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1
Chu, Honghui, Wenguang Yang, Lujing Sun, Shuxiang Cai, Rendi Yang, Wenfeng Liang, Haibo Yu, and Lianqing Liu. "4D Printing: A Review on Recent Progresses." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090796.
Abstract:
Since the late 1980s, additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been gradually popularized. However, the microstructures fabricated using 3D printing is static. To overcome this challenge, four-dimensional (4D) printing which defined as fabricating a complex spontaneous structure that changes with time respond in an intended manner to external stimuli. 4D printing originates in 3D printing, but beyond 3D printing. Although 4D printing is mainly based on 3D printing and become an branch of additive manufacturing, the fabricated objects are no longer static and can be transformed into complex structures by changing the size, shape, property and functionality under external stimuli, which makes 3D printing alive. Herein, recent major progresses in 4D printing are reviewed, including AM technologies for 4D printing, stimulation method, materials and applications. In addition, the current challenges and future prospects of 4D printing were highlighted.
2
Carrell, John, Garrett Gruss, and Elizabeth Gomez. "Four-dimensional printing using fused-deposition modeling: a review." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 5 (January 2, 2020): 855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2018-0305.
Abstract:
Purpose This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing using fused-deposition modeling (FDM). 4D printing is an emerging innovation in (three-dimensional) 3D printing that encompasses active materials in the printing process to create not only a 3D object but also a 3D object that can perform an active function. FDM is the most accessible form of 3D printing. By providing a review of 4D printing with FDM, this paper has the potential in educating the many FDM 3D printers in an additional capability with 4D printing. Design/methodology/approach This is a review paper. The approach was to search for and review peer-reviewed papers and works concerning 4D printing using FDM. With this discussion of the shape memory effect, shape memory polymers and FDM were also made. Findings 4D printing has become a burgeoning area in addivitive manufacturing research with many papers being produced within the past 3-5 years. This is especially true for 4D printing using FDM. The key findings from this review show the materials and material composites used for 4D printing with FDM and the limitations with 4D printing with FDM. Research limitations/implications Limitations to this paper are with the availability of papers for review. 4D printing is an emerging area of additive manufacturing research. While FDM is a predominant method of 3D printing, it is not a predominant method for 4D printing. This is because of the limitations of FDM, which can only print with thermoplastics. With the popularity of FDM and the emergence of 4D printing, however, this review paper will provide key resources for reference for users that may be interested in 4D printing and have access to a FDM printer. Practical implications Practically, FDM is the most popular method for 3D printing. Review of 4D printing using FDM will provide a necessary resource for FDM 3D printing users and researchers with a potential avenue for design, printing, training and actuation of active parts and mechanisms. Social implications Continuing with the popularity of FDM among 3D printing methods, a review paper like this can provide an initial and simple step into 4D printing for researchers. From continued research, the potential to engage general audiences becomes more likely, especially a general audience that has FDM printers. An increase in 4D printing could potentially lead to more designs and applications of 4D printed devices in impactful fields, such as biomedical, aerospace and sustainable engineering. Overall, the change and inclusion of technology from 4D printing could have a potential social impact that encourages the design and manufacture of such devices and the treatment of said devices to the public. Originality/value There are other 4D printing review papers available, but this paper is the only one that focuses specifically on FDM. Other review papers provide brief commentary on the different processes of 4D printing including FDM. With the specialization of 4D printing using FDM, a more in-depth commentary results in this paper. This will provide many FDM 3D printing users with additional knowledge that can spur more creative research in 4D printing. Further, this paper can provide the impetus for the practical use of 4D printing in more general and educational settings.
3
Aldawood, Faisal Khaled. "A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing: State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges." Actuators 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act12030101.
Abstract:
Over the past decade, 3D printing technology has been leading the manufacturing revolution. A recent development in the field of 3D printing has added time as a fourth dimension to obtain 4D printing parts. A fabricated design created by 3D printing is static, whereas a design created by 4D printing is capable of altering its shape in response to environmental factors. The phrase “4D printing” was introduced by Tibbits in 2013, and 4D printing has since grown in popularity. Different smart materials, stimulus, and manufacturing methods have been published in the literature to promote this new technology. This review paper provides a description of 4D printing technology along with its features, benefits, limitations, and drawbacks. This paper also reviews a variety of 4D printing applications in fields such as electronics, renewable energy, aerospace, food, healthcare, and fashion wear. The review discusses gaps in the research, the current challenges in 4D printing, and the future of 4D printing.
4
Jeong, Hoon Yeub, Eunsongyi Lee, Soo-Chan An, Yeonsoo Lim, and Young Chul Jun. "3D and 4D printing for optics and metaphotonics." Nanophotonics 9, no. 5 (February 4, 2020): 1139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0483.
Abstract:
AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) printing is a new paradigm in customized manufacturing and allows the fabrication of complex optical components and metaphotonic structures that are difficult to realize via traditional methods. Conventional lithography techniques are usually limited to planar patterning, but 3D printing can allow the fabrication and integration of complex shapes or multiple parts along the out-of-plane direction. Additionally, 3D printing can allow printing on curved surfaces. Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds active, responsive functions to 3D-printed structures and provides new avenues for active, reconfigurable optical and microwave structures. This review introduces recent developments in 3D and 4D printing, with emphasis on topics that are interesting for the nanophotonics and metaphotonics communities. In this article, we have first discussed functional materials for 3D and 4D printing. Then, we have presented the various designs and applications of 3D and 4D printing in the optical, terahertz, and microwave domains. 3D printing can be ideal for customized, nonconventional optical components and complex metaphotonic structures. Furthermore, with various printable smart materials, 4D printing might provide a unique platform for active and reconfigurable structures. Therefore, 3D and 4D printing can introduce unprecedented opportunities in optics and metaphotonics and may have applications in freeform optics, integrated optical and optoelectronic devices, displays, optical sensors, antennas, active and tunable photonic devices, and biomedicine. Abundant new opportunities exist for exploration.
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Jeong, Hoon Yeub, Soo-Chan An, Yeonsoo Lim, Min Ji Jeong, Namhun Kim, and Young Chul Jun. "3D and 4D Printing of Multistable Structures." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 7254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207254.
Abstract:
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new paradigm in customized manufacturing and allows the fabrication of complex structures that are difficult to realize with other conventional methods. Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds active, responsive functions to 3D-printed components, which can respond to various environmental stimuli. This review introduces recent ideas in 3D and 4D printing of mechanical multistable structures. Three-dimensional printing of multistable structures can enable highly reconfigurable components, which can bring many new breakthroughs to 3D printing. By adopting smart materials in multistable structures, more advanced functionalities and enhanced controllability can also be obtained in 4D printing. This could be useful for various smart and programmable actuators. In this review, we first introduce three representative approaches for 3D printing of multistable structures: strained layers, compliant mechanisms, and mechanical metamaterials. Then, we discuss 4D printing of multistable structures that can help overcome the limitation of conventional 4D printing research. Lastly, we conclude with future prospects.
6
Khan, Ahmar, Mir Javid Iqbal, Saima Amin, Humaira Bilal, ,. Bilquees, Aneeza Noor, Bushra Mir, and Mahak Deep Kaur. "4D Printing: The Dawn of “Smart” Drug Delivery Systems and Biomedical Applications." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 5-S (October 15, 2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-s.5068.
Abstract:
With the approval of first 3D printed drug “spritam” by USFDA, 3D printing is gaining acceptance in healthcare, engineering and other aspects of life. Taking 3D printing towards the next step gives birth to what is referred to as “4D printing”. The full credit behind the unveiling of 4D printing technology in front of the world goes to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), who revealed “time” in this technology as the fourth dimension. 4D printing is a renovation of 3D printing wherein special materials (referred to as smart materials) are incorporated which change their morphology post printing in response to a stimulus. Depending upon the applicability of this technology, there may be a variety of stimuli, most common among them being pH, water, heat, wind and other forms of energy. The upper hand of 4D printing over 3D printing is that 3D printed structures are generally immobile, rigid and inanimate whereas 4D printed structures are flexible, mobile and able to interact with the surrounding environment based on the stimulus. This capability of 4D printing to transform 3D structures into smart structures in response to various stimuli promises a great potential for biomedical and bioengineering applications. The potential of 4D printing in developing pre-programmed biomaterials that can undergo transformations lays new foundations for enabling smart pharmacology, personalized medicine, and smart drug delivery, all of which can help in combating diseases in a smarter way. Hence, the theme of this paper is about the potential of 4D printing in creating smart drug delivery, smart pharmacology, targeted drug delivery and better patient compliance. The paper highlights the recent advancements of 4D printing in healthcare sector and ways by which 4D printing is doing wonders in creating smart drug delivery and tailored medicine. The major constraints in the approach have also been highlighted.
Keywords: 4D printing, smart, drug delivery system, patient compliance, biomaterials, tailored medicine
7
Kausar, Ayesha, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao, O. Aldaghri, and M. H. Eisa. "Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites via 3D and 4D Printing—Design and Technical Potential." Processes 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030868.
Abstract:
Graphene is an important nanocarbon nanofiller for polymeric matrices. The polymer–graphene nanocomposites, obtained through facile fabrication methods, possess significant electrical–thermal–mechanical and physical properties for technical purposes. To overcome challenges of polymer–graphene nanocomposite processing and high performance, advanced fabrication strategies have been applied to design the next-generation materials–devices. This revolutionary review basically offers a fundamental sketch of graphene, polymer–graphene nanocomposite and three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques. The main focus of the article is to portray the impact of 3D and 4D printing techniques in the field of polymer–graphene nanocomposites. Polymeric matrices, such as polyamide, polycaprolactone, polyethylene, poly(lactic acid), etc. with graphene, have been processed using 3D or 4D printing technologies. The 3D and 4D printing employ various cutting-edge processes and offer engineering opportunities to meet the manufacturing demands of the nanomaterials. The 3D printing methods used for graphene nanocomposites include direct ink writing, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, fused deposition modeling and other approaches. Thermally stable poly(lactic acid)–graphene oxide nanocomposites have been processed using a direct ink printing technique. The 3D-printed poly(methyl methacrylate)–graphene have been printed using stereolithography and additive manufacturing techniques. The printed poly(methyl methacrylate)–graphene nanocomposites revealed enhanced morphological, mechanical and biological properties. The polyethylene–graphene nanocomposites processed by fused diffusion modeling have superior thermal conductivity, strength, modulus and radiation- shielding features. The poly(lactic acid)–graphene nanocomposites have been processed using a number of 3D printing approaches, including fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, etc., resulting in unique honeycomb morphology, high surface temperature, surface resistivity, glass transition temperature and linear thermal coefficient. The 4D printing has been applied on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly(lactic acid) and thermosetting matrices with graphene nanofiller. Stereolithography-based 4D-printed polymer–graphene nanomaterials have revealed complex shape-changing nanostructures having high resolution. These materials have high temperature stability and high performance for technical applications. Consequently, the 3D- or 4D-printed polymer–graphene nanocomposites revealed technical applications in high temperature relevance, photovoltaics, sensing, energy storage and other technical fields. In short, this paper has reviewed the background of 3D and 4D printing, graphene-based nanocomposite fabrication using 3D–4D printing, development in printing technologies and applications of 3D–4D printing.
8
Ibanga, Isaac John, Onibode Bamidele, Cyril B. Romero, Al-Rashiff Hamjilani Mastul, Yamta Solomon, and Cristina Beltran Jayme. "Revolutionizing Healthcare with 3D/ 4D Printing and Smart Materials." Engineering Science Letter 2, no. 01 (March 6, 2023): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/esl.v2i01.291.
Abstract:
3D printing technology has revolutionized the way products are manufactured, and it has opened up new possibilities in the field of smart materials. Smart materials are materials that can change their properties in response to external stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, or light. By combining 3D printing technology with smart materials, highly customizable and responsive products are created. The addition of the time dimension to 3D printing has introduced 4D printing technology, which has gained considerable attention in different fields such as medical, art, and engineering. To bridge the gap in knowledge of 4D, this paper assessed the revolution in healthcare with 3D/4D printing and smart materials. Data was generated as part of a broader empirical study which sought to explore healthcare personnel and electrical engineers’ perception on the practices around the use of 3D/4D printing technology and smart materials. The main method used was structured interviews. 12 participant were purposively selected and interviewed including healthcare personnel and electrical engineers form Philippines and Nigeria. The findings reveal an array of activities undertaken using both 3D and 4D. Furthermore, the study revealed that 4D printing is a new generation of 3D printing. Another aspect of the 3D usage is the integration of electrical stimulation and smart implant as a new area of study in healthcare. 3D could also be used to monitoring the smart implant performance. The study also evaluate the possibility of using Internet of things (IoT) in the smart implant as some device embeds smart materials. Smart implant commonly used includes orthopedic applications, such as knee and hip replacement, spine fusion, and fracture fixation. The smart materials used in this technology are important because 3D printing allows printed structures to be dynamic. The paper highpoints is that 4D printing has great potential for the future.
9
Shie, Ming-You, Yu-Fang Shen, Suryani Dyah Astuti, Alvin Kai-Xing Lee, Shu-Hsien Lin, Ni Luh Bella Dwijaksara, and Yi-Wen Chen. "Review of Polymeric Materials in 4D Printing Biomedical Applications." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111864.
Abstract:
The purpose of 4D printing is to embed a product design into a deformable smart material using a traditional 3D printer. The 3D printed object can be assembled or transformed into intended designs by applying certain conditions or forms of stimulation such as temperature, pressure, humidity, pH, wind, or light. Simply put, 4D printing is a continuum of 3D printing technology that is now able to print objects which change over time. In previous studies, many smart materials were shown to have 4D printing characteristics. In this paper, we specifically review the current application, respective activation methods, characteristics, and future prospects of various polymeric materials in 4D printing, which are expected to contribute to the development of 4D printing polymeric materials and technology.
10
Mondal, Kunal, and Prabhat Kumar Tripathy. "Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 6442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216442.
Abstract:
Over the last few decades, advanced manufacturing and additive printing technologies have made incredible inroads into the fields of engineering, transportation, and healthcare. Among additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing is gradually emerging as a powerful technique owing to a combination of attractive features, such as fast prototyping, fabrication of complex designs/structures, minimization of waste generation, and easy mass customization. Of late, 4D printing has also been initiated, which is the sophisticated version of the 3D printing. It has an extra advantageous feature: retaining shape memory and being able to provide instructions to the printed parts on how to move or adapt under some environmental conditions, such as, water, wind, light, temperature, or other environmental stimuli. This advanced printing utilizes the response of smart manufactured materials, which offer the capability of changing shapes postproduction over application of any forms of energy. The potential application of 4D printing in the biomedical field is huge. Here, the technology could be applied to tissue engineering, medicine, and configuration of smart biomedical devices. Various characteristics of next generation additive printings, namely 3D and 4D printings, and their use in enhancing the manufacturing domain, their development, and some of the applications have been discussed. Special materials with piezoelectric properties and shape-changing characteristics have also been discussed in comparison with conventional material options for additive printing.
11
Bharani Kumar, S., S. D. Sekar, G. Sivakumar, J. Srinivas, R. Lavanya, and G. Suresh. "Modern concepts and application of soft robotics in 4D printing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012056.
Abstract:
Abstract Recent developments in (AM) additive developed normally Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a term used to describe printing that is three-dimensional in nature, have enabled researchers to use traditional production methods to create previously unthinkable, complex shapes. Usage of smart materials by the way of adopting the external stimuli in printing is part of a 3D-printing research division called 4D-printing.4D-printing allows for the development of dynamically controllable shapes on-demand by the addition of sometime as another dimension. The potential of 4D-printing has been significantly expanded by recent advances intelligent synthetic materials, new printers, processes of deformation and mathematical modelling. This paper deals with improvement in the area of 4D-printing, with a importance on its practical applications. With explications of their morphing mechanisms, Smart materials are discussed and produced using 4D-printing. Moreover, case study on soft robotics is discussed. We end with 4D Printing problems and future opportunities.
12
Maidin, Shajahan, Kuek Jin Wee, Mohamad Afiq Sharum, Thavinnesh Kumar Rajendran, Latifah Mohd Ali, and Shafinaz Ismail. "A REVIEW ON 4D ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING - THE APPLICATIONS, SMART MATERIALS & EFFECT OF VARIOUS STIMULI ON 4D PRINTED OBJECTS." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 5 (August 21, 2023): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.19889.
Abstract:
Additive Manufacturing, often known as 3D printing, is a process that uses a variety of materials to manufacture highly accurate items layer by layer. However, this technology has its limitations. One such limitation is the inability to print components larger than the printer's size due to the limited size of the build chamber. 4D additive manufacturing or 4D printing is an innovative development based on 3D printing that allows objects to be reshaped after printing, using stimuli-responsive materials that require external stimuli. This article present a review on 4D printing. Four databases, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Scopus database, were systematically searched for relevant review articles to identify and classify research studies. Specific keywords (4D printing, additive manufacturing, smart materials, stimuli, and application) were identified and used to guide the discovery of relevant studies. A total of 28 full articles were reviewed to study the applications of 4D printing, smart materials for 4D printing, as well as the effect of various stimuli on 4D printed objects. In conclusion, this review gives a summary of 4D printing and highlights its potential for revolutionizing manufacturing and further research is required to solve the limitations posed by this technology.
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Kumari, Gourvi, Kumar Abhishek, Sneha Singh, Afzal Hussain, Mohammad A. Altamimi, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Thomas J. Webster, and Abhimanyu Dev. "A voyage from 3D to 4D printing in nanomedicine and healthcare: part I." Nanomedicine 17, no. 4 (February 2022): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2021-0285.
Abstract:
The transition from 3D to 4D printing has revolutionized various domains of healthcare, pharmaceuticals, design and architecture, and coating processes. The evolution from 3D printing to 4D printing has added a fourth dimension as a time-dependent response. This review discusses the significance, demands, various types of smart materials/biomaterials, as well as bioinks and printers used in 4D printing technology. This review also provides insights into the limitations of the bioprinting process and bioinks used in various bioprinting technologies and the challenges that come with these limitations. A brief discussion on the future potential of the fundamentals and capabilities of 4D printing is also discussed.
14
Javaid, Mohd, and Abid Haleem. "Exploring Smart Material Applications for COVID-19 Pandemic Using 4D Printing Technology." Journal of Industrial Integration and Management 05, no. 04 (November 19, 2020): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424862220500219.
Abstract:
Today, in the medical field, innovative technological advancements support healthcare systems and improve patients’ lives. 4D printing is one of the innovative technologies that creates notable innovations in the medical field. For the COVID-19 pandemic, this technology proves to be useful in the manufacturing of smart medical parts, which helps treat infected patients. As compared to 3D printing, 4D printing adds time as an additional element in the manufactured part. 4D printing uses smart materials with the same printing processes as being used in 3D printing technology, but here the part printed with smart materials change their shape with time or by the change of environmental temperature, which further creates innovation for patient treatments. 4D printing manufactures a given part, layer by layer, by taking input of a virtual (CAD) model and uses smart material. This paper studies the capability of smart materials and their advancements when used in 4D printing. We have diagrammatically presented the significant parts of 4D printing technology. This paper identifies 11 significant applications of 4D printing and then studies which one provides innovative solutions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
15
Mahmood, Ayyaz, Tehmina Akram, Huafu Chen, and Shenggui Chen. "On the Evolution of Additive Manufacturing (3D/4D Printing) Technologies: Materials, Applications, and Challenges." Polymers 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 4698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214698.
Abstract:
The scientific community is and has constantly been working to innovate and improve the available technologies in our use. In that effort, three-dimensional (3D) printing was developed that can construct 3D objects from a digital file. Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has seen tremendous growth over the last three decades, and in the last five years, its application has widened significantly. Three-dimensional printing technology has the potential to fill the gaps left by the limitations of the current manufacturing technologies, and it has further become exciting with the addition of a time dimension giving rise to the concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing, which essentially means that the structures created by 4D printing undergo a transformation over time under the influence of internal or external stimuli. The created objects are able to adapt to changing environmental variables such as moisture, temperature, light, pH value, etc. Since their introduction, 3D and 4D printing technologies have extensively been used in the healthcare, aerospace, construction, and fashion industries. Although 3D printing has a highly promising future, there are still a number of challenges that must be solved before the technology can advance. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advances in 3D and 4D printing technologies, the available and potential materials for use, and their current and potential future applications. The current and potential role of 3D printing in the imperative fight against COVID-19 is also discussed. Moreover, the major challenges and developments in overcoming those challenges are addressed. This document provides a cutting-edge review of the materials, applications, and challenges in 3D and 4D printing technologies.
16
Md. Jewel Rana, Khan Rajib Hossain, ,. Xinle Yao, Md Abu Shyeed and Ummay Hani. "Study on 4D Printing Shape Memory Polymers in the Field of Biomedical Progress." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 8, no. 12 (January 24, 2023): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst0812020.
Abstract:
Shape memory polymers are intelligent materials that produce shape changes under external stimulus conditions, and 4D printing is based on deformable materials and 3D printing. A comprehensive technology, shape memory polymer in deformable materials is the most widely used, and the current 4D printing shape memory polymer is in various collars. The domain has applications, especially in the biomedical field, which has excellent application value. 4D printing technology breaks through the personalized technology in traditional medicine. The bottleneck provides a new opportunity for the further development of the biomedical field. This article first reviews shape-memory polymers, 3D printing technology, and 4D printing. We will review the research progress of shape memory polymers at home and abroad and introduce examples of 4D printed shape memory polymers in biomedicine. Finally, the application prospects, existing problems, and future development directions of 4D printed shape memory polymers in the biomedical field are summarized
17
Imam, Syed Sarim, Afzal Hussain, Mohammad A. Altamimi, and Sultan Alshehri. "Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives." Polymers 13, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 3858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213858.
Abstract:
The limitations and challenges possessed in static 3D materials necessitated a new era of 4D shape-morphing constructs for wide applications in diverse fields of science. Shape-morphing behavior of 3D constructs over time is 4D design. Four-dimensional printing technology overcomes the static nature of 3D, improves substantial mechanical strength, and instills versatility and clinical and nonclinical functionality under set environmental conditions (physiological and artificial). Four-dimensional printing of hydrogel-forming materials possesses remarkable properties compared to other printing techniques and has emerged as the most established technique for drug delivery, disease diagnosis, tissue engineering, and biomedical application using shape-morphing materials (natural, synthetic, semisynthetic, and functionalized) in response to single or multiple stimuli. In this article, we addressed a fundamental concept of 4D-printing evolution, 4D printing of hydrogel, shape-morphing way, classification, and future challenges. Moreover, the study compiled a comparative analysis of 4D techniques, 4D products, and mechanical perspectives for their functionality and shape-morphing dynamics. Eventually, despite several advantages of 4D technology over 3D technique in hydrogel fabrication, there are still various challenges to address with using current advanced and sophisticated technology for rapid, safe, biocompatible, and clinical transformation from small-scale laboratory (lab-to-bed translation) to commercial scale.
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Pugliese, Raffaele, and Stefano Regondi. "Artificial Intelligence-Empowered 3D and 4D Printing Technologies toward Smarter Biomedical Materials and Approaches." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 2794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142794.
Abstract:
In the last decades, 3D printing has played a crucial role as an innovative technology for tissue and organ fabrication, patient-specific orthoses, drug delivery, and surgical planning. However, biomedical materials used for 3D printing are usually static and unable to dynamically respond or transform within the internal environment of the body. These materials are fabricated ex situ, which involves first printing on a planar substrate and then deploying it to the target surface, thus resulting in a possible mismatch between the printed part and the target surfaces. The emergence of 4D printing addresses some of these drawbacks, opening an attractive path for the biomedical sector. By preprogramming smart materials, 4D printing is able to manufacture structures that dynamically respond to external stimuli. Despite these potentials, 4D printed dynamic materials are still in their infancy of development. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could push these technologies forward enlarging their applicability, boosting the design space of smart materials by selecting promising ones with desired architectures, properties, and functions, reducing the time to manufacturing, and allowing the in situ printing directly on target surfaces achieving high-fidelity of human body micro-structures. In this review, an overview of 4D printing as a fascinating tool for designing advanced smart materials is provided. Then will be discussed the recent progress in AI-empowered 3D and 4D printing with open-loop and closed-loop methods, in particular regarding shape-morphing 4D-responsive materials, printing on moving targets, and surgical robots for in situ printing. Lastly, an outlook on 5D printing is given as an advanced future technique, in which AI will assume the role of the fifth dimension to empower the effectiveness of 3D and 4D printing for developing intelligent systems in the biomedical sector and beyond.
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Zhang, Xinwei, Yixin Yang, Zhen Yang, Rui Ma, Maierhaba Aimaijiang, Jing Xu, Yidi Zhang, and Yanmin Zhou. "Four-Dimensional Printing and Shape Memory Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010814.
Abstract:
The repair of severe bone defects is still a formidable clinical challenge, requiring the implantation of bone grafts or bone substitute materials. The development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has received considerable attention in bone tissue engineering over the past decade. However, 3D printing has a limitation. It only takes into account the original form of the printed scaffold, which is inanimate and static, and is not suitable for dynamic organisms. With the emergence of stimuli-responsive materials, four-dimensional (4D) printing has become the next-generation solution for biological tissue engineering. It combines the concept of time with three-dimensional printing. Over time, 4D-printed scaffolds change their appearance or function in response to environmental stimuli (physical, chemical, and biological). In conclusion, 4D printing is the change of the fourth dimension (time) in 3D printing, which provides unprecedented potential for bone tissue repair. In this review, we will discuss the latest research on shape memory materials and 4D printing in bone tissue repair.
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Fahmy, Ahmed Raouf, Antonio Derossi, and Mario Jekle. "Four-Dimensional (4D) Printing of Dynamic Foods—Definitions, Considerations, and Current Scientific Status." Foods 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2023): 3410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12183410.
Abstract:
Since its conception, the application of 3D printing in the structuring of food materials has been focused on the processing of novel material formulations and customized textures for innovative food applications, such as personalized nutrition and full sensory design. The continuous evolution of the used methods, approaches, and materials has created a solid foundation for technology to process dynamic food structures. Four-dimensional food printing is an extension of 3D printing where food structures are designed and printed to perform time-dependent changes activated by internal or external stimuli. In 4D food printing, structures are engineered through material tailoring and custom designs to achieve a transformation from one configuration to another. Different engineered 4D behaviors include stimulated color change, shape morphing, and biological growth. As 4D food printing is considered an emerging application, imperatively, this article proposes new considerations and definitions in 4D food printing. Moreover, this article presents an overview of 4D food printing within the current scientific progress, status, and approaches.
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Antezana, Pablo Edmundo, Sofia Municoy, Gabriel Ostapchuk, Paolo Nicolás Catalano, John G. Hardy, Pablo Andrés Evelson, Gorka Orive, and Martin Federico Desimone. "4D Printing: The Development of Responsive Materials Using 3D-Printing Technology." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 12 (December 7, 2023): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15122743.
Abstract:
Additive manufacturing, widely known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of biomaterials. While conventional 3D-printed structures are perceived as static, 4D printing introduces the ability to fabricate materials capable of self-transforming their configuration or function over time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or electric field. This transformative technology has garnered significant attention in the field of biomedical engineering due to its potential to address limitations associated with traditional therapies. Here, we delve into an in-depth review of 4D-printing systems, exploring their diverse biomedical applications and meticulously evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. We emphasize the novelty of this review paper by highlighting the latest advancements and emerging trends in 4D-printing technology, particularly in the context of biomedical applications.
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Franco Urquiza, Edgar Adrian. "Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Polymer-Fused Deposition Modeling on Textiles: From 3D Printing to Innovative 4D Printing—A Review." Polymers 16, no. 5 (March 4, 2024): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050700.
Abstract:
Technological advances and the development of new and advanced materials allow the transition from three-dimensional (3D) printing to the innovation of four-dimensional (4D) printing. 3D printing is the process of precisely creating objects with complex shapes by depositing superimposed layers of material. Current 3D printing technology allows two or more filaments of different polymeric materials to be placed, which, together with the development of intelligent materials that change shape over time or under the action of an external stimulus, allow us to innovate and move toward an emerging area of research, innovative 4D printing technology. 4D printing makes it possible to manufacture actuators and sensors for various technological applications. Its most significant development is currently in the manufacture of intelligent textiles. The potential of 4D printing lies in modular manufacturing, where fabric-printed material interaction enables the creation of bio-inspired and biomimetic devices. The central part of this review summarizes the effect of the primary external stimuli on 4D textile materials, followed by the leading applications. Shape memory polymers attract current and potential opportunities in the textile industry to develop smart clothing for protection against extreme environments, auxiliary prostheses, smart splints or orthoses to assist the muscles in their medical recovery, and comfort devices. In the future, intelligent textiles will perform much more demanding roles, thus envisioning the application fields of 4D printing in the next decade.
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Politakos, Nikolaos. "Block Copolymers in 3D/4D Printing: Advances and Applications as Biomaterials." Polymers 15, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020322.
Abstract:
3D printing is a manufacturing technique in constant evolution. Day by day, new materials and methods are discovered, making 3D printing continually develop. 3D printers are also evolving, giving us objects with better resolution, faster, and in mass production. One of the areas in 3D printing that has excellent potential is 4D printing. It is a technique involving materials that can react to an environmental stimulus (pH, heat, magnetism, humidity, electricity, and light), causing an alteration in their physical or chemical state and performing another function. Lately, 3D/4D printing has been increasingly used for fabricating materials aiming at drug delivery, scaffolds, bioinks, tissue engineering (soft and hard), synthetic organs, and even printed cells. The majority of the materials used in 3D printing are polymeric. These materials can be of natural origin or synthetic ones of different architectures and combinations. The use of block copolymers can combine the exemplary properties of both blocks to have better mechanics, processability, biocompatibility, and possible stimulus behavior via tunable structures. This review has gathered fundamental aspects of 3D/4D printing for biomaterials, and it shows the advances and applications of block copolymers in the field of biomaterials over the last years.
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Yang, Wei, Anqianyi Tu, Yuchen Ma, Zhanming Li, Jie Xu, Min Lin, Kailong Zhang, et al. "Chitosan and Whey Protein Bio-Inks for 3D and 4D Printing Applications with Particular Focus on Food Industry." Molecules 27, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010173.
Abstract:
The application of chitosan (CS) and whey protein (WP) alone or in combination in 3D/4D printing has been well considered in previous studies. Although several excellent reviews on additive manufacturing discussed the properties and biomedical applications of CS and WP, there is a lack of a systemic review about CS and WP bio-inks for 3D/4D printing applications. Easily modified bio-ink with optimal printability is a key for additive manufacturing. CS, WP, and WP–CS complex hydrogel possess great potential in making bio-ink that can be broadly used for future 3D/4D printing, because CS is a functional polysaccharide with good biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, and non-carcinogenicity, while CS–WP complex hydrogel has better printability and drug-delivery effectivity than WP hydrogel. The review summarizes the current advances of bio-ink preparation employing CS and/or WP to satisfy the requirements of 3D/4D printing and post-treatment of materials. The applications of CS/WP bio-ink mainly focus on 3D food printing with a few applications in cosmetics. The review also highlights the trends of CS/WP bio-inks as potential candidates in 4D printing. Some promising strategies for developing novel bio-inks based on CS and/or WP are introduced, aiming to provide new insights into the value-added development and commercial CS and WP utilization.
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Razzaq, Muhammad Yasar, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Gregory Mertz, David Ruch, Daniel F. Schmidt, and Stephan Westermann. "4D Printing of Multicomponent Shape-Memory Polymer Formulations." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 7880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157880.
Abstract:
Four-dimensional (4D) printing technology, as a next-generation additive manufacturing method, enables printed objects to further change their shapes, functionalities, or properties upon exposure to external stimuli. The 4D printing of programmable and deformable materials such as thermo-responsive shape-memory polymers (trSMPs), which possess the ability to change shape by exposure to heat, has attracted particular interest in recent years. Three-dimensional objects based on SMPs have been proposed for various potential applications in different fields, including soft robotics, smart actuators, biomedical and electronics. To enable the manufacturing of complex multifunctional 3D objects, SMPs are often coupled with other functional polymers or fillers during or before the 3D printing process. This review highlights the 4D printing of state-of-the-art multi-component SMP formulations. Commonly used 4D printing technologies such as material extrusion techniques including fused filament fabrication (FFF) and direct ink writing (DIW), as well as vat photopolymerization techniques such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and multi-photon polymerization (MPP), are discussed. Different multicomponent SMP systems, their actuation methods, and potential applications of the 3D printed objects are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and prospects for 4D printing technology are summarized.
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Shinde, Snehal, Rutuja Mane, Akhilesh Vardikar, Akash Dhumal, and Amarjitsing Rajput. "4D printing: From emergence to innovation over 3D printing." European Polymer Journal 197 (October 2023): 112356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112356.
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Kosowatz, John. "Biotechnology Anticipates 4D Printing." Mechanical Engineering 142, no. 04 (April 1, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2020-apr1.
Abstract:
Abstract Rapid advancements in 3D printing that have fueled the development of advanced manufacturing applications are well-known. New printing techniques and their ability to print objects from a growing variety of materials such as plastics, metals, ceramics, and more allow developers and manufacturers to speed prototyping, streamline supply chains, and produce complex designs not previously possible. Even so, there are limits to what can be done because the materials are rigid. This article explores if 4D printing, the layer-by-layer manufacturing of parts that can change over time, is the next step.
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Cai, HongXin, Xiaotong Xu, Xinyue Lu, Menghua Zhao, Qi Jia, Heng-Bo Jiang, and Jae-Sung Kwon. "Dental Materials Applied to 3D and 4D Printing Technologies: A Review." Polymers 15, no. 10 (May 22, 2023): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102405.
Abstract:
As computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies have matured, three-dimensional (3D) printing materials suitable for dentistry have attracted considerable research interest, owing to their high efficiency and low cost for clinical treatment. Three-dimensional printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, has developed rapidly over the last forty years, with gradual application in various fields from industry to dental sciences. Four-dimensional (4D) printing, defined as the fabrication of complex spontaneous structures that change over time in response to external stimuli in expected ways, includes the increasingly popular bioprinting. Existing 3D printing materials have varied characteristics and scopes of application; therefore, categorization is required. This review aims to classify, summarize, and discuss dental materials for 3D printing and 4D printing from a clinical perspective. Based on these, this review describes four major materials, i.e., polymers, metals, ceramics, and biomaterials. The manufacturing process of 3D printing and 4D printing materials, their characteristics, applicable printing technologies, and clinical application scope are described in detail. Furthermore, the development of composite materials for 3D printing is the main focus of future research, as combining multiple materials can improve the materials’ properties. Updates in material sciences play important roles in dentistry; hence, the emergence of newer materials are expected to promote further innovations in dentistry.
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Bakarich, Shannon E., Robert Gorkin, Sina Naficy, Reece Gately, Marc in het Panhuis, and Geoffrey M. Spinks. "3D/4D Printing Hydrogel Composites: A Pathway to Functional Devices." MRS Advances 1, no. 8 (December 11, 2015): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2015.9.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThe past few years have seen the introduction of a number of 3D and 4D printing techniques used to process tough hydrogel materials. The use of ‘color’ 3D printing technology where multiple inks are used in the one print allows for the production of composite materials and structures that can further enhance the mechanical performance of the printed hydrogel. This article reviews a number of 3D and 4D printing techniques for fabricating functional hydrogel based devices.
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Richard, Raveesh D., Austin Heare, Cyril Mauffrey, Beau McGinley, Alex Lencioni, Arjun Chandra, Vareesha Nasib, Brian L. Chaiken, and Alex Trompeter. "Use of 3D Printing Technology in Fracture Management: A Review and Case Series." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 37, no. 11S (November 2023): S40—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bot.0000000000002693.
Abstract:
Summary: Three-dimensional (3D) offers exciting opportunities in medicine, particularly in orthopaedics. The boundaries of 3D printing are continuously being re-established and have paved the way for further innovations, including 3D bioprinting, custom printing refined methods, 4D bioprinting, and 5D printing potential. The quality of these applications have been steadily improving, increasing their widespread use among clinicians. This article provides a review of the current literature with a brief introduction to the process of additive manufacturing, 3D printing, and its applications in fracture care. We illustrate this technology with a case series of 3D printing used for correction of complex fractures/nonunion. Factors limiting the use of this technology, including cost, and potential solutions are discussed. Finally, we discuss 4D bioprinting and 5D printing and their potential role in fracture surgery.
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Chuayprakong, Sunanta, Araya Wanamonkol, and Manuschaya Khayandee. "Programmable 4D-Printed Responsive Structures." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.317.
Abstract:
4D-printing has been emerged and developed from 3D-printing. The 4D-printing technology creates sophisticated structures in which can change over time to perform programmed functions. In this research, simply programmable 4D-printed responsive structures were designed, prepared and studied. The designed structures are influentially inspired by creatures and the customized 3D-printer was used. Magnetic crosslinked PVA was prepared and used as programmable 4D-printed responsive samples. Effect of PVA concentration on gel fraction was elucidated for the prepared crosslinked PVA. Fe3O4 particles were incorporated to the crosslinked polymer before manufacturing. Effect of speed of platform and effect of rate of syringe pump on the 4D-printed magnetic crosslinked PVA structure were investigated. Furthermore, the responsive property of the magnetic crosslinked PVA was determined.
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Chowdhri, Kanika. "Dental 3D and 4D Printing: Changing Paradigms." Acta Scientific Dental Scienecs 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asds.2020.04.dental-3d-and-4d-printing-changing-paradigms.
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Li, Zibiao, and Xian Jun Loh. "Four-Dimensional (4D) Printing: Applying Soft Adaptive Materials to Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials 05, no. 02 (June 2017): 1740003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251237317400032.
Abstract:
Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an up-and-coming technology for the creation of dynamic devices which have shape changing capabilities or on-demand capabilities over time. Through the printing of adaptive 3D structures, the concept of 4D printing can be realized. Modern manufacturing primarily utilizes direct assembly techniques, limiting the possibility of error correction or instant modification of a structure. Self-building, programmable physical materials are interesting for the automatic and remote construction of structures. Adaptive materials are programmable physical or biological materials which possess shape changing properties or can be made to have simple logic responses. There is immense potential in having disorganized fragments form an ordered construct through physical interactions. However, these are currently limited to only self-assembly at the smallest scale, typically at the nanoscale. The answer to customizable macro-structures is in additive manufacturing, or 3D printing. 3D printing is a 30 years old technology which is beginning to be widely used by consumers. However, the main gripes about this technology are that it is too inefficient, inaccessible, and slow. Cost is also a significant factor in the adoption of this technology. 3D printing has the potential to transform and disrupt the manufacturing landscape as well as our lives. 4D printing seeks to use multi-functional materials in 3D printing so that the printed structure has multiple response capabilities and able to self-assemble on the macroscale. In this paper, we will analyze the early promise of this technology as well as to highlight potential challenges that adopters could face. The primary focus will be to have a look at the application of materials to 3D printing and to show how these materials can be tailored to create responsive customized 4D structures.
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Szechyńska-Hebda, Magdalena, Marek Hebda, Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur, and Wei-Ting Lin. "Let’s Print an Ecology in 3D (and 4D)." Materials 17, no. 10 (May 7, 2024): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102194.
Abstract:
The concept of ecology, historically rooted in the economy of nature, currently needs to evolve to encompass the intricate web of interactions among humans and various organisms in the environment, which are influenced by anthropogenic forces. In this review, the definition of ecology has been adapted to address the dynamic interplay of energy, resources, and information shaping both natural and artificial ecosystems. Previously, 3D (and 4D) printing technologies have been presented as potential tools within this ecological framework, promising a new economy for nature. However, despite the considerable scientific discourse surrounding both ecology and 3D printing, there remains a significant gap in research exploring the interplay between these directions. Therefore, a holistic review of incorporating ecological principles into 3D printing practices is presented, emphasizing environmental sustainability, resource efficiency, and innovation. Furthermore, the ‘unecological’ aspects of 3D printing, disadvantages related to legal aspects, intellectual property, and legislation, as well as societal impacts, are underlined. These presented ideas collectively suggest a roadmap for future research and practice. This review calls for a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted impacts of 3D printing and the development of responsible practices aligned with ecological goals.
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Vatanparast, Somayeh, Alberto Boschetto, Luana Bottini, and Paolo Gaudenzi. "New Trends in 4D Printing: A Critical Review." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 7744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137744.
Abstract:
In a variety of industries, Additive Manufacturing has revolutionized the whole design–fabrication cycle. Traditional 3D printing is typically employed to produce static components, which are not able to fulfill dynamic structural requirements and are inappropriate for applications such as soft grippers, self-assembly systems, and smart actuators. To address this limitation, an innovative technology has emerged, known as “4D printing”. It processes smart materials by using 3D printing for fabricating smart structures that can be reconfigured by applying different inputs, such as heat, humidity, magnetism, electricity, light, etc. At present, 4D printing is still a growing technology, and it presents numerous challenges regarding materials, design, simulation, fabrication processes, applied strategies, and reversibility. In this work a critical review of 4D printing technologies, materials, and applications is provided.
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Tran, Tuan Sang, Rajkamal Balu, Srinivas Mettu, Namita Roy Choudhury, and Naba Kumar Dutta. "4D Printing of Hydrogels: Innovation in Material Design and Emerging Smart Systems for Drug Delivery." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15101282.
Abstract:
Advancements in the material design of smart hydrogels have transformed the way therapeutic agents are encapsulated and released in biological environments. On the other hand, the expeditious development of 3D printing technologies has revolutionized the fabrication of hydrogel systems for biomedical applications. By combining these two aspects, 4D printing (i.e., 3D printing of smart hydrogels) has emerged as a new promising platform for the development of novel controlled drug delivery systems that can adapt and mimic natural physio-mechanical changes over time. This allows printed objects to transform from static to dynamic in response to various physiological and chemical interactions, meeting the needs of the healthcare industry. In this review, we provide an overview of innovation in material design for smart hydrogel systems, current technical approaches toward 4D printing, and emerging 4D printed novel structures for drug delivery applications. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges in 4D printing hydrogels for drug delivery and their prospects.
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Pan, Houwen Matthew. "Advanced Materials in 3D/4D Printing Technology." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 3255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163255.
38
Giordano, Geoff. "3D/4D Printing Zone Featured at NPE2018." Plastics Engineering 74, no. 4 (April 2018): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2018.tb01866.x.
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Jeong, Hoon Yeub, Soo-Chan An, and Young Chul Jun. "Light activation of 3D-printed structures: from millimeter to sub-micrometer scale." Nanophotonics 11, no. 3 (January 3, 2022): 461–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0652.
Abstract:
Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables the fabrication of complex, highly customizable structures, which are difficult to fabricate using conventional fabrication methods. Recently, the concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing has emerged, which adds active and responsive functions to 3D-printed structures. Deployable or adaptive structures with desired structural and functional changes can be fabricated using 4D printing; thus, 4D printing can be applied to actuators, soft robots, sensors, medical devices, and active and reconfigurable photonic devices. The shape of 3D-printed structures can be transformed in response to external stimuli, such as heat, light, electric and magnetic fields, and humidity. Light has unique advantages as a stimulus for active devices because it can remotely and selectively induce structural changes. There have been studies on the light activation of nanomaterial composites, but they were limited to rather simple planar structures. Recently, the light activation of 3D-printed complex structures has attracted increasing attention. However, there has been no comprehensive review of this emerging topic yet. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the light activation of 3D-printed structures. First, we introduce representative smart materials and general shape-changing mechanisms in 4D printing. Then, we focus on the design and recent demonstration of remote light activation, particularly detailing photothermal activations based on nanomaterial composites. We explain the light activation of 3D-printed structures from the millimeter to sub-micrometer scale.
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Sharma, A., P. N. Vishwakarma, S. Gupta, S. Dixit, and S. R. Kumar. "A comprehensive review to find capabilities of 4D printing in implantable medical devices." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 55, no. 4 (April 2024): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202300231.
Abstract:
AbstractThe field of 4D printing has emerged as a promising technology in the realm of implantable medical devices. Unlike traditional 3D printing, 4D printing allows for the fabrication of materials that can change shape or function over time in response to external stimuli. This review paper provides an overview of the application of 4D printing in implantable medical devices, highlighting its potential benefits, challenges, and future directions. This paper provide an overview of 4D printing, exploring the application of 4D printing in implantable medical devices and discuss the advantages and challenges of 4D‐printed implants. These advantages may include patient‐specific customization, enhanced functionality and performance, and minimally invasive procedures. Additionally, the paper addresses the challenges and future prospective associated with material selection, fabrication techniques, scalability, and regulatory and ethical considerations in the context of 4D printing. By addressing these topics, this review paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the application of 4D printing in implantable medical devices. It seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field and inspire further research and innovation in this promising area of healthcare technology.
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Zolfagharian, Ali, Akif Kaynak, Mahdi Bodaghi, Abbas Z. Kouzani, Saleh Gharaie, and Saeid Nahavandi. "Control-Based 4D Printing: Adaptive 4D-Printed Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 3020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093020.
Abstract:
Building on the recent progress of four-dimensional (4D) printing to produce dynamic structures, this study aimed to bring this technology to the next level by introducing control-based 4D printing to develop adaptive 4D-printed systems with highly versatile multi-disciplinary applications, including medicine, in the form of assisted soft robots, smart textiles as wearable electronics and other industries such as agriculture and microfluidics. This study introduced and analysed adaptive 4D-printed systems with an advanced manufacturing approach for developing stimuli-responsive constructs that organically adapted to environmental dynamic situations and uncertainties as nature does. The adaptive 4D-printed systems incorporated synergic integration of three-dimensional (3D)-printed sensors into 4D-printing and control units, which could be assembled and programmed to transform their shapes based on the assigned tasks and environmental stimuli. This paper demonstrates the adaptivity of these systems via a combination of proprioceptive sensory feedback, modeling and controllers, as well as the challenges and future opportunities they present.
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Mohol, Shubham Shankar, and Varun Sharma. "Functional applications of 4D printing: a review." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 1501–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2020-0240.
Abstract:
Purpose Additive manufacturing has rapidly developed in terms of technology and its application in various types of industries. With this rapid development, there has been significant research in the area of materials. This has led to the invention of Smart Materials (SMs). The 4D printing is basically 3D printing of these SMs. This paper aims to focus on novel materials and their useful application in various industries using the technology of 4D printing. Design/methodology/approach Research studies in 4D printing have increased since the time when this idea was first introduced in the year 2013. The present research study will deeply focus on the introduction to 4D printing, types of SMs and its application based on the various types of stimulus. The application of each type of SM has been explained along with its functioning with respect to the stimulus. Findings SMs have multiple functional applications pertaining to appropriate industries. The 4D printed parts have a distinctive capability to change its shape and self-assembly to carry out a specific function according to the requirement. Afterward, the fabricated part can recover to its 3D printed “memorized” shape once it is triggered by the stimulus. Originality/value The present study highlights the various capabilities of SMs, which is used as a raw material in 4D printing. Graphical abstract
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K, Dr JayaLakshmi. "‘5D PRINTING’ -THE NEW ERA IN DENTISTRY! -A NARRATIVE REVIEW." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (May 19, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem34231.
Abstract:
3D printing technology has a wide range of applications in various industries. It is widely used to produce complex 3D structures, but it has some limitations such as a limited amount of material, etc., which have been overcome with the introduction of 4D printing technology. In 4D printing, which involves time as a function and the combination of smart materials, this enables properties such as changing form and function.[1]Five-dimensional (5D) printing is a new branch of additive manufacturing (AM) with great potential to solve problems in engineering, medicine, dentistry and other related fields. It is the latest technological advancement used to produce complex and intricately shaped products, implants and devices with much better physical properties than those obtained by three-dimensional (3D) printing. The concept of 5D printing originated from William Yerazunis of the American University of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL). In 5D printing, the printing plate also moves with the printing head during the printing process. in 3D printing techniques.[1]four-dimensional (4D) printing is the concept of using a smart material that can change the shape of a printed object over time as the temperature changes. [2] One of the advantages of 5D printing is the use of 25% less material than 3D printing. Five-dimensional printing is all about efficiently manufacturing this complex and curved structure with maximum strength. Using computer-aided design (CAD) data to produce super strong dental implants, orthodontic brackets, crowns, aligners, bridges and appliances. This CAD data is created using the dentist's 3D scanner / different design software.[1] 5D printing of five axes: [1], 1.X-axis ;2. Y-axis;3. Z axis; 4. Movable print head and 5. Movable printing base.5D printing is an advanced manufacturing technology that builds on the concept of 3D printing and adds customization options and features. While 3D printing requires the creation of three-dimensional objects layer by layer, 5D printing allows additional functions or features to be added to a printable object, often dynamically or responsively. its role in dentistry may be limited due to the newness of the technology.
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Kafle, Abishek, Eric Luis, Raman Silwal, Houwen Matthew Pan, Pratisthit Lal Shrestha, and Anil Kumar Bastola. "3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183101.
Abstract:
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.
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Piedade, Ana P. "4D Printing: The Shape-Morphing in Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 10, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb10010009.
Abstract:
3D printing of polymers can now be considered as a common processing technology for the development of biomaterials. These can be constituted out of polymeric abiotic material alone or can be co-printed with living cells. However, the adaptive and shape-morphing characteristics cannot be developed with the rigid, pre-determined structures obtained by 3D printing. In order to produce functional engineered biomaterials, the dynamic properties/characteristics of the living cells must be attained. 4D printing can be envisaged as a route to achieve these goals. This paper intends to give a brief review of the pioneer 4D printing research that has been developed and to present an insight into future research in this field.
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Vasiliadis, Angelo V., Nikolaos Koukoulias, and Konstantinos Katakalos. "From Three-Dimensional (3D)- to 6D-Printing Technology in Orthopedics: Science Fiction or Scientific Reality?" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 3 (July 21, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13030101.
Abstract:
Over the past three decades, additive manufacturing has changed from an innovative technology to an increasingly accessible tool in all aspects of different medical practices, including orthopedics. Although 3D-printing technology offers a relatively inexpensive, rapid and less risky route of manufacturing, it is still quite limited for the fabrication of more complex objects. Over the last few years, stable 3D-printed objects have been converted to smart objects or implants using novel 4D-printing systems. Four-dimensional printing is an advanced process that creates the final object by adding smart materials. Human bones are curved along their axes, a morphological characteristic that augments the mechanical strain caused by external forces. Instead of the three axes used in 4D printing, 5D-printing technology uses five axes, creating curved and more complex objects. Nowadays, 6D-printing technology marries the concepts of 4D- and 5D-printing technology to produce objects that change shape over time in response to external stimuli. In future research, it is obvious that printing technology will include a combination of multi-dimensional printing technology and smart materials. Multi-dimensional additive manufacturing technology will drive the printing dimension to higher levels of structural freedom and printing efficacy, offering promising properties for various orthopedic applications.
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Pandeya, Surya Prakash, Sheng Zou, Byeong-Min Roh, and Xinyi Xiao. "Programmable Thermo-Responsive Self-Morphing Structures Design and Performance." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 8775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248775.
Abstract:
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, was introduced to design complicated structures/geometries that overcome the manufacturability limitations of traditional manufacturing processes. However, like any other manufacturing technique, AM also has its limitations, such as the need of support structures for overhangs, long build time etc. To overcome these limitations of 3D printing, 4D printing was introduced, which utilizes smart materials and processes to create shapeshifting structures with the external stimuli, such as temperature, humidity, magnetism, etc. The state-of-the-art 4D printing technology focuses on the “form” of the 4D prints through the multi-material variability. However, the quantitative morphing analysis is largely absent in the existing literature on 4D printing. In this research, the inherited material anisotropic behaviors from the AM processes are utilized to drive the morphing behaviors. In addition, the quantitative morphing analysis is performed for designing and controlling the shapeshifting. A material–process–performance 4D printing prediction framework has been developed through a novel dual-way multi-dimensional machine learning model. The morphing evaluation metrics, bending angle and curvature, are obtained and archived at 99% and 93.5% R2, respectively. Based on the proposed method, the material and production time consumption can be reduced by around 65–90%, which justifies that the proposed method can re-imagine the digital–physical production cycle.
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Kumari, Gourvi, Kumar Abhishek, Sneha Singh, Afzal Hussain, Mohammad A. Altamimi, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Thomas J. Webster, and Abhimanyu Dev. "A voyage from 3D to 4D printing in nanomedicine and healthcare: part II." Nanomedicine 17, no. 4 (February 2022): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2021-0454.
Abstract:
Recent advancements in biomedical tissue engineering are gaining wide interest. Implementing biology of living cells and organisms using technological solutions such as incorporating 4D printing and bioprinting for tissue regeneration/tissue repair, organ regeneration, early diagnosis of deadly diseases (particularly cancer, cardiac disorders and tuberculosis) has successfully opened a new generation of biomedical research. The present review primarily addresses the clinical application of 4D printing and bioprinting techniques for applications such as early detection of diseases and drug delivery. Notably, this review continues the discussion from part I regarding published informative data, in vitro and in vivo findings, commercial biosensors for early disease diagnosis, drug delivery and current challenges in 4D printing/bioprinting.
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Lee, Amelia Yilin, Aiwu Zhou, Jia An, Chee Kai Chua, and Yi Zhang. "Contactless reversible 4D-printing for 3D-to-3D shape morphing." Virtual and Physical Prototyping 15, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2020.1822189.
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An, Yongsan, Joon Hyeok Jang, Ji Ho Youk, and Woong-Ryeol Yu. "Frontally polymerizable shape memory polymer for 3D printing of free-standing structures." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 025013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac41ea.
Abstract:
Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is used to describe three-dimensional (3D)-printed objects with properties that change over time. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are representative materials for 4D printing technologies. The ability to print geometrically complex, free-standing forms with SMPs is crucial for successful 4D printing. In this study, an SMP capable of frontal polymerization featuring exothermic self-propagation was synthesized by adding cyclooctene to a poly(dicyclopentadiene) network, resulting in switching segments. The rheological properties of this SMP were controlled by adjusting incubation time. A nozzle system was designed such that the SMP could be printed with simultaneous polymerization to yield a free-standing structure. The printing speed was set to 3 cm min−1 according to the frontal polymerization speed. A free-standing, hexagonal spiral was successfully printed and printed spiral structure showed excellent shape memory performance with a fixity ratio of about 98% and a recovery ratio of 100%, thereby demonstrating the 3D printability and shape memory performance of frontally polymerizable SMPs.