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Journal articles on the topic '3D conductive polymer'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Cai, Zewei, Naveen Thirunavukkarasu, Xuefeng Diao, Haoran Wang, Lixin Wu, Chen Zhang, and Jianlei Wang. "Progress of Polymer-Based Thermally Conductive Materials by Fused Filament Fabrication: A Comprehensive Review." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204297.

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With the miniaturization and integration of electronic products, the heat dissipation efficiency of electronic equipment needs to be further improved. Notably, polymer materials are a choice for electronic equipment matrices because of their advantages of low cost and wide application availability. However, the thermal conductivity of polymers is insufficient to meet heat dissipation requirements, and their improvements remain challenging. For decades, as an efficient manufacturing technology, additive manufacturing has gradually attracted public attention, and researchers have also used this technology to produce new thermally conductive polymer materials. Here, we review the recent research progress of different 3D printing technologies in heat conduction and the thermal conduction mechanism of polymer matrix composites. Based on the classification of fillers, the research progress of thermally conductive materials prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF) is discussed. It analyzes the internal relationship between FFF process parameters and the thermal conductivity of polymer matrix composites. Finally, this study summarizes the application and future development direction of thermally conductive composites by FFF.

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Eutionnat-Diffo, Prisca Aude, Aurélie Cayla, Yan Chen, Jinping Guan, Vincent Nierstrasz, and Christine Campagne. "Development of Flexible and Conductive Immiscible Thermoplastic/Elastomer Monofilament for Smart Textiles Applications Using 3D Printing." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102300.

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3D printing utilized as a direct deposition of conductive polymeric materials onto textiles reveals to be an attractive technique in the development of functional textiles. However, the conductive fillers—filled thermoplastic polymers commonly used in the development of functional textiles through 3D printing technology and most specifically through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process—are not appropriate for textile applications as they are excessively brittle and fragile at room temperature. Indeed, a large amount of fillers is incorporated into the polymers to attain the percolation threshold increasing their viscosity and stiffness. For this reason, this study focuses on enhancing the flexibility, stress and strain at rupture and electrical conductivity of 3D-printed conductive polymer onto textiles by developing various immiscible polymer blends. A phase is composed of a conductive polymer composite (CPC) made of a carbon nanotubes (CNT) and highly structured carbon black (KB)- filled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and another one of propylene-based elastomer (PBE) blends. Two requirements are essential to create flexible and highly conductive monofilaments for 3D-printed polymers onto textile materials applications. First, the co-continuity of both the thermoplastic and the elastomer phases and the location of the conductive fillers in the thermoplastic phase or at the interface of the two immiscible polymers are necessary to preserve the flexibility of the elastomer while decreasing the global amount of charges in the blends. In the present work based on theoretical models, when using a two-step melt process, the KB and CNT particles are found to be both preferentially located at the LDPE/PBE interface. Moreover, in the case of the two-step extrusion, SEM characterization showed that the KB particles were located in the LDPE while the CNT were mainly at the LDPE/PBE interface and TEM analysis demonstrated that KB and CNT nanoparticles were in LDPE and at the interface. For one-step extrusion, it was found that both KB and CNT are in the PBE and LDPE phases. These selective locations play a key role in extending the co-continuity of the LDPE and PBE phases over a much larger composition range. Therefore, the melt flow index and the electrical conductivity of monofilament, the deformation under compression, the strain and stress and the electrical conductivity of the 3D-printed conducting polymer composite onto textiles were significantly improved with KB and CNT-filled LDPE/PBE blends compared to KB and CNT-filled LDPE separately. The two-step extrusion processed 60%(LDPE16.7% KB + 4.2% CNT)/40 PBE blends presented the best properties and almost similar to the ones of the textile materials and henceforth, could be a better material for functional textile development through 3D printing onto textiles.

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Zhang, Xiao, Jian Zheng, Yong Qiang Du, and Chun Ming Zhang. "Three-Dimensional Graphite Filled Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Composites with Enhanced Strength and Thermal Conductivity." Key Engineering Materials 842 (May 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.842.63.

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Three-dimensional (3D) network structure has been recognized as an efficient approach to enhance the mechanical and thermal conductive properties of polymeric composites. However, it has not been applied in energetic materials. In this work, a fluoropolymer based composite with vertically oriented and interconnected 3D graphite network was fabricated for polymer bonded explosives (PBXs). Here, the graphite and graphene oxide platelets were mixed, and self-assembled via rapid freezing and using crystallized ice as the template. The 3D structure was finally obtained by freezing-dry, and infiltrating with polymer. With the increasing of filler fraction and cooling rate, the thermal conductivity of the polymer composite was significantly improved to 2.15 W m-1 K-1 by 919% than that of pure polymer. Moreover, the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elastic modulus, were enhanced by 117% and 563%, respectively, when the highly ordered structure was embedded in the polymer. We attribute the increased thermal and mechanical properties to this 3D network, which is beneficial to the effective heat conduction and force transfer. This study supports a desirable way to fabricate the strong and thermal conductive fluoropolymer composites used for the high-performance polymer bonded explosives (PBXs).

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Yurduseven, Okan, Shengrong Ye, Thomas Fromenteze, Benjamin J. Wiley, and David R. Smith. "3D Conductive Polymer Printed Metasurface Antenna for Fresnel Focusing." Designs 3, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs3030046.

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We demonstrate a 3D printed holographic metasurface antenna for beam-focusing applications at 10 GHz within the X-band frequency regime. The metasurface antenna is printed using a dual-material 3D printer leveraging a biodegradable conductive polymer material (Electrifi) to print the conductive parts and polylactic acid (PLA) to print the dielectric substrate. The entire metasurface antenna is 3D printed at once; no additional techniques, such as metal-plating and laser etching, are required. It is demonstrated that using the 3D printed conductive polymer metasurface, high-fidelity beam focusing can be achieved within the Fresnel region of the antenna. It is also shown that the material conductivity for 3D printing has a substantial effect on the radiation characteristics of the metasurface antenna.

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5

Nakagawa, Yoshitaka, Hiroyuki Kageyama, Riho Matsumoto, Yuya Oaki, and Hiroaki Imai. "Conductive polymer-mediated 2D and 3D arrays of Mn3O4 nanoblocks and mesoporous conductive polymers as their replicas." Nanoscale 7, no. 44 (2015): 18471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr05912g.

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2D and 3D microarrays of Mn₃O₄ nanocuboids that were mediated by a conductive polymer were fabricated by polymerization of pyrrole in the interparticle spaces. Mesoporous polypyrrole films were obtained as replicas of the composite assemblies by dissolving the oxide nanocuboids.

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6

Park, Bumjun, Christiana Oh, Sooyoun Yu, Bingxin Yang, Nosang V. Myung, Paul W. Bohn, and Jennifer L. Schaefer. "Coupling of 3D Porous Hosts for Li Metal Battery Anodes with Viscous Polymer Electrolytes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 010511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac47ea.

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As the energy storage markets demand increased capacity of rechargeable batteries, Li metal anodes have regained major attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, Li anodes tend to have dendritic growth and constant electrolyte consumption upon cycling, which lead to safety concerns, low Coulombic efficiency, and short battery lifetime. In this work, both conductive and non-conductive 3D porous hosts were coupled with a viscous (melt) polymer electrolyte. The cross-section of the hosts showed good contact between porous hosts and the melt polymer electrolyte before and after extensive cycling, indicating that the viscous electrolyte successfully refilled the space upon Li stripping. Upon deep Li deposition/stripping cycling (5 mAh cm−2), the non-conductive host with the viscous electrolyte successfully cycled, while the conductive host allowed rapid short circuiting. Post-mortem cross-sectional imaging showed that the Li deposition was confined to the top layers of the host. COMSOL simulations indicated that current density was higher and more restricted to the top of the conductive host with the polymer electrolyte than the liquid electrolyte. This resulted in quicker short circuiting of the polymer electrolyte cell during deep cycling. Thus, the non-conductive 3D host is preferred for coupling with the melt polymer electrolyte.

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7

Marasso, Simone Luigi, Matteo Cocuzza, Valentina Bertana, Francesco Perrucci, Alessio Tommasi, Sergio Ferrero, Luciano Scaltrito, and Candido Fabrizio Pirri. "PLA conductive filament for 3D printed smart sensing applications." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 4 (May 14, 2018): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2016-0150.

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Purpose This paper aims to present a study on a commercial conductive polylactic acid (PLA) filament and its potential application in a three-dimensional (3D) printed smart cap embedding a resistive temperature sensor made of this material. The final aim of this study is to add a fundamental block to the electrical characterization of printed conductive polymers, which are promising to mimic the electrical performance of metals and semiconductors. The studied PLA filament demonstrates not only to be suitable for a simple 3D printed concept but also to show peculiar characteristics that can be exploited to fabricate freeform low-cost temperature sensors. Design/methodology/approach The first part is focused on the conductive properties of the PLA filament and its temperature dependency. After obtaining a resistance temperature characteristic of this material, the same was used to fabricate a part of a 3D printed smart cap. Findings An approach to the characterization of the 3D printed conductive polymer has been presented. The major results are related to the definition of resistance vs temperature characteristic of the material. This model was then exploited to design a temperature sensor embedded in a 3D printed smart cap. Practical implications This study demonstrates that commercial conductive PLA filaments can be suitable materials for 3D printed low-cost temperature sensors or constitutive parts of a 3D printed smart object. Originality/value The paper clearly demonstrates that a new generation of 3D printed smart objects can already be obtained using low-cost commercial materials.

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8

Eutionnat-Diffo, Prisca Aude, Yan Chen, Jinping Guan, Aurelie Cayla, Christine Campagne, and Vincent Nierstrasz. "Study of the Wear Resistance of Conductive Poly Lactic Acid Monofilament 3D Printed onto Polyethylene Terephthalate Woven Materials." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102334.

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Wear resistance of conductive Poly Lactic Acid monofilament 3D printed onto textiles, through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process and their electrical conductivity after abrasion are important to consider in the development of smart textiles with preserved mechanical and electrical properties. The study aims at investigating the weight loss after abrasion and end point of such materials, understanding the influence of the textile properties and 3D printing process parameters and studying the impact of the abrasion process on the electrical conductivity property of the 3D printed conductive polymers onto textiles. The effects of the 3D printing process and the printing parameters on the structural properties of textiles, such as the thickness of the conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) 3D printed onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile and the average pore sizes of its surface are also investigated. Findings demonstrate that the textile properties, such as the pattern and the process settings, for instance, the printing bed temperature, impact significantly the abrasion resistance of 3D printed conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) onto PET woven textiles. Due to the higher capacity of the surface structure and stronger fiber-to-fiber cohesion, the 3D printed conductive polymer deposited onto textiles through Fused Deposition Modeling process have a higher abrasion resistance and lower weight loss after abrasion compared to the original fabrics. After printing the mean pore size, localized at the surface of the 3D-printed PLA onto PET textiles, is five to eight times smaller than the one of the pores localized at the surface of the PET fabrics prior to 3D printing. Finally, the abrasion process did considerably impact the electrical conductivity of 3D printed conductive PLA onto PET fabric.

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9

Prasopthum, Aruna, Zexing Deng, Ilyas M. Khan, Zhanhai Yin, Baolin Guo, and Jing Yang. "Three dimensional printed degradable and conductive polymer scaffolds promote chondrogenic differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 15 (2020): 4287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00621a.

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We report a conductive and biodegradable 3D printed polymer scaffold that promotes chondrogenic differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells. The conductive material consists of tetraniline-b-polycaprolactone-b-tetraaniline and polycaprolactone.

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10

Krzeminski, Jakub, Bartosz Blicharz, Andrzej Skalski, Grzegorz Wroblewski, Małgorzata Jakubowska, and Marcin Sloma. "Photonic curing of silver paths on 3D printed polymer substrate." Circuit World 45, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-11-2018-0084.

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Purpose Despite almost limitless possibilities of rapid prototyping, the idea of 3D printed fully functional electronic device still has not been fulfilled – the missing point is a highly conductive material suitable for this technique. The purpose of this paper is to present the usage of the photonic curing process for sintering highly conductive paths printed on the polymer substrate. Design/methodology/approach This paper evaluates two photonic curing processes for the conductive network formulation during the additive manufacturing process. Along with the xenon flash sintering for aerosol jet-printed paths, this paper examines rapid infrared sintering for thick-film and direct write techniques. Findings This paper proves that the combination of fused deposition modeling, aerosol jet printing or paste deposition, along with photonic sintering, is suitable to obtain elements with low resistivity of 3,75·10−8 Ωm. Presented outcomes suggest the solution for fabrication of the structural electronics systems for daily-use applications. Originality/value The combination of fused deposition modelling (FDM) and aerosol jet printing or paste deposition used with photonic sintering process can fill the missing point for highly conductive materials for structural electronics.

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11

He, Xu, Yuchen Lin, Yuchen Ding, Arif M. Abdullah, Zepeng Lei, Yubo Han, Xiaojuan Shi, Wei Zhang, and Kai Yu. "Reshapeable, rehealable and recyclable sensor fabricated by direct ink writing of conductive composites based on covalent adaptable network polymers." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 015301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ac37f2.

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Abstract Covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers doped with conductive nanoparticles are an ideal candidate to create reshapeable, rehealable, and fully recyclable electronics. On the other hand, 3D printing as a deterministic manufacturing method has a significant potential to fabricate electronics with low cost and high design freedom. In this paper, we incorporate a conductive composite consisting of polyimine CAN and multi-wall carbon nanotubes into direct-ink-writing 3D printing to create polymeric sensors with outstanding reshaping, repairing, and recycling capabilities. The developed printable ink exhibits good printability, conductivity, and recyclability. The conductivity of printed polyimine composites is investigated at different temperatures and deformation strain levels. Their shape-reforming and Joule heating-induced interfacial welding effects are demonstrated and characterized. Finally, a temperature sensor is 3D printed with defined patterns of conductive pathways, which can be easily mounted onto 3D surfaces, repaired after damage, and recycled using solvents. The sensing capability of printed sensors is maintained after the repairing and recycling. Overall, the 3D printed reshapeable, rehealable, and recyclable sensors possess complex geometry and extend service life, which assist in the development of polymer-based electronics toward broad and sustainable applications.

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12

Zhao, Yu, Borui Liu, Lijia Pan, and Guihua Yu. "3D nanostructured conductive polymer hydrogels for high-performance electrochemical devices." Energy & Environmental Science 6, no. 10 (2013): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee40997j.

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13

Lu, Yanfeng, Morteza Vatani, and Jae-Won Choi. "Direct-write/cure conductive polymer nanocomposites for 3D structural electronics." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 27, no. 10 (October 2013): 2929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-013-0805-4.

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14

Dorin, Bryce, Patrick Parkinson, and Patricia Scully. "Direct laser write process for 3D conductive carbon circuits in polyimide." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 20 (2017): 4923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc01111c.

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15

Tao, Yulun, Juchuan Li, Anjian Xie, Shikuo Li, Ping Chen, Liping Ni, and Yuhua Shen. "Supramolecular self-assembly of three-dimensional polyaniline and polypyrrole crystals." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 84 (2014): 12757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc05559d.

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16

Bahremandi Tolou, Neda, Hamidreza Salimijazi, Theodoros Dikonimos, Giuliana Faggio, Giacomo Messina, Alessio Tamburrano, Annalisa Aurora, and Nicola Lisi. "Fabrication of 3D monolithic graphene foam/polycaprolactone porous nanocomposites for bioapplications." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 9 (December 19, 2020): 5581–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05596-1.

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Abstract Aiming at the production of light, porous, conductive, biosafe composites, in this paper we are presenting a novel fabrication method for monolithic, three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GF)/porous polymer composites. The synthesis adopts a novel process architecture by using Ni foam templates in an inductive heating chemical vapor deposition growth process, and by removing Ni chemically while retaining graphene integrity by the reversible application of cyclododecane (CD); finally, nondestructive coating procedures with polycaprolactone (PCL) solutions have been developed. The composites can be optimized to enhance electrical conduction, flexibility and mechanical properties, while mixing PCL and CD allows to coat the GF with a novel mesoporous polymer coating. By tuning the GF properties, the typical electrical resistance of the 3D forms can be reduced to a few 10 s of Ohms, values that are maintained after the PCL coatings. The current study achieved a GF fraction ranging between 1 and 7.3 wt%, with even the lower graphene content composites showing acceptable electrical and mechanical properties. The properties of these conductive 3D-GF/PCL composites are in line with the requirements for applications in the field of nerve tissue engineering. Graphical abstract

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17

Omar, Muhamad Huzaifah, Khairunisak Abdul Razak, Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab, and Hairul Hisham Hamzah. "Recent progress of conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymers/carbon nanomaterials using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) method as emerging electrochemical sensing devices." RSC Advances 11, no. 27 (2021): 16557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra01987b.

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This minireview discusses the current on-demand applications of the conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymer/carbon nanomaterial filaments, printed using the FDM 3D printing method, in developing electrochemical sensors and biosensors.

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18

Wei, Baojie, Xi Chen, and Shuangqiao Yang. "Construction of a 3D aluminum flake framework with a sponge template to prepare thermally conductive polymer composites." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 17 (2021): 10979–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta12541e.

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19

Thangavel, Sathies, and Senthil Ponnusamy. "Application of 3D printed polymer composite as capacitive sensor." Sensor Review 40, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2019-0198.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usage of three-dimensionally (3D) printed polylactic acid (PLA)-carbon black (CB) conductive polymer composite in the measurement of the void fraction and liquid level. Design/methodology/approach PLA-CB conductive polymer composite is 3D printed through fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique and used as a capacitive sensor for void fraction measurement and liquid level sensing. The sensitivity of 3D printed ring and concave type capacitive sensors are compared for void fraction measurement. The effect of electrode length, thickness and pipe dimension on the capacitance achievable for the particular void fraction is studied. Concept of fringing capacitance is used for the sensing of liquid level. Findings Compared to the concave design comprising four electrodes, the ring-type capacitive sensor produced better results in void fraction measurement. Increase in pipe diameter and electrode length results in the enhancement of capacitance arising from specific void fraction. For a 100 mm diameter pipe, the capacitance of the 150 mm-long concave electrode (0.4 mm thick) increased from 9.98 to 67.77 pF as the void fraction decreased from 100% to 0%. Development of the fringing capacitance in 3D printed PLA-CB composite helps in the measurement of liquid level. Both parallel finger topology and interdigital electrode configuration are able to sense the liquid level. Originality/value Ability of the 3D printed conductive PLA-CB composite to act as a capacitive sensor is experimentally analysed. Performance of different electrode configuration is tested for both void fraction measurement and liquid level sensing. Results of experimentation prove that FDM printed PLA-CB composite is suitable for the void fraction and liquid level measurement.

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Jo, Yejin, Ju Young Kim, Sungmook Jung, Bok Yeop Ahn, Jennifer A. Lewis, Youngmin Choi, and Sunho Jeong. "3D polymer objects with electronic components interconnected via conformally printed electrodes." Nanoscale 9, no. 39 (2017): 14798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr04111j.

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We report the fabrication of 3D polymer objects that contain electrical components interconnected by conductive silver/carbon nanotube inks printed conformally onto their surfaces and through vertical vias.

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21

Gao, Yao, Yong Li, Xiangwei Kong, and Meng Ma. "Enhanced Mechanical Property of Polyamide-6/Graphite Sheet Composites with Segregated 3D Network Binary Structure for High Thermal Conductivity." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2023): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15041041.

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Segregated conductive polymer composites exhibit excellent electrical properties with a low percolation threshold. However, the mechanical properties of the segregated conductive polymer composites were always poor because the conductive fillers at the interfaces hinder polymer chain diffusion and thus lead to weak interfacial interaction between the conductive fillers and the polymer matrix. In this paper, polyamide-6 and polyamide-612 microspheres were synthesized via the in situ anionic ring opening of caprolactam and laurolactam. Segregated graphite sheets/polyamide-6(GS/PA6) and polyamide-612(PA612) composites with good mechanical properties were realized via high-pressure solid-phase compression molding. The microstructures of the composite samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed that the formation of a GS-conductive network at the PA6 granule interfaces in the segregated conductive structures and the adopting of PA612 considerably improved the interfacial adhesion of the composites. A superior impact strength of 5.1 kJ/m2 was achieved with 50 wt% PA612 loading owing to improvements in the interface compatibility between PA6 and GS. The composites possessed an ultralow percolation threshold, which was ascribed to the segregated network structure being successfully constructed inside the material. As for GS/PA6 composites, the combination of segregated GS-conductive networks achieved an ultralow percolation of 2.8 vol%. The percolation of 80PA6/20PA612-GS composites was slightly higher, measuring up to 3.2 vol%. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of the 80PA6/20PA612-GS composites increased from 0.26 to around 0.5 W/(m·K), which was 1.9 times larger than the pure polyamide.

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Lin, Yuan, Huijie Jiang, Guangling Liang, Wei-Hua Deng, Qiaohong Li, Wen-Hua Li, and Gang Xu. "The exceptionally high moisture responsiveness of a new conductive-coordination-polymer based chemiresistive sensor." CrystEngComm 23, no. 19 (2021): 3549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ce00347j.

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Zheng, Yanling, Xu Huang, Jialiang Chen, Kechen Wu, Jianlei Wang, and Xu Zhang. "A Review of Conductive Carbon Materials for 3D Printing: Materials, Technologies, Properties, and Applications." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 3911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143911.

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Carbon material is widely used and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. It is often used as a filler to endow insulating polymer with electrical and thermal conductivity. Three-dimensional printing technology is an advance in modeling and manufacturing technology. From the forming principle, it offers a new production principle of layered manufacturing and layer by layer stacking formation, which fundamentally simplifies the production process and makes large-scale personalized production possible. Conductive carbon materials combined with 3D printing technology have a variety of potential applications, such as multi-shape sensors, wearable devices, supercapacitors, and so on. In this review, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber, graphene, and other common conductive carbon materials are briefly introduced. The working principle, advantages and disadvantages of common 3D printing technology are reviewed. The research situation of 3D printable conductive carbon materials in recent years is further summarized, and the performance characteristics and application prospects of these conductive carbon materials are also discussed. Finally, the potential applications of 3D printable conductive carbon materials are concluded, and the future development direction of 3D printable conductive carbon materials has also been prospected.

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Sampath, Peshan, Eranga De Silva, Lakshitha Sameera, Isuru Udayanga, Ranjith Amarasinghe, Sampath Weragoda, and Atsushi Mitani. "Development of a Conductive Polymer Based Novel 1-DOF Tactile Sensor with Cylindrical Arch Spring Structure Using 3D Printing Technology." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020318.

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Under this research, a novel tactile sensor has been developed using a conductive polymer-based sensing element. The incorporated sensing element is manufactured by polymer press moulding, where the compound is based on silicone rubber and has enhancements by silica and carbon black, with Silane-69 as the coupling agent. Characteristics of the sensing element have been observed using its sensitivity and range, where its results pose an inherent nonlinearity of conductive polymers. For the force scaling purpose, a novel 3D printed cylindrical arch spring structure was developed for this highly customizable tactile sensor by adopting commonly available ABSplus material in 3D printing technology. By considering critical dimensions of the structure, finite element analysis was carried out to achieve nearly optimized results. A special electrical routing arrangement was also designed to reduce the routing complexities. The optimized structure was fabricated using the 3D printing technology. A microcontroller-based signal conditioning circuit was introduced to the system for the purpose of acquiring data. The sensor has been tested up to the maximum load condition using a force indenter. This sensor has a maximum applicable range of 90 N with a maximum structural deflection of 4 mm. The sensor assembly weighs 155 g and the outer dimensions are 85 mm in diameter and 83 mm in height.

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Li, Jieling, Yan Xue, Anhe Wang, Shaonan Tian, Qi Li, and Shuo Bai. "Polyaniline Functionalized Peptide Self-Assembled Conductive Hydrogel for 3D Cell Culture." Gels 8, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8060372.

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The functionalization of self-assembled peptide hydrogel is of great importance to broaden its applications in the field of biomedicine. In this work, conductive hydrogel is fabricated by introducing conductive polymer polyaniline into peptide self-assembled hydrogel. Compared with pure peptide formed hydrogel, the conductive hydrogel exhibits enhanced conductivity, mechanical property and stability. In addition, the hydrogel is tested to be of great injectability and 3D bio-printability and could support the viability of encapsulated cells that are sensitive to electrical signals. It should have great application prospects in the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds.

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Liu, Si, Rongji Liu, Dandan Gao, Ivan Trentin, and Carsten Streb. "A 3d-printed composite electrode for sustained electrocatalytic oxygen evolution." Chemical Communications 56, no. 60 (2020): 8476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03579c.

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3D-printed polymer mesh substrates are converted to composite microstructured electrodes for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction by stepwise functionalization with a conductive nickel layer and a nickel-iron hydroxide catalyst.

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Kurselis, Kestutis, Roman Kiyan, Victor N. Bagratashvili, Vladimir K. Popov, and Boris N. Chichkov. "3D fabrication of all-polymer conductive microstructures by two photon polymerization." Optics Express 21, no. 25 (December 9, 2013): 31029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.031029.

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Mohan, Velram Balaji, Benjamin James Krebs, and Debes Bhattacharyya. "Development of novel highly conductive 3D printable hybrid polymer-graphene composites." Materials Today Communications 17 (December 2018): 554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2018.09.023.

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Podsiadły, Bartłomiej, Liubomir Bezgan, and Marcin Słoma. "3D Printed Electronic Circuits from Fusible Alloys." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 3829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223829.

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This work aims to evaluate the possibility of fabricating conductive paths for printed circuit boards from low-temperature melting metal alloys on low-temperature 3D printed substrates and mounting through-hole electronic components using the fused deposition modeling for metals (FDMm) for structural electronics applications. The conductive materials are flux-cored solder wires Sn60Pb40 and Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7. The deposition was achieved with a specially adapted nozzle. A comparison of solder wires with and without flux cores is discussed to determine whether the solder alloys exhibit adequate wettability and adhesion to the polymer substrate. The symmetrical astable multivibrator circuit based on bipolar junction transistors (BJT) was fabricated to demonstrate the possibility of simultaneous production of conductive tracks and through-hole mountings with this additive technique. Additional perspectives for applying this technique to 3D-printed structural electronic circuits are also discussed.

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Sultana, Papia, S. M. Rakib Emran Riyad, Mst Shamima Akter, A. M. Abdur Rahman, and Md Hasnat Kabir. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Conductive Composite for 3D Printing Technology." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 9987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.9987ecst.

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Iron oxide nanopowder/magnetite (Fe3O4) ornamented multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MW-CNTs) based composite polymer is prepared to improve some of the electrical properties of polymer named poly lactic acid (PLA). The oxidation of MWCNTs is performed to induce different functional groups like hydroxyl (-OH), carboxylic (-COOH) and carbonyl (-C=O) on the surface of MWCNTs. Co-precipitation synthesis method is used to produce iron magnetite (Fe3O4) nano powder with 2M HNO3 at 150°C temperature. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to investigate the bonding properties of MWCNTs and the (Fe-O) and (Fe-OH) bond is also confirmed from the synthesized Fe3O4. The composite sample is prepared with PLA, functionalized MWCNTs and synthesized iron nano powder (Fe3O4) by our own designed melting and mixing system at 210oC fixed temperature. I-V analysis is carried out on 1wt%, 3%wt and 5%wt Fe3O4 with constant PLA/CNT composite to observe the electrical conductivity. All sample shows linear conductivity with the concentration of Fe3O4 nano powder.

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Ahn, Seongki, Hitoshi Mikuriya, Eri Kojima, and Tetsuya Osaka. "Synthesis of Li Conductive Polymer Layer on 3D Structured S Cathode by Photo-Polymerization for Li–S Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5c07.

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The dissolution of lithium polysulfide (Li2Sx, 4 ≤ x ≤ 8, LiPS) during charge/discharge testing is a critical issue hindering the practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). To suppress LiPS dissolution, we propose a facile method to fabricate a Li-ion-conductive polymer layer by photopolymerization. The electrochemical performance of LSBs was investigated by preparing small pouch cells containing a three-dimensional (3D) structured sulfur-based cathode that either was or was not layered with the new polymer. Analysis of the electrolyte in the LSB pouch cell by UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that a 3D S cathode with polymer layer shows a good discharge capacity of 535 mA h g−1 and a coulombic efficiency (CE) of over 96% after 40 cycles. In comparison, the 3D S cathode without a polymer layer has a poor discharge capacity of 389 mA h g−1 and a CE of over 22% after 40 cycles. The dissolution suppressing ability of our new polymer layer demonstrates promise for the practical application of LSBs.

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Islam, Sakhiul, Pubali Das, Saswati Maiti, Samim Khan, Suvendu Maity, Prasanta Ghosh, Atish Dipankar Jana, Partha Pratim Ray, and Mohammad Hedayetullah Mir. "Electrically conductive Cu(ii)-based 1D coordination polymer with theoretical insight." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 43 (2020): 15323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt03098h.

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A nitro-functionalized Cu(ii)-based 1D CP generates a 3D supramolecular assembly through a novel “super-supramolecular” synthon, which exhibits electrical conductivity and reveals a Schottky diode behaviour.

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Horst, Diogo José, and Pedro Paulo Andrade Junior. "3D-Printed Conductive Filaments Based on Carbon Nanostructures Embedded in a Polymer Matrix." International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology Research 4, no. 1 (January 2019): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijanr.2019010103.

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Conductive and magnetic filaments are revolutionizing three-dimensional printing (3DP) to a new level. This review study presents the current state of the art on the subject, summarizing recent high impact studies about main advances regarding the application of 3DP filaments based on carbon nanostructures such as graphene, carbon fibers, nanotubes, and conductive carbon black embedded in a polymer matrix, by reviewing its main characteristics and showing the main producers and also the products available on the market. The availability of inexpensive, reliable, and electrically conductive material will be indispensable for the fabrication of circuits and sensors before the full potential of 3DP for customized products incorporating electrical elements can be fully explored.

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Ehrmann, Guido, Tomasz Blachowicz, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Magnetic 3D-Printed Composites—Production and Applications." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2022): 3895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183895.

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Three-dimensional printing enables building objects shaped with a large degree of freedom. Additional functionalities can be included by modifying the printing material, e.g., by embedding nanoparticles in the molten polymer feedstock, the resin, or the solution used for printing, respectively. Such composite materials may be stronger or more flexible, conductive, magnetic, etc. Here, we give an overview of magnetic composites, 3D-printed by different techniques, and their potential applications. The production of the feedstock is described as well as the influence of printing parameters on the magnetic and mechanical properties of such polymer/magnetic composites.

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Pai, Avinash R., Nizam Puthiyaveettil Azeez, Binumol Thankan, Nandakumar Gopakumar, Maciej Jaroszewski, Claudio Paoloni, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, and Sabu Thomas. "Recent Progress in Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance of Porous Polymer Nanocomposites—A Review." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 3901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113901.

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The urge to develop high-speed data transfer technologies for futuristic electronic and communication devices has led to more incidents of serious electromagnetic interference and pollution. Over the past decade, there has been burgeoning research interests to design and fabricate high-performance porous EM shields to tackle this undesired phenomenon. Polymer nanocomposite foams and aerogels offer robust, flexible and lightweight architectures with tunable microwave absorption properties and are foreseen as potential candidates to mitigate electromagnetic pollution. This review covers various strategies adopted to fabricate 3D porous nanocomposites using conductive nanoinclusions with suitable polymer matrices, such as elastomers, thermoplastics, bioplastics, conducting polymers, polyurethanes, polyimides and nanocellulose. Special emphasis has been placed on novel 2D materials such as MXenes, that are envisaged to be the future of microwave-absorbing materials for next-generation electronic devices. Strategies to achieve an ultra-low percolation threshold using environmentally benign and facile processing techniques have been discussed in detail.

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Owais, Mohammad, Aleksei Shiverskii, Amit Kumar Pal, Biltu Mahato, and Sergey G. Abaimov. "Recent Studies on Thermally Conductive 3D Aerogels/Foams with the Segregated Nanofiller Framework." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 4796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224796.

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As technology advances toward ongoing circuit miniaturization and device size reduction followed by improved power density, heat dissipation is becoming a key challenge for electronic equipment. Heat accumulation can be prevented if the heat from electrical equipment is efficiently exported, ensuring a device’s lifespan and dependability and preventing otherwise possible mishaps or even explosions. Hence, thermal management applications, which include altering the role of aerogels from thermally insulative to thermally conductive, have recently been a hot topic for 3D-aerogel-based thermal interface materials. To completely comprehend three-dimensional (3D) networks, we categorized and comparatively analyzed aerogels based on carbon nanomaterials, namely fibers, nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide, which have capabilities that may be fused with boron nitride and impregnated for better thermal performance and mechanical stability by polymers, including epoxy, cellulose, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). An alternative route is presented in the comparative analysis by carbonized cellulose. As a result, the development of structurally robust and stiff thermally conductive aerogels for electronic packaging has been predicted to increase polymer thermal management capabilities. The latest trends include the self-organization of an anisotropic structure on several hierarchical levels within a 3D framework. In this study, we highlight and analyze the recent advances in 3D-structured thermally conductive aerogels, their potential impact on the next generation of electronic components based on advanced nanocomposites, and their future prospects.

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Luo, Yuan Zheng, You Qi Wan, and Wei Hong. "3D Simulation Modeling for the Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Networks in Polymer Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 896 (August 10, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.896.39.

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In this paper, we developed a three-dimensional percolation model to investigate the effects of the concentration and morphology of CNTs (carbon nanotubes) on the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites. In the model, we judged the connections between CNTs by range search algorithm based on KD-Tree structure. At the same time, DIJKSTRA-Melissa algorithm was applied to efficiently find all the conductive paths instead of finding conductive network in traditional methods. From the simulation results, CNTs with higher aspect ratio were easier to form the conductive network. In a certain range of CNT’s concentration, the relationship between the conductivity of the conductive network and the carbon nanotubes was basically consistent with the classical percolation theory. To verify our simulation model, the morphological, electrical properties of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) nanocomposites with different aspect ratio (AR) of MWNTs were systematically studied. In conclusion, these unique advantageous properties could be exploited to suggest potential applications of artificial electronic skin.

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Wang, Junkai, Kaiqiang Yue, Xiaodan Zhu, Kang L. Wang, and Lianfeng Duan. "C–S@PANI composite with a polymer spherical network structure for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 1 (2016): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05447h.

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C–S@PANI composite with conductive polymer spherical network was synthesized. Its 3D structure inhibits the dissolution and migration of polysulfides into electrolyte, delivering high specific capacity and a stable cycling performance.

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Kuleshov, Grigoriy E., Alexander V. Badin, Kirill V. Bilinsky, and Kirill V. Dorozhkin. "Electromagnetic characteristics of filaments for 3D printing with carbon fillers in the microwave range." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193007010.

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The results of a study of the complex permittivity and electromagnetic response from polymer composite materials obtained by additive technology from 3D printing filaments containing various carbon fillers are presented. New radio filaments for 3D printing with MWCNTs have been created. Investigated PLA-Conductive plastics may be used to create a shielding coating or narrowband absorbers for microwave range.

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Yurduseven, Okan, Patrick Flowers, Shengrong Ye, Daniel L. Marks, Jonah N. Gollub, Thomas Fromenteze, Benjamin J. Wiley, and David R. Smith. "Computational microwave imaging using 3D printed conductive polymer frequency‐diverse metasurface antennas." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 11, no. 14 (November 2017): 1962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2017.0104.

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Cullen, Andrew T., and Aaron D. Price. "Digital light processing for the fabrication of 3D intrinsically conductive polymer structures." Synthetic Metals 235 (January 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2017.11.003.

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Lee, Seonmin, and Jooheon Kim. "Thermally conductive 3D binetwork structured aggregated boron nitride/Cu-foam/polymer composites." Synthetic Metals 270 (December 2020): 116587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116587.

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Sone, Junji, Katsumi Yamada, and Jun Chen. "20pm3-PM002 Fesibility study of 3D printing method using electro conductive polymer." Proceedings of the Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology 2014.6 (2014): _20pm3—PM0—_20pm3—PM0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemnm.2014.6._20pm3-pm0_2.

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Zhang, Hai-Wei, Xue-Bo Hu, Yu Qin, Zi-He Jin, Xin-Wei Zhang, Yan-Ling Liu, and Wei-Hua Huang. "Conductive Polymer Coated Scaffold to Integrate 3D Cell Culture with Electrochemical Sensing." Analytical Chemistry 91, no. 7 (March 13, 2019): 4838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00478.

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He, Mengnan, Yan Zhao, Yunqi Liu, and Dacheng Wei. "A 3D printable self-healing composite conductive polymer for sensitive temperature detection." Chinese Chemical Letters 31, no. 3 (March 2020): 826–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.06.003.

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Zhang, Zhiquan, Zheling Zhang, Bin Zhao, Youhuan Huang, Jian Xiong, Ping Cai, Xiaogang Xue, Jian Zhang, and Songting Tan. "Polymer with a 3D conductive network: a thickness-insensitive electron transport layer for inverted polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 27 (2018): 12969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01352g.

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Postiglione, Giovanni, Gabriele Natale, Gianmarco Griffini, Marinella Levi, and Stefano Turri. "Conductive 3D microstructures by direct 3D printing of polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposites via liquid deposition modeling." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 76 (September 2015): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.05.014.

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Brunella, Valentina, Beatrice Gaia Rossatto, Domenica Scarano, and Federico Cesano. "Thermal, Morphological, Electrical Properties and Touch-Sensor Application of Conductive Carbon Black-Filled Polyamide Composites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 3103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11113103.

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Polyamide 66 (PA66) is a well-known engineering thermoplastic polymer, primarily employed in polymer composites with fillers and additives of different nature and dimensionality (1D, 2D and 3D) used as alternatives to metals in various technological applications. In this work, carbon black (CB), a conductive nanofiller, was used to reinforce the PA66 polymer in the 9–27 wt. % CB loading range. The reason for choosing CB was intrinsically associated with its nature: a nanostructured carbon filler, whose agglomeration characteristics affect the electrical properties of the polymer composites. Crystallinity, phase composition, thermal behaviour, morphology, microstructure, and electrical conductivity, which are all properties engendered by nanofiller dispersion in the polymer, were investigated using thermal analyses (thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry), microscopies (scanning electron and atomic force microscopies), and electrical conductivity measurements. Interestingly, direct current (DC) electrical measurements and conductive-AFM mapping through the samples enable visualization of the percolation paths and the ability of CB nanoparticles to form aggregates that work as conductive electrical pathways beyond the electrical percolation threshold. This finding provides the opportunities to investigate the degree of filler dispersion occurring during the transformation processes, while the results of the electrical properties also contribute to enabling the use of such conductive composites in sensor and device applications. In this regard, the results presented in this paper provide evidence that conductive carbon-filled polymer composites can work as touch sensors when they are connected with conventional low-power electronics and controlled by inexpensive and commercially available microcontrollers.

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Wu, Tongfei, Euan Gray, and Biqiong Chen. "A self-healing, adaptive and conductive polymer composite ink for 3D printing of gas sensors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 23 (2018): 6200–6207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc01092g.

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de Rijk, Tim Mike, and Walter Lang. "Low-Cost and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor with Mold-Printed Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Polydimethylsiloxane." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 5069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155069.

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Flexible pressure sensors with piezoresistive polymer composites can be integrated into elastomers to measure pressure changes in sealings, preemptively indicating a replacement is needed before any damage or leakage occurs. Integrating small percentages of high aspect ratio multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into polymers does not significantly change its mechanical properties but highly affects its electrical properties. This research shows a pressure sensor based on homogeneous dispersed MWCNTs in polydimethylsiloxane with a high sensitivity region (0.13% kPa−1, 0–200 kPa) and sensitive up to 500 kPa. A new 3D-printed mold is developed to directly deposit the conductive polymer on the electrode structures, enabling sensor thicknesses as small as 100 μm.

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