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Journal articles on the topic '3D cellular structures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Liu, Ze, Wen Chen, Josephine Carstensen, Jittisa Ketkaew, Rodrigo Miguel Ojeda Mota, James K. Guest, and Jan Schroers. "3D metallic glass cellular structures." Acta Materialia 105 (February 2016): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.11.057.

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2

Wang, Xin-Tao, Xiao-Wen Li, and Li Ma. "Interlocking assembled 3D auxetic cellular structures." Materials & Design 99 (June 2016): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.088.

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3

Mandoc, Andrei Cristian, Raluca Lucia Maier, Constantin Gheorghe Opran, Vicenzo Delle Curti, and Giuseppe Lamanna. "BIOMIMETIC CELLULAR STRUCTURES FOR TURBINE SYSTEM COMPONENTS." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 14, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2022.14.2.151.

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The research aim is to investigate cellular structures inspired from nature, in order to improve the internal structural resistance of turbine system components (e.g. hydroelectric and gas turbine blades, OGV-Outer Guide Vanes, nacelles, gearboxes) with reduced mass. The investigations were conducted at laboratory level, utilizing two 3D printing technologies to acquire the desired cellular structures which were further tested for tensile, bending and impact resistance. The first selected technology was Fused Deposition Modelling with Continuous Filament Fabrication to obtain 3D printed parts, which can be reinforced with continuous carbon, glass, or Kevlar fibers. The second technology used is Digital Light Processing 3D printing, which uses photopolymer liquid resin that cures under digital light source. The main motivation of utilizing the 3D printing technologies is the desire of implementing rapid prototyping in the final manufacturing of the turbine system components with structural topological optimization and improved structural and dynamic efficiency through biomimetic inspired structures. Conventional polymeric composite manufacturing technologies are sometimes restrictive in the geometries they can produce, and there is a chance that additive manufacturing can step in and help create internal structures that could not be obtained through conventional manufacturing methods. New developed structural architectures could be manufactured for a specific application through 3D printing which allows for a high level of customization parameters, including the possibility to use continuous carbon, glass and Kevlar fiber to create the geometrical pattern. All these, combined with conventional composite manufacturing technologies, could lead to obtain better end results.

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4

Maibohm, Christian, Alberto Saldana-Lopez, Oscar F. Silvestre, and Jana B. Nieder. "3D Polymer Architectures for the Identification of Optimal Dimensions for Cellular Growth of 3D Cellular Models." Polymers 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 4168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194168.

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Organ-on-chips and scaffolds for tissue engineering are vital assay tools for pre-clinical testing and prediction of human response to drugs and toxins, while providing an ethical sound replacement for animal testing. A success criterion for these models is the ability to have structural parameters for optimized performance. Here we show that two-photon polymerization fabrication can create 3D test platforms, where scaffold parameters can be directly analyzed by their effects on cell growth and movement. We design and fabricate a 3D grid structure, consisting of wall structures with niches of various dimensions for probing cell attachment and movement, while providing easy access for fluorescence imaging. The 3D structures are fabricated from bio-compatible polymer SZ2080 and subsequently seeded with A549 lung epithelia cells. The seeded structures are imaged with confocal microscopy, where spectral imaging with linear unmixing is used to separate auto-fluorescence scaffold contribution from the cell fluorescence. The volume of cellular material present in different sections of the structures is analyzed, to study the influence of structural parameters on cell distribution. Furthermore, time-lapse studies are performed to map the relation between scaffold parameters and cell movement. In the future, this kind of differentiated 3D growth platform, could be applied for optimized culture growth, cell differentiation, and advanced cell therapies.

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5

Zhao, Jiayu, Seongkyu Song, Xuan Mu, Soon Moon Jeong, and Jinhye Bae. "Programming mechanoluminescent behaviors of 3D printed cellular structures." Nano Energy 103 (December 2022): 107825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107825.

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6

Kucewicz, Michał, Paweł Baranowski, Jerzy Małachowski, Arkadiusz Popławski, and Paweł Płatek. "Modelling, and characterization of 3D printed cellular structures." Materials & Design 142 (March 2018): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.028.

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7

Limmahakhun, Sakkadech, Adekunle Oloyede, Kriskrai Sitthiseripratip, Yin Xiao, and Cheng Yan. "3D-printed cellular structures for bone biomimetic implants." Additive Manufacturing 15 (May 2017): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.03.010.

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8

Mishriki, Sarah, Srivatsa Aithal, Tamaghna Gupta, Rakesh P. Sahu, Fei Geng, and Ishwar K. Puri. "Fibroblasts Accelerate Formation and Improve Reproducibility of 3D Cellular Structures Printed with Magnetic Assistance." Research 2020 (July 23, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/3970530.

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Fibroblasts (mouse, NIH/3T3) are combined with MDA-MB-231 cells to accelerate the formation and improve the reproducibility of 3D cellular structures printed with magnetic assistance. Fibroblasts and MDA-MB-231 cells are cocultured to produce 12.5 : 87.5, 25 : 75, and 50 : 50 total population mixtures. These mixtures are suspended in a cell medium containing a paramagnetic salt, Gd-DTPA, which increases the magnetic susceptibility of the medium with respect to the cells. A 3D monotypic MDA-MB-231 cellular structure is printed within 24 hours with magnetic assistance, whereas it takes 48 hours to form a similar structure through gravitational settling alone. The maximum projected areas and circularities, and cellular ATP levels of the printed structures are measured for 336 hours. Increasing the relative amounts of the fibroblasts mixed with the MDA-MB-231 cells decreases the time taken to form the structures and improves their reproducibility. Structures produced through gravitational settling have larger maximum projected areas and cellular ATP, but are deemed less reproducible. The distribution of individual cell lines in the cocultured 3D cellular structures shows that printing with magnetic assistance yields 3D cellular structures that resemble in vivo tumors more closely than those formed through gravitational settling. The results validate our hypothesis that (1) fibroblasts act as a “glue” that supports the formation of 3D cellular structures, and (2) the structures are produced more rapidly and with greater reproducibility with magnetically assisted printing than through gravitational settling alone. Printing of 3D cellular structures with magnetic assistance has applications relevant to drug discovery, lab-on-chip devices, and tissue engineering.

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9

Zhao, Weiming, Cao Wang, and Zhe Zhao. "Bending Strength of 3D-Printed Zirconia Ceramic Cellular Structures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 678 (November 27, 2019): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/678/1/012019.

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10

Oh, Min Jun, and Pil J. Yoo. "Graphene-based 3D lightweight cellular structures: Synthesis and applications." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 37, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-019-0437-1.

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11

Yu, Lin, Huifeng Tan, and Zhengong Zhou. "Mechanical properties of 3D auxetic closed-cell cellular structures." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 177 (July 2020): 105596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105596.

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12

Wang, Xin-Tao, Bing Wang, Xiao-Wen Li, and Li Ma. "Mechanical properties of 3D re-entrant auxetic cellular structures." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 131-132 (October 2017): 396–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.05.048.

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13

Lu, Zixing, Qingsong Wang, Xiang Li, and Zhenyu Yang. "Elastic properties of two novel auxetic 3D cellular structures." International Journal of Solids and Structures 124 (October 2017): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.05.031.

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14

Yang, Li, Ola A. Harrysson, Harvey A. West II, Denis R. Cormier, Chun Park, and Kara Peters. "Low-energy drop weight performance of cellular sandwich panels." Rapid Prototyping Journal 21, no. 4 (June 15, 2015): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2013-0083.

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Purpose – The aim of this study is to perform a comparative study on sandwich structures with several types of three-dimensional (3D) reticulate cellular structural core designs for their low-energy impact absorption abilities using powder bed additive manufacturing methods. 3D reticulate cellular structures possess promising potentials in various applications with sandwich structure designs. One of the properties critical to the sandwich structures in applications, such as aerospace and automobile components, is the low-energy impact performance. Design/methodology/approach – Sandwich samples of various designs, including re-entrant auxetic, rhombic, hexagonal and octahedral, were designed and fabricated via selective laser sintering (SLS) process using nylon 12 as material. Low-energy drop weight test was performed to evaluate the energy absorption of various designs. Tensile coupons were also produced using the same process to provide baseline material properties. The manufacturing issues such as geometrical accuracy and anisotropy effect as well as their effects on the performance of the structures were discussed. Findings – In general, 3D reticulate cellular structures made by SLS process exhibit significantly different characteristics under low-energy drop weight impact compared to the regular extruded honeycomb sandwich panels. A hexagonal sandwich panel exhibits the largest compliance with the smallest energy absorption ability, and an octahedral sandwich panel exhibits high stiffness as well as good impact protection ability. Through a proper geometrical design, the re-entrant auxetic sandwich panels could achieve a combination of high energy absorption and low response force, making it especially attractive for low-impact protection applications. Originality/value – There has been little work on the comparative study of the energy absorption of various 3D reticulate cellular structures to date. This work demonstrates the potential of 3D reticulate cellular structures as sandwich cores for different purposes. This work also demonstrates the possibility of controlling the performance of this type of sandwich structures via geometrical and process design of the cellular cores with powder bed additive manufacturing systems.

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15

Lund, A. W., C. C. Bilgin, M. A. Hasan, L. M. McKeen, J. P. Stegemann, B. Yener, M. J. Zaki, and G. E. Plopper. "Quantification of Spatial Parameters in 3D Cellular Constructs Using Graph Theory." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2009 (2009): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/928286.

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Multispectral three-dimensional (3D) imaging provides spatial information for biological structures that cannot be measured by traditional methods. This work presents a method of tracking 3D biological structures to quantify changes over time using graph theory. Cell-graphs were generated based on the pairwise distances, in 3D-Euclidean space, between nuclei during collagen I gel compaction. From these graphs quantitative features are extracted that measure both the global topography and the frequently occurring local structures of the “tissue constructs.” The feature trends can be controlled by manipulating compaction through cell density and are significant when compared to random graphs. This work presents a novel methodology to track a simple 3D biological event and quantitatively analyze the underlying structural change. Further application of this method will allow for the study of complex biological problems that require the quantification of temporal-spatial information in 3D and establish a new paradigm in understanding structure-function relationships.

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16

Yamazaki, Takehiro, Toshifumi Kishimoto, Paweł Leszczyński, Koichiro Sadakane, Takahiro Kenmotsu, Hirofumi Watanabe, Tomohiko Kazama, Taro Matsumoto, Kenichi Yoshikawa, and Hiroaki Taniguchi. "Construction of 3D Cellular Composites with Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue and Endothelial Cells by Use of Optical Tweezers in a Natural Polymer Solution." Materials 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111759.

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To better understand the regulation and function of cellular interactions, three-dimensional (3D) assemblies of single cells and subsequent functional analysis are gaining popularity in many research fields. While we have developed strategies to build stable cellular structures using optical tweezers in a minimally invasive state, methods for manipulating a wide range of cell types have yet to be established. To mimic organ-like structures, the construction of 3D cellular assemblies with variety of cell types is essential. Our recent studies have shown that the presence of nonspecific soluble polymers in aqueous solution is the key to creating stable 3D cellular assemblies efficiently. The present study further expands on the construction of 3D single cell assemblies using two different cell types. We have successfully generated 3D cellular assemblies, using GFP-labeled adipose tissue-derived stem cells and endothelial cells by using optical tweezers. Our findings will support the development of future applications to further characterize cellular interactions in tissue regeneration.

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17

Mishriki, S., A. R. Abdel Fattah, T. Kammann, R. P. Sahu, F. Geng, and I. K. Puri. "Rapid Magnetic 3D Printing of Cellular Structures with MCF-7 Cell Inks." Research 2019 (February 4, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/9854593.

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A contactless label-free method using a diamagnetophoretic ink to rapidly print three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-free multicellular structures is described. The inks consist of MCF-7 cells that are suspended in a culture medium to which a paramagnetic salt, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gadolinium (III) dihydrogen salt hydrate (Gd-DTPA), is added. When a magnetic field is applied, the host fluid containing the paramagnetic salt is attracted towards regions of high magnetic field gradient, displacing the ink towards regions with a low gradient. Using this method, 3D structures are printed on ultra-low attachment (ULA) surfaces. On a tissue culture treated (TCT) surface, a 3D printed spheroid coexists with a two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer, where the composite is termed as a 2.5D structure. The 3D structures can be magnetically printed within 6 hours in a medium containing 25 mM Gd-DTPA. The influence of the paramagnetic salt on MCF-7 cell viability, cell morphology, and ability of cells to adhere to each other to stabilize the printed structures on both ULA and TCT surfaces is investigated. Gene expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) allow comparison of the relative stresses for the printed 3D and 2.5D cell geometries with those for 3D spheroids formed without magnetic assistance. This magnetic printing method can be potentially scaled to a higher throughput to rapidly print cells into 3D heterogeneous cell structures with variable geometries with repeatable dimensions for applications such as tissue engineering and tumour formation for drug discovery.

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18

Mishriki, S., A. R. Abdel Fattah, T. Kammann, R. P. Sahu, F. Geng, and I. K. Puri. "Rapid Magnetic 3D Printing of Cellular Structures with MCF-7 Cell Inks." Research 2019 (February 4, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9854593.

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A contactless label-free method using a diamagnetophoretic ink to rapidly print three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-free multicellular structures is described. The inks consist of MCF-7 cells that are suspended in a culture medium to which a paramagnetic salt, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gadolinium (III) dihydrogen salt hydrate (Gd-DTPA), is added. When a magnetic field is applied, the host fluid containing the paramagnetic salt is attracted towards regions of high magnetic field gradient, displacing the ink towards regions with a low gradient. Using this method, 3D structures are printed on ultra-low attachment (ULA) surfaces. On a tissue culture treated (TCT) surface, a 3D printed spheroid coexists with a two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer, where the composite is termed as a 2.5D structure. The 3D structures can be magnetically printed within 6 hours in a medium containing 25 mM Gd-DTPA. The influence of the paramagnetic salt on MCF-7 cell viability, cell morphology, and ability of cells to adhere to each other to stabilize the printed structures on both ULA and TCT surfaces is investigated. Gene expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) allow comparison of the relative stresses for the printed 3D and 2.5D cell geometries with those for 3D spheroids formed without magnetic assistance. This magnetic printing method can be potentially scaled to a higher throughput to rapidly print cells into 3D heterogeneous cell structures with variable geometries with repeatable dimensions for applications such as tissue engineering and tumour formation for drug discovery.

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19

Hazrat Ali, Md, Sagidolla Batai, and Dulat Karim. "Material minimization in 3D printing with novel hybrid cellular structures." Materials Today: Proceedings 42 (2021): 1800–1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.185.

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20

Goldschmidt, G. P., E. G. de Moraes, A. P. Novaes de Oliveira, and D. Hotza. "Production and characterization of 3D-printed silica-based cellular structures." Open Ceramics 9 (March 2022): 100225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2022.100225.

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21

Kucewicz, Michał, Paweł Baranowski, and Jerzy Małachowski. "A method of failure modeling for 3D printed cellular structures." Materials & Design 174 (July 2019): 107802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107802.

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22

Chen, Jian-Hua, Axel Ekman, Venera Weinhardt, Valentina Loconte, Gerry Mc Dermott, Mark A. Le Gros, and Carolyn Larabell. "Imaging Sub-cellular 3D Structures Using Soft X-ray Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, S2 (July 30, 2020): 2782–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927620022771.

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23

Wadley, Haydn N. G., and Douglas T. Queheillalt. "Thermal Applications of Cellular Lattice Structures." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.242.

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Numerous methods have recently emerged for fabricating cellular lattice structures with unit cells that can be repeated to create 3D space filling systems with very high interconnected pore fractions. These lattice structures possess exceptional mechanical strength resulting in highly efficient load supporting systems when configured as the cores of sandwich panels. These same structures also provide interesting possibilities for cross flow heat exchange. In this scenario, heat is transported from a locally heated facesheet through the lattice structure by conduction and is dissipated by a cross flow that propagates through the low flow resistant pore passages. The combination of efficient thermal conduction along the lattice trusses and low flow resistance through the pore channels results in highly efficient cross flow heat exchange. Recent research is investigating the use of hollow truss structures that enable their simultaneous use as heat pipes which significantly increases the efficiency of heat transport through the lattice and their mechanical strength. The relationships between heat transfer, frictional flow losses and topology of the lattice structure are discussed and opportunities for future developments identified.

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24

Garza-Lopez, Edgar, Zer Vue, Prasanna Katti, Kit Neikirk, Michelle Biete, Jacob Lam, Heather K. Beasley, et al. "Protocols for Generating Surfaces and Measuring 3D Organelle Morphology Using Amira." Cells 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010065.

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High-resolution 3D images of organelles are of paramount importance in cellular biology. Although light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have provided the standard for imaging cellular structures, they cannot provide 3D images. However, recent technological advances such as serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) provide the tools to create 3D images for the ultrastructural analysis of organelles. Here, we describe a standardized protocol using the visualization software, Amira, to quantify organelle morphologies in 3D, thereby providing accurate and reproducible measurements of these cellular substructures. We demonstrate applications of SBF-SEM and Amira to quantify mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structures.

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25

Giarmas, Evangelos, Konstantinos Tsongas, Emmanouil K. Tzimtzimis, Apostolos Korlos, and Dimitrios Tzetzis. "Mechanical and FEA-Assisted Characterization of 3D Printed Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Nylon Cellular Structures." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 12 (November 27, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5120313.

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The main objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical behavior of 3D printed fiberglass-reinforced nylon honeycomb structures. A Continuous Fiber Fabrication (CFF) 3D printer was used since it makes it possible to lay continuous strands of fibers inside the 3D printed geometries at selected locations across the width in order to optimize the bending behavior. Nylon and nylon/fiberglass honeycomb structures were tested under a three-point bending regime. The microstructure of the filaments and the 3D printed fractured surfaces following bending tests were examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The modulus of the materials was also evaluated using the nanoindentation technique. The behavior of the 3D printed structures was simulated with a Finite Element Model (FEM). The experimental and simulation results demonstrated that 3D printed continuous fiberglass reinforcement is possible to selectively adjust the bending strength of the honeycombs. When glass fibers are located near the top and bottom faces of honeycombs, the bending strength is maximized.

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26

Yang, Li. "Experimental-assisted design development for an octahedral cellular structure using additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 21, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2014-0178.

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Purpose – This paper aims to demonstrate the design and verification of a 3D reticulate octahedral cellular structure using both analytical modeling and additive manufacturing. Traditionally, it has been difficult to develop and verify designs for 3D cellular structures due to their design complexity. Design/methodology/approach – Unit cell modeling approach was used to model the octahedral cellular structure. By applying structural symmetry simplification, the cellular structure was simplified into a representative geometry that could be further designed with a standard beam theory. The verification samples were fabricated with EBM process using Ti6Al4V as materials, and compressive testing were performed to evaluate their properties. In addition, designs with different number of unit cells were investigated to evaluate their size effect. Findings – Explicit mechanical property design (including modulus and compressive strength) of the octahedral cellular structure was realized via parametric equations driven by geometrical designs and material types. In addition, it was verified both numerically and experimentally that the octahedral cellular structure exhibit unusual size effect, which is highly predictable. Unlike some of the other cellular structures, the octahedral cellular structure exhibits softening behavior when the number of unit cell increases between the sandwich skins, which could be explained by the upsetting effect commonly observed in bulk deformation processes. Originality/value – This paper established a more comprehensive understanding in the design of octahedral cellular structures, which could enable this type of structure to be designed for sandwich structures with higher fidelity. Therefore, this study not only demonstrated an efficient methodology to design 3D cellular structures using additive manufacturing, but also facilitated the development of design for an additive manufacturing theory.

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Warmuth, Franziska, and Carolin Körner. "Phononic Band Gaps in 2D Quadratic and 3D Cubic Cellular Structures." Materials 8, no. 12 (December 2, 2015): 8327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma8125463.

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28

Arai, Kenichi, Shintaroh Iwanaga, and Makoto Nakamura. "0429 Manufacturing of 3D cellular structures based on the designed images." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2009.22 (2010): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2009.22.254.

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29

Jana, Prasanta, Oscar Santoliquido, Alberto Ortona, Paolo Colombo, and Gian Domenico Sorarù. "Polymer-derived SiCN cellular structures from replica of 3D printed lattices." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 101, no. 7 (March 24, 2018): 2732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.15533.

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30

Liu, Yu, Zhangwei Chen, Junjie Li, Baoping Gong, Long Wang, Changshi Lao, Pei Wang, Changyong Liu, Yongjin Feng, and Xiaoyu Wang. "3D printing of ceramic cellular structures for potential nuclear fusion application." Additive Manufacturing 35 (October 2020): 101348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101348.

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31

Yin, Hanfeng, Zhipeng Liu, Jinle Dai, Guilin Wen, and Chao Zhang. "Crushing behavior and optimization of sheet-based 3D periodic cellular structures." Composites Part B: Engineering 182 (February 2020): 107565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107565.

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32

Tian, Wei, Yan Qing Li, Fei Ye, and Cheng Yan Zhu. "Study on the Orientation Angle of the Yarns in 3D Integrated Cellular Woven Structure." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1656.

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Three-dimensional (3D) integrated cellular woven structures are formed by binding layers of typical 3D woven structures together in the thickness direction with binding threads. On the basis of the geometric model established during previous work, the orientation angle of binders in the basic structure was analyzed firstly, and then the orientation angle of binders and warps in the 3D integrated cellular woven structure were also studied. And at last following conclusions could be gotten: Firstly, the orientation angles Qb of the binders will be larger as the regularizing filling density pw increasing when other parameters (λw ，Nft ，bb ) are all the same. It turns out the adjusting function of the regularizing filling density is a little sensitive to the orientation angle of binders in the basic structure. Secondly, the orientation angle Qcj of the warps will be larger as the regularizing filling density pw increasing when other parameters (λw ，nd ，bb ) are all the same. It turns out the adjusting function of the regularizing filling density is a little sensitive to the orientation angle of warps for 3D integrated cellular woven structures.

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33

Yang, Jie, Shi Long Wang, Zhi Jun Zheng, and Ji Lin Yu. "Impact Resistance of Graded Cellular Metals Using Cell-Based Finite Element Models." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.400.

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A varying cell-size method based on Voronoi technique is extended to construct 3D graded cellular models. The dynamic behaviors of graded cellular structures with different density gradients are then investigated with finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit. Results show that graded cellular materials have better performance as energy absorbers. Graded cellular structures with large density near the distal end can protect strikers, and those with low density near the distal end can protect structures at the distal end. It is concluded that graded cellular materials with suitable design may have excellent performance in crashworthiness.

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34

El Chawich, Ghenwa, Joelle El Hayek, Vincent Rouessac, Didier Cot, Bertrand Rebière, Roland Habchi, Hélène Garay, et al. "Design and Manufacturing of Si-Based Non-Oxide Cellular Ceramic Structures through Indirect 3D Printing." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020471.

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Additive manufacturing of Polymer-Derived Ceramics (PDCs) is regarded as a disruptive fabrication process that includes several technologies such as light curing and ink writing. However, 3D printing based on material extrusion is still not fully explored. Here, an indirect 3D printing approach combining Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and replica process is demonstrated as a simple and low-cost approach to deliver complex near-net-shaped cellular Si-based non-oxide ceramic architectures while preserving the structure. 3D-Printed honeycomb polylactic acid (PLA) lattices were dip-coated with two preceramic polymers (polyvinylsilazane and allylhydridopolycarbosilane) and then converted by pyrolysis respectively into SiCN and SiC ceramics. All the steps of the process (printing resolution and surface finishing, cross-linking, dip-coating, drying and pyrolysis) were optimized and controlled. Despite some internal and surface defects observed by topography, 3D-printed materials exhibited a retention of the highly porous honeycomb shape after pyrolysis. Weight loss, volume shrinkage, roughness and microstructural evolution with high annealing temperatures are discussed. Our results show that the sacrificial mold-assisted 3D printing is a suitable rapid approach for producing customizable lightweight highly stable Si-based 3D non-oxide ceramics.

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35

Naboni, Roberto, and Anja Kunic. "Bone-inspired 3D printed structures for construction applications." Gestão & Tecnologia de Projetos 14, no. 1 (September 6, 2019): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/gtp.v14i1.148496.

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Overconsumption of resources is one of the greatest challenges of our century. The amount of material that is being extracted, harvested and consumed in the last decades is increasing tremendously. Building with new manufacturing technology, such as 3D Printing, is offering new perspectives in the way material is utilized sustainably within a construction. This paper describes a study on how to use Additive Manufacturing to support design logics inspired by the bone microstructure, in order to build materially efficient architecture. A process which entangles computational design methods, testing of 3D printed specimens, developments of prototypes is described. A cellular-based tectonic system with the capacity to vary and adapt to different loading conditions is presented as a viable approach to a material-efficient construction with Additive Manufacturing.

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Li, Jihui, Xiao Zhang, Siqi An, Zhiwei Zhu, Zichen Deng, and Zhong You. "Kirigami-inspired foldable 3D cellular structures with a single degree of freedom." International Journal of Solids and Structures 244-245 (June 2022): 111587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2022.111587.

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Voisin, Hugo P., Korneliya Gordeyeva, Gilberto Siqueira, Michael K. Hausmann, André R. Studart, and Lennart Bergström. "3D Printing of Strong Lightweight Cellular Structures Using Polysaccharide-Based Composite Foams." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 12 (November 2018): 17160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04549.

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Falgenhauer, Ralf, Patrick Rambacher, Lorenz Schlier, Jochen Volkert, Nahum Travitzky, Peter Greil, and Miroslaw Weclas. "Electrically heated 3D-macro cellular SiC structures for ignition and combustion application." Applied Thermal Engineering 112 (February 2017): 1557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.066.

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Guillame-Gentil, Orane, Oleg Semenov, Ana Sala Roca, Thomas Groth, Raphael Zahn, Janos Vörös, and Marcy Zenobi-Wong. "Engineering the Extracellular Environment: Strategies for Building 2D and 3D Cellular Structures." Advanced Materials 22, no. 48 (September 14, 2010): 5443–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001747.

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Snelling, Dean, Qian Li, Nicolas Meisel, Christopher B. Williams, Romesh C. Batra, and Alan P. Druschitz. "Lightweight Metal Cellular Structures Fabricated via 3D Printing of Sand Cast Molds." Advanced Engineering Materials 17, no. 7 (March 11, 2015): 923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201400524.

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Maibohm, Christian, Alberto Saldana-Lopez, Oscar F. Silvestre, and Jana B. Nieder. "3D Polymer Structures for the Identification of Optimal Dimensions for Cellular Growth for 3D Lung Alveolar Models." Engineering Proceedings 4, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micromachines2021-09596.

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Organ-on-chips and scaffolds for tissue engineering are vital assay tools for pre-clinical testing and prediction of human response to drugs and toxins, while providing an ethically sound alternative to animal testing and a low-cost alternative to expensive clinical studies. An important success criterion for these models is the ability to have structural parameters for optimized performance. In this study we show how the two-photon polymerization fabrication method can be used to create 3D test platforms made for analyzing optimal scaffold parameters for cell growth. We design and fabricate a 3D grid structure, designed as a set of wall structures with niches of various dimensions for probing the optimal niche for cell attachment. The 3D grid structures are fabricated from bio-compatible polymer SZ2080 and subsequently seeded with A549 lung epithelia cells. The seeded structures are incubated and imaged with multi-color spectral confocal microscopy at several time points, to determine the volume of cell material present in the different niches of the grid structure. Spectral imaging with linear unmixing is used to separate the auto-fluorescence contribution from the scaffold from the fluorescence of the cells and use it to determine the volume of cell material present in the different sections of the grid structure. The variation in structural parameters influences the incubated A549 cells’ distribution and morphology. In future, this kind of differentiated 3D growth platform could be applied for optimized culture growth, cell differentiation and advanced cell therapies.

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Jipa, Florin, Stefana Orobeti, Cristian Butnaru, Marian Zamfirescu, Emanuel Axente, Felix Sima, and Koji Sugioka. "Picosecond Laser Processing of Photosensitive Glass for Generation of Biologically Relevant Microenvironments." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 8947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248947.

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Various material processing techniques have been proposed for fabrication of smart surfaces that can modulate cellular behavior and address specific clinical issues. Among them, laser-based technologies have attracted growing interest due to processing versatility. Latest development of ultrashort pulse lasers with pulse widths from several tens of femtoseconds (fs) to several picoseconds (ps) allows clean microfabrication of a variety of materials at micro- and nanoscale both at surface and in volume. In this study, we addressed the possibility of 3D microfabrication of photosensitive glass (PG) by high repetition rate ps laser-assisted etching (PLAE) to improve the fabrication efficiency for the development of useful tools to be used for specific biological applications. Microfluidic structures fabricated by PLAE should provide the flow aspects, 3D characteristics, and possibility of producing functional structures to achieve the biologically relevant microenvironments. Specifically, the microfluidic structures could induce cellular chemotaxis over extended periods in diffusion-based gradient media. More importantly, the 3D characteristics could reproduce capillaries for in vitro testing of relevant organ models. Single cell trapping and analysis by using the fabricated microfluidic structures are also essential for understanding individual cell behavior within the same population. To this end, this paper demonstrates: (1) generation of 3D structures in glass volume or on surface for fabrication of microfluidic channels, (2) subtractive 3D surface patterning to create patterned molds in a controlled manor for casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures and developing single cell microchambers, and (3) designing glass photo-masks to be used for sequel additive patterning of biocompatible nanomaterials with controlled shapes, sizes, and periodicity. Mesenchymal stem cells grown on laser-processed glass surfaces revealed no sign of cytotoxicity, while a collagen thin coating improved cellular adhesion.

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Namgung, Bumseok, Kalpana Ravi, Pooja Prathyushaa Vikraman, Shiladitya Sengupta, and Hae Lin Jang. "Engineered cell-laden alginate microparticles for 3D culture." Biochemical Society Transactions 49, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 761–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200673.

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Advanced microfabrication technologies and biocompatible hydrogel materials facilitate the modeling of 3D tissue microenvironment. Encapsulation of cells in hydrogel microparticles offers an excellent high-throughput platform for investigating multicellular interaction with their surrounding microenvironment. Compartmentalized microparticles support formation of various unique cellular structures. Alginate has emerged as one of the most dominant hydrogel materials for cell encapsulation owing to its cytocompatibility, ease of gelation, and biocompatibility. Alginate hydrogel provides a permeable physical boundary to the encapsulated cells and develops an easily manageable 3D cellular structure. The interior structure of alginate hydrogel can further regulate the spatiotemporal distribution of the embedded cells. This review provides a specific overview of the representative engineering approaches to generate various structures of cell-laden alginate microparticles in a uniform and reproducible manner. Capillary nozzle systems, microfluidic droplet systems, and non-chip based high-throughput microfluidic systems are highlighted for developing well-regulated cellular structure in alginate microparticles to realize potential drug screening platform and cell-based therapy. We conclude with the discussion of current limitations and future directions for realizing the translation of this technology to the clinic.

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Maszybrocka, Joanna, Bartosz Gapiński, Michał Dworak, Grzegorz Skrabalak, and Andrzej Stwora. "The manufacturability and compression properties of the Schwarz Diamond type Ti6Al4V cellular lattice fabricated by selective laser melting." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 105, no. 7-8 (November 12, 2019): 3411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04422-6.

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Abstract Selective laser melting technology makes it possible to produce 3D cellular lattice structures with controlled porosity. The paper reflects to machining and examination of structures with predefined distribution, shape and size of the pores. In the study, the porous structures of Ti6Al4V were investigated. The tests were carried out using structures of spatial architecture of Schwarz D TPMS geometry with a total porosity of 60% and 80% and various pore sizes. Dimensional accuracy of additively manufactured structures was measured in relation to the 3D model. Geometry of the final structure differed from the CAD model in the range ± 0.3 mm. The surface morphology and porosity of the solid struts were also checked. The mechanical properties of the structures were determined in a static compression test.

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Kenney, Rachael M., C. Chad Lloyd, Nathan A. Whitman, and Matthew R. Lockett. "3D cellular invasion platforms: how do paper-based cultures stack up?" Chemical Communications 53, no. 53 (2017): 7194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc02357j.

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This feature compares the merits of different 3D invasion assays. We highlight paper-based cultures as an emerging platform that is readily accessible, modular in design, and capable of quantifying invasion in tissue-like structures.

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Paun, Irina A., Bogdan S. Calin, Cosmin C. Mustaciosu, Eugenia Tanasa, Antoniu Moldovan, Agata Niemczyk, and Maria Dinescu. "Laser Direct Writing via Two-Photon Polymerization of 3D Hierarchical Structures with Cells-Antiadhesive Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 5653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115653.

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We report the design and fabrication by laser direct writing via two photons polymerization of innovative hierarchical structures with cell-repellency capability. The structures were designed in the shape of “mushrooms”, consisting of an underside (mushroom’s leg) acting as a support structure and a top side (mushroom’s hat) decorated with micro- and nanostructures. A ripple-like pattern was created on top of the mushrooms, over length scales ranging from several µm (microstructured mushroom-like pillars, MMP) to tens of nm (nanostructured mushroom-like pillars, NMP). The MMP and NMP structures were hydrophobic, with contact angles of (127 ± 2)° and (128 ± 4)°, respectively, whereas flat polymer surfaces were hydrophilic, with a contact angle of (43 ± 1)°. The cell attachment on NMP structures was reduced by 55% as compared to the controls, whereas for the MMP, a reduction of only 21% was observed. Moreover, the MMP structures preserved the native spindle-like with phyllopodia cellular shape, whereas the cells from NMP structures showed a round shape and absence of phyllopodia. Overall, the NMP structures were more effective in impeding the cellular attachment and affected the cell shape to a greater extent than the MMP structures. The influence of the wettability on cell adhesion and shape was less important, the cellular behavior being mainly governed by structures’ topography.

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Maliaris, Georgios, and Elias Sarafis. "Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Stochastic Lattice Structures." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.225.

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Stochastic lattice structures are modeled using a generative algorithm. In particular, the voronoi tessellation technique is applied for modeling cellular solids with irregular cell geometry and variable strut sections. The ligaments are formed considering the volume and shape characteristics of the voronoi cells. This way, the strut cross section variability is linked to the adjacent cell topology. The developed geometry is used for 3D printing the structures through a high accuracy SLA 3D printer. The mechanical properties of the photosensitive resin were determined by conducting tension experiments on appropriate 3D printed specimens. The printed stochastic structures were subjected to compressive loads in order to investigate their mechanical response. A finite element model of the compressive tests using the generated geometry, is also developed. The calculated results provide a good correlation with the experimental ones and also provide precious insight for the characterization of the mechanical behavior of the tested structures.

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Park, Byung, David Hwang, Dong Kwon, Tae Yoon, and Youn-Woo Lee. "Fabrication and Characterization of Multiscale PLA Structures Using Integrated Rapid Prototyping and Gas Foaming Technologies." Nanomaterials 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8080575.

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Multiscale structured polymers have been considered as a promising category of functional materials with unique properties. We combined rapid prototyping and gas foaming technologies to fabricate multiscale functional materials of superior mechanical and thermal insulation properties. Through scanning electron microscope based morphological characterization, formation of multiscale porous structure with nanoscale cellular pores was confirmed. Improvement in mechanical strength is attributed to rearrangement of crystals within CO2 saturated grid sample. It is also shown that a post-foaming temperature higher than the glass transition temperature deteriorates mechanical strength, providing process guidelines. Thermal decomposition of filament material sets the upper limit of temperature for 3D printed features, characterized by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Porosity of the fabricated 3D structured polylactic acid (PLA) foam is controllable by suitable tuning of foaming conditions. The fabricated multiscale 3D structures have potential for thermal insulation applications with lightweight and reasonable mechanical strength.

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Poller, Maximilian J., Christina Renz, Torsten Wolf, Carolin Körner, Peter Wasserscheid, and Jakob Albert. "3D-Printed Raney-Cu POCS as Promising New Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101288.

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Simultaneous generation and activation of Raney-type periodic open cellular structures (POCS) is a highly promising approach for generating novel structured methanol synthesis catalysts. In detail, we produced stable and highly active POCS from a Cu50Al50 alloy by additive manufacturing via Powder Bed Fusion by Electron Beam (PBF-EB) and activated them via selective leaching of aluminum in a sodium hydroxide/sodium zincate solution. The Raney-type Cu structures possessed catalytic methanol productivities of up to 2.2 gMeOHgnp-Cu h−1 (PBF-EB sticks) and 1.9 gMeOHgnp-Cu h−1 (PBF-EB POCS), respectively. Moreover, it was found that besides the nanoporous layer thickness, an optimum Zn/Cu ratio of 0.3–0.4 can also by adjusted by the leaching conditions.

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Paun, Irina Alexandra, Bogdan Stefanita Calin, Roxana Cristina Popescu, Eugenia Tanasa, and Antoniu Moldovan. "Laser Direct Writing of Dual-Scale 3D Structures for Cell Repelling at High Cellular Density." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 3247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063247.

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The fabrication of complex, reproducible, and accurate micro-and nanostructured interfaces that impede the interaction between material’s surface and different cell types represents an important objective in the development of medical devices. This can be achieved by topographical means such as dual-scale structures, mainly represented by microstructures with surface nanopatterning. Fabrication via laser irradiation of materials seems promising. However, laser-assisted fabrication of dual-scale structures, i.e., ripples relies on stochastic processes deriving from laser–matter interaction, limiting the control over the structures’ topography. In this paper, we report on laser fabrication of cell-repellent dual-scale 3D structures with fully reproducible and high spatial accuracy topographies. Structures were designed as micrometric “mushrooms” decorated with fingerprint-like nanometric features with heights and periodicities close to those of the calamistrum, i.e., 200–300 nm. They were fabricated by Laser Direct Writing via Two-Photon Polymerization of IP-Dip photoresist. Design and laser writing parameters were optimized for conferring cell-repellent properties to the structures, even for high cellular densities in the culture medium. The structures were most efficient in repelling the cells when the fingerprint-like features had periodicities and heights of ≅200 nm, fairly close to the repellent surfaces of the calamistrum. Laser power was the most important parameter for the optimization protocol.

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