies to enhance urban green infrastructure. Tree planting, a crucial aspect of green infrastructure, has been analyzed for optimized positioning using data metrics, priority scoring, and GIS. However, due to the dynamic nature of environmental information, the accuracy of current approaches is compromised. This study aims to present a novel approach integrating deep learning and cellular automata to prioritize urban tree planting locations to anticipate the optimal urban tree network. Initially, GIS data were collated and visualized to identify a suitable study site within London. CycleGAN models were trained using cellular automata outputs and forest mycorrhizal network samples. The comparison validated cellular automata’s applicability, enabled observing spatial feature information in the outputs and guiding the parameter design of our 3D cellular automata system for predicting tree planting locations. The locations were optimized by simulating the network connectivity of urban trees after planting, following the spatial-behavioral pattern of the forest mycorrhizal network. The results highlight the role of robust tree networks in fostering ecological stability and cushioning climate change impacts in urban contexts. The proposed approach addresses existing methodological and practical limitations, providing innovative strategies for optimal tree planting and prioritization of urban green infrastructure, thereby informing sustainable urban planning and design. Our findings illustrate the symbiotic relationship between urban trees and future cities and offer insights into street tree density planning, optimizing the spatial distribution of trees within urban landscapes for sustainable urban development.
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Sestras, Paul, Sanda Roșca, Ștefan Bilașco, Sanda Naș, Stefan M. Buru, Leontina Kovacs, Velibor Spalević, and Adriana F. Sestras. "Feasibility Assessments Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology in Heritage Buildings: Rehabilitation-Restoration, Spatial Analysis and Tourism Potential Analysis." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 6, 2020): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072054.
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The Transylvanian region of Romania is a place of rich history since ancient times, where the original natural environment around architectural heritage sites or buildings has not been severely altered by urban development. Unfortunately, many such places are left by the authorities to degrade or totally collapse for lack of funds, vision or initiatives. The current paper addresses the potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the assessment of a viable and feasible prospect of restoration on a 19th century mansion that belonged to a nobiliary family. UAV use is rising in many industries and has become very popular in the last decade, but for survey engineering and related domains they represent a quantum leap in technology. Integrating UAV-acquired data and structure from motion software, has enabled modern techniques to obtain useful metrics from the field, accurate photorealistic 3D models for visual inspection, structural damage analyses, architectural rehabilitation-restoration, conservation and spatial analysis of the surrounding area. In this work a socio-cultural planning and design process is explored and presented to improve the local community and inclusion in a tourist circuit based on the regional potential, as well as an evaluation of accessibility derived from a vector-raster database that highlights the central position of the cultural heritage in regards to the axis of circulation between the important metropolitan areas and the local tourist attractions. This established workflow of modern topographic and construction measurements is fully integrable into the architectural process, building information modelling, heritage conservation and reconstruction.
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Yang, Xingyue, and Donna Delparte. "A Procedural Modeling Approach for Ecosystem Services and Geodesign Visualization in Old Town Pocatello, Idaho." Land 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081228.
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City population has been growing rapidly worldwide due to urban expansion, which can bring negative impacts on local ecosystem services (ES). Efficient tools for urban design and visualization are essential for city planners and stakeholders to better understand the valuation impact of plans for future sustainable development. Current urban design methods are mainly based on a 2D perspective and lack vertical visualization. Although conventional 3D modeling was introduced to address these limitations, it still has some challenges, such as requiring powerful computing resources and specialized training. Procedural 3D modeling is a grammar-based set of rules that can effectively generate 3D models and enhance spatial visualization when compared with conventional 2D or 3D methods. This paper describes a framework for developing a geodesign tool in Old Town Pocatello, Idaho, USA using procedural modeling to improve planning and visualization for urban design, including (1) Geospatial data preparation in ArcGIS, (2) 3D cityscape model generation in CityEngine, and (3) interactive visualization applications for multiple platforms developed with the Unity game engine. Pocatello is a mid-sized city in southeast Idaho that faces several challenges towards integrating ecosystem services in urban design. As a case study in ecosystem service modelling, we proposed a green scenario for Old Town to demonstrate a tool where permeable surfaces were increased from 37% to 45% to help mitigate urban land surface temperature and improve stormwater management. This geodesign tool offers city planners and stakeholders an opportunity to visualize and analyze block-level scenarios in real time. The interactive applications can encourage public participation in the design process. More ES measurements can be implemented into this tool in the future. The techniques of 3D procedural modeling and ES modeling in this study are also applicable to other small to mid-sized cities worldwide.
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Wasylik, Joanna, Ewa Dębińska, and Kamil Maciuk. "GIS TOOLS IN THE VISUALISATION OF A LOCAL SPATIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Formatio Circumiectus 22, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/asp.fc/2023.22.1.65.
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Aim of the study: The main objective of the study was to analyse the possibility of using GIS tools for 3D modeling of data presented on local spatial development plans (LSMP) in the form of maximising the use of its provisions Material and methods: Publicly available LSMP for the analyzed scope were used in order to obtain the maximum building height for each section of the study area. Then, based on data obtained from the Open Street Map (OSM) and the database of topographic objects (BDOT10k), the areas on which construction or increase in the number of floors of existing buildings can take place were determined. Results and conclusions: The analyses obtained made it possible to determine the regions for which increased development is possible. This type of knowledge can be useful for facility owners, developers, and most importantly for public administration bodies to have knowledge about planning or possible elements in the MPZP that should be changed to prevent excessive building density. This could result, for example, in the possibility of obscuring the visibility of the sun for selected areas or closing air corridors in the city. Thus, this type of study allows a very simple way to visualise the maximum possible development on newly created local plans and other such analyses
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Casula, Giuseppe, Silvana Fais, Francesco Cuccuru, Maria Giovanna Bianchi, and Paola Ligas. "Diagnostic Process of an Ancient Colonnade Using 3D High-Resolution Models with Non-Invasive Multi Techniques." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063098.
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Here, an avant-garde study of three ancient Doric columns of the precious, ancient Romanesque church of Saints Lorenzo and Pancrazio in the historical town center of Cagliari (Italy) is presented based on the integrated application of different non-destructive testing methods. The limitations of each methodology are overcome by the synergistic application of these methods, affording an accurate, complete 3D image of the studied elements. Our procedure begins with a macroscopic in situ analysis to provide a preliminary diagnosis of the conditions of the building materials. The next step is laboratory tests, in which the porosity and other textural characteristics of the carbonate building materials are studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. After this, a survey with a terrestrial laser scanner and close-range photogrammetry is planned and executed to produce accurate high-resolution 3D digital models of the entire church and the ancient columns inside. This was the main objective of this study. The high-resolution 3D models allowed us to identify architectural complications occurring in historical buildings. The 3D reconstruction with the above metric techniques was indispensable for planning and carrying out the 3D ultrasonic tomography, which played an important role in detecting defects, voids, and flaws within the body of the studied columns by analyzing the propagation of the ultrasonic waves. The high-resolution 3D multiparametric models allowed us to obtain an extremely accurate picture of the conservation state of the studied columns in order to locate and characterize both shallow and internal defects in the building materials. This integrated procedure can aid in the control of the spatial and temporal variations in the materials’ properties and provides information on the process of deterioration in order to allow adequate restoration solutions to be developed and the structural health of the artefact to be monitored.
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Meidinger, Manuel, Markantonatou Vasiliki, Marcello Sano, Marco Palma, and Massimo Ponti. "Seafloor mapping and cartography for the management of marine protected areas." Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 4, no. 2 (November 20, 2013): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2013.5340.
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Geographical information systems (GIS) and diagnostic cartography have traditionally been shown to be useful tools for the application of ecosystem-based management (EBM). To date, bionomic and diagnostic cartographic approaches have been commonly used to support decision-making in the selection, zoning and management of marine protected areas (MPAs), with a range of practical tools developed for this purpose. In addition to these, new and emerging technologies have the potential for generating better information for scientists, managers and other stakeholders alike, such as underwater survey tools, three dimensional (3D) visualisation systems and interactive web platforms. These new methodologies allow taking into account the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of the marine environment, to be managed for conservation. This paper reviews emerging and innovative technologies for marine mapping and marine spatial planning with a special focus on their use in MPA management. These include the generation and use of benthic cartography, scientific visualisation of ecosystem analyses, web-based GIS platforms and their final use as decision-support tools. Seafloor mapping technology has been improved and become more affordable for local scale MPA management purposes. However, the lack of coherent local scale spatial data still remains an issue, limiting the power of diagnostic cartography analyses within MPAs. The proposed framework can improve the generation and dissemination of cartographic and visual data, and allow for management approaches based on scientific knowledge and EBM principles, taking into account stakeholders needs.
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De Marco, R., and A. Pettineo. "THE RECOGNITION OF HERITAGE QUALITIES FROM FEATURE-BASED DIGITAL PROCEDURES IN THE ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL URBAN CONTEXTS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (February 25, 2022): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-175-2022.
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Abstract. The documentation of historical architectural heritage in urban contexts involves the consideration of planning adaptations of settlements and landscape, related to the identification of formal and semantic qualities. In particular, the identification of cultural significance of Heritage building units can find correspondence in geometrical features that are documented within the urban asset. In this way, urban monitoring, in an increasingly automated way, can support the identification and characterization of semantic elements also regarding Heritage objects, observing the invariance and conservation of formal constants in urban dynamic assets.Considering the experimental case study of Solikamsk historical center, belonging to Upper Kama route (Russia), a multi-instrumental strategy of spatial survey is applied, evaluating data coverages and resolutions. This analysis defines a preliminary framework to develop further processes of 3D triangulation and reality-based meshing. The morpho-metric detail of final models constitutes the basis for the computing test of feature-based procedures, including regions recognition and mesh segmentation, which can be calibrated for shape qualities and scales, reaching a preliminary modeling classification of Heritage and urban building units.
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Goussios, Dimitris, and Ioannis Faraslis. "Integrated Remote Sensing and 3D GIS Methodology to Strengthen Public Participation and Identify Cultural Resources." Land 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2022): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101657.
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In the context of territorial development, the construction of specific and competitive local resources is based on the identification of their intangible and material elements but also their links to the region. The connection between these links and local heritage, along with their spatial dimension, makes the active participation of residents in the entire process necessary. This paper presents the application of an integrated methodology that fosters the involvement of residents in a process of collecting relevant implicit information, with the assistance of experts, in order to identify cultural resources from different historical periods. This methodology is based on the synergy of three components: interdisciplinarity, local community participation, and the use of non-destructive cutting-edge technologies (remote sensing, UAV mapping, ground-penetrating radar, and 3D GIS interactive representations). The use of various methods and tools is organized in successive phases, the objective being the substantial participation of residents through 3D interactive visualisations of their area. 3D representations enable the activation of local memory in conjunction with the collection of information regarding location, type, and traces of cultural resources. The entire process validates the implicit information that guides the competent authorities and experts in the further search for more precise information, both from satellite data (high-resolution images) and images from subsurface mapping (ground-penetrating radar). The proposed methodology significantly accelerates the process of identifying cultural resources and provides a comprehensive picture to local government and cultural institutions about the area’s cultural resources and planning possibilities while reducing the failures and costs of the research process.
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Rocha, Gustavo, Luís Mateus, and Victor Ferreira. "Historical Heritage Maintenance via Scan-to-BIM Approaches: A Case Study of the Lisbon Agricultural Exhibition Pavilion." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 13, no. 2 (February 11, 2024): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13020054.
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Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as a revolutionary tool in the domain of architectural conservation and documentation. When combined with terrestrial 3D laser scanning, it presents a powerful method to capture and represent the intricate details and nuances of historic structures. Such buildings, with their unique architectural lineage, often exude a geometric complexity unparalleled by standard designs. Consequently, the transition from scan data to a BIM framework, or the scan-to-BIM process, becomes intricate and time-intensive. Beyond the challenge of digital translation, the true essence of these historic buildings lies not only in their geometric form but also in understanding and preserving their design logic, formal composition rules, and primitive geometry. It then becomes imperative that the resulting model maintains fidelity in terms of proportion, shape, symmetry, and spatial rationale. Considering these challenges and potentials, this article delves into the process of digitalizing and BIM modeling of the Lisbon Agricultural Exhibition Pavilion located in Portugal. Our study proceeds in a tripartite structure: initiating with an in-depth terrestrial 3D laser scanning of the pavilion, followed by a comprehensive registration, processing, and alignment of the acquired scans, and culminating in a detailed BIM model using the industry-standard Revit 2020 software.
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Arnold, John David McEwen, and Don Lafreniere. "Creating a longitudinal, data-driven 3D model of change over time in a postindustrial landscape using GIS and CityEngine." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-08-2017-0055.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to create a longitudinal data-driven model of change over time in a postindustrial landscape, using the “Copper Country” of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula as a case study. The models resulting from this project will support the heritage management and public education goals of the contemporary communities and Keweenaw National Historical Park that administer this nationally significant mining region through accessible, engaging, and interpretable digital heritage. Design/methodology/approach The paper applies Esri’s CityEngine procedural modeling software to an existing historical big data set. The Copper Country Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure, previously created by the HESA lab, contains over 120,000 spatiotemporally specific building footprints and other built environment variables. This project constructed a pair of 3D digital landscapes comparing the built environments of 1917 and 1949, reflecting the formal and functional evolution of several of the most important copper mining, milling, and smelting districts of Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula. Findings This research discovered that CityEngine, while intended for rapid 3D modeling of the contemporary urban landscape, was sufficiently robust and flexible to be applied to modeling serial historic industrial landscapes. While this novel application required some additional coding and finish work, by harnessing this software to existing big data sets, 48,000 individual buildings were rapidly visualized using several key variables. Originality/value This paper presents a new and useful application of an existing 3D modeling software, helping to further illuminate and inform the management and conservation of the rich heritage of this still-evolving postindustrial landscape.
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McQuillan, A., and N. Bar. "The necessity of 3D analysis for open-pit rock slope stability studies: Theory and practice." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 123, no. 2 (March 24, 2023): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2425/2023.
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Geotechnical models developed during the planning stages of open pit mines are three-dimensional so as to capture the spatial variation in lithological, structural, hydrogeological, and geomechanical conditions. Geological models that describe the lithological and structural (faulting and folding) characteristics of a deposit are always 3D. Likewise, boreholes and piezometers used to develop geomechanical properties and groundwater models are drilled at spatial offsets across the deposit to understand the lateral and vertical characteristics. Yet when geotechnical analysis is completed, often the three-dimensional geological, hydrogeological, and structural models as well as geometrically complex 3D mine designs for optimizing economic mineral recovery and overburden removal are simplified to two-dimensional sections. In this paper we demonstrate that this simplification can lead to the wrong failure mechanism being identified, analysed, and/or a conservative factor of safety being calculated and hence an over-estimation of slope stability. Through case studies we show how three-dimensional analysis methods are more suited to rock slopes, particularly those with anisotropic material strength, when singularities such as geological faults are present, and nonlinear slope geometry. When the same slopes are analysed in two dimensions, the failure mechanism calculated is often fundamentally incorrect. The case studies further reveal that the factor of safety calculated in three dimensions is not always higher than the two-dimensional factor of safety.
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Colosi, Francesca, Eva Savina Malinverni, Francisco James Leon Trujillo, Roberto Pierdicca, Roberto Orazi, and Francesco Di Stefano. "Exploiting HBIM for Historical Mud Architecture: The Huaca Arco Iris in Chan Chan (Peru)." Heritage 5, no. 3 (August 3, 2022): 2062–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030108.
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The construction technique of raw earth, which has always been in use in most of the world, has left large monuments or architectural complexes to cultural heritage that need special attention due to the notable vulnerability of the material. A convenient way to deal this threat, besides physical intervention, is by using an information system, such as HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modeling), as a tool for damage assessment and conservation planning. This paper reports on its application in an archaeological setting, in particular, on the Huaca Arco Iris, a religious building of the old city of Chan Chan (Peru), the largest monumental complex in mud on the American continent. The study is part of the bilateral international project between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (CONCYTEC) in the use of HBIM for the prediction of possible natural or anthropogenic damages to buildings in raw mud. Exploiting the data coming from the direct and indirect analyses, a dedicated ontology is built to guide the management of these data within the information system. The creation of an HBIM system for the archaeological domain, based on the trinomial data–information–knowledge, is presented and validated. Following this approach, a customizable HBIM has been created with the 3D model of the spatial entities of the Huaca. As a result, the semantic relationship of an external wall, taken as the benchmark test of our experiment, with the contained bas-relief and the conservation cover is tested.
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Cozzolino, Marilena, Antonio De Simone, Vincenzo Gentile, Paolo Mauriello, and Amanda Piezzo. "GPR and Digital Survey for the Diagnosis and the 3D Representation of the Battle of Issus Mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii (Naples, Italy)." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 6965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12146965.
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The application of non-invasive geophysical techniques and digital surveys to explore cultural heritage is becoming a very important research field. The capability to detect inner and superficial changes in the inspected surfaces allows for imaging spatial inhomogeneity and material features and planning targeted conservation and restoration interventions. In this work, the results of a research project carried out on the famous Battle of Issus Mosaic, also known as the “Alexander Mosaic”, are presented. It is a masterpiece of ancient art that was found in 1831 in the House of Faun, the most luxurious and spacious house in Pompeii. It is notable for its size (3.41 × 5.82 m), the quality of workmanship and the subject that represents the culminating phase of the battle between Alexander Magno’s army and the Persian one of Darius. In 1916, it was moved inside the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, where the original horizontal location was changed with a vertical arrangement supported by an inner wooden structure, whose exact manufacture is unclear. Today, the mosaic is affected by important instability phenomena highlighted by the appearance of the significant detachment of tiles, superficial lesions and swelling of the surface. Given the important need to preserve it, a high-detail diagnostic study was realized through a digital survey and non-invasive geophysical surveys using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The investigation was repeated after two years, in 2018 and 2020, with the aim of verifying the evolution of degradation. The work provided a high-resolution estimate of the state of the health of the mosaic and allowed for obtaining a three-dimensional reconstruction of the internal mosaic structure, including the formulation of hypotheses on the engineering supporting works of the twentieth century; this provides an essential tool for the imminent conservation project, which also implies restoring the original horizontal position.
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Zamzuri, Ainn, Muhammad Imzan Hassan, and Alias Abdul Rahman. "Incorporating Adjacent Free Space (AFS) for marine spatial unit in 3D marine cadastre data model based on LADM." Land Use Policy 139 (April 2024): 107084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107084.
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Collado, Angel, Gaspar Mora-Navarro, Verónica Heras, and José Luis Lerma. "A Web-Based Geoinformation System for Heritage Management and Geovisualisation in Cantón Nabón (Ecuador)." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010004.
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Since ancient times, human beings have been interested in knowing their environment in order to make the right decisions in territorial management. The spatial component is a feature of great importance in the assets that surround us. Heritage geoinformation is a convenient and effective way for management, protection and safeguarding of cultural and natural heritage. For optimal compliance, it is nowadays indispensable to rely on the use of new web technologies and geomatics knowledge that allow the documentation, visualisation, monitoring and management of heritage. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to develop a web-based cultural heritage management system in Cantón Nabón, Ecuador, as a case study. The system, consisting of a web-based geoportal accessible to the whole society, will allow consulting the geolocalised heritage information of the study area on a virtual map, as well as 3D geovisualisation in an interactive web viewer. The integrated system, once implemented, will take into consideration the preventive conservation cycle in the heritage field, highlighting, in Spanish, the creation of the heritage data models according to ISO21127:2014.
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Reimer, Julie M., Rodolphe Devillers, Brice Trouillet, Natalie C. Ban, Tundi Agardy, and Joachim Claudet. "Conservation ready marine spatial planning." Marine Policy 153 (July 2023): 105655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105655.
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Fuladlu, Kamyar. "ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS FOR CAMPUS OUTDOOR SPACE: A MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY (EMU) CAMPUS." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.3.217.
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ABSTRACT Open spaces—whether public, urban, or part of a campus—offer a variety of activities and opportunities to people. Therefore, open spaces should be considered a vital component of any built-up area and designed to meet the needs and address the comfort of potential users. Because of their presence in daily life and their preponderance of characteristics, open spaces have drawn the attention of many researchers, designers, and planners with varying perspectives. The current study takes a scientific approach to analyzing the environmental parameters of the Campus Outdoor Space (COS) in the case of the Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU). An extensive literature review supported the identification of seven important environmental parameters effective in the microscale analysis of a COS: geographical location, meteorological situation, urban form, surface materials, amount of vegetation and watershed, and anthropogenic pollution. Analysis of the environmental parameters called for a hybrid method that included a detailed field survey and the following set of simulations: sun-path, radiation, sky view factor, and turbulence analysis. The accuracy of the field survey directly contributed to the effectiveness of the simulations. Grasshopper® 3D software and Computational Fluid Dynamics were used to simulate the conditions of the EMU study area. The outcomes show that the spatial organization, building forms, and building orientation negatively affect the COS of EMU. In the Mediterranean climatic region of EMU, shade and flowing breezes greatly enhance comfort and usability of outdoor spaces from April to October. The massive form of buildings and minimal planning for effective building orientation to the sun increased heat storage capacity and neglected prevailing winds, resulting in flow separation and formation of eddies on the leeward side of buildings. These negatively influenced the microclimate, and thereby user comfort, at the core of the EMU’s main COS.
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Hosam Aldeen Mohammad, Omar, and Montasir Masoud Alabdullah. "Landscape architecture design as an art creative practice: A studio teaching model." Landscape Architecture and Art 20, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2022.20.10.
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Landscape Architecture is defined as a blend of art and science. However, it has been acknowledged that configuration of design forms, which is related to spatial composition and element forms is the most challenging design aspect that the students face in learning the design process in the basic design course. This is not the case for the scientific aspects where students can establish their ability and confidence in learning landscape technical issues and functional requirements. This paper discusses the outcomes of the first Landscape Architecture Design Studio at the Department of Landscape Architecture at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), which represents the first foundation stone for Landscape Architecture design education. The Landscape Architecture Studio has examined the role of creative practice in art plays in the landscape architecture design process in the light of Zangwill’s Aesthetic Creation Theory (ACT), and following the Form-Based Design (FBD) approach process defined by Stefano Fillipi. In this studio, students were asked to design a private garden related to, hypothetically, an artist’s family house. Based on the FBD approach, each student chose a specific modern artist, supposedly owning the garden house, and studied his artistic principles of forms, patterns, colours and composition, and used them as an inspiration for their own art paintings. The students’ art pieces acted as the basis for conceptualising their design preliminary plans and 3D images. As a result of this studio, students showed a great interest in the studio artistic approach, and demonstrated a significant ability to translate the artistic principles and qualities existing in creative painting successfully into their landscape architecture design. At the end of the teaching process, a reflective student survey feedback from instructors indicated that students had learned about the aesthetic creative approach and were able to understand the role non-aesthetic properties played into manifesting the design aesthetic quality.
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Liorni, Ilaria, Oriano Bottauscio, Roberta Guilizzoni, Peter Ankarson, Jorge Bruna, Arya Fallahi, Stuart Harmon, and Mauro Zucca. "Assessment of Exposure to Electric Vehicle Inductive Power Transfer Systems: Experimental Measurements and Numerical Dosimetry." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 4573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114573.
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High-power inductive power transfer (IPT) systems for charging light and heavy electric vehicles pose safety concerns if they are installed in uncontrolled environments. Within the framework of the European Project EMPIR-16ENG08 MICEV, a wide experimental and numerical study was conducted to assess the exposure of the general public to IPT stray magnetic fields for two different exposure scenarios: (1) for an IPT model system derived from the SAE J2954 standard operating at 85 kHz for a light electric vehicle coupled with the model of a realistic car-body model; and (2) for an IPT model system with a maximum rated power of 50 kW at 27.8 kHz for a real minibus that was reproduced with some simplifications in two different 3D finite element method (FEM) simulation tools (Opera 3D and CST software). An ad hoc measurement survey was carried out at the minibus charging station to validate the simulations of the real bus station for both aligned and misaligned IPT coils. Based on this preliminary study, a safety factor was chosen to ensure a conservative dosimetric analysis with respect to the model approximations. As highlighted in this study, the vehicle-body serves as an efficient screen to reduce the magnetic field by at least three orders of magnitude close to the coils. By applying FEM, computed spatial distribution to the Sim4Life software, the exposure of three Virtual Population human anatomical phantoms (one adult, one child, and a newborn) was assessed. The three phantoms were placed in different postures and locations for both exposure scenarios. The basic restriction limits, established by the current guidelines, were never exceeded within the vehicles; however, the basic restrictions were exceeded when an adult crouched outside the minibus, i.e., near the coils, or when a newborn was placed in the same location. Borderline values were observed in the light car. In the case of the bus, limits coming from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines are never exceeded, while basic restrictions coming from the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines are exceeded up to 12% for an adult and up to 38% for a newborn. This paper presents novel dosimetric data generated in an IPT system for heavy vehicles and confirms some of the literature data on light vehicles.
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Gökmen, Esra Yazici, and Nuran Zeren Gülersoy. "Spatial Planning as a Tool for Effective Nature Conservation: A Conceptual Framework for Turkey’s Spatial Planning System." Journal of Landscape Ecology 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2018-0002.
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Abstract Protected areas can be parts of larger ecosystems, and land use changes in the unprotected part of the ecosystems may threaten the biological diversity by affecting the ecological processes. The relationship between protected areas and their surroundings has been influential in understanding the role of spatial planning in nature conservation. This article focuses on the problem that Turkey’s protected areas are vulnerable to pressure and threats caused by land use changes. Spatial planning serving as a bridge between nature conservation and land use is the solution for effective nature conservation in Turkey. Thereby, the aim of this article is to develop a conceptual framework which offers spatial planning as an effective tool to bridge the gap between land use change and nature conservation. In this context, first literature review is conducted, and systematic conservation planning, evidence-based conservation planning, bioregional planning and national system planning are presented as effective planning methods in nature conservation. In addition to literature review, official national statistics and Convention on Biological Diversity’s country reports are utilized to shed light on Turkey’s current state. Finally, a conceptual framework is defined, the main differences with the current situation are revealed. The results indicate that an effective planning system for Turkey’s protected areas incorporates a holistic, target-oriented system defining the spatial planning process for protected areas. The spatial planning system to be developed in this context is also used by decision-makers in evaluating the ecological effectiveness of existing plans.
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Lehrer, David, Nir Becker, and Pua Bar (Kutiel). "Managing nature conservation prioritization: a spatial conservation planning index approach." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 64, no. 9 (January 25, 2021): 1555–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1835617.
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Alagador, Diogo, and Jorge Orestes Cerdeira. "Operations research applicability in spatial conservation planning." Journal of Environmental Management 315 (August 2022): 115172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115172.
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Nielsen, Erica S., Maria Beger, Romina Henriques, Kimberly A. Selkoe, and Sophie von der Heyden. "Multispecies genetic objectives in spatial conservation planning." Conservation Biology 31, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 872–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12875.
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Shabtay, Ateret, Michelle E. Portman, Elisabetta Manea, and Elena Gissi. "Promoting ancillary conservation through marine spatial planning." Science of The Total Environment 651 (February 2019): 1753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.074.
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Thomson, Jim, Tracey J. Regan, Tracey Hollings, Nevil Amos, William L. Geary, David Parkes, Cindy E. Hauser, and Matthew White. "Spatial conservation action planning in heterogeneous landscapes." Biological Conservation 250 (October 2020): 108735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108735.
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Lin, Jinyao, Yijuan Zeng, and Yuqi He. "Spatial Optimization with Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis for Green Space Conservation Planning." Forests 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2023): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14051031.
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Conservation areas are essential for preserving green spaces and biological diversity. Although previous studies have demonstrated that spatial optimization techniques are effective for balancing the relationship between ecological importance and spatial pattern during conservation practices, the design of ecological corridors still requires an efficient, intelligent, and flexible workflow. In addition, functional connectivity information is usually unavailable or very difficult to obtain. To alleviate these problems, this paper has developed a new spatial optimization-based model that combines morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) with ecological importance assessment. The consideration of MSPA can guarantee enough ecological corridors in the conservation plan, while the regions with higher ecological importance can be discovered through an ecological importance assessment. This method has been applied to the planning of conservation areas in a highly developed city. Several experiments have indicated that our proposed model could achieve much better performance than conventional models in terms of spatial pattern. Therefore, this new model is expected to assist decision processes during the planning and regulation of green spaces in fragmented urban ecosystems. Furthermore, it can be applied to ecological management and planning in many other aspects because the above-mentioned research gaps are not unique to only Asian or less-developed countries.
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Kumar, Akshat, Xiaojian Wu, and Shlomo Zilberstein. "Lagrangian Relaxation Techniques for Scalable Spatial Conservation Planning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8170.
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We address the problem of spatial conservation planning in which the goal is to maximize the expected spread of cascades of an endangered species by strategically purchasing land parcels within a given budget. This problem can be solved by standard integer programming methods using the sample average approximation (SAA) scheme. Our main contribution lies in exploiting the separable structure present in this problem and using Lagrangian relaxation techniques to gain scalability over the flat representation. We also generalize the approach to allow the application of the SAA scheme to a range of stochastic optimization problems. Our iterative approach is highly efficient in terms of space requirements and it provides an upper bound over the optimal solution at each iteration. We apply our approach to the Red-cockaded Woodpecker conservation problem. The results show that it can find the optimal solution significantly faster---sometimes by an order-of-magnitude---than using the flat representation for a range of budget sizes.
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Venegas‐Li, Rubén, Noam Levin, Hugh Possingham, and Salit Kark. "3D spatial conservation prioritisation: Accounting for depth in marine environments." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2017): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12896.
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Vasilјevic, Nevena, and Boris Radic. "The cultural landscape: From conservation to planning concept." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 114 (2016): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1614257v.
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The interpretation of the concept of cultural landscape, as well as the interpretation of the general concept of landscape, depends on the context in which the process takes place. As an antithesis to natural landscape, and as notion of spatial and temporal interaction of man and nature, the cultural landscape is conceptualized in terms of scientific approach. The experiences prove that the traditional dichotomy in defining the landscape value (natural vs. cultural), as well as the aspect of its protection, evolving into a holistic approach, which is promoted in European Landscape Convention, at the beginning of XXI century. In the modern theory and practice of spatial planning and nature protection, the concept of cultural landscape appears as a holistic, multidimensional and multifunctional entity, which, in times of globalization, should be preserved and developed in accordance with its regional and local identity (character). The question is: what kind of methodological approach should be applied in determining the landscape value in the spatial planning and nature conservation? The aim of the research is to explain the evolution of landscape approach form reductionism to holistic problem-oriented transdisciplinary research that allows appropriate evaluation of the cultural landscape potential and its application in the spatial planning concept. At the same time, the aim is to explain the conceptualization of the cultural landscape in terms of the institutional protection of natural and cultural heritage and spatial planning in Serbia. The purpose of this paper is to point to legal instruments of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia which defining the obligations of determining the landscape character in the planning concept in spatial and urban plans, as well as the re-evaluation of existing values of cultural landscapes. The subject of the paper is theoretical concept of cultural landscape and the character of the cultural landscape Trsic-Tronosa. The value of the landscape character is interpreted and metrically expressed for the purposes of the Study of protection of the landscape of exceptional features Trsic-Tronosa - cultural landscape. At the end, the finding of the presented research confirming the applicability of the methods of landscape characterization in the spatial planning concept.
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TWEDT, DANIEL J., R. RANDY WILSON, and AMY S. KEISTER. "Spatial Models of Northern Bobwhite Populations for Conservation Planning." Journal of Wildlife Management 71, no. 6 (August 2007): 1808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-567.
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